EP0713540A4 - Composition et procede de traitement des metaux - Google Patents
Composition et procede de traitement des metauxInfo
- Publication number
- EP0713540A4 EP0713540A4 EP94924466A EP94924466A EP0713540A4 EP 0713540 A4 EP0713540 A4 EP 0713540A4 EP 94924466 A EP94924466 A EP 94924466A EP 94924466 A EP94924466 A EP 94924466A EP 0713540 A4 EP0713540 A4 EP 0713540A4
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- component
- anions
- group
- cations
- zirconium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
- C23C22/36—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
- C23C22/361—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing titanium, zirconium or hafnium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
- C23C22/36—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
- C23C22/36—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
- C23C22/364—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also manganese cations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
- C23C22/36—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
- C23C22/368—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing magnesium cations
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/100,533 US5427632A (en) | 1993-07-30 | 1993-07-30 | Composition and process for treating metals |
US100533 | 1993-07-30 | ||
PCT/US1994/008048 WO1995004169A1 (fr) | 1993-07-30 | 1994-07-21 | Composition et procede de traitement des metaux |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0713540A1 EP0713540A1 (fr) | 1996-05-29 |
EP0713540A4 true EP0713540A4 (fr) | 1996-08-21 |
EP0713540B1 EP0713540B1 (fr) | 1998-03-11 |
Family
ID=22280244
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94924466A Expired - Lifetime EP0713540B1 (fr) | 1993-07-30 | 1994-07-21 | Composition et procede de traitement des metaux |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5427632A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0713540B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3606605B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1043255C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE163978T1 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR9407110A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2166331C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69408996T2 (fr) |
HK (1) | HK1007660A1 (fr) |
SG (1) | SG52743A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1995004169A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA945474B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (93)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3392008B2 (ja) | 1996-10-30 | 2003-03-31 | 日本表面化学株式会社 | 金属の保護皮膜形成処理剤と処理方法 |
US5449415A (en) * | 1993-07-30 | 1995-09-12 | Henkel Corporation | Composition and process for treating metals |
JP2828409B2 (ja) * | 1994-03-24 | 1998-11-25 | 日本パーカライジング株式会社 | アルミニウム含有金属材料用表面処理組成物および表面処理方法 |
DE4412138A1 (de) * | 1994-04-08 | 1995-10-12 | Henkel Kgaa | Chromfreies Verfahren zur No-Rinse Behandlung von Aluminium und seinen Legierungen sowie hierfür geeignete wäßrige Badlösungen |
JP3315529B2 (ja) * | 1994-06-03 | 2002-08-19 | 日本パーカライジング株式会社 | アルミニウム含有金属材料の表面処理用組成物及び表面処理方法 |
US6193815B1 (en) | 1995-06-30 | 2001-02-27 | Henkel Corporation | Composition and process for treating the surface of aluminiferous metals |
JP3623015B2 (ja) * | 1995-06-30 | 2005-02-23 | 日本パーカライジング株式会社 | アルミニウム含有金属材料用表面処理液および表面処理方法 |
CA2226524A1 (fr) * | 1995-07-10 | 1997-01-30 | Toshiaki Shimakura | Traitements de surface de metaux, procede de traitement de surface de metaux et materiau metallique ayant subi un traitement de surface |
JP3620893B2 (ja) * | 1995-07-21 | 2005-02-16 | 日本パーカライジング株式会社 | アルミニウム含有金属用表面処理組成物及び表面処理方法 |
US6059896A (en) * | 1995-07-21 | 2000-05-09 | Henkel Corporation | Composition and process for treating the surface of aluminiferous metals |
JP3523383B2 (ja) * | 1995-08-21 | 2004-04-26 | ディップソール株式会社 | 液体防錆皮膜組成物及び防錆皮膜形成方法 |
US6153022A (en) * | 1995-10-13 | 2000-11-28 | Henkel Corporation | Composition and process for surface treatment of aluminum and its alloys |
JP3544761B2 (ja) * | 1995-10-13 | 2004-07-21 | 日本パーカライジング株式会社 | アルミニウム含有金属材料用表面処理組成物および表面処理方法 |
JP3437023B2 (ja) * | 1995-11-20 | 2003-08-18 | 日本ペイント株式会社 | アルミニウム系金属表面処理浴及び処理方法 |
WO1997021780A1 (fr) * | 1995-12-13 | 1997-06-19 | Henkel Corporation | Traitement secondaire d'hydrophilisation sur revetement sous forme de couche de conversion au chromate |
US6040054A (en) * | 1996-02-01 | 2000-03-21 | Toyo Boseki Kabushiki Kaisha | Chromium-free, metal surface-treating composition and surface-treated metal sheet |
US6190780B1 (en) * | 1996-02-05 | 2001-02-20 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Surface treated metal material and surface treating agent |
JPH101782A (ja) * | 1996-06-13 | 1998-01-06 | Nippon Paint Co Ltd | 金属表面処理剤、処理方法及び表面処理された金属材料 |
JPH1046101A (ja) * | 1996-08-01 | 1998-02-17 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | 金属材料の表面にフィルムラミネート用下地皮膜を形成させた被覆金属材料、およびその製造方法 |
GB2317177A (en) * | 1996-09-13 | 1998-03-18 | British Steel Plc | Organic phosphonates and metal complexes thereof for use as coating agents and especially for pretreating steel |
US5693371A (en) * | 1996-10-16 | 1997-12-02 | Betzdearborn Inc. | Method for forming chromium-free conversion coating |
US5958511A (en) * | 1997-04-18 | 1999-09-28 | Henkel Corporation | Process for touching up pretreated metal surfaces |
US5885373A (en) * | 1997-06-11 | 1999-03-23 | Henkel Corporation | Chromium free, low organic content post-rinse for conversion coatings |
US6361622B1 (en) | 1997-08-21 | 2002-03-26 | Henkel Corporation | Process for coating and/or touching up coatings on metal surfaces |
JP3898302B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-03 | 2007-03-28 | 日本パーカライジング株式会社 | 金属材料用表面処理剤組成物および処理方法 |
DE19749508A1 (de) * | 1997-11-08 | 1999-05-12 | Henkel Kgaa | Korrosionsschutz von verzinkten und legierungsverzinkten Stahlbändern |
DE69938420T2 (de) | 1998-01-27 | 2009-04-09 | Lord Corp. | Wässrige grundierungszusammensetzung oder beschichtungsmittel |
JP3604342B2 (ja) | 1998-01-27 | 2004-12-22 | ロード コーポレーション | 水性金属処理組成物 |
US6315823B1 (en) | 1998-05-15 | 2001-11-13 | Henkel Corporation | Lithium and vanadium containing sealing composition and process therewith |
AU4308099A (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 1999-12-06 | Henkel Corporation | Composition and process for treating surfaces of light metals and their alloys |
US6485580B1 (en) * | 1998-05-20 | 2002-11-26 | Henkel Corporation | Composition and process for treating surfaces or light metals and their alloys |
GB2347678B (en) * | 1999-03-12 | 2003-06-25 | Albright & Wilson Uk Ltd | Treating metal surfaces |
DE19923118A1 (de) | 1999-05-19 | 2000-11-23 | Henkel Kgaa | Chromfreies Korrosionsschutzmittel und Korrosionsschutzverfahren |
DE19923084A1 (de) * | 1999-05-20 | 2000-11-23 | Henkel Kgaa | Chromfreies Korrosionsschutzmittel und Korrosionsschutzverfahren |
DE10010758A1 (de) * | 2000-03-04 | 2001-09-06 | Henkel Kgaa | Korrosionsschutzverfahren für Metalloberflächen |
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US6902766B1 (en) | 2000-07-27 | 2005-06-07 | Lord Corporation | Two-part aqueous metal protection treatment |
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DE10339165A1 (de) | 2003-08-26 | 2005-03-24 | Henkel Kgaa | Farbige Konversionsschichten auf Metalloberflächen |
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DE102005005858A1 (de) | 2005-02-08 | 2006-08-17 | Henkel Kgaa | Verfahren zur Beschichtung von Metallblech, insbesondere Zinkblech |
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MY153410A (en) * | 2006-11-15 | 2015-02-13 | Nippon Steel Corp | Surface-treated material and method for producing the same |
US8322754B2 (en) * | 2006-12-01 | 2012-12-04 | Tenaris Connections Limited | Nanocomposite coatings for threaded connections |
JP4276689B2 (ja) * | 2006-12-20 | 2009-06-10 | 日本ペイント株式会社 | カチオン電着塗装方法、及びカチオン電着塗装された金属基材 |
ES2391870T3 (es) | 2007-02-12 | 2012-11-30 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Procedimiento para tratar superficies metálicas |
US8673091B2 (en) | 2007-08-03 | 2014-03-18 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc | Pretreatment compositions and methods for coating a metal substrate |
DE102008000600B4 (de) | 2008-03-11 | 2010-05-12 | Chemetall Gmbh | Verfahren zur Beschichtung von metallischen Oberflächen mit einem Passivierungsmittel, das Passivierungsmittel, die hiermit erzeugte Beschichtung und ihre Verwendung |
US9347134B2 (en) | 2010-06-04 | 2016-05-24 | Prc-Desoto International, Inc. | Corrosion resistant metallate compositions |
CA2801420C (fr) * | 2010-06-09 | 2019-07-23 | Chemetall Gmbh | Agent de traitement de surface metallique depourvue de chrome inorganique |
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US10435806B2 (en) | 2015-10-12 | 2019-10-08 | Prc-Desoto International, Inc. | Methods for electrolytically depositing pretreatment compositions |
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-
1994
- 1994-07-21 EP EP94924466A patent/EP0713540B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-21 CA CA002166331A patent/CA2166331C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-21 SG SG1996008640A patent/SG52743A1/en unknown
- 1994-07-21 DE DE69408996T patent/DE69408996T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-21 CN CN94192928A patent/CN1043255C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-21 WO PCT/US1994/008048 patent/WO1995004169A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1994-07-21 AT AT94924466T patent/ATE163978T1/de active
- 1994-07-21 BR BR9407110A patent/BR9407110A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-07-25 ZA ZA945474A patent/ZA945474B/xx unknown
- 1994-07-29 JP JP17816494A patent/JP3606605B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1998
- 1998-06-26 HK HK98106837A patent/HK1007660A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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US3726720A (en) * | 1971-05-24 | 1973-04-10 | Lubrizol Corp | Metal conditioning compositions |
WO1985005131A1 (fr) * | 1984-05-04 | 1985-11-21 | Amchem Products, Inc. | Traitement des metaux |
WO1990012902A1 (fr) * | 1989-04-21 | 1990-11-01 | Henkel Corporation | Procede et composition servant au revetement d'aluminium |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0713540B1 (fr) | 1998-03-11 |
ZA945474B (en) | 1995-03-03 |
ATE163978T1 (de) | 1998-03-15 |
CN1128053A (zh) | 1996-07-31 |
WO1995004169A1 (fr) | 1995-02-09 |
US5427632A (en) | 1995-06-27 |
CA2166331A1 (fr) | 1995-02-09 |
DE69408996D1 (de) | 1998-04-16 |
HK1007660A1 (en) | 1999-04-16 |
BR9407110A (pt) | 1996-08-27 |
SG52743A1 (en) | 1998-09-28 |
CN1043255C (zh) | 1999-05-05 |
EP0713540A1 (fr) | 1996-05-29 |
JPH07145486A (ja) | 1995-06-06 |
JP3606605B2 (ja) | 2005-01-05 |
DE69408996T2 (de) | 1998-10-08 |
CA2166331C (fr) | 2006-10-10 |
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