EP0749776B1 - In einem Rohr angeordneter Mischer - Google Patents
In einem Rohr angeordneter Mischer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0749776B1 EP0749776B1 EP95810418A EP95810418A EP0749776B1 EP 0749776 B1 EP0749776 B1 EP 0749776B1 EP 95810418 A EP95810418 A EP 95810418A EP 95810418 A EP95810418 A EP 95810418A EP 0749776 B1 EP0749776 B1 EP 0749776B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mixer
- accordance
- mixing
- elements
- separating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 63
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011345 viscous material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000089486 Phragmites australis subsp australis Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003889 chemical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001609 comparable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005495 investment casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
- B01F25/432—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction with means for dividing the material flow into separate sub-flows and for repositioning and recombining these sub-flows; Cross-mixing, e.g. conducting the outer layer of the material nearer to the axis of the tube or vice-versa
- B01F25/4321—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction with means for dividing the material flow into separate sub-flows and for repositioning and recombining these sub-flows; Cross-mixing, e.g. conducting the outer layer of the material nearer to the axis of the tube or vice-versa the subflows consisting of at least two flat layers which are recombined, e.g. using means having restriction or expansion zones
Definitions
- the invention relates to a mixer in a tube is arranged and the at least one mixing element or comprises a mixing body. It also refers to Uses of such a mixer.
- a mixer is known from US Pat. No. 3,051,453 from a linear arrangement of mixing elements composed, hereinafter referred to as "Multiflux mixing body" be designated.
- This multiflux mixing body whose cross section is square two channels that extend in the direction of flow up to Continuously narrow the center of the mixing body and behind the narrowest point in a plane rotated by 90 ° continuously expand.
- One by the mixing body flowing medium undergoes a transformation through which the number of sub-layers doubled.
- the well-known Multiflux and ISG mixing bodies need to their manufacture relatively much material, its volume namely occupies at least 25 to 30% of the pipe volume.
- the lengths of the mixing body are in the direction of flow relatively long, namely about the same size as the Pipe diameter.
- the empty volume is greater than 80 to 90%; and thus the material requirement is essential less. Thanks to its special shape, it can Mixing element of the mixer according to the invention essential shorter, namely at least half as long - at comparable effect as with the known mixing bodies - be made.
- a mixer with a plurality Such mixing elements is defined in claim 2.
- the mixer according to the invention has mixing elements a particularly simple form. Thanks to this shape can be a monolithic mixing body that is a series of several mixing elements connected in series includes, well by plastic injection molding or Manufacture investment casting (steel), especially with the simplest embodiment (two-hole variant) two-part tools can be used.
- the Mixing bodies according to the invention can also be used for example, easily produce from sheet metal.
- the mixer according to the invention is cheaper than the known static mixers: two flowable Media of similar viscosity can be spread over a distance (L) of less than ten pipe diameters (D) homogeneous be mixed.
- tubes with any cross-section can be provided; are preferred however square or circular cross sections.
- the mixing elements 1 and 1 'arranged in a tube 10 1 each consist of two dividers 2 and 2 ' and two partial deflection disks 3 and 3 ', which in one with dash-dotted lines indicated plane 3a and 3a '. lie. (Form the partial deflection disks 3 of level 3a together a deflection plate 30, cf. 7a).
- the level 3a is perpendicular to the tube axis 5 and parallel to planes 2a and 2b, the upper edge 20 and the lower edge, respectively Touch 21 of the dividers 2.
- the three levels 2a, 3a and 2b delimit two sections 1a and 1b of the mixing element 1. Each section is a subdivision of the section Separator 2 assigned.
- the dividers 2 of the two Sections 1a and 1b intersect under a right Angle.
- the pipe cross section is through the dividers 2 in divided into four sub-areas of equal size, whereby two of these partial areas through the partial deflection disks 3 are covered.
- the open areas are as Constrictions and through holes 4 for that too mixing medium provided.
- the two successive mixing elements 1 and 1 ' are structured essentially the same. But that Mixing element 1 represents the mixing element 1 ' is a mirror image.
- the neighboring dividers 2 and 2 ' cross each other; the open partial areas 4 and 4 ' are staggered.
- the partial deflection disks 3 can also have an angle a the cross-sectional plane 3a - see Fig. 2. This angle ⁇ advantageously does not exceed 30 ° chosen.
- Figures 3 and 4 show others Embodiments with inclined surfaces. If axis 5 understood as vertical, the arrow 6 in the Figures 2 to 4 each the fall line Partial deflection disk 3. In FIG. 2, this arrow is 6 parallel to the upper separator 2. At the The embodiment of Figure 3, the arrow 6 is tangential to a circular cylinder concentric to axis 5. At the embodiment of Figure 4, the arrow 6 is radial directed outwards.
- Figures 5a and 5b show mixing elements 1 and 1 ', at which each have two dividers 2 a section 1a or 1b (not shown in these figures). There is exactly one on both sides of each separating web 2 open partial area 4 arranged.
- the mixing element 1 ' with the open partial areas 4 'immediately adjacent element of the mixing element 1.
- the open Partial areas 4 and 4 ' are offset from one another arranged.
- FIG. 5 Forms of the two mixing elements 1 and 1 'identical and not a mirror image like the two-hole version (Fig.1).
- each one Series of such half-elements can include simple Be produced with two-part tools.
- the entire mixing body is obtained by assembling two monolithic partial bodies.
- Figure 6 is also with arrows 8, 8 'and 8 " Flow course of the medium to be mixed indicated.
- the arrow 8 ' is perpendicular to the image surface and is after directed in front; the arrow 8 "- also vertical - is directed backwards.
- the reference number 9 indicates a Where the arrows create two Partial flows is indicated.
- the partial deflection disks 3 are advantageously in one common level. If there are at least two Separators 2 per section (three-hole variant) can several partial deflection disks 3 a common disk or form a single disc 30 (four-hole variant): see Figures 5a and 5b and the corresponding Figures 7a and 7b for the four-hole variant.
- FIGS. 7a and 7b only the only one and common deflection plate 30 and 30 'shown.
- the Dash-dotted lines 23 represent the lower edges the upper dividers.
- the shapes of the four-hole version Adjacent mixing elements mirror each other.
- the mixer according to the invention can instead of one circular cross section also having a cross section another shape, for example a square.
- the angles between the crossing dividers 2, 2 ' can also deviate from 90 °.
- Sections 1a and 1b can be of different lengths.
- the length of the sections la and 1b is advantageously in the range between D / 8 and D; it is preferably D / 4.
- FIG. 8 illustrates what deviations from the simple forms described above, for example are conceivable: between the spaced mixing elements 1, 1 'connecting elements 35 are arranged.
- the Separators 2 have additional elements 25 Reinforcement or flow control.
- Separators 2 'and 2 "adjacent mixing elements 1 'and 1" are on the Position 29 inserted into each other.
- Individual dividers 2 and Partial deflection disks 3 are not flat.
- the mixing elements 1 and 1 ' have different numbers of dividers 2 and 2' per Section 1a or 1b, namely two or one.
- On Divider 2 has a recess 29.
- the Fig.8 is only as an illustration of individual features understand; the special combination of all listed Features in the same mixer do not need special to be beneficial.
- the tube 10 can also not be conical shown) so that it tapers in the direction of flow; in this case the mixing bodies 1, 1 'have to be changed Cross-section correspondingly of different sizes his.
- x 0.5 means that the proportions of the two components to be mixed are the same size.
- the reference numerals 1 * to 5 * refer to the mixer types listed in the table above.
- the mixer according to the invention which consists of little Having material made monolithic is an advantage from an inexpensive, combustible plastic Injection molding. This mixer is suitable especially good at being used as a disposable item become.
- the mixer according to the invention can also be used for mixing turbulent flowing media can be used.
- the open partial areas 4, 4 are as Designated recesses.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Food-Manufacturing Devices (AREA)
- Filling, Topping-Up Batteries (AREA)
Description
| Mischertyp | NeReD | (L/D)h | WLV | WLD 1/3 | WLL 1/3 | |
| 1* | SMX | 1200 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 * | 2-Loch | 500 | 8 | 0.27 | 0.69 | 0.55 |
| 3* | 3-Loch | 1000 | 7 | 0.41 | 0.84 | 0.58 |
| 4* | 4-Loch | 2070 | 8 | 1.10 | 1.11 | 0.89 |
| 5* | Multiflux | 920 | 15 | 1.73 | 1.05 | 1.57 |
- Fig. 1
- eine Explosionszeichnung eines statischen Mischers gemäss der Erfindung mit zwei Mischelementen (Zweilöcher-Variante),
- Fig.2-4
- Varianten zum Mischelement der Fig.1,
- Fig.5a,b
- Mischelemente mit zwei Trennstegen pro Abschnitt (Dreilöcher-Variante),
- Fig. 6
- einen Längsschnitt durch einen Mischer mit Elementen gemäss Fig.5,
- Fig.7a,b
- Umlenkscheiben zu Mischelementen mit drei Trennstegen (Vierlöcher-Variante),
- Fig. 8
- Mischelemente zu einem quadratischen Rohr und
- Fig. 9
- ein Diagramm mit Messresultaten für die
Variationskoeffizienten s /
x (mitx = 0.5).
Claims (17)
- Statischer Mischer mit mehreren in einem Rohr (10) hintereinander angeordneten Mischelementen (1, 1'), die quer zur Strömungsrichtung angeordnet Umlenkscheiben (30, 30') mit jeweils mindestens zwei Ausnehmungen (4, 4') sowie Teilumlenkscheiben (3, 3') aufweisen, wobei auf der Zu- und Abströmseite jeder Umlenkscheibe mindestens ein von Rohrwand zu Rohrwand gehender Trennsteg (2, 2') vorgesehen ist, der Trennsteg der Zuströmseite sich mit dem Trennsteg der Abströmseite kreuzt, jeder Trennsteg auf jeder Seite an genau eine Ausnehmung angrenzt und - in Strömungsrichtung gesehen - jede Umlenkscheibe die Ausnehmungen der nachfolgenden Umlenkscheibe abdeckt.
- Mischer nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Rohrquerschnitt durch die Trennstege (2, 2') in zumindest angenähert gleich grosse Teilflächen unterteilt ist.
- Mischer nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zu- und abströmseitigen Trennstege (2) sich unter einem Winkel von 90° kreuzen.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Höhen der Trennstege (2) zumindest angenähert gleich gross sind.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Länge eines Mischelements (1) kleiner als der grösste Rohrdurchmesser, vorzugsweise kleiner als die Hälfte des grössten Rohrdurchmessers ist.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Teilumlenkscheiben (3) zur Querschnittsebene (3a) geneigt sind und dass der Winkel (α) zwischen Teilumlenkscheibe und Querschnittsebene kleiner als 30° ist.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mehrere aufeinander folgende Mischelemente (1, 1') in Form einer monolithischen, insbesondere durch Spritzguss hergestellten Struktur vorliegen.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zwischen mindestens zwei benachbarten Mischelementen (1, 1') ein Abstand vorgesehen ist.
- Mischer nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zwischen beabstandeten Mischelementen (1, 1') Verbindungselemente (35) angeordnet sind.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Rohr (10) einen quadratischen oder einen kreisförmigen Querschnitt aufweist.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest einzelne Trennstege (2, 2') und/oder Teilumlenkscheiben (3, 3') zusätzliche Elemente (25) zur Verstärkung oder Strömungslenkung aufweisen.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Trennstege (2, 2') benachbarter Mischelemente (1, 1') ineinander gesteckt (29) sind.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest einzelne Trennstege (2, 2') und/oder Teilumlenkscheiben (3, 3') nicht eben sind.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest einzelne Trennstege (2, 2') und/oder Teilumlenkscheiben (3, 3') zusätzliche Aussparungen (26) aufweisen.
- Mischer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Rohr (10) konisch, in Fliessrichtung sich verjüngend ausgebildet ist und die Mischelemente (1, 1') dem ändernden Querschnitt entsprechend verschieden gross ausgebildet sind.
- Verwendung eines Mischers gemäss einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 15 zum Mischen von zähen Stoffen, insbesondere von Kunststoffen, Harzen oder Klebstoffen, wobei die Reynolds-Zahl für jeden der durch den Mischer fliessenden Stoffe kleiner als 1 ist.
- Verwendung eines Mischers gemäss einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 15 als Einwegartikel, wobei der Mischer aus einem kostengünstigen, verbrennbaren Kunststoff durch Spritzgiessen hergestellt ist.
Priority Applications (12)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES95810418T ES2155509T3 (es) | 1995-06-21 | 1995-06-21 | Mezclador con cuerpo en forma de tubo. |
| DE29522199U DE29522199U1 (de) | 1995-06-21 | 1995-06-21 | In einem Rohr angeordneter Mischer |
| AT95810418T ATE198839T1 (de) | 1995-06-21 | 1995-06-21 | In einem rohr angeordneter mischer |
| DE59508992T DE59508992D1 (de) | 1995-06-21 | 1995-06-21 | In einem Rohr angeordneter Mischer |
| EP95810418A EP0749776B1 (de) | 1995-06-21 | 1995-06-21 | In einem Rohr angeordneter Mischer |
| TW085105453A TW315314B (de) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-05-08 | |
| CA002178065A CA2178065C (en) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-06-03 | A mixer arranged in a tube |
| US08/660,434 US5944419A (en) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-06-07 | Mixing device |
| KR1019960020691A KR100420822B1 (ko) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-06-11 | 튜브내에 배설된 믹서 |
| CN96111003A CN1052171C (zh) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-06-19 | 一种装配在管内的混合器 |
| BR9602858A BR9602858A (pt) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-06-20 | Misturador colocado num tubo e utilização |
| JP15997396A JP4283901B2 (ja) | 1995-06-21 | 1996-06-20 | 管内に配置されたミキサー |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP95810418A EP0749776B1 (de) | 1995-06-21 | 1995-06-21 | In einem Rohr angeordneter Mischer |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0749776A1 EP0749776A1 (de) | 1996-12-27 |
| EP0749776B1 true EP0749776B1 (de) | 2001-01-24 |
Family
ID=8221764
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP95810418A Expired - Lifetime EP0749776B1 (de) | 1995-06-21 | 1995-06-21 | In einem Rohr angeordneter Mischer |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5944419A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0749776B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP4283901B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR100420822B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN1052171C (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE198839T1 (de) |
| BR (1) | BR9602858A (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2178065C (de) |
| DE (2) | DE29522199U1 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2155509T3 (de) |
| TW (1) | TW315314B (de) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2010102955A1 (de) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-09-16 | Sulzer Mixpac Ag | Vorrichtung zum ausbringen einer füllmasse |
| EP2407249A1 (de) | 2010-07-16 | 2012-01-18 | Sulzer Mixpac AG | Zwischenstück zur Verbindung einer Kartusche mit einem statischen Mischer |
| WO2012095178A1 (de) | 2011-01-13 | 2012-07-19 | Sulzer Mixpac Ag | Vorrichtung zum ausbringen einer füllmasse |
| EP2848320A1 (de) | 2009-02-11 | 2015-03-18 | Sulzer Mixpac AG | Zwischenstück zur Verbindung eines Vorratsbehälters mit einem statischen Mischer |
| WO2022101167A1 (en) | 2020-11-11 | 2022-05-19 | Sulzer Mixpac Ag | An improved static mixing tip |
| EP4000749A1 (de) | 2020-11-11 | 2022-05-25 | medmix Switzerland AG | Verbesserte statische mischspitze |
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-
1995
- 1995-06-21 EP EP95810418A patent/EP0749776B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-21 DE DE29522199U patent/DE29522199U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-21 ES ES95810418T patent/ES2155509T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-06-21 AT AT95810418T patent/ATE198839T1/de active
- 1995-06-21 DE DE59508992T patent/DE59508992D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-05-08 TW TW085105453A patent/TW315314B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-03 CA CA002178065A patent/CA2178065C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-07 US US08/660,434 patent/US5944419A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-11 KR KR1019960020691A patent/KR100420822B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-19 CN CN96111003A patent/CN1052171C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-20 JP JP15997396A patent/JP4283901B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-20 BR BR9602858A patent/BR9602858A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2848320A1 (de) | 2009-02-11 | 2015-03-18 | Sulzer Mixpac AG | Zwischenstück zur Verbindung eines Vorratsbehälters mit einem statischen Mischer |
| WO2010102955A1 (de) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-09-16 | Sulzer Mixpac Ag | Vorrichtung zum ausbringen einer füllmasse |
| EP2230025A1 (de) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-09-22 | Sulzer Mixpac AG | Vorrichtung zum Ausbringen einer Füllmasse |
| EP2407249A1 (de) | 2010-07-16 | 2012-01-18 | Sulzer Mixpac AG | Zwischenstück zur Verbindung einer Kartusche mit einem statischen Mischer |
| WO2012095178A1 (de) | 2011-01-13 | 2012-07-19 | Sulzer Mixpac Ag | Vorrichtung zum ausbringen einer füllmasse |
| WO2022101167A1 (en) | 2020-11-11 | 2022-05-19 | Sulzer Mixpac Ag | An improved static mixing tip |
| EP4000749A1 (de) | 2020-11-11 | 2022-05-25 | medmix Switzerland AG | Verbesserte statische mischspitze |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR9602858A (pt) | 1998-04-22 |
| ES2155509T3 (es) | 2001-05-16 |
| JPH09901A (ja) | 1997-01-07 |
| CN1148518A (zh) | 1997-04-30 |
| DE59508992D1 (de) | 2001-03-01 |
| TW315314B (de) | 1997-09-11 |
| CN1052171C (zh) | 2000-05-10 |
| KR970000319A (ko) | 1997-01-21 |
| KR100420822B1 (ko) | 2004-05-22 |
| EP0749776A1 (de) | 1996-12-27 |
| CA2178065A1 (en) | 1996-12-22 |
| DE29522199U1 (de) | 2000-08-17 |
| US5944419A (en) | 1999-08-31 |
| CA2178065C (en) | 2000-05-30 |
| JP4283901B2 (ja) | 2009-06-24 |
| ATE198839T1 (de) | 2001-02-15 |
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