EP0889144A1 - Leichtbaustahl und seine Verwendung - Google Patents
Leichtbaustahl und seine Verwendung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0889144A1 EP0889144A1 EP98109813A EP98109813A EP0889144A1 EP 0889144 A1 EP0889144 A1 EP 0889144A1 EP 98109813 A EP98109813 A EP 98109813A EP 98109813 A EP98109813 A EP 98109813A EP 0889144 A1 EP0889144 A1 EP 0889144A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- mass
- elements
- including common
- composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
Definitions
- the invention relates to a lightweight steel and its Use.
- the invention has for its object a good cold-formable, especially deep-drawable, Lightweight steel with a tensile strength up to 1100 MPa and with TRIP and TWIP properties to create with alloyed inexpensive elements and therefore inexpensive can be produced.
- This lightweight steel preferably contains 2 to 4% Si and Al and 24 to 26% Mn, balance essentially iron.
- a steel within the alloy range according to the invention each with 3% Si and Al and 25% Mn, rest Fe, which has an austenitic structure and TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) and TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) properties, reached at temperatures below - 150 ° C Elongation values up to 65% with an almost constant energy consumption rate of 0.5 J.mm -3 compared to 0.2 J.mm -3 of known higher strength thermoforming grades.
- the high values of energy absorption - dissipative energy - of 0.5 J.mm -3 are based on the deformation-induced martensitic phase transformation and the intensive formation of twins in the austenite phase. These and the mechanical properties are retained even at extremely high forming speeds of up to 10 3 s -1 .
- the excellent plasticity of the TRIP and TWIP steels according to the invention is retained down to low temperatures.
- the steel according to the invention achieves a density reduced to 7 g / cm 3 .
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (5)
- Gut kaltumformbarer, insbesondere gut tiefziehfähiger, austenitischer Leichtbaustahl mit einer Zugfestigkeit bis 1100 MPa und mit TRIP- und TWIP-Eigenschaften, gekennzeichnet durch folgende chemische Zusammensetzung (in Masse-%):1 bis 6 % Si1 bis 8 % Al mit (Al + Si) ≤ 12 %,10 bis 30 % Mn,
- Stahl nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet durch folgende chemische Zusammensetzung (in Masse-%):2,0 bis 4,0 % Si,2,0 bis 4,0 % Al,24 bis 26 % Mn
- Stahl nach Anspruch 2 mit (in Masse-%) je 3 % Al und Si sowie 25 % Mn, Rest im wesentlichen Eisen, einschließlich üblicher Stahlbegleitelemente.
- Verwendung eines Stahls der chemischen Zusammensetzung mach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 als Werkstoff für Karosserieblechteile und versteifende Strukturkomponenten.
- Verwendung eines Stahls der chemischen Zusammensetzung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 als Werkstoff für warm- und gegebenenfalls kaltgewalzte Bleche für Cryogen-Behälter oder Rohrleitungen.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19727759 | 1997-07-01 | ||
DE19727759A DE19727759C2 (de) | 1997-07-01 | 1997-07-01 | Verwendung eines Leichtbaustahls |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0889144A1 true EP0889144A1 (de) | 1999-01-07 |
EP0889144B1 EP0889144B1 (de) | 2002-07-17 |
EP0889144B8 EP0889144B8 (de) | 2009-11-18 |
Family
ID=7834091
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98109813A Expired - Lifetime EP0889144B8 (de) | 1997-07-01 | 1998-05-29 | Verwendungen eines Leichtbaustahls |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6387192B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP0889144B8 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2002507251A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE220731T1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE19727759C2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2179400T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1999001585A1 (de) |
Cited By (19)
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WO2005061152A1 (de) | 2003-12-23 | 2005-07-07 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zum erzeugen von warmbändern aus leichtbaustahl |
WO2006048034A1 (de) * | 2004-11-03 | 2006-05-11 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Ag | Höherfestes, twip-eigenschaften aufweisendes stahlband oder -blech und verfahren zu dessen herstellung mittels “direct strip casting ' |
WO2006111464A1 (de) * | 2005-04-18 | 2006-10-26 | Friedr. Fingscheidt Gmbh | Verwendung eines leichtbaustahls |
WO2007062702A1 (de) * | 2005-12-02 | 2007-06-07 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Leichtbaustahl |
DE102007061062A1 (de) | 2007-12-14 | 2009-06-18 | Peiner Träger GmbH | Verfahren zum Erzeugen einer bis zu 30% Mangan enthaltenden Stahlschmelze |
DE102008005806A1 (de) | 2008-01-17 | 2009-09-10 | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg | Bauteile aus hochmanganhaltigem, festem und zähem Stahlformguss, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie deren Verwendung |
DE102009003598A1 (de) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-09-16 | Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung GmbH | Korrosionsbeständiger austenitischer Stahl |
CN102230115A (zh) * | 2011-06-21 | 2011-11-02 | 重庆大学 | 一种用高磷锰矿冶炼锰基含钒的MnAlV合金及其方法 |
WO2012081871A2 (ko) | 2010-12-13 | 2012-06-21 | 주식회사 포스코 | 항복비 및 연성이 우수한 오스테나이트계 경량 고강도 강판 및 그의 제조방법 |
WO2013124283A1 (de) * | 2012-02-25 | 2013-08-29 | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg | Verfahren zur herstellung hochfester formteile aus hochkohlenstoff- und hochmanganhaltigem austenitischem stahlguss mit trip/twip-eigenschaften |
WO2014097184A2 (en) | 2012-12-19 | 2014-06-26 | Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.P.A. | Austenitic stainless steel with high twinning induced plasticity, process for the production thereof and use thereof in the mechanical industry |
EP2749659A1 (de) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-07-02 | Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kraftfahrzeugbauteils sowie Kraftfahrzeugbauteil |
US8778097B2 (en) | 2008-05-27 | 2014-07-15 | Posco | Low specific gravity and high strength steel sheets with excellent ridging resistibility and manufacturing methods thereof |
DE102015111680A1 (de) * | 2015-07-17 | 2017-01-19 | Benteler Steel/Tube Gmbh | Gasgenerator |
WO2017148892A1 (en) | 2016-03-01 | 2017-09-08 | Tata Steel Nederland Technology B.V. | Austenitic, low-density, high-strength steel strip or sheet having a high ductility, method for producing said steel and use thereof |
US9856542B2 (en) | 2012-09-04 | 2018-01-02 | Posco | Ferritic lightweight high-strength steel sheet having excellent stiffness and ductility, and method of manufacturing the same |
CN107848012A (zh) * | 2015-07-16 | 2018-03-27 | 奥托库姆普联合股份公司 | 奥氏体twip或trip/twip钢部件的制造方法 |
CN110684928A (zh) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-01-14 | 上海交通大学 | 一种低温用高强高韧厚板结构钢及其热处理方法 |
WO2020169764A1 (de) | 2019-02-22 | 2020-08-27 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Stahlprodukt aus manganhaltigem leichtbaustahl und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
Families Citing this family (42)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE10060948C2 (de) * | 2000-12-06 | 2003-07-31 | Thyssenkrupp Stahl Ag | Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines Warmbandes aus einem einen hohen Mangan-Gehalt aufweisenden Stahl |
DE10128544C2 (de) * | 2001-06-13 | 2003-06-05 | Thyssenkrupp Stahl Ag | Höherfestes, kaltumformbares Stahlblech, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und Verwendung eines solchen Blechs |
WO2003029504A2 (de) * | 2001-09-28 | 2003-04-10 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Hochfester duplex-/triplex-leichtbaustahl und seine verwendung |
DE10201009C1 (de) * | 2002-01-11 | 2003-10-16 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Produkts aus Stahl und danach hergestelltes Produkt |
DE10259230B4 (de) | 2002-12-17 | 2005-04-14 | Thyssenkrupp Stahl Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Stahlprodukts |
DE102004054444B3 (de) * | 2004-08-10 | 2006-01-19 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Stahlbauteilen mit höchster Festigkeit und Plastizität |
DE102005008410B3 (de) | 2005-02-24 | 2006-02-16 | Thyssenkrupp Stahl Ag | Verfahren zum Beschichten von Stahlbändern und beschichtetes Stahlband |
DE102005010243A1 (de) * | 2005-03-05 | 2006-09-07 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren und Anlage zur Herstellung eines Leichtbaustahls mit einem hohen Mangan-Gehalt |
DE102005024029B3 (de) | 2005-05-23 | 2007-01-04 | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg | Austenitischer Leichtbaustahl und seine Verwendung |
DE102005030413C5 (de) * | 2005-06-28 | 2009-12-10 | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg | Hochfester austenitisch-martensitischer Leichtbaustahl und seine Verwendung |
CN101166842B (zh) | 2005-06-28 | 2012-07-04 | 坂仓康郎 | 氧活化材料、燃烧效率改良材料、植物生长促进材料、嗜氧微生物活化材料、动物生长促进及活化材料、肌肉软化材料、除锈及防锈材料以及氧气活化的方法 |
DE202005021771U1 (de) | 2005-12-20 | 2010-02-18 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Umformbarer Leichtbaustahl |
KR100742833B1 (ko) | 2005-12-24 | 2007-07-25 | 주식회사 포스코 | 내식성이 우수한 고 망간 용융도금강판 및 그 제조방법 |
US20080067276A1 (en) * | 2006-04-04 | 2008-03-20 | Trw Automotive Gmbh | Force limiter for a belt retractor and method for manufacturing such a force limiter |
DE102007014809A1 (de) * | 2006-04-04 | 2007-10-11 | Trw Automotive Gmbh | Kraftbegrenzer für einen Gurtaufroller |
DE102006039307B3 (de) | 2006-08-22 | 2008-02-21 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Ag | Verfahren zum Beschichten eines 6-30 Gew.% Mn enthaltenden warm- oder kaltgewalzten Stahlbands mit einer metallischen Schutzschicht |
DE102008005158A1 (de) | 2008-01-18 | 2009-07-23 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Bauelement, insbesondere eine Kraftfahrzeugkomponente, aus einem höherfesten austenitischen Stahl mit TRIP-, TWIP- und/oder SIP-Effekt |
DE102008005605A1 (de) | 2008-01-22 | 2009-07-23 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Ag | Verfahren zum Beschichten eines 6 - 30 Gew. % Mn enthaltenden warm- oder kaltgewalzten Stahlflachprodukts mit einer metallischen Schutzschicht |
DE102008040689B4 (de) | 2008-07-24 | 2012-05-10 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Kugelzapfen und -hülsen aus hochmanganhaltigem Stahl |
US9267193B2 (en) | 2008-11-05 | 2016-02-23 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd | High-strength steel sheet and the method for production therefor |
DE102008056844A1 (de) | 2008-11-12 | 2010-06-02 | Voestalpine Stahl Gmbh | Manganstahlband und Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
EP2208803A1 (de) | 2009-01-06 | 2010-07-21 | ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG | Höherfester, kaltumformbarer Stahl, Stahlflachprodukt, Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Stahlflachprodukts sowie Verwendung eines Stahlflachproduktes |
DE102009018577B3 (de) | 2009-04-23 | 2010-07-29 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag | Verfahren zum Schmelztauchbeschichten eines 2-35 Gew.-% Mn enthaltenden Stahlflachprodukts und Stahlflachprodukt |
DE102009030324A1 (de) * | 2009-06-24 | 2011-01-05 | Voestalpine Stahl Gmbh | Manganstahl und Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
DE102010018602A1 (de) | 2010-04-28 | 2011-11-03 | Volkswagen Ag | Verwendung eines hochmanganhaltigen Leichtbaustahls für Strukturbauteile eines Fahrzeugsitzes sowie Fahrzeugsitz |
EP2721334B1 (de) * | 2011-06-17 | 2020-03-18 | National Oilwell Varco Denmark I/S | Unverbundener schlauch |
KR101329925B1 (ko) | 2011-08-26 | 2013-11-14 | 주식회사 포스코 | 도금밀착성이 우수한 고망간강 및 이로부터 용융아연도금강판을 제조하는 방법 |
DE102011121679C5 (de) * | 2011-12-13 | 2019-02-14 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Bauteilen aus Leichtbaustahl |
KR101428151B1 (ko) | 2011-12-27 | 2014-08-08 | 주식회사 포스코 | 고망간 열연 아연도금강판 및 그 제조방법 |
BE1020607A3 (nl) | 2012-04-11 | 2014-01-07 | Straaltechniek Internat N V S A | Turbine. |
CN102925790B (zh) * | 2012-10-31 | 2014-03-26 | 钢铁研究总院 | 一种连续退火工艺生产高强塑积汽车用钢板的方法 |
KR101510505B1 (ko) | 2012-12-21 | 2015-04-08 | 주식회사 포스코 | 우수한 도금성과 초고강도를 갖는 고망간 용융아연도금강판의 제조방법 및 이에 의해 제조된 고망간 용융아연도금강판 |
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KR101630957B1 (ko) | 2014-11-05 | 2016-06-16 | 주식회사 포스코 | 점용접성 및 도금성이 우수한 고망간강 합금아연도금강판 및 이의 제조방법 |
KR101630960B1 (ko) | 2014-11-14 | 2016-06-16 | 주식회사 포스코 | 가공성 및 점용접성이 우수한 합금화 용융아연도금강판 및 그 제조방법 |
DE102015117956A1 (de) * | 2015-10-21 | 2017-04-27 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verbundrohr bestehend aus einem Trägerrohr und mindestens einem Schutzrohr und Verfahren zur Herstellung hierfür |
DE102016110661A1 (de) * | 2016-06-09 | 2017-12-14 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines kaltgewalzten Stahlbandes aus einem hochfesten, manganhaltigen Stahl |
DE102016117494A1 (de) | 2016-09-16 | 2018-03-22 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines umgeformten Bauteils aus einem mittelmanganhaltigen Stahlflachprodukt und ein derartiges Bauteil |
EP3301197B1 (de) * | 2016-09-29 | 2021-10-27 | Outokumpu Oyj | Verfahren zur kaltverformung eines austenitischen stahls |
WO2018083028A1 (de) | 2016-11-02 | 2018-05-11 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Nahtloses rohr aus einem mittelmanganhaltigen stahl und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
DE102018102974A1 (de) * | 2018-02-09 | 2019-08-14 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bauteils durch Warmumformen eines Vorproduktes aus manganhaltigem Stahl und ein warmumgeformtes Stahlbauteil |
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-
1998
- 1998-05-29 EP EP98109813A patent/EP0889144B8/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-29 ES ES98109813T patent/ES2179400T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-05-29 AT AT98109813T patent/ATE220731T1/de active
- 1998-07-01 US US09/462,042 patent/US6387192B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-01 WO PCT/EP1998/004044 patent/WO1999001585A1/de active Application Filing
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Cited By (28)
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KR101178775B1 (ko) | 2003-12-23 | 2012-09-07 | 막스-플랑크-인스티투트 퓌어 아이젠포르슝 게엠베하 | 경량 구조강의 핫 스트립의 제조 방법 |
WO2005061152A1 (de) | 2003-12-23 | 2005-07-07 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zum erzeugen von warmbändern aus leichtbaustahl |
WO2006048034A1 (de) * | 2004-11-03 | 2006-05-11 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Ag | Höherfestes, twip-eigenschaften aufweisendes stahlband oder -blech und verfahren zu dessen herstellung mittels “direct strip casting ' |
WO2006111464A1 (de) * | 2005-04-18 | 2006-10-26 | Friedr. Fingscheidt Gmbh | Verwendung eines leichtbaustahls |
WO2007062702A1 (de) * | 2005-12-02 | 2007-06-07 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Leichtbaustahl |
WO2009076923A2 (de) | 2007-12-14 | 2009-06-25 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zum erzeugen einer bis zu 30% mangan enthaltenden stahlschmelze |
DE102007061062A1 (de) | 2007-12-14 | 2009-06-18 | Peiner Träger GmbH | Verfahren zum Erzeugen einer bis zu 30% Mangan enthaltenden Stahlschmelze |
DE102007061062B4 (de) * | 2007-12-14 | 2012-08-02 | Peiner Träger GmbH | Verfahren zum Erzeugen einer bis zu 30% Mangan enthaltenden Stahlschmelze |
US8444743B2 (en) | 2007-12-14 | 2013-05-21 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Method for producing a steel melt containing up to 30% manganese |
RU2476604C2 (ru) * | 2007-12-14 | 2013-02-27 | Зальцгиттер Флахшталь Гмбх | Способ получения расплава стали с содержанием марганца до 30% |
DE102008005806A1 (de) | 2008-01-17 | 2009-09-10 | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg | Bauteile aus hochmanganhaltigem, festem und zähem Stahlformguss, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie deren Verwendung |
US8778097B2 (en) | 2008-05-27 | 2014-07-15 | Posco | Low specific gravity and high strength steel sheets with excellent ridging resistibility and manufacturing methods thereof |
DE102009003598A1 (de) | 2009-03-10 | 2010-09-16 | Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung GmbH | Korrosionsbeständiger austenitischer Stahl |
US9738958B2 (en) | 2010-12-13 | 2017-08-22 | Posco | Austenitic, lightweight, high-strength steel sheet having high yield ratio and ductility, and method for producing the same |
WO2012081871A2 (ko) | 2010-12-13 | 2012-06-21 | 주식회사 포스코 | 항복비 및 연성이 우수한 오스테나이트계 경량 고강도 강판 및 그의 제조방법 |
CN102230115A (zh) * | 2011-06-21 | 2011-11-02 | 重庆大学 | 一种用高磷锰矿冶炼锰基含钒的MnAlV合金及其方法 |
CN102230115B (zh) * | 2011-06-21 | 2013-03-20 | 重庆大学 | 一种用高磷锰矿冶炼锰基含钒的MnAlV合金及其方法 |
WO2013124283A1 (de) * | 2012-02-25 | 2013-08-29 | Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg | Verfahren zur herstellung hochfester formteile aus hochkohlenstoff- und hochmanganhaltigem austenitischem stahlguss mit trip/twip-eigenschaften |
US9856542B2 (en) | 2012-09-04 | 2018-01-02 | Posco | Ferritic lightweight high-strength steel sheet having excellent stiffness and ductility, and method of manufacturing the same |
EP2749659A1 (de) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-07-02 | Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kraftfahrzeugbauteils sowie Kraftfahrzeugbauteil |
WO2014097184A2 (en) | 2012-12-19 | 2014-06-26 | Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.P.A. | Austenitic stainless steel with high twinning induced plasticity, process for the production thereof and use thereof in the mechanical industry |
CN107848012A (zh) * | 2015-07-16 | 2018-03-27 | 奥托库姆普联合股份公司 | 奥氏体twip或trip/twip钢部件的制造方法 |
DE102015111680A1 (de) * | 2015-07-17 | 2017-01-19 | Benteler Steel/Tube Gmbh | Gasgenerator |
WO2017148892A1 (en) | 2016-03-01 | 2017-09-08 | Tata Steel Nederland Technology B.V. | Austenitic, low-density, high-strength steel strip or sheet having a high ductility, method for producing said steel and use thereof |
US11078555B2 (en) | 2016-03-01 | 2021-08-03 | Tata Steel Nederland Technology B.V. | Austenitic, low-density, high-strength steel strip or sheet having a high ductility, method for producing said steel and use thereof |
WO2020169764A1 (de) | 2019-02-22 | 2020-08-27 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Stahlprodukt aus manganhaltigem leichtbaustahl und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
CN110684928A (zh) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-01-14 | 上海交通大学 | 一种低温用高强高韧厚板结构钢及其热处理方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE220731T1 (de) | 2002-08-15 |
WO1999001585A1 (de) | 1999-01-14 |
EP0889144B8 (de) | 2009-11-18 |
ES2179400T3 (es) | 2003-01-16 |
EP0889144B1 (de) | 2002-07-17 |
JP2002507251A (ja) | 2002-03-05 |
US6387192B1 (en) | 2002-05-14 |
DE19727759A1 (de) | 1999-01-07 |
DE19727759C2 (de) | 2000-05-18 |
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