Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/06—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids
  • C08G63/08—Lactones or lactides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/347—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups
  • C07C51/377—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reactions not involving formation of carboxyl groups by splitting-off hydrogen or functional groups; by hydrogenolysis of functional groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/09—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides from carboxylic acid esters or lactones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C57/02—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
  • C07C57/03—Monocarboxylic acids
  • C07C57/04—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G63/06—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for producing acrylic acid by catalyzed thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate with at least one molecular organic active compound having at least one tertiary nitrogen atom covalently bonded to three distinct carbon atoms of the molecular organic active compound.
• Acrylic acid is an important monomer which, owing to its pronounced tendency to radical polymerization, as such, in the form of its alkyl esters and / or in the form of its alkali metal salts, is used in particular for the preparation of polymers obtainable by free-radically initiated polymerization.
• this may e.g. be used as an adhesive or as a superabsorbent for water or aqueous solutions.
• the latter are polymers in which at least a portion of the copolymerized acrylic acid is reacted with alkali bases, e.g. NaOH neutralized form is present (see, for example, DE 102004004496 A1 and DE 10201 1076931 A1). These polymers usually have a pronounced capacity for absorbing aqueous liquids (see, for example, US 2010/0041549 and "Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology", Buchholz / Graham, Wiley VCH, New York, 1998).
• acrylic acid particularly in the condensed phase, tends to undesirably (e.g., initiated by ubiquitous thermal energy and / or electromagnetic radiation) undesirable radical polymerization which, due to its exotherm, may take a relatively violent and uncontrolled course.
• acrylic acid For storage and / or transport of acrylic acid, it is therefore necessary for safety reasons to counteract such unwanted radical polymerization by adding polymerization inhibitors into the acrylic acid. However, such is disadvantageous in that it interferes with a later intentionally initiated radical polymerization.
• acrylic acid Another disadvantage of acrylic acid is that it ages in the liquid phase by Michael addition to itself and to the resulting addition products with time in an unavoidable manner.
• a much more advantageous depot form / transport form of the acrylic acid in this respect forms poly-3-hydroxypropionate.
• n is an integer> 6.
• poly-3-hydroxypropionate which is normally present in the solid state under normal conditions, can both be stored and transported without difficulty.
• the acrylic acid containing the acrylic phase-containing gas phase produced during the thermal decomposition can be converted into the liquid phase in a manner known per se by absorptive and / or condensing measures
• thermal decomposition a manner known per se by absorptive and / or condensing measures
• the acrylic acid thus obtained without intermediate storage of its subsequent use in the context of an example radika- If the polymerization initiated by means of polymerization is initiated, the aforementioned conversion of the acrylic acid into the liquid phase can advantageously be carried out without the concomitant use of polymerization inhibitors (which impair free-radical polymerization).
• a further advantage of acrylic acid produced by thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate is that it does not interfere with the preparation of acrylic acid by heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidations of C3 precursor compounds of acrylic acid (eg propylene, propane , Acrolein, glycerol, propionic acid, propanol, etc.) typically has a resulting fingerprint on its low molecular weight aldehydes contained as impurities
• Such Aldeyhde prove when using the acrylic acid and / or its conjugated (Brönsted) base for the preparation of polymers by free-radically initiated polymerization, optionally in admixture with other mono- and / or poly (eg ethylenically) unsaturated compounds, even in amounts from 1 to 10 ppm by weight, based on the weight of the mass of acrylic acid, as extremely disturbing (for example, they can delay the free-radically initiated polymerization in an undesirable manner or the production of polymer with particularly high molecular weight (as in particular in the field Superabsorbent is desired) due to their "regulatory effect" affect).
• thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate to acrylic acid by adding suitable cleavage catalysts to the cleavable poly-3-hydroxypropionate (or to this one containing nip mixture) can be significantly reduced.
• WO 201 1/100608 A1 considers as such potential cracking catalysts a comparatively large variety of chemical substance classes (which also formally includes organic amines), but which does not have a higher-order feature structure which is essential for advantageous utility as such a cracking catalyst lets recognize.
• niobium catalysts used in WO 201 1/100608 A1 are non-volatile salts such as Na 2 CO 3 , FeSO 4 -7H 2 O and Ca (OH) 2 .
• salts as cleavage catalysts is disadvantageous in that they necessarily remain in the cleavage residues due to their non-volatility. It is true that WO 201 1/100608 proposes in this respect to completely decompose the organic constituents of the cleavage residues by corresponding thermal action while retaining the salts present, in order to remove the remaining salts as cleavage catalysts.
• residual salt residues are generally impaired in their reusability as cracking catalysts as a result of carbon deposits contained in these, for example, as well as due to chemical changes (eg Na 2 CO 3 -> Na 2 O). A disposal of salt residues is usually expensive.
• US Pat. Nos. 2,361,036 merely describes thermolyses of poly-3-hydroxypropionate in which sodium carbonate is used as a cracking catalyst, which is associated with the disadvantages already described. It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for producing acrylic acid which is improved over the processes of the prior art by a thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate catalyzed by at least one active compound.
• a process for producing acrylic acid by having at least one molecular (ie, non-salt, nonionic) organic active compound containing at least one tertiary nitrogen atom belonging to three different carbon atoms (not more than or less than these three and also to no other type of atom) having a covalent bond comprising catalyzed thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate, characterized in that the at least one molecular organic active compound does not have a heteroatom other than carbon and hydrogen beyond nitrogen and oxygen has no nitrogen atom to which one or more than one hydrogen atom is covalently bonded, has at most one oxygen atom to which a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded, does not contain an oxygen atom having a covalent double bond with one of the three mutually different carbon atoms (to which the at least one (respective) tertiary nitrogen atom has a covalent bond), neither a radical of an aromatic hydrocarbon nor a radical of a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon Boiling point which is at a
• poly-3-hydroxypropionate (suitable for the process according to the invention) can be obtained by dehydrating polycondensation of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (cf., for example, Chinese Journal of Synthetic Chemistry, Vol. 15 (2007), No. 4, page 452 -453).
• Typical relative (i.e., by weight atomic hydrogen) weight average molecular weights Mw of poly-3-hydroxypropionate obtainable in this manner may be e.g. 1000 to 20,000 (but also less or more).
• Typical relative weight average molecular weights Mw of poly-3-hydroxypropionates obtainable in the aforesaid carbonylations of ethylene oxide may be e.g. 1000 to 20,000 or up to 15,000, often 2000 to 12,000, and often 3,000 to 10,000 or 4,000 to 10,000. In principle, however, higher and lower relative weight average molecular weights Mw are also obtainable by this procedure.
• the associated polydispersity Q is generally at values ⁇ 2.5, often at values ⁇ 2. In many cases, Q is 1, 5 to 1, 8. However, it is also possible to set polydispersities Q below 1, 5 or below 1, 4 (see DE 10137046 A1).
• an individual macromolecule of the respective poly-3-hydroxypropionate consists essentially exclusively of a structural portion of the general formula (I) and forms a polyester of general structure II
• n> 6 and a, b a polyester group limiting head group (a) and a polyester limiting end group (b).
• the nature of the respective head group / end group depends on the particular manufacturing process used and on the manufacturing conditions used.
• the relative molecular weight of a headgroup / endgroup is ⁇ 150, usually ⁇ 120, and typically ⁇ 100.
• n in polyesters of the general structure II for example> 6 and ⁇ 30,000, or> 8 and ⁇ 25,000, or> 10 and ⁇ 20,000, or> 15 and ⁇ 15000, or> 20 and ⁇ 10000, or> 25 and ⁇ 8000, or> 30 and ⁇ 5000, or> 40 and ⁇ 2500, or> 50 and ⁇ 1500, or> 60 and ⁇ 1000, or> 60 and ⁇ 750, or
• a poly-3-hydroxypropionate copolymer is also suitable for the process according to the invention (for all processes according to the invention) (copolyester).
• copolyester in addition to structural sections of the general formula (I), such also contains different structural sections thereof.
• poly-3-hydroxypropionate copolymers are possible by the process of ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters and / or cyclic ethers described in EP 688806 B1, if the molar fraction of the ⁇ -propiolactone is to be polymerized on the mixture of cyclic esters and cyclic ethers only> 80 mol%, or only 85 mol%, or tolerable
• cyclic esters other than ⁇ -propiolactone e.g. ß-butyrolactone, pivalactone, ⁇ -valerolactone and ⁇ -caprolactone into consideration.
• cyclic ethers other than ⁇ -propiolactone there are e.g. Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and butylene oxide into consideration.
• poly-3-hydroxypropionate both as a homopolymer and as a copolymer but also on a biotechnological route in genetically modified biological organisms (eg from sugars or from these alternative "Suitable biological organisms include, for example, bacteria, algae, yeasts, fungi or plants
• Suitable biological organisms include, for example, bacteria, algae, yeasts, fungi or plants
• the relative weight-average molecular weight of biotechnologically produced poly-3-hydroxypropionate can be up to 100,000 or up to 200,000 or more.
• the aforesaid relative weight average molecular weight will be> 1000 and> 5000, respectively.
• the weight fraction of structural segments of the general formula (I) on such "biotechnologically" obtainable poly-3-hydroxypropionate can be, for example,> 40% by weight, or> 50% by weight, or> 60% by weight, or> 70 Wt .-%, or> 80 wt .-%, or> 90 wt .-%, or> 95 wt .-%, or> 97 wt .-%, or> 98 wt .-%, or> 99 wt. -%.
• the poly-3-hydroxypropionate remains during its (Catalyzed thermolysis according to the invention in the biomass, it is appropriate from an application point of view to largely dry the latter in advance of the onset of thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate (in terms of application technology, a process of vacuum drying and / or freeze-drying is used in this respect)
• the biomass however, also takes place only in the context of the temperature increase required for the thermolysis (before the temperature at which the cleavage begins; this applies in complete correspondence and in general to any poly-3-hydroxypropionate to be cleaved according to the invention which is obtained wet during its production Is it
• deactivation can also be carried out with dry heat ("hot air sterilization") Alternatively, the deactivation can also be carried out by irradiation or by chemical methods.
• thermolysis of biotechnologically produced poly-3-hydroxypropionate is still in the biomass located, it is advantageous to destroy prior to the thermolysis of the cell walls of those cells (eg the cell walls of the bacteria), in which it was synthesized and / or in which it is stored. Such destruction can for example be done mechanically by the action of appropriate forces.
• the biomass can be homogenized in a blender with rotating knives (e.g., an Ultra-Turax).
• the biological organisms especially in the case of microorganisms
• can also be easily ground e.g., in a mortar with sand or Al 2 O 3, or with a pestle, or in a glass bead mill).
• the cells Upon exposure to sound waves (for example ultrasound), the cells are destroyed by constant collision (cavitation forces).
• a particularly preferred mechanical method for destroying cell walls is the nitrogen decompression method. In this case, according to Henry's law, nitrogen is enriched in the cells at elevated gas pressures. Subsequent sudden pressure relief can subsequently cause the cell walls to burst.
• Non-mechanical destruction methods are preferably used on cell walls which can not be disrupted mechanically in a simple manner (eg in yeast cells). Repeated freezing and thawing destroys cell walls by shear forces. By chemical (eg with toluene) and / or enzymatic lysis, the Cell membrane or cell wall are destroyed. Further, by treatment with hypotonic buffer solutions, the lysis of cells can be brought about.
• an active substance to be used according to the invention as a cleavage catalyst should have the highest possible mass-specific catalytic activity. That is, the smallest possible amount of the active substance should be sufficient to develop the desired catalytic effect.
• molecular organic active compound according to the invention advantageously more than one tertiary nitrogen, which in each case to three mutually different carbon atoms of the molecular organic active compound has a covalent bond with the proviso that none of these carbon atoms simultaneously has a covalent double bond to an oxygen atom.
• a molecular organic active compound to be used as a cracking catalyst advantageously contains at least two or at least three such tertiary nitrogen atoms.
• the relevant molecular organic active compound contains only nitrogen atoms which are tertiary nitrogen atoms of the kind set forth above.
• a molecular organic active compound according to the invention which is suitable as a cleavage catalyst advantageously has no oxygen atom to which a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded. In this way, a possible undesired esterification of acrylic acid formed during the thermolysis is counteracted.
• radicals of an aromatic or a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon ensures that molecular organic active compounds to be used according to the invention as cleavage catalysts in comparison with active compounds, such as, for example, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylaniline, toxicologically comparatively harmless. This is particularly the case with regard to a subsequent use of the acrylic acid produced in the course of a thermolysis according to the invention for the preparation of polymers which are used in the hygiene sector.
• aromatic hydrocarbon is intended to include both simple cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (eg, benzene) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (having at least two interconnected aromatic ring systems (eg, naphthalene or biphenyl).)
• substituted aromatic hydrocarbons include phenyl chloride (a hydrogen atom of Benzene is replaced by a chlorine atom) or toluene (a hydrogen atom of benzene is replaced by the methyl group).
• the at least one molecular organic active compound particularly does not have any aromatic ring system, ie also no heteroaro - matic ring (this comprises at least one non-carbon atom in the aromatic ring) on.
• the lower boiling point limit of molecular organic active compounds suitable according to the invention as cleavage catalyst is> 150.degree. C., better> 160.degree. C. or> 170.degree. C., preferably> 180.degree. C., more preferably> 185.degree 190 ° C.
• the upper boiling point limit of the inventively suitable as a gap catalyst molecular organic active compound (this boiling point is at atmospheric pressure ⁇ 350 ° C, preferably ⁇ 345 ° C, better ⁇ 340 ° C, preferably ⁇ 335 ° C, particularly advantageously ⁇ 330 ° C or ⁇ 325 ° C, most preferably ⁇ 320 ° C or ⁇ 315 ° C, even better ⁇ 310 ° C, and most preferably ⁇ 300 ° C, or ⁇ 290 ° C, or ⁇ 280 ° C, or ⁇ 270 ° C, or ⁇ 260 ° C, or ⁇ 250 ° C or ⁇ 240 ° C, or ⁇ 230 ° C, or ⁇ 220 ° C) opens up the possibility, after completion of the catalyzed thermal cleavage (catalyzed thermolysis) the tor used as a gap according to the invention at least one molecular organic active compound from in the relevant thermolysis usually remaining residues (eg from remaining biomass) subsequently,
• melting point of the present invention as gap catalysts to be used molecular organic active compounds (this melting point is at atmospheric pressure ⁇ 70 ° C, preferably ⁇ 60 ° C, particularly advantageously ⁇ 50 ° C, better ⁇ 40 ° C, preferably ⁇ 30 ° C, more preferably ⁇ 20 ° C or ⁇ 10 ° C, most preferably ⁇ 0 ° C or ⁇ -10 ° C, and most preferably ⁇ -15 ° C) is advantageous in that it ensures that the molecular active compound to be used as a cleavage catalyst according to the invention normally melts at a lower temperature than the poly-3-hydroxypropionate to be cleaved itself and thereby optionally as solvent or as to the poly-3-hydroxypropionate to be cleaved Dispersant can act.
• the invention catalyzed thermal cleavage (the invention catalyzed thermolysis) of poly-3-hydroxypropionate so from the solution, or from its suspension, or out of its emulsion in the cleavage catalyst out.
• a comparatively low melting point of a molecular organic active compound suitable as a cracking catalyst according to the invention generally results in a comparatively low dynamic viscosity of its melt, not only under the conditions of thermolysis but also under conventional conditions in advance of the thermolysis.
• the latter is particularly important when the poly-3-hydroxypropionate to be thermolytically cleaved itself has a comparatively high melting point (e.g.,> 200 ° C, or> 250 ° C).
• the catalyzed thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate according to the invention can also be carried out from its solid substance.
• the poly-3-hydroxypropionate can be pre-thermolysed with a comparatively easily liquid cleavage catalyst e.g. Be sprayed evenly, this is usually beneficial for a subsequent comparatively homogeneous course of thermolysis.
• solid poly-3-hydroxypropionate may be soaked, or suspended in a comparatively simple manner, for cleavage purposes with a slightly liquid cleavage catalyst.
• a light dissociated cleavage catalyst can also be easily applied to solid poly-3-hydroxypropionate to be cleaved such that the cleavage catalyst is stripped out of its liquid substance with a carrier gas and the carrier gas loaded with the cleavage catalyst is subsequently passed through the solid poly to be cleaved 3-hydroxypropionate is passed to strip the cleavage catalyst on the surface of selbigem again.
• thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate is made for example from solid biomass out.
• Molecular organic active compounds which are suitable according to the invention as cleavage catalysts and can advantageously combine the property profile which has been carried out are generally characterized in that their molecular weight M is> 100 g / mol and 300300 g / mol, advantageously ⁇ 120 g / mol and. 280 g / mol, preferably 140 g / mol and 260 g / mol, and particularly preferably> 150 g / mol and 250 g / mol.
• the pentamethyldiethylenetriamine is even more preferred (in particular for all the thermolysis processes listed in the present specification, and this is stated on all polyols which are thermolytically cleavable to acrylic acid in the present specification). hydroxypropionates), since it combines in a particularly advantageous manner the desired properties of a gap catalyst according to the invention in itself.
• the weight of the mass of the (one) to be cleaved according to the invention to acrylic acid poly-3-hydroxypropionate is the weight of the mass of the at least one inventive catalytically active molecular active compound in the process according to the invention usually 0.01 to 15 wt .-%, or 0.05 to 10 wt .-%, often 0.1 to 5 wt .-%, preferably 0.5 to 4 wt .-%, or 1, 5 to 3.5 wt .-%.
• the amount of cracking catalyst used (on the at least one catalytically active molecular organic active compound) in the process according to the invention can also be above the abovementioned values. This is especially true if the cleavage catalyst simultaneously acts as a solvent or (or) as a dispersant for the poly-3-hydroxypropionate to be cleaved. Especially in these cases, the amounts of cracking catalyst used in a similar manner as above can easily be up to 50% by weight, or up to 100% by weight, or up to 150% by weight, or up to 200% by weight. -%, or up to 250 wt .-%, or up to 300 wt .-%, or up to 500 wt .-% and more amount.
• thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate is carried out on still in biomass poly-3-hydroxypropionate, which for this purpose in terms of application advantageous in the at least one invention to be used as a cracking catalyst
• Molecular organic compound (on) can be slurried.
• the inventive method of its catalyzed thermal cleavage to form acrylic acid from its solid substance, or from its melt, or from its solution in a solvent (eg, an organic liquid ), or from its suspension in a (eg organic) liquid (in a dispersing agent), or from its emulsion in a (eg organic) liquid (in a dispersing agent), or from its poly-3-hydroxypropionate-containing biomass optionally in a (eg organic) liquid may be slurried (in a slurry) out.
• a solvent eg, an organic liquid
• the proportion by weight of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate in such a solvent mixture, or dispersant, or slurry containing gap mixture based on the weight of the total mass of the nip mixture, less than 95 wt .-%, or less than 90 wt .-%, or less than 80 wt%, or less than 70 wt%, or less than 60 wt%, or less than 50 wt%, or less than 40 wt%, or less than 30 wt%. -%, or less than 20 wt .-%, or less than 10 wt .-% amount. As a rule, however, this proportion by weight is about 5% by weight.
• the proportion by weight of poly-3-hydroxypropionate in dry biomass can have corresponding values. In favorable cases, however, it is> 95% by weight (cf., for example, WO 201 1/100608).
• the poly-3-hydroxypropionate is dispersed (ie, suspended or emulsified) in the cleavage mixture in the form of its melt, dissolved in a solvent, or dispersed in a dispersant as a suspension or as an emulsion, or as a constituent of biomass in a slurry slurried, the added as a gap catalyst at least one molecular organic active compound in the cleavage mixture is preferably dissolved (in the melt, in the solvent, in the dispersant, or in the sludge).
• the position of the (normal atmospheric) melting point of poly-3-hydroxypropionate depends in particular on its relative weight-average molecular weight and its polydispersity Q.
• the weight-average molecular weight Mw of poly-3-hydroxypropionate in the range from 1000 to 20,000, the corresponding melting point associated with atmospheric pressure (with conventional polydispersities) is normally ⁇ 150 ° C., usually ⁇ 100 ° C.
• M w the melting point of poly-3-hydroxypropionate, which is based on normal pressure (in the case of customary polydispersities) is still ⁇ 200 ° C.
• thermolysis process according to the invention is therefore carried out, as a rule, advantageously with the melt of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate. It is advantageous that the at least one molecular organic active compound or its melt to be added according to the invention as gap catalyst completely dissolves in the melt under the conditions of the cleavage process (working pressure, nip temperature) with its respectively required catalytically effective amount to be added completely homogeneously mixed with the melt of the thermally cracked poly-3-hydroxypropionate.
• nip temperatures to be used in a typical manner may range from 50 to 400 ° C, or from 75 ° C to 350 ° C, or from 100 to 300 ° C.
• the cracking temperatures used are from 150 to 220 ° C. and particularly preferably from 160 to 200 ° C.
• the acrylic acid formed during the cleavage follows the present pressure gradient and is continuously removed from the liquid gap mixture in this way.
• the acrylic acid formed during the cleavage can be suitably used with the aid of a stripping gas (eg molecular nitrogen, noble gas, carbon dioxide, air, lean air (preferred; Oxygen-depleted air (usually ⁇ 6 vol .-% O2))) continuously from the example liquid gap mixture (which may be, for example, the sole melt of poly-3-hydroxypropionate (P3HP)) are stripped out.
• a stripping gas eg molecular nitrogen, noble gas, carbon dioxide, air, lean air (preferred; Oxygen-depleted air (usually ⁇ 6 vol .-% O2)
• the measure of stripping can also be used advantageously in the context of a split at reduced pressure.
• the acrylic acid formed during the cleavage can also be distilled off in a conventional manner from the liquid gap mixture, for example, following the corresponding temperature gradient. If the gas stream flowing away from, for example, the liquid gap mixture and the acrylic acid-containing gas stream formed in the cleavage is passed through a rectification column attached to a cleavage reactor, the acrylic acid can be separated from the liquid cleavage mixture in increased purity (this is advantageous, for example) poly-3-hydroxypropionate to be thermolytically cleaved according to the invention is not a homopolymer but a copolymer). By additional subsequent use of any thermal separation process, the acrylic acid can be purified to any desired purity.
• thermolysis or "pyrolysis” of poly-3-hydroxypropionate.
• inventive method of catalyzed thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate is applicable to all poly-3-hydroxypropionate listed in this document, even if they have no vinylic head group and / or no vinylic end group (under a vinylic head group or end group should a head group or end group which has at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond between two carbon atoms).
• poly-3-hydroxypropionate which is prepared by carbonylation of dissolved in a non-protic solvent ethylene oxide with CO in the presence of a cobalt-containing catalyst system at elevated pressure and elevated temperature, as in the processes of.
• a decobaltation by eg Washing with an aqueous solution, preferably with a Brönsted acid the reference basis for the property "Brönsted acid” in this document is 25 ° C.
• aqueous solutions which has a lower pH than the pure water under the conditions mentioned; such aqueous solutions means the term "Bronsted acidic aqueous solution" aqueous solution, and / or precipitates from the containing product mixture with an aqueous solution, preferably with a Brönstedsauren aqueous solution is subjected.
• the washing and / or precipitation advantageously takes place in the presence of one or more oxidizing agents for Co in oxidation states ⁇ + 2.
• the precipitation and / or washing is carried out, e.g. in air.
• the background to this measure is that the Applicant has found that the presence of Co adversely affects the catalyzed thermolysis of the invention.
• thermolysis according to the invention allows in the thermolysis according to the invention not only to carry out the thermolysis at lower temperatures, but under specified thermolysis usually normally also ensures an increased space-time yield of acrylic acid (which improves at least one molecular organic compound under given conditions usually both the cleavage rate and the selectivity of the target product formation (the acrylic acid formation)).
• polymerization inhibitors are basically all those which are recommended in the prior art for the purpose of inhibiting a radical polymerization of liquid phase in the presence of acrylic acid.
• Suitable polymerization inhibitors include alkylphenols, such as ortho, meta or para-cresol
• alkoxyphenols such as 2-methoxyphenol, 2-ethoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol (hydroquinone monomethyl ether) and mono- or di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, tocopherols e.g.
• N-oxyls such as 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl, 4,4 ', 4 Tris (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-N-oxyl) phosphite or 3-oxo-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl, aromatic amines or phenylenediamines such as N , N-diphenylamine, N-nitroso-di-phenylamine and ⁇ , ⁇ '-dialkyl-para-phenylenediamine, wherein the alkyl radicals may be the same or different and each independently of one another consist of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and may be straight or branched, hydroxylamines such as ⁇ , ⁇ -Diethylhydroxylamin, phosphorus-containing compounds such as triphenylphosphine, triphenyl
• polymerization inhibitors Phenothiazine and / or hydroquinone monomethyl ether are preferably used as polymerization inhibitors.
• lean air molecular oxygen depleted air whose molecular oxygen content is typically ⁇ 6% by volume
• the above support may be such that the acrylic acid formed in the cleavage is continuously stripped out of the cleavage mixture by means of a molecular oxygen-containing stripping gas is (such stripping can be done both at low pressure, atmospheric pressure or at above normal pressure working pressures).
• the polymerization inhibitor used or mixture of polymerization inhibitors its (its) amount used based on the content of poly-3-hydroxypropionate in the nip 10 to 1000 ppm by weight, often 50 to 500 ppm by weight and often 150 to 350 ppm by weight.
• thermolysis according to the invention is expediently carried out with substantial exclusion of molecular oxygen in order to avoid unwanted oxidation (in particular undesired oxidation) Full combustion) of organic components present during the thermolysis.
• the process according to the invention can be carried out both continuously and discontinuously.
• the acrylic acid containing the acrylic acid-containing gas phase produced in the catalyzed thermolysis of poly-3-hydroxypropionate according to the invention can be converted into the liquid phase in a manner known per se by absorptive and / or condensative measures. As a rule, this liquid phase can already be used for subsequent uses such as e.g.
• Free-radical polymerizations are suitable acrylic acid obtainable according to the invention (in particular if the acrylic acid thus obtained is not intermediately stored prior to its subsequent use in the course of a free-radically initiated polymerization, the aforesaid conversion into the liquid phase is advantageously effected without concomitant use of a (later) free-radically initiated polymerization , Make polymerization inhibitors).
• thermal separation processes such thermal separation processes may in particular be rectification, extraction, desorption, distillation, stripping, absorption, azeotropic rectification and / or crystallization
• acrylic acid-containing liquid phase may be the acrylic acid out of the liquid phase but also as required purified to any purity (eg analogously as in the writings DE 10243625 A1, DE 10332758 A1,
• the method of crystallization is suitable.
• the suspension crystallization process is preferably used for the aforementioned purpose (eg, analogously to
• the separation of the suspension crystals from the crystal suspension is useful in terms of performance in a wash-melt washing column
• the melt used is the melt of already correspondingly purified acrylic acid crystals), preferably in a hydraulic wash-melt washing column (analogous to, for example, WO 01/77056 A1, US Pat.
• a continuous process procedure can be configured as follows.
• a separating reactor the bottom space of a separating column containing separating constituents acts (for example, mass transfer trays such as dual-flow trays are suitable as separating internals, but in principle the separating column may also be empty, that is to say have no separating incorporations).
• the liquid split mixture (which may be a melt, a solution, a suspension, a slurry or an emulsion) is fed in the lower third of the separation column (in principle, the feed can also be made directly into the sump space; fixed).
• a liquid stream (which may optionally also be a suspension or sludge) is continuously removed by means of a pump and returned to the separation column via an indirect heat exchanger below the feed point of the cleavage mixture.
• the indirect heat exchanger is a forced circulation heat recovery device.
• the acrylic acid can be led out of the separation column.
• condensate formation is effected in the top region of the separation column and a portion of the condensate formed in the separation column in countercurrent to the acrylic acid rising in it (eg guided by a stripping gas and / or following the pressure gradient under reduced head pressure). guided as descending liquid descending.
• As an outlet for heavy-boiling Secondary components are continuously discharged from the bottoms liquid a subset and their disposal (eg combustion) supplied.
• thermolysis according to the invention is carried out from the solid substance of poly-3-hydroxypropionate or from the solid biomass containing it (preferably dry biomass), it is expedient from an application point of view to carry out the process according to the invention in a heated rotary kiln, which advantageously flows through a stripping gas which discharges the acrylic acid formed. It can be done both discontinuously and continuously. In continuous operation, the material to be thermolyzed according to the invention and the stripping gas are advantageously passed countercurrently through the rotary kiln.
• the method of the invention produced e.g. by absorptive and / or condensing measures from the gas phase produced in the thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate in the condensed (preferably liquid) phase of the acrylic acid is that they do not for the produced by heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation of C3 precursor compounds acrylic acid (eg propylene , Propane, acrolein, glycerol, propionic acid, propanol, etc.) have typical fingerprints of low molecular weight aldehydes contained in them as impurities (cf., for example, DE 10201 1076931 A1).
• acrylic acid eg propylene , Propane, acrolein, glycerol, propionic acid, propanol, etc.
• acrylic acid produced as such and / or in the form of its conjugate base (meaning in this case the conjugated Bronsted base, the Acrylatanion) , optionally in copolymerized form with other mono- and / or polyunsaturated compounds radically initiated in polymerizate.
• conjugate base meaning in this case the conjugated Bronsted base, the Acrylatanion
• the process of radical polymerization is a process for the preparation of water "superabsorbent" polymer, as used, for example, in hygiene articles such as baby diapers (see DE 10201 1076931 A1 and the prior art cited in the same).
• the present invention particularly includes the following inventive embodiments:
• Carbon atoms has a covalent double bond, neither a radical of an aromatic hydrocarbon nor a radical of a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, has a boiling point which is at least 150 ° C and not more than 350 ° C at a pressure of 1, 0133-10 5 Pa, and having a melting point which is 70 ° C at a pressure of 1, 0133-10 5 Pa.s.
• At least one molecular organic active compound has at least two tertiary nitrogen atoms, each of which forms a covalent bond with the dimensionally variable carbon atoms of the molecular organic active compounds to three mutually different carbon atoms. would indicate that none of these carbon atoms simultaneously has a covalent double bond to an oxygen atom.
• Nitrogen atoms each having a covalent bond to three mutually different carbon atoms of the molecular organic active compounds with the proviso that none of these carbon atoms simultaneously has a covalent double bond to an oxygen atom contains.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 1 to 4 characterized in that the at least one molecular organic active compound only tertiary nitrogen atoms, each of three mutually different carbon atoms of the molecular organic active compounds have a covalent bond with the measure that none of these carbon atoms at the same time a covalent one
• Has double bond to an oxygen atom contains.
• Method according to one of embodiments 1 to 34 characterized in that the molecular weight M of the at least one molecular organic active compound is> 100 g / mol and ⁇ 300 g / mol.
• the at least one molecular active compound is a molecular active compound selected from the group consisting of pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, N, N, N ', N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, bis (2) Dimethylaminoethyl) ether, 2,2'-dimorpholinodiethyl ether, N, N'-diethylethanolamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcyclohexylamine, N-methylimidazole and 1, 2-di-methylimidazole.
• the at least one molecular active compound is a molecular active compound selected from the group consisting of pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, N, N, N ', N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine, bis (2) Dimethylaminoethyl) ether, 2,2'-dimorpholinodiethyl ether, N, N'-diethylethanolamine, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylcyclohe
• thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate based on the weight of its mass, by 0.01 to 15 wt .-% of at least one molecular organic active compound (catalyzed ) he follows.
• Process according to one of the embodiments 1 to 39 characterized in that the catalyzed thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, based on the weight of its mass, by up to 50 wt .-% of the at least one molecular organic active compound (catalysed).
• Process according to one of the embodiments 1 to 39 characterized in that the catalyzed thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, based on the weight of its mass, by up to 100 wt .-% of at least one molecular organic active compound (catalysed).
• Process according to one of the embodiments 1 to 39 characterized in that the catalyzed thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, based on the weight of its mass, by up to 150 wt .-% of the at least one molecular organic active compound (catalysed).
• Method according to one of the embodiments 1 to 39 characterized in that the catalyzed thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, based on the weight of its mass, by up to 200 wt .-% of at least one molecular organic active compound (catalysed).
• Process according to one of the embodiments 1 to 39 characterized in that the catalyzed thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, based on the weight of its mass, by up to 300 wt .-% of at least one molecular organic active compound (catalysed).
• Process according to one of the embodiments 1 to 39 characterized in that the catalyzed thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, based on the Weight of its mass, by up to 500 wt .-% of at least one molecular organic active compound (catalysed) takes place.
• a process according to any of embodiments 1 to 50 characterized in that the process of catalyzed thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate from its solid substance, or from its melt, or from its solution in an organic liquid as a solvent, or from its suspension in an organic liquid as a dispersing agent, or from its emulsion in an organic liquid as a dispersing agent, or from a biomass containing it, or from a slurry of the biomass containing it in an organic liquid as a slurrying agent.
• a method according to embodiment 51 characterized in that the boiling point of the organic liquid, based on a pressure of 1, 0133-10 5 Pa, at least 60 ° C above the correspondingly obtained boiling point of acrylic acid.
• a process according to embodiment 51 characterized in that the boiling point of the organic liquid, based on a pressure of 1, 0133-10 5 Pa, at least 80 ° C above the correspondingly obtained boiling point of acrylic acid is.
• the organic liquid is selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, oligomeric (especially di- to hexameric) Michael adducts of the acrylic acid to itself and to the resulting addition products, dimethylsulfoxide, N- Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dialkylformamide, longer-chain paraffinic hydrocarbons Substances, longer-chain alkanols, Y-butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, diphenyl ether, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, biphenyl, tricresyl phosphate, dimethyl phthalate and / or diethyl phthalate. 58.
• the method according to any one of embodiments 51 to 57 characterized in that the weight fraction of poly-3-hydroxypropionate on the solution, or on the suspension, or on the emulsion, or on the biomass, or on the sludge of the biomass at least 5 to at least 95 wt .-% is. 59.
• the method according to any of embodiments 51 to 58 characterized in that the proportion by weight of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate in the solution, or on the suspension, or on the emulsion, or on the biomass, or on the sludge of the biomass at least 10th until at least 90 wt .-% is. 60.
• the method according to any one of embodiments 51 to 59 characterized in that the proportion by weight of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate to the solution, or to the suspension, or to the emulsion, or to the biomass, or to the sludge of the biomass at least 15 to at least 85 wt .-% is. 61.
• the method according to any one of embodiments 51 to 61 characterized in that the weight proportion of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate to the solution, or to the suspension, or to the emulsion, or to the biomass, or to the sludge of the biomass at least 30th to at least 70 wt .-% is. 63.
• the method according to any of embodiments 51 to 62 characterized in that the proportion by weight of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate to the solution, or to the suspension, or to the emulsion, or to the biomass, or to the sludge of the biomass at least 40th to at least 60 wt .-% is. 64.
• the method according to any of embodiments 51 to 63 characterized in that the at least one organic active compound is present dissolved in the melt of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate or in the organic liquid.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 1 to 70 characterized in that it is carried out at a working pressure of 10 2 to 10 7 Pa.
• thermolysis 75 The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 74, characterized in that the acrylic acid formed in the thermolysis is continuously discharged from the thermolysis using a stripping gas.
• Stripping gas contains molecular oxygen or is free of molecular oxygen.
• 77 The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 76, characterized in that the thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate takes place in the presence of at least one polymerization inhibitor. Process according to embodiment 77, characterized in that the thermal analysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, based on the weight of the mass of the poly (3-hydroxypropionate)
• 3-hydroxypropionate in the presence of 10 to 1000 ppm by weight of at least one polymerization inhibitor.
• the at least one polymerization inhibitor comprises at least one polymerization inhibitor selected from the group consisting of o-, m- and p-cresol, 2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert-butyl 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2 -Methyl-4-tert-butylphenol, hydroquinone, catechol, resorcinol, 2-methylhydroquinone and 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, para-aminophenol, para-nitrosophenol, 2-methoxyphenol, 2-ethoxyphenol , 4-methoxyphenol, mono- and di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, a-tocopherol,
• poly-3-hydroxypropionate is at least one macromolecular compound which comprises at least one structural portion of the general formula I,
• n is an integer> 6.
• Method according to embodiment 80 characterized in that n> 8. Method according to embodiment 80, characterized in that n> 10. Method according to embodiment 80, characterized in that n> 15. 84. Method according to embodiment 80, characterized in that n> 20.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 80 to 89 characterized in that n ⁇ 30,000.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 80 to 90 characterized in that n ⁇ 25000.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 80 to 91 characterized in that n ⁇ 20000.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 80 to 98 characterized in that n ⁇ 1000. 100. The method according to any of embodiments 80 to 99, characterized in that n ⁇ 750. 101. Method according to one of the embodiments 80 to 100, characterized in that n ⁇ 500.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 80 to 104 characterized in that n ⁇ 125.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 80 to 105 characterized in that n ⁇ 100.
• Process according to one of the embodiments 80 to 107 characterized in that the proportion by weight of structural segments of the general formula (I) on the poly-3-hydroxypropionate is> 70% by weight. 1 12. The method according to any one of embodiments 80 to 107, characterized in that the weight proportion of structural portions of the general formula (I) on poly-3-hydroxypropionate> 80 wt .-% is.
• Process according to one of embodiments 1 to 120 characterized in that the acrylic acid from the gaseous phase containing acrylic acid formed during the thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate is converted into the liquid phase by absorptive and / or condensative measures. 122.
• Process according to embodiment 121 characterized in that the acrylic acid is separated from the liquid phase in an increased purity compared to the liquid phase by using at least one thermal separation process, and the at least one thermal separation process comprises at least one
• Rectification and / or crystallization of the acrylic acid contained in the liquid phase comprises.
• Method according to embodiment 122 characterized in that the crystallization is a suspension crystallization to obtain a crystal suspension containing acrylic acid crystals.
• Method according to one of the embodiments 1 to 127 characterized in that the poly-3-hydroxypropionate biotechnologically (eg from at least one cker), and its weight-average molecular weight is ⁇ 200,000.
• thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate based on the weight of the mass of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, in the presence of 50 to 500 Gew.ppm at least one polymerization inhibitor ,
• thermolysis of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate based on the weight of the mass of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate, is carried out in the presence of 150 to 350 ppm by weight of at least one polymerization inhibitor ,
• the reaction space of the autoclave was first rendered inert with argon (contents of the Ar:> 99.999% by volume of Ar, ⁇ 2 ppm by volume 0 2 , 3 ppm by volume of H 2 O and ⁇ 0.5 ppm by volume of hydrocarbons).
• the autoclave A heated to 10 ° C. under argon was treated with 16.0 g of dicarbaltoctacarbonyl (Co 2 (CO) s; supplier: Sigma-Aldrich; specification: 1 -10% hexane, 90% Co, order number: 6081 1 ), 8.7 g of 3-hydroxypyridine (supplier: Sigma-Aldrich, specification: 99% content, order number: H57009) and 1001.2 g of diglyme (supplier: Sigma-Aldrich, specification: 99% content, order number: M1402) and the autoclave subsequently closed.
• the temperature of the two solids was 25 ° C and the temperature of the diglyme was 10 ° C.
• Carbon monoxide was then forced through the valve V into the autoclave while maintaining the internal temperature of 10 ° C. until the pressure in the reaction space was 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 Pa (carbon monoxide from BASF SE, specification: 99.2% CO). Subsequently, the temperature in the reaction space was raised to 28 ° C to verify the tightness of the autoclave A (over a period of 50 minutes). Then, the atmosphere in the reaction space was depressurized by opening the valve V to an internal pressure of 10 6 Pa. The temperature of 28 ° C in the interior was maintained.
• the temperature in the stirred reaction chamber cooled substantially exponentially to 25 ° C (after 66 min, the internal temperature had dropped to 60 ° C, after 165 min to 40 ° C and after 255 min to 30 ° C).
• the associated pressure in the reaction space was 2.8 ⁇ 10 6 Pa.
• the autoclave A was depressurized to normal pressure and the reaction chamber was rinsed 3 times in succession with argon (10 6 Pa). 1 106.3 g of a dark red-brown solution as product mixture A were in the reaction space.
• the product mixture A was left alone in a closed glass flask for 12 hours in a cold room having a temperature of 7 ° C.
• the precipitated poly-3-hydroxypropionate was filtered off and the filter cake was washed with 300 g of methanol at a temperature of 25.degree.
• the washed filter cake was dried for 10 h (10 hPa, 25 ° C).
• the 41.1 g of poly-3-hydroxypropionate (first fraction) thus separated from the product mixture A still contained 1.6% by weight of Co based on the weight of its mass (the weight of the product mixture A based on Co Weight of the maximum possible amount of formation of poly-3-hydroxypropionate was
• the filtrate obtained by filtering off the poly-3-hydroxypropionate was analyzed by gas chromatography. It contained (reported as area percent of the total area of the GC peaks) 0.9% ethylene oxide, 92.7% diglyme, 1.0% of the by-product ⁇ -propiolactone and 0.6% of the by-product succinic anhydride.
• the mass of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate thus separated from the product mixture A as the second fraction was 88.0 g. Based on the weight of its mass it still contained
• the filtrate obtained by filtering off the third fraction of poly-3-hydroxypropionate was combined with the methanol sucked in the washing of the third fraction of poly-3-hydroxypropionate by the same.
• the resulting mixture was left alone for 12 hours in a cold room having a temperature of 7 ° C.
• the thereby precipitated poly-3-hydroxypropionate was filtered off again (fourth fraction) and the resulting filter cake with 300 g of methanol at 25 ° C washed.
• the washed filter cake was again dried at 10 hPa and 25 ° C for 10 h.
• the mass of the thus separated from the product mixture A as the third fraction poly-3-hydroxypropionate was 5.3 g. It contained 2.7% by weight of Co. based on the weight of its mass. Its weight average molecular weight Mw was 4230.
• Co contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical ion spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
• the meter used was a Varian 720-ES ICP-OES spectrometer.
• the wavelength of the spectral line of the Co used for the analysis was 237.86 nm.
• PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
• the Co content of the poly-3-hydroxypropionate thus produced was 0.2% by weight.
• the investigated sample consisted of 99% of the structure 1. Protons of the vinyl group in structure 2 were visible with their 1 H-NMR signal. Likewise the protons of the ethylene glycol end groups. 1 H NMR signals of aromatic protons of structure 3 could not be detected.
• the sample to be examined was first completely dissolved in aqueous acetonitrile (50% by volume of water, 50% by volume of acetonitrile) and then with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and sodium trifluoroacetate as matrix substances (both likewise in aqueous acetonitrile dissolved) applied to a MALDI steel target and the solvent removed.
• the analyte was evaporated in the mixture with the matrix of the steel target and ionized.
• Quantitative quantitative determinations of the above structures were carried out by means of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy on a Bruker DPX 400/1 FT-NMR spectrometer at a 1 H carrier frequency of 400 MHz.
• the sample concentration was 5 mg of poly-3-hydroxypropionate dissolved in 1 ml of CDC.
• the width of the excitation pulse was 8012, 82 Hz.
• the sample temperature when recording the spectra was always 26.8 ° C.
• a series of 30 ° pulses was used. In each case 32 individual images were accumulated to the range of results. 3.
• the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DRX 500 FT NMR spectrometer on solutions of poly-3-hydroxypropionate in CDC.
• the magnetic field strength corresponded to a 1 H carrier frequency of 500 MHz.
• the ATR infrared spectra were recorded on Bruker's Vertex 70 spectrometer with ATR (attenuated total reflection) and FT-IR spectroscopy, and the solid poly-3-hydroxypropionate was investigated dried for 12 h at 60 ° C and 10 hPA and then finely pulverized to allow optimum contact with the ATR crystal (in which the total reflection was carried out).
• the Liebig condenser was cooled in countercurrent with water having an inlet temperature of 20 ° C.
• Condensable fission products transported by the nitrogen stream would be condensed in the Liebig cooler and the condensate in the product flask, which would also be condensed in a
• the sample was first heated to 35 ° C. for 10 minutes and then the sample temperature was raised to 610 ° C. at a constant rate of 5 K / min under an Ar stream (40 ml / min).
• the sample mass and heat flow through the sample were detected as a function of temperature (ie, differential scanning calorimetry was performed as dynamic heat flow differential calorimetry).
• thermogram including FT-IR spectroscopy, showed the following three endothermic processes:
• pTs peak temperature
• OTT the temperature at which thermolysis demonstrably starts
• ⁇ the temperature at which the thermolysis has its maximum cleavage rate
• the cracked gas contained acrylic acid and traces of CO2 as the main component.
• Mass loss to the end of the measuring range 0.5% of the initial mass.
• the amount of condensate contained in the product flask was 2.48 g.
• Aldehydes were undetectable in the condensate.
• the condensate did not contain 3-hydroxypyridine.
• the mass of the remaining light brown, sticky residue in the split flask was 330 mg (1 1 wt .-% of the amount of P3HP used).
• the Michael adducts co-stripped with the stripping gas can be easily retained here (and in all subsequent cases) as required by passing the stream through a reflux column (e.g., a Vigreux column) to the product flask.
• the gap yield of acrylic acid can be increased accordingly.
• the amount of condensate contained in the product flask was 2.71 g.
• the condensate obtained 95.7% by weight of acrylic acid, 3.3% by weight of diacrylic acid (Michael adduct) and 0.5% by weight of higher Michael adducts of the acrylic acid per se.
• Aldehydes were undetectable in the condensate.
• the condensate did not contain pentamethylethylenetriamine.
• the mass of the remaining light brown sticky Residue in the split flask was 150 mg (5 wt .-% of the amount of P3HP used).
• thermogram including FT-IR spectroscopy, exhibited the following three endothermic processes.
• the cracked gas contains as its main component acrylic acid and traces of CO2
• Mass loss up to the end of the measuring range 0.3% of the initial mass.
• thermolysis simulates a thermolysis according to the invention of dried bacterial biomass whose bacteria have built up poly-3-hydroxypropionate and whose cell walls are destroyed in order to improve the access of the cleavage catalyst to the poly-3-hydroxypropionate.
• the condensate received 97.1 wt .-% acrylic acid, 2.1 wt .-% diacrylic acid (Michael adduct) and 0.5 wt .-% higher Michael adducts of acrylic acid to itself. Aldehydes were not detectable in the condensate. The condensate did not contain pentamethylethylenetriamine. Likewise, the condensate contained no detectable levels of biomass traceable components. In the split flask 800 mg (26.7 wt .-% based on the weighed total amount of biomass and Poy-3-hydroxypropionate) of a light brown, sticky residue remained.
• the amount of condensate contained in the product flask was 2.14 g (as cleavage catalysts, for example, compounds of structure 3 as detected in experiment "A) 2.”).
• the condensate contained 95.3% by weight of acrylic acid, 3.7% by weight of diacrylic acid (Michael adduct) and 0.5% by weight of higher Michael adducts of acrylic acid per se. Aldehydes were not in the condensate detectable.
• Elemental analysis of the cleavage residue gave the following contents, by weight of the mass thereof: 12 wt% Co, 46.6 wt% C, 4.5 wt% H, 2.9 wt% N and 34% by weight O.
• thermogram including FT-IR spectroscopy, showed the following three endothermic processes:
• Mass loss 86.0% of the starting mass
• the cracked gas contained acrylic acid as the main component and traces of CO2 and methane.
• Mass loss up to the end of the measuring range 4.7% of the initial mass.
• the amount of condensate contained in the product flask was 2.21 g.
• the condensate contained 96.1% by weight of acrylic acid, 3.2% by weight of diacrylic acid (Michael adduct) and 0.6% by weight of higher Michael adducts of acrylic acid per se. Aldehydes were not detectable in the condensate.
• the condensate did not contain pentamethylethylenetriamine.
• thermogram including FT-IR spectroscopy, showed the following three endothermic processes:
• the cracked gas contained acrylic acid as the main component and traces of CO2 and methane.
• Mass loss to the end of the measuring range 4.6% of the initial mass. That is, the added pentamethylethylenetriamine decreases in comparison with
• the amount of condensate contained in the product flask was 2.51 g (for example, compounds of structure 3 as detected in experiment "A) 2" were used as crevice catalysts.)
• the condensate contained 95.6% by weight of acrylic acid, 3.2% by weight % Of diacrylic acid (Michael adduct) and 0.6% by weight higher Michael adducts of acrylic acid to itself. Aldehydes were undetectable in the condensate.
• thermogram including FT-IR spectroscopy, showed the following three endothermic processes:
• the cracked gas contained acrylic acid as main component and traces of CO2.
• Mass loss to the end of the measuring range 1, 0% of the initial mass.
• the amount of condensate contained in the product flask was 2.56 g.
• the condensate contained 96.2 wt .-% acrylic acid, 2.9 wt .-% diacrylic acid (Michael adduct) and 0.5 wt .-% higher Michael adducts of acrylic acid to itself. Aldehydes were not detectable in the condensate.
• the condensate contained no pentamethyl ethylene triamine.
• the cracked gas contained acrylic acid as main component and traces of CO2
• the amount of condensate contained in the product flask was 4.15 g.
• the condensate contained 96.8% by weight of acrylic acid, 2.7% by weight of diacrylic acid (Michael adduct) and 0.3% by weight of higher Michael adducts of acrylic acid per se. Aldehydes were not detectable in the condensate.
• Cleavage catalysts can act. Proof of the separability of pentamethylethylenetriamine co-used as cleavage catalyst from the cleavage residue of Experiment, B) 3.a) "by gas chromatographic separation of gaseous components escaping during the thermal treatment of this cleavage residue and subsequent elucidation of the structure of these constituents by mass spectrometry (Method the programmed pyrolysis GC / MS coupling) and FT-IR
• the thermal treatment of the cleavage residue was carried out in a circular-cylindrical crucible made of V2A steel (height: 6.2 mm, wall thickness: 0.2 mm, outer diameter: 2.5 mm).
• the sample amount of cleavage residue from experiment "B) 3.a)" weighed into the crucible was 0.23 mg, and the crucible was placed centered in a circular-cylindrical tube made of quartz glass (25 mm in height, 5 mm internal diameter, 0.5 mm wall thickness The quartz glass tube could be electrically heated from the outside.
• the length of the separation column was 30 m, its inner diameter was 0.25 mm.
• As a stationary phase it had a film thickness of 1 ⁇ of polydimethylsiloxane (this column had been purchased from the company Agilent Technologies under the type "HP-1 ms").
• the starting temperature of the electric heating of the quartz tube was 100 ° C. This was raised at a ramp of 10 ° C / min to 400 ° C and then held at this temperature.
• the entire separation column was in a liquid nitrogen filled Dewar.
• the temperature of the entire separation column was raised to 40 ° C, and held at this temperature for 2 min. Then, the temperature of the entire column was raised at a heating rate of 6 ° C / min. To a final temperature of 320 ° C.

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