EP0436600B1 - Procede et dispositif d'etirage du cuir - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif d'etirage du cuir Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0436600B1 EP0436600B1 EP89910848A EP89910848A EP0436600B1 EP 0436600 B1 EP0436600 B1 EP 0436600B1 EP 89910848 A EP89910848 A EP 89910848A EP 89910848 A EP89910848 A EP 89910848A EP 0436600 B1 EP0436600 B1 EP 0436600B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- leather
- fact
- stretching
- facility according
- bearing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 239000004821 Contact adhesive Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 101000805729 Homo sapiens V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000854879 Homo sapiens V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a 2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 101000854873 Homo sapiens V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a 4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100020737 V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a 4 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001295925 Gegenes Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004820 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
- C14B—MECHANICAL TREATMENT OR PROCESSING OF SKINS, HIDES OR LEATHER IN GENERAL; PELT-SHEARING MACHINES; INTESTINE-SPLITTING MACHINES
- C14B1/00—Manufacture of leather; Machines or devices therefor
- C14B1/26—Leather tensioning or stretching frames; Stretching-machines; Setting-out boards; Pasting boards
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C14—SKINS; HIDES; PELTS; LEATHER
- C14B—MECHANICAL TREATMENT OR PROCESSING OF SKINS, HIDES OR LEATHER IN GENERAL; PELT-SHEARING MACHINES; INTESTINE-SPLITTING MACHINES
- C14B1/00—Manufacture of leather; Machines or devices therefor
- C14B1/58—Drying
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for stretching leather and similar flat materials, e.g. Skins, furs, but possibly also film cuts and the like.
- a device is known as the closest prior art in which the leather pieces are also clamped in a gap between two elastically stretchable membranes and stretched by simultaneous stretching of the two membranes.
- the membranes are clamped at their edges in rigid, flat frames and are stretched in the central areas by bulging or disengaging with respect to the frame plane.
- Correspondingly curved pressure elements with a sliding-friendly surface layer are sometimes used for this arching, the latter allowing a relative movement between the membrane and the pressure element.
- no sliding is provided between the membranes and the leather.
- the invention is concerned with the realization of further processing functions on the leather in connection with the stretch processing.
- This includes the combination of the stretching process with heating, which can also be used to improve the stretching results.
- the invention comprises as a further essential object the combination of the stretching process with drying.
- this multiple treatment has proven to be fundamentally easy to carry out. In view of the great importance of setting certain moisture levels in the course of leather production and leather processing, this results in an extremely significant progress in rationalization. In practice it has proven to be proven advantageous to apply suction vacuum to the leather on its second surface during the stretching process.
- Such a stretching device is distinguished from the known by advantageously simplified construction and reduced construction costs as well as increased robustness and operational safety.
- the slidability of the contact surface is advantageously achieved with the aid of a structure or a coating made of a plastic with a self-lubricating surface, e.g. Tetrafluoroethylene.
- a continuation of the task of the invention is directed towards the creation of a combined stretching and heat treatment device for flat materials such as leather and the like.
- the solution to this problem according to the invention is determined in a stretching device of the aforementioned type in that a heating device which is operatively connected to the leather being processed is provided.
- a heating device which is operatively connected to the leather being processed is provided.
- Such a treatment device is preferably carried out in such a way that the support member forming the support surface consists at least partially of highly heat-conducting material, preferably metal, and is in operative connection with a conduction or convection heating device.
- a particularly important continuation of the task of the invention also aims at a combination of different work functions, namely that of stretching with drying.
- the associated solution is determined by the fact that a gap space accommodating the leather piece is formed between the support surface and the stretching tool and is connected to a suction device.
- a gap space accommodating the leather piece is formed between the support surface and the stretching tool and is connected to a suction device.
- an overall plate-shaped stretching device STV1 arranged along a horizontal plane is mounted on the cantilever arm A of a stationary machine frame G in a vertically adjustable manner.
- a lifting and lowering device HS indicated for the sake of simplicity as a piston-cylinder arrangement, allows the stretching device to be adjusted between the raised rest position shown in FIG. 1 and a lowered working position.
- a piece of leather (hereinafter referred to as "skin") L is spread with its first (lower) surface L1 on the support surface AF of a carrying device TRV1, which is highly slidable with respect to the leather.
- the lower working surface AO of a pressure and stretching tool ASW comes into contact with the second (upper) surface L2 of the skin.
- the latter is firstly applied with uniformly distributed pressure forces Pa acting in the direction against the bearing surface AF and then for stretching the skin under sliding relative to the bearing surface with essentially tangential to the leather surface and on all sides to the edge of the skin directed stretching forces Ps applied.
- An essential component of the pressure and stretching tool ASW is an elastic stretchable membrane M1 covering the skin, which is maintained by means of a stretching drive device DAV of the pressure forces Pa is extended in the normal direction to their circumferential line and the tangential stretching forces Ps are generated by frictional engagement.
- the Dehn drive device DAV comprises a plurality of piston-cylinder units DZ arranged parallel to the membrane plane and distributed over the membrane circumference, the piston rods of which are attached to the edge of the membrane with rod heads SK.
- Such an arrangement is known per se from DE-OS 30 10 003 and therefore requires no further illustration and explanation here.
- the pressure forces Pa are - as is also known per se from the aforementioned DE-OS - generated by means of negative pressure in a gap SP receiving the skin.
- This gap is formed between the contact surface AF on the one hand and the working surface AO of the membrane M1 on the other.
- a bead-like soft body seal DR running continuously along the circumference of the membrane M1 is provided, which bears sealingly on the contact surface AF.
- a conduction heating device HV is arranged on the underside of the support member TO1, for example in the indicated form of a hollow plate filled with a circulating heating medium, which has a good heat-conducting connection with the support member TO1.
- the support element itself is also made of highly heat-conducting material.
- a convection heating can optionally also be used.
- a gaseous heating medium is circulated through the gap accommodating the leather.
- FIG. 3 Another step in the invention leads - as also shown in FIG. 3 - to a stretch-drying device.
- the gap SP is connected to a suction device SV, which enables the evaporated leather moisture to be removed quickly.
- the connection between the suction device SV and the gap SP is established by a manifold SR with a plurality of tubular, flexible branch lines ZL and via associated connections AS and a channel system KS of the membrane M1.
- this channel system is designed as a relief structure RS which is open in the area of the working surface AO and the membrane and which has a planar network of channel-shaped depressions KV, which is indicated here in cross section. This results in an evenly distributed suction and steam discharge.
- the support member TO is provided with a surface layer OST which forms the contact surface AF and is made of a material which is highly slidable with respect to the leather.
- the surface layer preferably consists of a highly slidable plastic, in particular tetrafluoroethylene.
- the surface layer can also be provided with a fiber reinforcement. This favors an essential further development of the invention, according to which the support element TO1 has a base body GKM, to which the surface layer OST is detachably connected. This enables simple wear replacement.
- a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer is provided for this releasable connection of the surface layer OSM.
- a permeable membrane M2 with connection to a suction device similar to FIG. 3 is also provided in the embodiment according to FIG.
- the membrane in the area of its working surface AO, the membrane here has a pore structure PS which is open and permeable to the leather surface and which is connected to a suction device via passages DL and connections AS.
- the pore structure is contained in an elastically stretchable membrane surface layer OSM, which is detachably connected to a membrane base body GKM, to be precise - as with the support organ surface layer OST - by means of an adhesive layer HK.
- a Velcro fastener arrangement KV may also be used, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 shows a variant of the stretching or stretching / drying machine according to the invention with a carrying device TRV2, which has a band-like carrying element TO2, which is movably mounted with respect to the pressing and stretching tool ASW in the direction parallel to the bearing surface AF and is connected to a feed drive device VA .
- the carrying device and thus the bearing surface are enlarged here - indicated in the example on one side - beyond the floor plan of the STV stretching device. This allows the application of a skin in a freely accessible area next to the stretching device and while processing another skin, as well as the subsequent, rapid transport of the skin placed on the work area. This means significant progress in rationalization.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment And Processing Of Natural Fur Or Leather (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Claims (22)
- Procédé pour l'étirage du cuir et autres matières plates, lorsquea) au moins une partie d'une première surface (L1) d'une pièce de cuir (L) est placée sur une surface d'appui (AF) bien glissante en ce qui concerne le cuir;b) la pièce de cuir est appliquée avec au moins plus d'une partie de la surface d'appui répartie dans le sens inverse des forces de pression (Pa) actives sur la surface d'appui;c) pour l'étirage du cuir en glissement relatif à la surface d'appui, des forces d'étirage (Ps) dirigées vers le bord de la pièce de cuir agissent sur au moins une partie de la deuxième surface de la pièce de cuir pour le moins presque de façon tangentielle en ce qui concerne une surface du cuir ainsi qu'au moins polydirectionnel.
- Procédé d'après l'exigence 1, caractérisée par le fait que les forces de pression (Pa) actives sur le cuir sont générées par application du cuir avec sous-pression relativement à l'atmosphère ambiant.
- Procédé d'après l'exigence 2, caractérisée par le fait que la sous-pression de presse est générée dans un espace (SP) entourant le cuir.
- Procédé d'après l'une des exigences précédentes, caractérisée par le fait que le cuir est soumis à un séchage pendant l'opération d'étirage.
- Procédé d'après l'exigence 4, caractérisée par le fait que le cuir est soumis à un échauffement pendant l'opération d'étirage et à une sous-pression d'aspiration au moins à sa deuxième surface.
- Installation pour l'étirage du cuir et autres matières plates, en particulier pour l'utilisation du procédé d'après l'une des exigences précédentes, pour laquellea) est prévu un dispositif porteur (TRV1, TRV2) pour la prise du cuir (L) étalé avec une surface d'appui (AF) glissante en ce qui concerne la première surface de cuir (L1);b) est prévu un dispositif d'étirage (STV) avec au moins un outil d'étirage (ASW) attaquant le cuir, disposé en face de la surface d'appui (AF).
- Installation d'après l'exigence 6, caractérisée par le fait que l'outil d'étirage (ASW) présente une membrane (M1, M2) souple élastique de méthode connue ainsi qu'un dispositif d'entraînement d'extension (DAV) se trouvant en liaison active avec cette membrane.
- Installation d'après l'exigence 7, caractérisée par le fait que la membrane (M1) présente une structure en relief (RS) sur sa surface de travail (AO) qui entre en contact avec la deuxième surface de cuir (L2). Cette surface de cuir présente des cavités (KV) liées au moins en partie en continu ainsi qu'avec un dispositif d'aspiration (SV).
- Installation d'après l'exigence 7, caractérisée par le fait que la membrane (M2) présente une structure des pores (PS) ouverte et perméable au moins dans le secteur de sa surface de travail (AO) entrant en contact avec la deuxième surface de cuir (L2). Cette structure est reliée à un dispositif d'aspiration (SV).
- Installation d'après l'exigence 8 ou 9, caractérisée par le fait que la membrane (M1, M2) présente un corps de base (GKM) ainsi qu'une couche de surface (OSM) de même souple élastique reliée à ce corps et que la structure en relief et de pores (RS, PS) est constituée dans le secteur de la couche de surface (OSM).
- Installation d'après l'exigence 10, caractérisée par le fait que la couche de surface (OSM) est reliée de façon détachable avec le corps de base de la membrane.
- Installation d'après l'une des exigences 7 à 11, caractérisée par le fait que la couche de surface (OSM) est reliée avec le corps de base de la membrane (GKM) par un système à fermeture Velcro.
- Installation d'après l'une des exigences 7 à 12, caractérisée par le fait que la membrane (M2), sur la surface de travail (AO) entrant en contact avec la deuxième surface de cuir (L2) présente une structure en denture attaquant le cuir, clabotée lors de l'opération d'étirage.
- Installation d'après l'une exigences 6 à 13, caractérisée par le fait qu'un dispositif de chauffage (HV) se trouvant en liaison active avec le cuir en traitement est prévu.
- Installation d'après l'exigence 14, caractérisée par le fait que l'organe porteur (TO1, TO2) constituant la surface d'appui (AF) est constitué au moins partiellement em matière thermoconductrice, de préférence en métal, et est en liaison active avec un dispositif de chauffage de conduction et de conversion.
- Installation d'après l'une des exigences 6 à 13, particulièrement d'après l'exigence 14 ou 15, caractérisée par le fait qu'un espace (SP) prenant la pièce de cuir (L) existe entre la surface d'appui (AF) et l'outil d'étirage (ASW). Cet espace est relié à un dispositif d'aspiration (SV).
- Installation d'après l'une des exigences 14 à 16, caractérisée par le fait que l'organe porteur (TO1) est doté d'une couche de surface (OST) constituant la surface d'appui (AF) en matière très glissante en ce qui concerne le cuir.
- Installation d'après l'exigence 17, caractérisée par le fait que la couche de surface (OST) de l'organe porteur (TO1) est en matière synthétique très glissante, en particulier tétrafluoréthylène.
- Installation d'après l'exigence 18, caractérisée par le fait que la couche de surface (OST) de l'organe porteur (TO1) est en matière synthétique armée de fibres.
- Installation d'après l'une des exigences 17 à 19, caractérisée par le fait qur l'organe porteur (TO1) présente un corps de base (GKM) relié de façon détachable avec la couche de surface (OST).
- Installation d'après l'exigence 11 à 20, caractérisée par le fait qu'une couche adhérente est prévue pour la liaison amovible de la couche de surface (OSM, OST).
- Installation d'après l'une des exigenges 6 à 21, caractérisée par le fait que le dispositif porteur (TRV2) présente un organe porteur (TO2) en bande, mobile en direction parallèle à la surface d'appui (AF) en ce qui concerne l'outil de pression et d'étirage (ASW) et relié à un dispositif d'entraînement d'avance (VA).
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT89910848T ATE90396T1 (de) | 1988-09-29 | 1989-08-25 | Verfahren und einrichtung zum strecken von leder. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3833068A DE3833068A1 (de) | 1988-09-29 | 1988-09-29 | Verfahren und einrichtung zum strecken von leder |
DE3833068 | 1988-09-29 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0436600A1 EP0436600A1 (fr) | 1991-07-17 |
EP0436600B1 true EP0436600B1 (fr) | 1993-06-09 |
Family
ID=6363978
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89202523A Expired - Lifetime EP0365068B1 (fr) | 1988-09-29 | 1989-08-25 | Procédé et dispositif pour l'étendage du cuir |
EP89910848A Expired - Lifetime EP0436600B1 (fr) | 1988-09-29 | 1989-08-25 | Procede et dispositif d'etirage du cuir |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89202523A Expired - Lifetime EP0365068B1 (fr) | 1988-09-29 | 1989-08-25 | Procédé et dispositif pour l'étendage du cuir |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP0365068B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH04500979A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR900702055A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1020474C (fr) |
BR (1) | BR8907630A (fr) |
CZ (1) | CZ281561B6 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE3833068A1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2037402T3 (fr) |
GR (1) | GR3007294T3 (fr) |
PT (1) | PT91831B (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1990003448A1 (fr) |
YU (1) | YU189189A (fr) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3928095A1 (de) * | 1989-08-25 | 1991-02-28 | Dynavac Gmbh | Verfahren und einrichtung zum bearbeiten von weichflexiblen flachmaterialstuecken |
DE4131262A1 (de) * | 1991-09-20 | 1993-04-01 | Dokoupil Jiri | Elastische membrane zur streckung und trocknung von leder |
AUPO598197A0 (en) * | 1997-04-03 | 1997-05-01 | Future Tan Pty Ltd | Treatment of hides |
AUPO871397A0 (en) | 1997-08-22 | 1997-09-18 | Future Tan Pty Ltd | Improved treatment of hides |
DE19826181A1 (de) * | 1998-06-14 | 1999-12-16 | Bohumil Stupecky | Vorrichtung zum Schlicken, Strecken und Trocknen von Leder und ähnlichen Flachmaterialien wie Fellen, Pelzen u. dgl. |
ITVI20010220A1 (it) * | 2001-10-23 | 2003-04-23 | Cartigliano Off Spa | Metodo e linea per l'allargamento continuo di pelli ed altri prodottisimilari |
DK177012B1 (da) * | 2003-09-19 | 2010-12-06 | Dansk Mink Papir As | Fremgangsmåde og tanemaskine til ikke-destruktiv udstrækning og fastgørelse (taning) af skind på et udspilningselement/tane |
CN101830424B (zh) * | 2010-04-30 | 2011-11-23 | 重庆平伟科技(集团)有限公司 | 一种实现连续生产的真空吸附成型方法 |
CN102492784B (zh) * | 2011-12-30 | 2015-02-04 | 福建宝利特集团有限公司 | 真空吸花打样机 |
CN106435049A (zh) * | 2016-10-24 | 2017-02-22 | 南通思瑞机器制造有限公司 | 一种真空干燥机展皮机构 |
CN107287364B (zh) * | 2017-08-22 | 2019-05-28 | 何招弟 | 一种鹿皮缓慢风干及鹿皮拉扯两用装置 |
CN114766809B (zh) * | 2022-05-10 | 2024-06-04 | 湖南奥郎儿童用品有限公司 | 一种轻便的书包及其制造设备 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE510128C (de) * | 1929-01-23 | 1930-10-16 | Walter Degel | Spannvorrichtung fuer Felle, Haeute und Rohleder |
GB950138A (en) * | 1961-02-18 | 1964-02-19 | Luigi Turato | Process and apparatus for stretching and vacuum drying of wet dressed and/or coloured hides |
DE1296736B (de) * | 1962-02-09 | 1969-06-04 | Cartigliano Off Spa | Vakuumtrockenvorrichtung fuer Leder od. dgl. |
FR1407169A (fr) * | 1964-06-16 | 1965-07-30 | Vide Soc Gen Du | Perfectionnements aux dispositifs de séchage |
ES391909A1 (es) * | 1970-06-15 | 1973-07-01 | Mascrinenfabrik Turner A G | Procedimiento e instalacion para el planchado de enero. |
DE3010003C2 (de) * | 1980-03-15 | 1986-02-13 | Jiří Dipl-Ing. 6251 Gückingen Dokoupil | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Flächenvergrößerung und -trocknung von Lederstücken, Fellen und ähnlichen Materialien |
DE3431353A1 (de) * | 1984-08-25 | 1986-03-06 | Helmuth 2058 Lauenburg Schmoock | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum vergroessern von flaechenerstreckungen eines dehnbaren materials |
-
1988
- 1988-09-29 DE DE3833068A patent/DE3833068A1/de active Granted
-
1989
- 1989-08-25 EP EP89202523A patent/EP0365068B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-08-25 EP EP89910848A patent/EP0436600B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-08-25 BR BR898907630A patent/BR8907630A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-08-25 ES ES198989202523T patent/ES2037402T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-08-25 WO PCT/EP1989/000998 patent/WO1990003448A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1989-08-25 KR KR1019900701126A patent/KR900702055A/ko active IP Right Grant
- 1989-08-25 JP JP1509953A patent/JPH04500979A/ja active Pending
- 1989-09-27 PT PT91831A patent/PT91831B/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-09-27 CN CN89107522A patent/CN1020474C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-09-28 CZ CS895517A patent/CZ281561B6/cs unknown
- 1989-09-29 YU YU01891/89A patent/YU189189A/xx unknown
-
1993
- 1993-03-09 GR GR930400519T patent/GR3007294T3/el unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR8907630A (pt) | 1991-07-30 |
PT91831A (pt) | 1990-03-30 |
EP0365068B1 (fr) | 1992-12-09 |
CZ551789A3 (en) | 1996-06-12 |
KR900702055A (ko) | 1990-12-05 |
ES2037402T3 (es) | 1993-06-16 |
CN1041393A (zh) | 1990-04-18 |
EP0436600A1 (fr) | 1991-07-17 |
EP0365068A1 (fr) | 1990-04-25 |
DE3833068A1 (de) | 1990-04-05 |
DE3833068C2 (fr) | 1992-06-11 |
PT91831B (pt) | 1995-07-18 |
WO1990003448A1 (fr) | 1990-04-05 |
GR3007294T3 (fr) | 1993-07-30 |
CZ281561B6 (cs) | 1996-11-13 |
YU189189A (en) | 1990-12-31 |
JPH04500979A (ja) | 1992-02-20 |
CN1020474C (zh) | 1993-05-05 |
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