EP0265757A2 - Procédé et arrangement pour laminer des profilés de coulée continue - Google Patents

Procédé et arrangement pour laminer des profilés de coulée continue Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0265757A2
EP0265757A2 EP87114862A EP87114862A EP0265757A2 EP 0265757 A2 EP0265757 A2 EP 0265757A2 EP 87114862 A EP87114862 A EP 87114862A EP 87114862 A EP87114862 A EP 87114862A EP 0265757 A2 EP0265757 A2 EP 0265757A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
stand
universal
web
stands
rolling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87114862A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0265757A3 (en
EP0265757B1 (fr
Inventor
Georg Engel
Dietmar Kosak
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SMS Siemag AG
Original Assignee
SMS Schloemann Siemag AG
Schloemann Siemag AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=6312539&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0265757(A2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by SMS Schloemann Siemag AG, Schloemann Siemag AG filed Critical SMS Schloemann Siemag AG
Priority to AT87114862T priority Critical patent/ATE87514T1/de
Publication of EP0265757A2 publication Critical patent/EP0265757A2/fr
Publication of EP0265757A3 publication Critical patent/EP0265757A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0265757B1 publication Critical patent/EP0265757B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/08—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling structural sections, i.e. work of special cross-section, e.g. angle steel
    • B21B1/14—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling structural sections, i.e. work of special cross-section, e.g. angle steel in a non-continuous process, i.e. at least one reversing stand
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
    • B21B1/466—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting in a non-continuous process, i.e. the cast being cut before rolling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/08—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling structural sections, i.e. work of special cross-section, e.g. angle steel
    • B21B1/088—H- or I-sections
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B13/00—Metal-rolling stands, i.e. an assembly composed of a stand frame, rolls, and accessories
    • B21B13/001—Convertible or tiltable stands, e.g. from duo to universal stands, from horizontal to vertical stands
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B13/00—Metal-rolling stands, i.e. an assembly composed of a stand frame, rolls, and accessories
    • B21B2013/003—Inactive rolling stands
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
    • Y10T29/49988—Metal casting
    • Y10T29/49991—Combined with rolling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for rolling shaped steel from a furnace, for example a continuous furnace, taken from continuously cast profiles by means of universal stands combined in a compact group, working in reversing operation, one of which is preceded by a flange compression stand, and a reversing tandem stand group Rolling the continuously cast profiles.
  • a rolling mill for the rolling of shaped steel, which has a heavy roughing stand that is operated in the reversing mode on the input side and that also has a reversing mode that operates over a longer roller table
  • Reverse tandem scaffolding group connects, which, again via a correspondingly long roller table, is followed by a finishing group on the output side.
  • DE-OS 36 27 729 a separate prefabricated group and the roller table upstream of it can be dispensed with if the second or last of the universal stands of the reversing tandem stand group is designed and operated as a finished stand.
  • the invention is based on the object of creating methods and arrangements for carrying them out which permit relatively large or smaller output profiles to be created from a given input profile with relatively little effort.
  • the web of the continuously extruded profile can either be compressed or shortened as required, or it can be rolled out, if necessary with the help of relatively easy-to-manufacture reinforcements of the web of the extruded profile, and the width of the flanges can be reduced if necessary that the range of I-beams that can be produced from one or only a slightly varied initial continuous casting profile can be expanded considerably with little effort.
  • liquid steel is fed from a pan 1 into a distributor 2, which feeds the mold 3.
  • the strand is advanced along a support device 4 by cold strand drivers 5 and when passing direction drivers 6 directed.
  • scissors or flame cutting machines are provided for dividing the strand after solidification.
  • the continuously cast profiles can be used hot or cold. When hot, they are, as indicated in the drawing, fed directly to a continuous furnace 8, which ensures the optimum rolling temperature.
  • the profiles separated from the strand are pushed onto a storage rack, not shown, from which they can be temporarily stored in a cold store, for example by means of a crane.
  • the continuous furnace 8 which can be equipped with a walking beam bed and / or an oven roller table, and after reaching the optimum temperature for rolling, are pushed out onto the roller table 7 in the direction of the following compact rolling mill.
  • the compact rolling mill consists of an edging stand, in the drawing a vertical edging stand 9, a subordinate universal stand 10 used as a work stand, then a (horizontal) flanged edging stand 11, which is followed by another universal stand 12, which is expediently designed and operated as a finishing stand becomes.
  • the continuously cast profiles which are divided by a pair of scissors, a flame cutting machine or the like, are fed to the stands either in direct use or from the cold store, advantageously via a furnace which sets and secures the rolling temperature, in the exemplary embodiment the continuous furnace 8.
  • the stitches of the stands are like normally set in reverse operation.
  • the universal stands 10 and 12 can also be equipped and operated as universal stands or can be operated with duo roller sets as duo stands.
  • the stand 10 has proven useful here to use the stand 10 as a working stand with full normal reduction, while the universal stand 12 is operated as a finishing stand, that is to say with a reduced reduction compared to the universal stand 10, so that the same roll service lives are achieved with a corresponding choice of reductions and rolling qualities .
  • Reversing is customary here, so that, for example, three passes, there are six universal stitches with the universal stands 10 and 12 and three upsetting stitches with the flanges-upsetting stand 11.
  • the upstream compression frame 9 remains open during the rolling of conventional profiles and is therefore ineffective.
  • the vertical rolls of the universal stand 10 can have a bale in the form of two opposing truncated cones which taper towards the roll neck, so that when rolling in the universal roll stand 10, the flanges of I-beams are slightly angled in a V-shape and one speaks of an X-calibration, while the vertical rollers of the universal stand 12 are essentially cylindrical, so that flanges which are perpendicular to the web height result in accordance with an H-calibration.
  • the upsetting frame 9 is additionally used with vertically standing rollers and is set against the flanges of the initial profile. By compressing the flanges of the input profile, the web is compressed and thus shortened.
  • the use of this upsetting frame 9, especially if it is a one-time upsetting stitch, can be carried out in parallel with a reshaping in the following stands, so that a continuous casting profile to be rolled is inserted into the upsetting frame 9 and after upsetting the web or reducing the The web height continues to run into the following universal stand 10, the flange compression stand 11 and the universal stand 12. After passing through and reversing, the upsetting frame 9 is opened so far that only the universal frame 12, the flanges upsetting frame 11 and the universal frame 10 are involved in the following stitches.
  • the rollers of the universal stands 10 and 12 and, if appropriate, of the flange compression frame 11 are moved so far apart that the first two stitches of the compression frame 9 are not hindered, and only during the third pass of the continuous casting profile the roller sets of the Universalgerü Ste 10 and 12 as well as the flanges-compression stand 10 employed.
  • areas of roll bales of a further upstream, upright, upset frame or else of the flange upset 11 can be placed against the web of the profile in order to prevent the same from buckling during upsetting or to straighten it again.
  • the upsetting stand 9 can also be designed as a so-called tilting stand, which can be pivoted through 90 ° about the rolling stock axis, so that it can be used either as a horizontal or as a vertical stand.
  • the flange compression frame can be used as a corresponding horizontal frame.
  • a horizontal compression frame can be provided. In each of these cases, caliber parts that can be adjusted against the flanks of the flanges are used, but rather parts of the caliber of the rollers that are effective in the area of the web of the profile to be rolled.
  • Such horizontal frameworks can be used particularly effectively if a continuously cast "dog-bone" profile is used, the web of which is reinforced at least in some areas.
  • Such reinforcements can generally be obtained without replacing the continuous casting mold 3, for example by moving parts of the mold against each other or by removing parts used from the mold. Especially with such at least in their central region reinforced webs can be achieved by rolling them out a considerable extension and thus increase the lancing height.
  • the usual heavy roughing stand which is loaded with up to 15 preforming stitches, for example, is saved as well as the roller tables assigned to it, and it is worked with an already shaped and adapted to the product, continuously cast profile in the entrance of a reversing tandem stand group, without that the advantageous use of essentially a continuously cast profile would disadvantageously limit the range of finished profiles to be created from it.
  • an upstream compression stand 9 designed as a vertical stand web heights can be reduced without any problems, wherein, if appropriate in accordance with the shape of the vertical rolls of the first universal stand, conical frustum in the form of truncated cones, which taper towards the roll neck, can be used, but also cylindrical ones Rollers are usable.
  • a further saving can be achieved according to the figure by dispensing with a downstream finishing stand or a downstream finishing group and by executing and using the last stand of the reversing tandem stand group as a finishing stand. It has proven useful to set smaller stitch reductions than the universal scaffold 10 used as a work scaffold. The possibilities of influencing can be increased if either a horizontal compression scaffold 9 is provided in addition to the vertical compression scaffold 9 or a tilting scaffold is provided which is provided by a 90 ° swivel movement either as vertical or as horizontal scaffold can be used. Finally, there is also the possibility of replacing the vertical upsetting frame 9 with a corresponding horizontal upsetting frame.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
EP87114862A 1986-10-27 1987-10-12 Procédé et arrangement pour laminer des profilés de coulée continue Expired - Lifetime EP0265757B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87114862T ATE87514T1 (de) 1986-10-27 1987-10-12 Verfahren und anordnung zum walzen von stranggegossenen profilen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3636478 1986-10-27
DE3636478A DE3636478C2 (de) 1986-10-27 1986-10-27 Verfahren zum Walzen von Fertigprofilen aus einem Vorprofil

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0265757A2 true EP0265757A2 (fr) 1988-05-04
EP0265757A3 EP0265757A3 (en) 1988-08-10
EP0265757B1 EP0265757B1 (fr) 1993-03-31

Family

ID=6312539

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87114862A Expired - Lifetime EP0265757B1 (fr) 1986-10-27 1987-10-12 Procédé et arrangement pour laminer des profilés de coulée continue

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4860426A (fr)
EP (1) EP0265757B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2529704B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR960012860B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1016762B (fr)
AT (1) ATE87514T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3636478C2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2039393T3 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0563551A1 (fr) * 1992-04-01 1993-10-06 Preussag Stahl Aktiengesellschaft Procédé et dispositif pour fabriquer un acier profilé
EP0653253A1 (fr) * 1993-11-04 1995-05-17 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Procédé pour laminer des profilés finis à partir d'ébanches par un arrangement de cages de laminoir à entraînement reversible
WO1995029774A1 (fr) * 1994-04-29 1995-11-09 Mannesmann Ag Procede et dispositif pour laminer des poutrelles a partir d'ebauches de profiles
EP0734792A2 (fr) * 1995-03-30 1996-10-02 MANNESMANN Aktiengesellschaft Groupe de cages de laminoirs universels et procédé pour le laminage d'ébauches de profilés coulées en continu
EP0870554A2 (fr) * 1997-04-07 1998-10-14 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Train de laminoirs pour laminer des aciers plats
KR102271507B1 (ko) * 2021-02-16 2021-06-30 지대헌 승합차량의 2열 독립시트용 시트 이송장치

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5664452A (en) * 1909-11-04 1997-09-09 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Method of rolling finished sections from a preliminary section in a reversing rolling stand arrangement
US5082047A (en) * 1989-07-31 1992-01-21 Bricmanage, Inc. Method of continuously casting and rolling metallic strip
US5018666A (en) * 1989-12-01 1991-05-28 Cf&I Steel Corporation Unitary one quarter mile long railroad rail free of weld seams
DE19729991A1 (de) * 1997-07-12 1999-01-14 Schloemann Siemag Ag Verfahren zum Gießen und Walzen und eine Walzgerüstanordnung zum Walzen von Fertigprofilen (Spundwandprofilen) aus einem endabmessungsnahen, aus einer Stranggußeinrichtung kommenden Vorprofil
DE19747656A1 (de) * 1997-10-29 1999-05-12 Schloemann Siemag Ag Walzanlage für das Walzen aller Arten von Fertigprofilen
US6112409A (en) * 1997-11-14 2000-09-05 Cosma International Inc. Roll forming utilizing splitting technology
JP3905666B2 (ja) * 1999-04-28 2007-04-18 大阪製鐵株式会社 入口ローラガイド装置
CN100337956C (zh) * 2005-02-02 2007-09-19 湖南省醴陵市楚华陶瓷实业有限公司 一种能自行生成竖状网纹、鱼鳞纹或横向网纹的面釉
CN101745534B (zh) * 2008-12-15 2012-09-26 鞍钢股份有限公司 一种在热轧短流程工艺模式下进行常规轧制的方法
CN103553557B (zh) * 2013-11-05 2015-09-09 北京科技大学 高炉熔渣生产铸石的连铸压延工艺方法及其设备

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2529405A1 (de) * 1975-02-12 1976-08-26 Nippon Steel Corp Verfahren zum profilwalzen
DE2844433A1 (de) * 1978-10-12 1980-04-30 Schloemann Siemag Ag Walzstrasse zum walzen von schweren traegerprofilen und schienen
JPS6188901A (ja) * 1984-10-09 1986-05-07 Nippon Kokan Kk <Nkk> Ｈ形鋼の製造方法
DE3627729A1 (de) * 1986-08-16 1988-02-25 Schloemann Siemag Ag Formstahl-walzwerk

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US1076784A (en) * 1912-07-01 1913-10-28 Johann Puppe Process of rolling bars or girders or i, h, u, or like section.
US1812247A (en) * 1928-12-27 1931-06-30 William C Oberg Rolling mill plant and method of operating same
DD46806A (fr) * 1962-05-02
US3657912A (en) * 1968-12-09 1972-04-25 Nippon Steel Corp Universal method of rolling rails and a mill train for the same
JPS503072A (fr) * 1973-05-04 1975-01-13
JPS5161459A (en) * 1974-11-26 1976-05-28 Nippon Steel Corp Sokeikohenno renzokuseizohoho
JPS52117861A (en) * 1976-03-31 1977-10-03 Nippon Steel Corp Method of rolling hhshaped metal material
DE2714985C2 (de) * 1977-04-04 1982-05-06 Chemische Werke Hüls AG, 4370 Marl Verfahren zur Reinigung von Terephthalsäure
JPS54123558A (en) * 1978-03-18 1979-09-25 Kawasaki Steel Co Width widening and crude rolling method of h shaped steel material by hole forming mold
DE2844438C2 (de) * 1978-10-12 1986-06-05 SMS Schloemann-Siemag AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Walzstraße zum Walzen von schweren Trägerprofilen oder Schienen
SU966976A1 (ru) * 1979-12-28 1984-02-23 Западно-Сибирский Металлургический Завод Им.50-Летия Великого Октября Способ непрерывной прокатки двутавровых профилей
DE3419501A1 (de) * 1984-05-25 1985-11-28 Mannesmann AG, 4000 Düsseldorf Kalibrierung fuer auf einer reversierbaren vorstrasse und anschliessender kontinuierlicher fertigstrasse gewalzte i- und u-traeger

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2529405A1 (de) * 1975-02-12 1976-08-26 Nippon Steel Corp Verfahren zum profilwalzen
DE2844433A1 (de) * 1978-10-12 1980-04-30 Schloemann Siemag Ag Walzstrasse zum walzen von schweren traegerprofilen und schienen
JPS6188901A (ja) * 1984-10-09 1986-05-07 Nippon Kokan Kk <Nkk> Ｈ形鋼の製造方法
DE3627729A1 (de) * 1986-08-16 1988-02-25 Schloemann Siemag Ag Formstahl-walzwerk

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, Band 10, Nr. 265 (M-515)[2321], 10. September 1986; & JP-A-61 088 901 (NIPPON KOKAN) 07.05.1986 *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0563551A1 (fr) * 1992-04-01 1993-10-06 Preussag Stahl Aktiengesellschaft Procédé et dispositif pour fabriquer un acier profilé
EP0653253A1 (fr) * 1993-11-04 1995-05-17 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Procédé pour laminer des profilés finis à partir d'ébanches par un arrangement de cages de laminoir à entraînement reversible
WO1995029774A1 (fr) * 1994-04-29 1995-11-09 Mannesmann Ag Procede et dispositif pour laminer des poutrelles a partir d'ebauches de profiles
EP0734792A2 (fr) * 1995-03-30 1996-10-02 MANNESMANN Aktiengesellschaft Groupe de cages de laminoirs universels et procédé pour le laminage d'ébauches de profilés coulées en continu
EP0734792A3 (fr) * 1995-03-30 1997-03-05 Mannesmann Ag Groupe de cages de laminoirs universels et procédé pour le laminage d'ébauches de profilés coulées en continu
CN1074690C (zh) * 1995-03-30 2001-11-14 曼内斯曼股份公司 用于轧制连铸粗制型材的万能机架组系统和方法
EP0870554A2 (fr) * 1997-04-07 1998-10-14 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Train de laminoirs pour laminer des aciers plats
EP0870554A3 (fr) * 1997-04-07 1999-06-02 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Train de laminoirs pour laminer des aciers plats
US6058754A (en) * 1997-04-07 2000-05-09 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Rolling train for rolling flat steel
KR102271507B1 (ko) * 2021-02-16 2021-06-30 지대헌 승합차량의 2열 독립시트용 시트 이송장치

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0265757A3 (en) 1988-08-10
ES2039393T3 (es) 1993-10-01
DE3636478A1 (de) 1988-04-28
KR960012860B1 (ko) 1996-09-25
CN1016762B (zh) 1992-05-27
DE3636478C2 (de) 1996-10-31
JP2529704B2 (ja) 1996-09-04
JPS63115601A (ja) 1988-05-20
ATE87514T1 (de) 1993-04-15
KR880004875A (ko) 1988-06-27
DE3785138D1 (de) 1993-05-06
EP0265757B1 (fr) 1993-03-31
US4860426A (en) 1989-08-29
CN87107839A (zh) 1988-06-22

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