EP0253911B1 - Fotografischer Papierträger und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung - Google Patents

Fotografischer Papierträger und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0253911B1
EP0253911B1 EP86110061A EP86110061A EP0253911B1 EP 0253911 B1 EP0253911 B1 EP 0253911B1 EP 86110061 A EP86110061 A EP 86110061A EP 86110061 A EP86110061 A EP 86110061A EP 0253911 B1 EP0253911 B1 EP 0253911B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
photographic
support material
polyolefin
base paper
photographic support
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP86110061A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0253911A1 (de
Inventor
Wolfram Chem.-Ing. Wysk (Grad.)
Bernd Dipl.-Ing. Scholz
Ralf-Burckhard Dr. Dipl.-Chem. Dethlefs
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Felix Schoeller Jr Foto und Spezialpapiere GmbH
Felex Schoeller Jr and GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Felix Schoeller Jr Foto und Spezialpapiere GmbH
Felex Schoeller Jr and GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Felix Schoeller Jr Foto und Spezialpapiere GmbH, Felex Schoeller Jr and GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Felix Schoeller Jr Foto und Spezialpapiere GmbH
Priority to EP86110061A priority Critical patent/EP0253911B1/de
Priority to DE8686110061T priority patent/DE3668995D1/de
Priority to AT86110061T priority patent/ATE50369T1/de
Priority to JP61278934A priority patent/JPH0660992B2/ja
Priority to HU871855A priority patent/HU201581B/hu
Priority to ES8701428A priority patent/ES2003722A6/es
Priority to AU72932/87A priority patent/AU594153B2/en
Priority to CN87104888.4A priority patent/CN1031299C/zh
Priority to US07/072,406 priority patent/US4895757A/en
Priority to YU133187A priority patent/YU45949B/sh
Priority to GR871154A priority patent/GR871154B/el
Publication of EP0253911A1 publication Critical patent/EP0253911A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0253911B1 publication Critical patent/EP0253911B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21HPULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H19/00Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/36Coatings with pigments
    • D21H19/44Coatings with pigments characterised by the other ingredients, e.g. the binder or dispersing agent
    • D21H19/56Macromolecular organic compounds or oligomers thereof obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03CPHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/76Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
    • G03C1/775Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers the base being of paper
    • G03C1/79Macromolecular coatings or impregnations therefor, e.g. varnishes
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/25Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31725Of polyamide
    • Y10T428/3175Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomer[s]
    • Y10T428/31757Polymer of monoethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31855Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/3188Next to cellulosic
    • Y10T428/31895Paper or wood
    • Y10T428/31899Addition polymer of hydrocarbon[s] only
    • Y10T428/31902Monoethylenically unsaturated
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31855Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/31909Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
    • Y10T428/31913Monoolefin polymer
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31971Of carbohydrate
    • Y10T428/31989Of wood

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a photographic support material which is coated with a waterproof pigment-containing polyolefin layer.
  • waterproof photographic support materials consist of a base paper with synthetic resin coatings applied on both sides.
  • the synthetic resin coatings on the base paper can be made of polyolefin, e.g. Polyethylene, exist and have been applied to the base paper by means of extrusion coating, but they can also be composed of organic lacquer mixtures which are layered onto the paper by means of immersion or spray processes and solidified by means of high-energy radiation.
  • One or more photosensitive coatings based on silver halide are applied to one of the synthetic resin layers.
  • the light-sensitive layers can be black and white as well as color photographic layers.
  • the synthetic resin coating (front coating) arranged under the light-sensitive layers usually contains light-reflecting white pigment and, if appropriate, color pigments, optical brighteners and / or other additives such as antistatic compounds, dispersants for the white pigment and antioxidants.
  • the synthetic resin film (backside coating) arranged on the paper side opposite the light-sensitive layers can be pigmented or unpigmented and / or contain other additives which result from the respective use of the laminate as a photographic support.
  • This layer can also be coated with other functional layers (e.g. layers for writeability, antistatic layers, sliding layers, adhesive layers or antihalation layers as well as layers for flatness).
  • the coating of a photographic base paper with polyolefin by extrusion through a slot die is a known process.
  • the polyolefin extrusion coating occurs at a location where the paper web enters the nip between a chill roll and a rubber roll through which the polyolefin layer is adhered to the paper web.
  • the cooling roller also serves to design the surface structure of the polyolefin layer. Depending on the nature of the cooling roller surface, shiny, matt or structured, e.g. silky, polyolefin surfaces can be produced.
  • the rhythmic detachment of the polyolefin film which is not entirely uniform, also leads to a deterioration in the desired, uniformly high-gloss surface finish of the polyolefin film.
  • There are hair-like elevations across the paper web which are visible under the influence of light in the border area of total reflection, but cannot be detected by surface measurements, and which occur at a distance of about 1 mm from each other.
  • release agent to the polyolefin in order to reduce the adhesion of the polyolefin layer to the cooling roller and to achieve a uniformly easy separation of the extruded film.
  • release agents include the metal salts of fatty acids mentioned in Japanese Patent Laid-Open JP 32 442/1982, JP 46 818/1982 and JP 46 819/1982, e.g. Zinc or magnesium stearate.
  • amides such as e.g. Use oleamide and erucic acid amide, but also polyolefin waxes and stearin as release agents.
  • these release agents have to be used in the usual pigment-containing polyolefin mixtures in relatively high concentrations (0.5 - 2%) in order to achieve the desired effect.
  • these high concentrations not only limit the adhesion of the polyolefin to the chill roll itself desirably reduced, but it also significantly weakens the adhesion of the polyolefin to the paper support. This results in disadvantages in the further processing of the photographic support, for example in the form of detachment of the polyolefin layer from the paper when subjected to stress in the photographic process solutions or even during the coating with the photographic layers.
  • these release agents for example stearic acid, stearates or stearic acid amide, exude strongly from the polyolefin melt at the extrusion temperatures, so that drop formation and subsequently visible, fatty-triangular deposits occur on the polyolefin layer.
  • polyethylene glycols with a molecular weight of 400 to 4000 can be suitable release agents in order to facilitate the detachment of unpigmented low density polyethylene types from the cooling roll of an extrusion coating system.
  • 500 - 600 ppm of polyethylene glycol for 0.924 density polyethylene and 900 to 1200 ppm of polyethylene glycol for 0.915 density polyethylene are mentioned as additional amounts.
  • polyalkylene oxides are known to the person skilled in the art as substances which sensitize photographic silver salt layers. (Neblette's Handbook of Photography and Reprography, 1977). As a result, their use in the support material appeared fundamentally undesirable because the migration from there to the photographic layers cannot be controlled. On the other hand, it is known that polyalkylene oxides attach to the pigment surface and make it hydrophilic.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide a photographic support material consisting of base paper and a polyolefin layer containing a white pigment with a high-gloss surface, in which the white pigment-containing polyolefin layer is easily and uniformly detached from a high-gloss cooling roller, yet adheres well to the base paper and none the sensitivity of overlying photographic layers has changing effects.
  • a photographic base paper is coated on the side lying first of the photographic layers with a polyolefin layer which, in addition to polyolefin and white pigment, contains at least one polyalkylene glycol, in an amount between 40 ppm and 1% based on the total amount of these Polyolefin layer.
  • the pigmented polyolefin layer contains, in addition to polyalkylene glycol, a fatty acid soap of a polyvalent metal or a fatty acid amide.
  • polyolefins are used to coat a photographic base paper, e.g. Polyethylene, polypropylene or an olefin copolymer individually or as a mixture in question.
  • a photographic base paper e.g. Polyethylene, polypropylene or an olefin copolymer individually or as a mixture in question.
  • the preferred polyolefin is polyethylene, which can be used with both high and low density, and as a blend of both types.
  • preferred white pigment is a titanium dioxide or a mixture of titanium dioxide with another white pigment or filler. Small amounts of colored pigments, dyes, optical brighteners or other known additives may also be present.
  • the polyolefin blend can be applied to one or both sides of the paper.
  • the application is carried out by means of extrusion coating using a slot die at temperatures of 270 to 330 ° C.
  • the paper base to be coated with a pigment mixture containing a pigment according to the invention can be any photographic base paper which is either neutral sized using alkyl ketene dimer or has a known acidic size based on precipitated resin or fatty acid soaps.
  • the base paper can be made exclusively from cellulose fibers or from mixtures of cellulose fibers with synthetic fibers. It can have a weight per unit area of 60 to 300 g / m 2 (preferably 70 to 200 g / m 2 ) and contain a surface sizing in addition to the internal sizing.
  • a photographic base paper is understood to mean a bright white paper with a uniform view, which is secured by a special strong sizing against penetration of the photographic treatment solutions and nevertheless shows no photochemical effects on photographic layers.
  • the polyoxyalkylene glycol added to the polyolefin mixture is preferably a polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight between 100 and 35,000, preferably between 400 and 20,000, or a polypropylene glycol with a molecular weight between 400 and 10,000, preferably between 2,000 and 10,000.
  • the polyalkylene glycol used as a release agent can be added to the polyethylene mixture in any known manner, but the introduction of the polyoxyalkylene glycol via a premix (masterbatch) is preferred.
  • the amount of polyoxyalkylene glycol used is between 40 ppm and 1% based on the total amount of polyethylene, but preferably between 100 ppm and 0.5%.
  • transverse markings becomes full in the specified quantity range constantly avoided, but does not adversely affect the adhesion of the polyolefin layer to the base paper.
  • the effect according to the invention is achieved even at the very low release agent concentration of 40 ppm polyalkylene glycol based on the total amount of the polyethylene mixture.
  • the release agents already described for use in photographic supports only take effect at much higher concentrations.
  • the effect according to the invention is retained over a large concentration range without visible exudates.
  • the entire area i.e. Even at concentrations of 0.5 to 1%, in which the release agents usually used are introduced, when using polyethylene glycols, the polyethylene layer easily detaches from the chill roll and the adhesion of the polyethylene film to the base paper remains good to satisfactory, whereas with the previous ones known release agents the defects already described occur.
  • the cooling roller is not contaminated by sticking short-chain polyolefin constituents, nor is drip formation and the associated contamination of the extruded polyolefin layer due to excessively sweat-released release agent to be observed, nor are changes in sensitivity observed in overlying photographic layers.
  • polyoxyalkylene glycol amounts of less than 40 ppm are used, based on the total amount of the polyethylene mixture, however, the detachment of the polyethylene layer from the cooling roll becomes clearly worse than according to the invention and the markings described are shown in the surface of the photographic support material.
  • the separation of the polyethylene layer from the cooling roller takes place easily and uniformly, but adequate adhesion to the base paper is generally no longer ensured.
  • the photographic base paper is coated with a white pigment-containing polyolefin mixture which, in addition to a polyalkylene glycol, also contains a fatty acid salt of a polyvalent metal, e.g. Contains AI stearate, Mg stearate, Zn stearate, or a fatty acid amide.
  • a fatty acid salt of a polyvalent metal e.g. Contains AI stearate, Mg stearate, Zn stearate, or a fatty acid amide.
  • a 160 glm 2 heavy using alkyl ketene dimer gleimtes photographic base paper was coated by means of extrusion coating with a polyethylene mixture having the following composition:
  • a 160 g / m 2 heavy photographic base paper sized using alkyl ketene dimer was extrusion coated with a polyethylene blend of the following composition:
  • a 160 g / m 2 heavy photographic base paper sized using alkyl ketene dimer was extrusion coated with a polyethylene blend of the following composition:
  • a 160 g / m 2 heavy photographic base paper sized using alkyl ketene dimer was extrusion coated with a polyethylene blend of the following composition:
  • a 100 g / m 2 photographic base acid-sized using fatty acid soaps paper was extrusion coated with a polyethylene mixture of the following composition: mixed with the additives according to the compilation in Table 1, coated.
  • a 200 g / m 2 heavy photographic base paper sized using alkyl ketene dimer with a surface size of starch and sodium sulfate was extrusion coated with a polyethylene mixture of the following composition:
  • a 160 g / m 2 photo sized using alkyl ketene dimer sodium stearate, aluminum salt and epoxidized fatty acid amide and surface sized with carboxylated polyvinyl alcohol graphic base paper was coated by extrusion coating with a polyethylene mixture of the following composition:
  • a 160 g / m 2 heavy photographic base paper sized using alkyl ketene dimer was extrusion coated with a polyethylene blend of the following composition:
  • a 100 g / m 2 heavy photographic base paper acid-sized using fatty acid soaps is coated with polyethylene mixtures of the following compositions: such as

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
  • Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
EP86110061A 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Fotografischer Papierträger und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung Expired - Lifetime EP0253911B1 (de)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP86110061A EP0253911B1 (de) 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Fotografischer Papierträger und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung
DE8686110061T DE3668995D1 (de) 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Fotografischer papiertraeger und verfahren zu seiner herstellung.
AT86110061T ATE50369T1 (de) 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Fotografischer papiertraeger und verfahren zu seiner herstellung.
JP61278934A JPH0660992B2 (ja) 1986-07-22 1986-11-25 写真用担体材料およびその製造法
HU871855A HU201581B (en) 1986-07-22 1987-04-27 Photographic carrier metters
ES8701428A ES2003722A6 (es) 1986-07-22 1987-05-13 Material de soporte fotografico y procedimiento para fabricar dicho material
AU72932/87A AU594153B2 (en) 1986-07-22 1987-05-14 Photographic carrier paper and method for its manufacture
CN87104888.4A CN1031299C (zh) 1986-07-22 1987-06-10 照相纸质载体及其制造方法
US07/072,406 US4895757A (en) 1986-07-22 1987-07-13 Photographic paper support manufacture
YU133187A YU45949B (sh) 1986-07-22 1987-07-16 Fotografski papirni nosač i postupak za njegovu proizvodnju
GR871154A GR871154B (en) 1986-07-22 1987-07-21 Photographic paper carrier and production method thereof

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP86110061A EP0253911B1 (de) 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Fotografischer Papierträger und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0253911A1 EP0253911A1 (de) 1988-01-27
EP0253911B1 true EP0253911B1 (de) 1990-02-07

Family

ID=8195285

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86110061A Expired - Lifetime EP0253911B1 (de) 1986-07-22 1986-07-22 Fotografischer Papierträger und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US4895757A (zh)
EP (1) EP0253911B1 (zh)
JP (1) JPH0660992B2 (zh)
CN (1) CN1031299C (zh)
AT (1) ATE50369T1 (zh)
AU (1) AU594153B2 (zh)
DE (1) DE3668995D1 (zh)
ES (1) ES2003722A6 (zh)
GR (1) GR871154B (zh)
HU (1) HU201581B (zh)
YU (1) YU45949B (zh)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3716269C2 (de) * 1987-05-15 1993-12-09 Schoeller Felix Jun Papier Wasserfester Schichtträger für lichtempfindliche Aufzeichnungsmaterialien
DE68926770T2 (de) * 1988-10-04 1996-10-31 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Papier für photographische Anwendungen
JP2711483B2 (ja) * 1991-03-20 1998-02-10 富士写真フイルム株式会社 写真印画紙用支持体
DE4110622C2 (de) * 1991-04-02 1995-12-21 Schoeller Felix Jun Papier Polyolefin-beschichteter Schichtträger für fotografische Aufzeichnungsmaterialien
JPH05323495A (ja) * 1992-03-17 1993-12-07 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd 写真印画紙用支持体
US5464691A (en) * 1994-07-22 1995-11-07 Arizona Chemical Company Laminated barrier film
US6312822B1 (en) * 1998-05-28 2001-11-06 Eastman Chem Co Dispersion aids for optical brighteners in polyolefins
US6416626B1 (en) * 2000-09-28 2002-07-09 Weyerhaeuser Company Polyethylene glycol-containing paper

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0114973A2 (de) * 1983-01-03 1984-08-08 Felix Schoeller jr Foto- und Spezialpapiere GmbH & Co. KG Wasserfester fotografischer Papierträger

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3222314A (en) * 1956-06-20 1965-12-07 Du Pont Polyethylene resin containing a solid polyethylene glycol
US3778404A (en) * 1970-06-19 1973-12-11 Nat Distillers Chem Corp Hot melt coating composition and method
JPS4942909A (zh) * 1972-08-01 1974-04-23 Diamond Shamrock Corp
JPS5843734A (ja) * 1981-09-04 1983-03-14 冨士島工機株式会社 ケ−キ類切断装置
JPH0234371B2 (ja) * 1981-11-10 1990-08-02 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Shashiningashoshijitai
JPS59228249A (ja) * 1983-06-09 1984-12-21 Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd ハロゲン化銀写真感光材料
DE3328463A1 (de) * 1983-08-06 1985-02-21 Felix Schoeller jr. GmbH & Co KG, 4500 Osnabrück Fotografischer papiertraeger
DE3543597A1 (de) * 1985-12-10 1987-06-11 Schoeller F Jun Gmbh Co Kg Wasserfester fotografischer papiertraeger

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0114973A2 (de) * 1983-01-03 1984-08-08 Felix Schoeller jr Foto- und Spezialpapiere GmbH & Co. KG Wasserfester fotografischer Papierträger

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3668995D1 (de) 1990-03-15
EP0253911A1 (de) 1988-01-27
AU594153B2 (en) 1990-03-01
HU201581B (en) 1990-11-28
AU7293287A (en) 1988-01-28
CN1031299C (zh) 1996-03-13
YU45949B (sh) 1992-09-07
HUT44103A (en) 1988-01-28
JPH0660992B2 (ja) 1994-08-10
GR871154B (en) 1987-08-20
JPS6330841A (ja) 1988-02-09
US4895757A (en) 1990-01-23
CN87104888A (zh) 1988-02-03
ATE50369T1 (de) 1990-02-15
YU133187A (en) 1988-10-31
ES2003722A6 (es) 1988-11-01

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