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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D71/06—Organic material
  • B01D71/58—Other polymers having nitrogen in the main chain, with or without oxygen or carbon only
  • B01D71/62—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain
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  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
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  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/0605—Polycondensates containing five-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/0622—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C08G73/0627—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with only one nitrogen atom in the ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/0622—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C08G73/0633—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with only two nitrogen atoms in the ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/0683—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C08G73/0688—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with only one nitrogen atom in the ring, e.g. polyquinolines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/0683—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C08G73/0694—Polycondensates containing six-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with only two nitrogen atoms in the ring, e.g. polyquinoxalines
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  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/18—Polybenzimidazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/22—Polybenzoxazoles
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  • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
  • C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
  • C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L79/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08L61/00 - C08L77/00
  • C08L79/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
  • C08L79/06—Polyhydrazides; Polytriazoles; Polyamino-triazoles; Polyoxadiazoles
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
  • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
  • D01F6/00—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof
  • D01F6/58—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products
  • D01F6/74—Monocomponent artificial filaments or the like of synthetic polymers; Manufacture thereof from homopolycondensation products from polycondensates of cyclic compounds, e.g. polyimides, polybenzimidazoles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
  • B01D2323/219—Specific solvent system
  • B01D2323/225—Use of supercritical fluids
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
  • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a novel polymer film based on polyazoles, which can be used in a variety of ways due to its excellent chemical and thermal properties and is particularly suitable as a film or membrane for gas cleaning and filtration.
• Polyazoles such as polybenzimidazoles ( ⁇ Celazole) have long been known.
• Such polybenzimidazoles (PBI) are usually prepared by reacting 3,3 ' , 4,4 ' -tetraaminobiphenyl with isophthalic acid or diphenyl-isophthalic acid or their esters in the melt. The resulting prepolymer solidifies in the reactor and is then mechanically crushed. The powdered prepolymer is then end-polymerized in a solid-phase polymerization at temperatures of up to 400 ° C. and the desired polybenzimidazole is obtained.
• the object of the present invention is to provide polymer films based on polyazoles which, on the one hand, have or exceed the application-related advantages of polymer films based on polyazoles and, on the other hand, are easily accessible.
• the present invention relates to a polymer film based on polyazoles obtainable by a process comprising the steps A) mixing one or more aromatic tetra-amino compounds with one or more aromatic carboxylic acids or their esters, the at least two acid groups per carboxylic acid monomer included, or Mixing one or more aromatic and / or heteroaromatic diaminocarboxylic acids in polyphosphoric acid to form a solution and / or dispersion
• step B) applying a layer using the mixture according to step A) on a support
• step C) heating of the flat structure / layer obtainable in accordance with step B) under inert gas to temperatures of up to 350 ° C., preferably up to 280 ° C., with the formation of the polyazole polymer,
• step D) treatment of the polymer film formed in step C) (until it is self-supporting),
• step E Detaching the polymer film formed in step D) from the support, step E is also not absolutely necessary (when producing a composite membrane multilayer membrane)
• the aromatic and heteroaromatic tetraamino compounds used according to the invention are preferably 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminobiphenyl, 2,3,5,6-tetraaminopyridine, 1, 2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene, 3 , 3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenyl sulfone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminobenzophenone, 3,3', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenylmethane and 3,3 ', 4,4'-tetraaminodiphenyldimethylmethane and their salts, in particular their mono-, di-, tri- and tetrahydrochloride derivatives.
• aromatic carboxylic acids used according to the invention are dicarboxylic acids and tricarboxylic acids and tetracarboxylic acids or their esters or their anhydrides or their acid chlorides.
• aromatic carboxylic acids also includes heteroaromatic carboxylic acids.
• the aromatic dicarboxylic acids are preferably isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid, 5-aminoisophthalic acid, 5-NN-dimethylaminoisophthalic acid, 5-N, dihydroxy acid, 2,5-diethylamino-thisophthalic acid , 2,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 2,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid.
• aromatic tri-, tetra-carboxylic acids or their C1-C20-alkyl esters or C5-C12-aryl esters or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides are preferably 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid ), 1, 2,4-benzene-tricarboxylic acid (Trimellitic acid), (2-carboxyphenyl) iminodiacetic acid, 3,5,3'-biphenyltricarboxylic acid, 3,5,4'-biphenyltricarboxylic acid,.
• aromatic tetracarboxylic acids or their C1-C20-alkyl esters or C5-C12-aryl esters or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides are preferably 3,5,3 ', 5'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2, 4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, 3,3 ', 4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 2,2', 3,3'-biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 1, 2,5,6-naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid, 1, 4,5,8- naphthalene.
• heteroaromatic carboxylic acids used according to the invention are heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids and tricarboxylic acids and tetracarboxylic acids or their esters or their anhydrides.
• Heteroaromatic carboxylic acids are understood to mean aromatic systems which contain at least one nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus atom in the aromatic.
• pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 4-phenyl-2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 3.5 -Pyrazole dicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyrimidine dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid, 2,4,6-pyridine tricarboxylic acid, benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid.
• C1-C20 alkyl esters or C5-C12 aryl esters or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides.
• the content of tricarboxylic acid or tetracarboxylic acids is between 0 and 30 mol%, preferably 0.1 and 20 mol%, in particular 0.5 and 10 mol%.
• the aromatic and heteroaromatic diaminocarboxylic acids used according to the invention are preferably diaminobenzoic acid and its mono and dihydrochloride derivatives. Mixtures of at least 2 different aromatic carboxylic acids are preferably used in step A). Mixtures which contain not only aromatic carboxylic acids but also heteroaromatic carboxylic acids are particularly preferred. The mixing ratio of aromatic carboxylic acids to heteroaromatic carboxylic acids is between 1:99 and 99: 1, preferably 1:50 to 50: 1.
• This mixture is in particular a mixture of N-heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic dicarboxylic acids.
• Non-limiting examples of this are isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 2,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 2,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid.
• the polyphosphoric acid used in step A) is a commercially available polyphosphoric acid such as is available, for example, from Riedel-de Haen.
• the polyphosphoric acids H n + 2 PnO 3n + 1 (n> 1) usually have a content calculated as P2O 5 (acidimetric) of at least 83%.
• a dispersion / suspension can also be produced.
• the mixture produced in step A) has a weight ratio of polyphosphoric acid to the sum of all monomers of 1: 10000 to 10000: 1, preferably 1: 1000 to 1000: 1, in particular 1: 100 to 100: 1.
• the layer formation in step B) takes place by means of measures known per se (pouring, spraying, knife coating) which are known from the prior art for polymer film production.
• Suitable carriers are all carriers which are inert under the conditions.
• other supports such as polymer films, woven fabrics and nonwovens, are also suitable, which combine with the layer formed in step B) and form a laminate.
• the solution can optionally be mixed with phosphoric acid (concentrated phosphoric acid, 85%). As a result, the viscosity can be adjusted to the desired value and the formation of the membrane can be facilitated.
• the layer produced according to step B) has a thickness which is matched to the subsequent use and is not subject to any restriction.
• the layer formed usually has a thickness between 1 and 5000 ⁇ m, preferably between 1 and 3500 ⁇ m, in particular between 1 and 100 ⁇ m.
• the polymer formed in step C) based on polyazole contains recurring azole units of the general formula (I) and / or (II) and / or (III) and / or (IV) and / or (V) and / or (VI) and / or (VI!) and / or (VIII) and / or (IX) and / or (X) and / or (XI) and / or (XIII) and / or (XIV) and / or (XV) and / or (XVI) and / or (XVI) and / or (XVII) and / or (XVIII) and / or (XIX) and / or (XX) and / or (XXII) and / or (XVIII) and / or (XIX) and / or (XX) and / or (XXI) and / or (XVIII) and / or (XIX) and / or (XX) and / or (X
• Ar are the same or different and for a tetra-bonded aromatic or heteroaromatic group, which can be mono- or polynuclear
• Ar 1 are the same or different and for a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group, which can be mono- or polynuclear
• Ar 2 are the same or different
• Ar 3 are the same or different for a two or three-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group, which may be mono- or polynuclear, and for a tridentic aromatic or heteroaromatic group, which may be single or polynuclear
• Ar 4 are the same or different and for a three-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mono- or polynuclear
• Ar 5 are the same or different and for a tetra-aromatic or heteroaromatic group which may be mono- or polynuclear
• Ar 6 are the same or different and for a divalent aromatic or heteroaromatic group, which can be mono- or polynuclear
• Ar 7
• Amino group which has a hydrogen atom, a group having 1-20 carbon atoms, preferably a branched or unbranched
• R carries the same or different hydrogen, an alkyl group and an aromatic group, with the proviso that R in formula (XX) does not
• Is hydrogen and n, m is an integer greater than or equal to 10, preferably greater than or equal to 100.
• Preferred aromatic or heteroaromatic groups are derived from benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, diphenyl methane, diphenyldimethyl methane, bisphenone, diphenyl sulfone, quinoline, pyridine, bipyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, Triazine, tetrazine, pyrol, pyrazole, anthracene, benzopyrrole, benzotriazole, benzooxathiadiazole, benzooxadiazole, benzopyridine, benzopyrazine, benzopyrazidine, benzopyrimidine, benzopyrazine, benzotriazine, indolizine, quinolizine, pyridopyrimid, carbazidol, pyridazolopyridine, imidazinolizine Phenothiazine, acrid
• the substitution pattern of Ar 1 , Ar 4 , Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 , Ar 11 is arbitrary, in the case of phenylene, for example, Ar 1 , Ar 4 , Ar 6 , Ar 7 , Ar 8 , Ar 9 , Ar 10 , Ar 11 are ortho-, meta- and para-phenylene. Particularly preferred groups are derived from benzene and biphenyls, which may or may not be substituted.
• Preferred alkyl groups are short-chain alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as. B. methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl and t-butyl groups.
• Preferred aromatic groups are phenyl or naphthyl groups.
• the alkyl groups and the aromatic groups can be substituted.
• Preferred substituents are halogen atoms such as. B. Fiuor, amino groups, hydroxyl groups or short-chain alkyl groups such as. B. methyl or ethyl groups.
• the polyazoles can also have different recurring units which differ, for example, in their X radical. However, it preferably has only the same X radicals in a recurring unit.
• polyazole polymers are polyimidazoles, polybenzthiazoles, polybenzoxazoles, polyoxadiazoles, polyquinoxalines, polythiadiazoles poly (pyridines), poly (pyrimidines), and poly (tetrazapyrenes).
• the polymer containing recurring azole units is a copolymer or a blend which. contains at least two units of the formulas (I) to (XXII) which differ from one another.
• the polymers can be present as block copolymers (diblock, triblock), statistical copolymers, periodic copolymers and / or alternating polymers.
• the polymer containing recurring azole units is a polyazole which contains only units of the formula (I) and / or (II).
• the number of repeating azole units in the polymer is preferably an integer greater than or equal to 10.
• Particularly preferred polymers contain at least 100 repeating azole units.
• polymers containing recurring benzimidazole units are preferred.
• Some examples of the extremely useful polymers containing recurring benzimidazole units are represented by the following formulas:
• n and m is an integer greater than or equal to 10, preferably greater than or equal to 100.
• polyazoles obtainable by the process described, but in particular the polybenzimidazoles, are distinguished by a high molecular weight. Measured as intrinsic viscosity, this is at least 1.4 dl / g and is therefore significantly higher than that of commercially available polybenzimidazole (IV ⁇ 1.1 dl / g).
• step A) also contains tricarboxylic acids or tetracarboxylic acids, branching / crosslinking of the polymer formed is achieved in this way. This contributes to the improvement of the mechanical property.
• the formation of oligomers and / or polymers can already be brought about by heating the mixture from step A) to temperatures of up to 350 ° C., preferably up to 280 ° C. Depending on the selected temperature and duration, the heating in step C) can then be partially or entirely dispensed with.
• This variant is also the subject of the present invention.
• aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as isophthalic acid, Terephthalic acid, 2,5-dihydroxy terephthalic acid, 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 2,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, diphenic acid, 1, 8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-dicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ether-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, benzophenone 4,4'- dicarboxylic acid, diphenylsulfone-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, 4-trifluoromethylphthalic acid, pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine- 2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 4-phenyl-2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acids (or heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids) such as isophthal
• the treatment of the polymer film in step D) takes place at temperatures above 0 ° C. and below 150 ° C., preferably at temperatures between 10 ° C. and 120 ° C., in particular between room temperature (20 ° C.) and 90 ° C., in the presence of moisture or water and / or water vapor or and / or water-containing phosphoric acid of up to 85%.
• the treatment is preferably carried out under normal pressure, but can also be carried out under the action of pressure. It is essential that the treatment is carried out in the presence of sufficient moisture, as a result of which the polyphosphoric acid present contributes to the solidification of the polymer film by partial hydrolysis with the formation of low molecular weight polyphosphoric acid and / or phosphoric acid.
• step D solidifies the polymer film so that it becomes self-supporting and furthermore leads to a decrease in the layer thickness.
• step C the intra- and intermolecular structures (interpenetrating networks IPN) present in the polyphosphoric acid layer lead to an orderly membrane formation, which is responsible for the good properties of the polymer film formed.
• IPN interpenetrating networks
• the upper temperature limit of the treatment in step D) is generally 150 ° C. With extremely short exposure to moisture, for example superheated steam, this steam can also be hotter than 150 ° C. The duration of the treatment is essential for the upper temperature limit.
• the partial hydrolysis (step D) can also take place in climatic chambers in which the hydrolysis can be specifically controlled under the influence of moisture.
• the humidity by the temperature or saturation of the contacting environment, for example gases such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or other suitable gases, or water vapor.
• gases such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or other suitable gases, or water vapor.
• the duration of treatment depends on the parameters selected above.
• the treatment time depends on the thickness of the membrane.
• the treatment time is between a few seconds to minutes, for example under the action of superheated steam, or up to whole days, for example in the air at room temperature and low relative humidity.
• the treatment time is preferably between 10 seconds and 300 hours, in particular 1 minute to 200 hours.
• the treatment time is between 1 and 200 hours.
• the polymer film obtained in step D) is preferably self-supporting, i.e. it can be detached from the carrier without damage in accordance with step E) and then, if necessary, processed further directly.
• step D) can be dispensed with in whole or in part.
• step E) and optionally to step F) insofar as the polyphosphoric acid does not interfere in the subsequent processing.
• step F insofar as the polyphosphoric acid does not interfere in the subsequent processing.
• step F the polyphosphoric acid or phosphoric acid contained in the polymer film is removed in step F). This is done using a treatment liquid in the temperature range between room temperature (20 ° C) and the boiling point of the treatment liquid (at normal pressure).
• solvents which are liquid at room temperature are selected from the group of alcohols, ketones, alkanes (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), ethers (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), Glycols, esters, carboxylic acids, where the above group members can be halogenated, water and mixtures thereof.
• C1-C10 alcohols C2-C5 ketones, C1-C10 alkanes (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), C2-C6 ethers (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), C2-C5 esters, C1-C3 carboxylic acids, dichloromethane, water and mixtures thereof are preferred used.
• the treatment liquid introduced in step F) is then removed again. This is preferably done by drying, the temperature and the ambient pressure being selected as a function of the partial vapor pressure of the treatment liquid. Usually drying takes place at normal pressure and temperatures between 20 ° C and 200 ° C. A more gentle drying can also be done in a vacuum. Instead of drying, the membrane can also be dabbed off, thus removing excess treatment liquid. The order is not critical.
• the polymer film can still be crosslinked by the action of heat in the presence of atmospheric oxygen on the surface. This hardening of the film surface additionally improves the properties.
• This treatment can partially or completely replace the above drying or can be combined with this.
• IR InfraRot, ie light with a wavelength of more than 700 nm
• NIR Near IR, ie light with a wavelength in the range from approx. 700 to 2000 nm or an energy in the range of approx. 0.6 to 1.75 eV).
• Another method is radiation with ⁇ -rays. The radiation dose is between 5 and 200 kGy.
• step F after the treatment in step F), a thermal aftertreatment with sulfuric acid can be carried out. This leads to a further application-related improvement of the surface.
• the polymer film according to the invention has improved material properties compared to the previously known polymer films.
• the polymer film according to the invention has improved mechanical properties as a result of a higher molecular weight. This leads to increased long-term stability and service life as well as improved separation behavior. In particular, however, these polymer films contain no impurities which can only be removed with great effort or not completely.
• Such separation membranes can be porous as dense polymer films
• Composite membrane consisting of several different open-pore layers, some with a thin, dense film thickness.
• the layers can consist of different polymer layers or can be produced as an integrally asymmetrical membrane from a polymer.
• the polymer solution from step A) can also contain a so-called pore former, such as glycerol.
• the porous membrane can contribute to the stability of the pores after the manufacturing process
• Glycerin can be filled.
• porous structures are formed by solvent exchange.
• different morphologies of the separation membranes can thus be brought about.
• the following structures are preferred for separation applications: i) symmetrical, porous structure; ii) Asymmetric porous structure with a polymer densification near a membrane surface and iii) porous films of type i) and ii) coated with a thin selective polymer layer.
• the individual layers can consist of different types of polymer. Scanning electron micrographs of such particularly suitable structures of polybenzimidazole membrane are disclosed in Journal of Membrane Science Volume 20, 1984, pages 147-66.
• Membranes with an asymmetrical or symmetrical porous structure are used as separation or filtration membranes for air and gas filtration or micro- or ultrafiltration and dialysis for liquids.
• Membranes that consist of thin, dense, selective layers that are applied with an asymmetrical, porous structure or composite membranes can be used in many ways for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, in particular for water desalination, or for gas treatment. Dense films can be used for electrodialysis or electrolysis.
• a particularly useful application is the separation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide from gas mixtures in combination with a porous metallic carrier.
• Alternative technologies for CO 2 separation require because of the low Thermal stability of the polymer membrane cooling the gas to 150 ° C, which reduces the efficiency.
• the separation membranes according to the invention based on polyazoles can be operated continuously up to a temperature of 400 ° C. and thus lead to an increase in the yield and a reduction in the costs.
• separation membranes based on polyazoles For further information on separation membranes based on polyazoles, reference is made to the specialist literature, in particular to the patents WO 98/14505; US-A-4693815; US-A-4693824; US-A-375262; US-A-3737042; US-A-4512894; US-A-448687; US-A-3841492.
• the disclosure contained in the abovementioned references with regard to the construction and manufacture of separation membranes is also encompassed by the present invention and is part of the present description.
• such separation membranes can be produced in the form of flat films or as hollow fiber membranes.
• fillers can also be added to the polymer film.
• the addition can take place either in step A or after the polymerization
• Non-limiting examples of such fillers are:
• Oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 5 , ThO 2 , SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , MoO 3
• Silicates such as zeolites, zeolites (NH +), layered silicates, framework silicates, H-natrolites,
• Montmorillonite fillers such as carbides, in particular SiC, Si 3 N 4 , fibers, in particular glass fibers,
• Glass powders and / or polymer fibers preferably based on
• the polymer film can also contain additives which trap or destroy radicals which may be generated during operation during gas filtration.
• additives are:
• Bis (trifluoromethyl) nitroxide 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrinylhydrazyl, phenols, alkylphenols, hindered alkylphenols such as Irganox, aromatic amines, hindered amines such as Chimassorb; sterically hindered hydroxylamines, sterically hindered alkylamines, sterically hindered hydroxylamines, sterically hindered hydroxylamine ethers, phosphites such as, for example, irgafos, nitrosobenzene, methyl.2-nitroso-propane, benzophenone, benzaldehyde-tert.-butylnitrone, cysteamine, melanins, lead oxides, manganese oxides, nickel oxides , Cobalt oxides.
• Possible areas of application of the polymer films according to the invention include use as a filter medium in gas filtration and as a membrane in the field of gas separation or gas purification, and in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, dialysis and electrodialysis. Furthermore, as substrates for flexible electrical circuits, as battery separators, as membranes in electrolysis as a protective film for electrical cables, as an insulator in electrical components and devices such as capacitors, as a protective film for metal and other surfaces.
• Another object of the present invention is thus a polymer based on polyazoles according to the above features whose molecular weight, expressed as intrinsic viscosity, is at least 1.4 dl / g, and this by a method comprising the steps
• step B) heating the mixture obtainable according to step B) under inert gas to temperatures of up to 350 ° C., preferably up to 280 ° C., with the formation of the polyazole polymer,
• steps A) and B) have already been set out, so that they will not be repeated here.
• step C The precipitation in step C), by introducing the material from step B) in a ⁇
• solvents which are liquid at room temperature are selected from the group of alcohols, ketones, alkanes (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), ethers (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), Esters, carboxylic acids, the above Group tiere 'may be halogenated r, water, inorganic acids of the same used (such as H3PO4, H2SO4), and mixtures thereof.
• C1-C10 alcohols C2-C5 ketones, C1-C10 alkanes (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), C2-C6 ethers (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), C2-C5 esters, C1-C3 carboxylic acids, dichloromethane, water and mixtures thereof are preferred used.
• the precipitated polymer is then freed from the precipitation liquid again.
• This is preferably done by drying, the temperature and the ambient pressure being selected as a function of the partial vapor pressure of the precipitation liquid. Usually drying takes place at normal pressure and temperatures between 20 ° C and 200 ° C. A more gentle drying can also be done in a vacuum.
• the drying method is not restricted.
• polyazoles obtainable by the process described, in particular, however.
• the polybenzimidazoles are distinguished by a high molecular weight. Measured as intrinsic viscosity, this is at least 1.4 dl / g, preferably at least 1.5 di / g, and is thus clearly above that of commercially available polybenzimidazole (IV ⁇ 1.1 dl / g).
• the polymer powders obtained in this way are particularly suitable as a raw material for the production of moldings, in particular for films and fibers.
• Another object of the present invention is a polymer fiber based on polyazoles whose molecular weight, expressed as intrinsic viscosity, is at least 1.4 dl / g and which comprises the steps by a method
• step B) heating the mixture from step A) to temperatures of up to 350 ° C., preferably up to 280 ° C., with the formation of the polyazole polymer,
• step D) introducing the fibers formed in step C) into a liquid bath
• steps A) and B) have already been set out, so that they will not be repeated here.
• the extrusion in step C) can be carried out using all known fiber formation methods.
• the fibers formed can be continuous filaments or - if the fiber formation is carried out analogously to the "melt blow method" - have the character of staple fibers.
• the titer of the fibers formed is not subject to any restriction, so that monofilaments, ie wire-like fibers, can also be produced. In addition to these, hollow fibers can also be produced. The desired titer results from the intended use of the fiber.
• the entire handling of the fiber formed can be carried out using known fiber technologies.
• the polyazole polymer extruded in step C) is previously saturated with a gas. All gases which are inert under the selected conditions are suitable for this.
• the saturation preferably takes place in the supercritical state, so that the gas forms pores during the subsequent expansion.
• MuCeii ® This technology is known under the name MuCeii ® .
• MuCell technology it is possible for the first time to produce microfoams of polyazole polymers, in particular based on the polymers polyimidazoles, polybenzothiazoles, polybenzoxazoles, polyoxadiazoles, polyquinoxalines, polythiadiazoles, poly (pyridines), poly (pyrimidines) and poly (tetrazapyrene).
• the fibers formed are introduced into a precipitation bath. This introduction takes place in the temperature range between room temperature (20 ° C) and the boiling point of the precipitation liquid (at normal pressure).
• liquid solvent selected from the group of alcohols, ketones, alkanes (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), ethers (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), esters, carboxylic acids, where the above group members can be halogenated, water, inorganic acids (such as H3PO4 , H2SO4) and mixtures thereof.
• C1-C10 alcohols C2-C5 ketones, C1-C10-alkanes (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), C2-C6 ethers (aliphatic and cycloaliphatic), C2-C5 esters, C1-C3 carboxylic acids, dichloromethane, water and mixtures thereof.
• the precipitation liquid is then removed from the fiber. This is preferably done by drying, the temperature and the ambient pressure being selected as a function of the partial vapor pressure of the precipitation liquid. Usually drying takes place at normal pressure and temperatures between 20 ° C and 200 ° C. A more gentle drying can also be done in a vacuum. The drying method is not restricted.
• Treatment in the precipitation bath can lead to the formation of porous structures. Depending on the use, these are desirable for subsequent use.
• the fibers can be treated as described in step D) after the extrusion in step C).
• This treatment of the fiber takes place at temperatures above 0 ° C and less than 150 ° C, preferably at temperatures between 10 ° C and 120 ° C, in particular between room temperature (20 ° C) and 90 ° C, in the presence of moisture or water and / or water vapor and / or water-containing phosphoric acid of up to 85%.
• the treatment is preferably carried out under normal pressure, but can also be carried out under the action of pressure. It is essential that the treatment takes place in the presence of sufficient moisture, as a result of which the polyphosphoric acid present contributes to the strengthening of the fiber by partial hydrolysis with the formation of low molecular weight polyphosphoric acid and / or phosphoric acid.
• the partial hydrolysis of the polyphosphoric acid leads to a solidification of the fiber so that it becomes self-supporting and furthermore leads to a decrease in the titer of the
• Polymer structure which is responsible for the good properties of the fiber formed.
• the upper temperature limit of the treatment is usually 150 ° C. With extremely short exposure to moisture, for example superheated steam, this steam can also be hotter than 150 ° C.
• the duration of the treatment is essential for the upper temperature limit.
• the partial hydrolysis (step D) can also take place in climatic chambers in which the hydrolysis can be specifically controlled under the influence of moisture.
• the humidity can be specifically adjusted by the temperature or saturation of the contacting environment, for example gases such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or other suitable gases, or water vapor.
• the duration of treatment depends on the parameters selected above.
• the treatment time depends on the thickness of the fiber.
• the treatment time is between a few fractions of a second to several seconds, for example under the influence of superheated steam or heated humid air.
• the treatment can also be carried out at room temperature (20 ° C) with ambient air with a relative humidity of 40-80%. However, this extends the duration of treatment.

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• 2002
  • 2002-08-29 DE DE10239701A patent/DE10239701A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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