EP0841995A1 - Hochgeschwindigkeits-dünnbrammenanlage - Google Patents
Hochgeschwindigkeits-dünnbrammenanlageInfo
- Publication number
- EP0841995A1 EP0841995A1 EP96928327A EP96928327A EP0841995A1 EP 0841995 A1 EP0841995 A1 EP 0841995A1 EP 96928327 A EP96928327 A EP 96928327A EP 96928327 A EP96928327 A EP 96928327A EP 0841995 A1 EP0841995 A1 EP 0841995A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- strip
- plant
- casting
- continuous casting
- continuous
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000109 continuous material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012432 intermediate storage Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- IHQKEDIOMGYHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dimethylarsinate Chemical class [Na+].C[As](C)([O-])=O IHQKEDIOMGYHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
- B21B1/466—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting in a non-continuous process, i.e. the cast being cut before rolling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/22—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length
- B21B1/30—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length in a non-continuous process
- B21B1/32—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length in a non-continuous process in reversing single stand mills, e.g. with intermediate storage reels for accumulating work
- B21B1/34—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length in a non-continuous process in reversing single stand mills, e.g. with intermediate storage reels for accumulating work by hot-rolling
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/51—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
- Y10T29/5184—Casting and working
Definitions
- the invention relates to a plant for the production of hot-rolled steel strip from strip-shaped continuously cast starting material in successive working steps, in which the solidified pre-material is divided into preliminary strip lengths by means of a strand subsystem and after descaling the surface, in one
- Compensating furnace brought to homogeneous rolling temperature, pre-rolled in at least two passes in a first rolling mill used as a roughing mill and, after being temporarily stored in winding and unwinding stations arranged in front of the finishing mill, is fed to the finishing mill for rolling out to finished strip thickness after upstream descaling.
- the object of the present invention is to find a generic system, consisting of the continuous casting stage and the rolling stage, which has a minimal investment at max. Productivity and minimal conversion costs while at the same time ensuring strip thicknesses of up to 1 mm, or which is in a first approximation in a capacity balance to the Kontifertigstrasse.
- a cooling or insulating section provided between the continuous casting plant and the compensating furnace for the strip-shaped primary material and a transverse transport furnace of approx. 45 m length and approx. 5 to 20 m width arranged downstream of the strand part arrangement and upstream of the preliminary mill.
- the invention enables by combining the features of the main claim with only one continuous caster - while ensuring a min. Rolling effort and a min. Hot strip thickness from 1.0 to 0.8 mm - to fully utilize the rolling mill equipment with a capacity of 2 - 2.5 million tpa.
- This solution is further characterized in that the slabs can be introduced into the compensating furnace (transverse transport furnace) with sufficient heat content.
- the furnace then only has the task of equalizing the temperature of the slab and, if necessary, making it possible to buffer the slabs between the continuous casting stage and the rolling mill stage.
- Buffering (dwell time) of the slabs in the furnace may be necessary for reasons of production disruption or for technical reasons and / or affect the internal structure (e.g. grain formation).
- the furnace is therefore operated in an energy-neutral manner, the only energy to be supplied to the furnace is that it loses due to its radiation losses (e.g. 0.5 KW / m2).
- This energy can be supplied both by burners and by a higher slab heat content, as is required for the rolling, in the latter case e.g. the oven also works as a type of cooling unit.
- the heat content of the slab can be influenced by spray cooling and / or a controlled coverable roller table or an intermediate buffer.
- the concave shape of the broad sides of the mold and / or the strand guide and / or by means of elements which guide and center the slab laterally over its narrow sides in the strand guide ensures that the strand runs in a straight line, which ensures casting reliability, particularly in the area of the mold, at a high level Casting speed from 4 to 8 m / min. guaranteed.
- the described invention brings the advantage of a thicker Schiackenfilm section between the strand shell and the mold wall, which also makes the casting of crack-sensitive steel grades easier.
- Fig. 2 in a table the residence times of the slabs of different thicknesses between the continuous caster and the furnace inlet.
- the required annual capacity of 2 - 2.5 million tpa is represented with just one continuous caster.
- This continuous caster is characterized by a
- Continuous casting mold 1 with a thickness of 140 - 90 mm and a concavity per broadside between 30 and 3 mm, a pliers segment 2 for reducing the strand thickness to min. 90mm and / or a strand guide and centering with the help of concave roller profiles in the strand guide and / or lateral elements, a solidification thickness of 90 -125 mm.
- This continuous caster can with no significant casting disruption
- the strand S emerging from the casting plant can, after setting the required heat content for the later necessary rolling process, in the
- Temperature compensation furnace 6 run in, which can also serve as a buffer. This temperature compensation furnace 6 is dimensioned in its length (max. 45 m) so that a spec. Coil weight of max. 25 kg / mm can be generated. After the temperature has been equalized, the slab B either enters the tandem roughing mill 8.9 with strand thicknesses ⁇ 90 mm or with another "layout"
- Reversing stand 16 for strand thicknesses ⁇ 125 mm. In both cases the slab B is rolled to an intermediate thickness of 15 mm. This intermediate thickness is achieved either with the tandem roughing mill 8.9 in 2 passes or with the 1-stand reversing stand 16 in 3 passes.
- the intermediate band Z produced for example 15 mm, is interwound and fed to the 4-5-stand finishing mill 13 with an upstream descaling 12.
- a retraction speed of, for example, 0.8 m / see. into the 1st scaffolding of the finishing train 13, which prevents new scaling, and leaves the 5th scaffolding the finishing train 13 with a thickness of 1 mm and an exit speed of 12 m / see.
- the Auslaufroligang 14 is characterized by a particularly small rolling and thus roller spacing in order to guide the thin strips well and to avoid lifting the strip.
- a reel just behind the last finishing stand (5-15mm) with upstream belt cooling is possible
- the thin hot strips produced in this way can replace a large part of the cold rolled strips on the market and thus also enable a great cost and energy advantage over the normal production lines.
- Fig. 2 shows in table form the dwell times of the slabs B of different thicknesses between the continuous caster 1, 2 and the inlet into the equalizing furnace 6, which are necessary for the slab B to have the required heat content for the rolling stage when entering the equalizing furnace 6 via radiation having.
- This max. Residence time can also be shortened by water cooling 5 or by a roller table cover 5a, e.g. in the case of low continuous casting speeds of 4m / min. be extended.
- Mold thickness solidification thickness or B 75 mm strand thickness in the mold
- Mold thickness solidification thickness or C 50 mm strand thickness in the mold
- plants A and B are up for discussion. In case A, one plant is sufficient for the utilization of a finishing train with 25 approx. 2.5 million tpa, in case B two plants are required for the utilization of the finishing train.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Steel Electrode Plates (AREA)
- Artificial Fish Reefs (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19529049A DE19529049C1 (de) | 1995-07-31 | 1995-07-31 | Hochgeschwindigkeits-Dünnbrammenanlage |
| DE19529049 | 1995-07-31 | ||
| PCT/DE1996/001378 WO1997005971A1 (de) | 1995-07-31 | 1996-07-19 | Hochgeschwindigkeits-dünnbrammenanlage |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0841995A1 true EP0841995A1 (de) | 1998-05-20 |
| EP0841995B1 EP0841995B1 (de) | 2000-03-22 |
Family
ID=7768931
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP96928327A Expired - Lifetime EP0841995B1 (de) | 1995-07-31 | 1996-07-19 | Hochgeschwindigkeits-dünnbrammenanlage |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5991991A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0841995B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JPH11510099A (de) |
| KR (1) | KR100266827B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1075964C (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE190876T1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU696074B2 (de) |
| BR (1) | BR9609962A (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2228280A1 (de) |
| DE (3) | DE19529049C1 (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2166387C2 (de) |
| TR (1) | TR199800123T1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO1997005971A1 (de) |
| ZA (1) | ZA966395B (de) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6194481B1 (en) * | 1999-05-19 | 2001-02-27 | Board Of Regents Of The University Of Texas System | Mechanically strong and transparent or translucent composites made using zirconium oxide nanoparticles |
| EP1059125A3 (de) * | 1999-06-08 | 2003-01-15 | SMS Demag AG | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Metallband |
| DE19947764A1 (de) | 1999-10-02 | 2001-04-12 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erkennen des Arbeitszustandes eines Zylinders einer 6-Zylinder- oder 12-Zylinder-Verbrennungsmaschine |
| AT408323B (de) * | 1999-12-01 | 2001-10-25 | Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen | Verfahren zum stahl-stranggiessen |
| DE10045085C2 (de) * | 2000-09-12 | 2002-07-18 | Siemens Ag | Gießwalzanlage |
| CA2435644C (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2010-06-01 | Stephen T. Wellinghoff | Novel methods and blends for controlling rheology and transition temperature of liquid crystals |
| DE10109223C1 (de) * | 2001-02-26 | 2002-08-01 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Gießwalzanlage |
| DE10137944A1 (de) * | 2001-08-07 | 2003-02-20 | Sms Demag Ag | Warmwalzanlage |
| DE10138794A1 (de) * | 2001-08-07 | 2003-02-27 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren und Anlage zur Produktion von Flach- und Langprodukten |
| DE10304318C5 (de) * | 2003-02-04 | 2015-10-15 | Sms Group Gmbh | Verfahren zum Walzen von dünnen und/oder dicken Brammen aus Stahlwerkstoffen zu Warmband |
| DE10325955A1 (de) * | 2003-06-07 | 2004-12-23 | Sms Demag Ag | Verfahren und Anlage zum Erzeugen von Stahlprodukten mit bester Oberflächenqualität |
| CN1840252A (zh) * | 2005-03-28 | 2006-10-04 | 鞍钢集团新钢铁有限责任公司 | 中厚板坯连铸连轧板卷的生产工艺 |
| CN101391264B (zh) * | 2007-09-19 | 2011-02-02 | 中冶赛迪工程技术股份有限公司 | 一种薄中板连铸连轧生产的工艺方法 |
| CN101590488B (zh) * | 2008-05-27 | 2011-06-15 | 中冶赛迪工程技术股份有限公司 | 一种热轧带钢粗轧工序的轧制工艺技术 |
| EP2441540A1 (de) | 2010-10-12 | 2012-04-18 | Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH | Verfahren und Anlage zur energieeffizienten Erzeugung von Stahlwarmband |
| EP2441539A1 (de) * | 2010-10-12 | 2012-04-18 | Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH | Energie- und ausbringungsoptimiertes Verfahren und Anlage zur Erzeugung von Stahlwarmband |
| JP2015035006A (ja) * | 2012-04-26 | 2015-02-19 | インターナショナル・ビジネス・マシーンズ・コーポレーションInternational Business Machines Corporation | 複数の要素の結合結果を識別する情報処理装置、プログラムおよび方法 |
| CN105964961B (zh) * | 2016-06-23 | 2018-05-08 | 江苏永钢集团有限公司 | 连铸机钢坯导向输送装置 |
| CN106270433B (zh) * | 2016-08-31 | 2019-02-19 | 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 | 侧凹型板坯的连铸生产系统及方法 |
| IT201700028768A1 (it) * | 2017-03-15 | 2018-09-15 | Danieli Off Mecc | Impianto combinato di colata continua e laminazione di nastri metallici a caldo |
| CN107413850B (zh) * | 2017-06-28 | 2019-02-01 | 钢铁研究总院 | 用于直接轧制方矩形钢坯的输送过程铸轧衔接方法 |
| CN107931328A (zh) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-04-20 | 江苏省冶金设计院有限公司 | 一种双带钢生产工艺 |
| AT522265B1 (de) * | 2019-03-06 | 2021-12-15 | Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH | Umbau einer stranggiessanlage für knüppel- oder vorblockstränge |
| IT202200023295A1 (it) * | 2022-11-11 | 2024-05-11 | Danieli Off Mecc | Impianto e procedimento per la produzione di prodotti laminati piani |
| CN118321340B (zh) * | 2024-06-07 | 2024-08-27 | 中北大学 | 一种异型金属丝的加工方法 |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SU261345A1 (ru) * | 1968-03-07 | 1986-11-15 | Tselikov A I | Способ совмещени непрерывной разливки с прокаткой на сортовом планетарном стане |
| JPS58116905A (ja) * | 1981-12-29 | 1983-07-12 | Nippon Steel Corp | 鋼材の直接圧延製造装置 |
| JPS59189001A (ja) * | 1983-04-08 | 1984-10-26 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 鋼の熱片直送圧延方法 |
| EP0326190B1 (de) * | 1987-04-13 | 1992-05-13 | Thyssen Stahl Aktiengesellschaft | Anlage zum Herstellen eines Stahlbandes mit einer Dicke von 2 bis 25 mm |
| DE3818077A1 (de) * | 1988-05-25 | 1989-11-30 | Mannesmann Ag | Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen giesswalzen |
| DE4008310C2 (de) * | 1990-03-15 | 1994-10-06 | Krauss Maffei Ag | Vorrichtung zum Entnehmen von Spritzgießteilen |
| IT1244295B (it) * | 1990-07-09 | 1994-07-08 | Giovanni Arvedi | Processo ed impianto per l'ottenimento di nastri di acciaio avvolti, aventi caratteristiche di laminati a freddo ottenuti direttamente in linea di laminazione a caldo |
| ES2112440T3 (es) * | 1993-05-17 | 1998-04-01 | Danieli Off Mecc | Linea para producir banda y/o plancha. |
| JPH0780508A (ja) * | 1993-09-10 | 1995-03-28 | Hitachi Ltd | 鋳造熱間圧延連続設備 |
| JP3156462B2 (ja) * | 1993-09-14 | 2001-04-16 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 熱間圧延設備 |
| JP3063518B2 (ja) * | 1993-12-27 | 2000-07-12 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 連続鋳造装置及び連続鋳造システム |
| DE19512953A1 (de) * | 1995-03-28 | 1996-10-02 | Mannesmann Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von warmgewalztem Stahlband |
-
1995
- 1995-07-31 DE DE19529049A patent/DE19529049C1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1996
- 1996-07-19 AT AT96928327T patent/ATE190876T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-07-19 RU RU98103651/02A patent/RU2166387C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-07-19 DE DE59604788T patent/DE59604788D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-07-19 BR BR9609962A patent/BR9609962A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-07-19 AU AU67847/96A patent/AU696074B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-07-19 JP JP9508010A patent/JPH11510099A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-07-19 CN CN96196002A patent/CN1075964C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-07-19 EP EP96928327A patent/EP0841995B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-19 WO PCT/DE1996/001378 patent/WO1997005971A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1996-07-19 DE DE19680651T patent/DE19680651D2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-19 US US09/011,354 patent/US5991991A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-07-19 TR TR1998/00123T patent/TR199800123T1/xx unknown
- 1996-07-19 CA CA002228280A patent/CA2228280A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-07-19 KR KR1019980700685A patent/KR100266827B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-07-26 ZA ZA9606395A patent/ZA966395B/xx unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO9705971A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1075964C (zh) | 2001-12-12 |
| WO1997005971A1 (de) | 1997-02-20 |
| AU6784796A (en) | 1997-03-05 |
| DE59604788D1 (de) | 2000-04-27 |
| TR199800123T1 (xx) | 1998-05-21 |
| US5991991A (en) | 1999-11-30 |
| DE19529049C1 (de) | 1997-03-20 |
| CA2228280A1 (en) | 1997-02-20 |
| BR9609962A (pt) | 1999-02-02 |
| ZA966395B (en) | 1997-02-19 |
| KR19990036020A (ko) | 1999-05-25 |
| RU2166387C2 (ru) | 2001-05-10 |
| JPH11510099A (ja) | 1999-09-07 |
| KR100266827B1 (ko) | 2000-09-15 |
| EP0841995B1 (de) | 2000-03-22 |
| CN1192170A (zh) | 1998-09-02 |
| ATE190876T1 (de) | 2000-04-15 |
| AU696074B2 (en) | 1998-09-03 |
| DE19680651D2 (de) | 1998-10-01 |
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