EP0180155B1 - Montre commandée par radio - Google Patents

Montre commandée par radio Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0180155B1
EP0180155B1 EP85113560A EP85113560A EP0180155B1 EP 0180155 B1 EP0180155 B1 EP 0180155B1 EP 85113560 A EP85113560 A EP 85113560A EP 85113560 A EP85113560 A EP 85113560A EP 0180155 B1 EP0180155 B1 EP 0180155B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
time
radio
time information
display
hand
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP85113560A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0180155A2 (fr
EP0180155A3 (en
Inventor
Jürgen Allgaier
Wolfgang Ganter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Junghans Uhren GmbH
Original Assignee
Junghans Uhren GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Junghans Uhren GmbH filed Critical Junghans Uhren GmbH
Priority to AT85113560T priority Critical patent/ATE83866T1/de
Publication of EP0180155A2 publication Critical patent/EP0180155A2/fr
Publication of EP0180155A3 publication Critical patent/EP0180155A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0180155B1 publication Critical patent/EP0180155B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G04HOROLOGY
    • G04RRADIO-CONTROLLED TIME-PIECES
    • G04R20/00Setting the time according to the time information carried or implied by the radio signal
    • GPHYSICS
    • G04HOROLOGY
    • G04RRADIO-CONTROLLED TIME-PIECES
    • G04R20/00Setting the time according to the time information carried or implied by the radio signal
    • G04R20/08Setting the time according to the time information carried or implied by the radio signal the radio signal being broadcast from a long-wave call sign, e.g. DCF77, JJY40, JJY60, MSF60 or WWVB
    • G04R20/10Tuning or receiving; Circuits therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a radio clock according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a radio clock equipped with a power reserve in the form of its own clock circuit (and also called “autonomous” because of this internal timing), is described in the contribution by H. Effenberger "Microprocessor-controlled radio clock with analog display” in the volume of the report on the 4th Darmstadt Colloquium “FUNKUHREN” (1983), edited by Prof. W.Hilberg, pp. 104-109. It is a pointer watch with devices for detecting the position of the hands and for automatically correcting the hands from any momentary false indication. When starting up such a watch (eg after replacing its battery), the hands, driven by stepper motors from the internal clock circuit, are first rotated to a reference position in rapid traverse.
  • That decoded point in time is a numerical value which is transferred to a comparator of a microprocessor as a setpoint for the angular position.
  • This causes the pointers to come out of the internal Clock circuit driven and rotated to the angular positions that correspond to the display of that numerically predetermined time.
  • the hands move again in rapid traverse, from which even the layperson realizes that during this directional run from the previous reference position it is not yet a time display, but only the (rotary) movement there.
  • the pointers are then moved (again by the internal clock circuit) so that the viewer now has the normal display of a pointer clock in front of them.
  • the receiver After a certain operating time of the clock, the receiver is temporarily switched on again to receive new absolute time information, and the processor compares the numerical value decoded therefrom with the current pointer angle position; which, however, has no effect if the time is correct for the pointer movement (and thus for the viewer). Only in the event of a difference (i.e. in the case of a currently incorrect time display) is this quickly corrected using the internal clock circuit. After that, the clock runs autonomously again when the receiver is switched off, meaning that it continues clocked correctly.
  • the decoded numerical value is recognized as valid, it is read directly from a digital clock for digital time display, while for a clock that displays electromechanically (for example by means of pointers), it is the target position in the above-mentioned angular position comparator for checking and correcting the pointer position is handed over.
  • This passed time information is therefore a mere numerical value.
  • the second grid of the coding on the transmission side is therefore no longer contained in it. If necessary, continuous seconds information must be generated separately by the receiver, synchronized with the current minute mark and enumerated.
  • the stepper motor controls for corrective (rapid traverse) or time-keeping (normal gear) pointer movement can therefore not be carried out from the decoded time information, but the generic clock is equipped with the autonomous internal clock circuit.
  • the radio clock is set up so unfavorably that there is no sufficient reception for a correction of the current time display possible - display
  • the receiving antenna built into the radio clock must be oriented or positioned differently in order to be able to decode the current time and correct the display on it.
  • such a digital quality code display in a consumer radio watch with a pointer time display is also unreasonable per se, because it disturbs a balanced dial design even more than the aforementioned light-emitting diodes; and for the layperson this reception indicator number display is also without the desirable meaningfulness, rather deterrent.
  • radio clock with pointer time display is the radio clock with digital display according to the building instructions of R. Goessler "micro computer controlled radio clock in mini format" in FUNKSCHAU 1979 booklet 14 (S.839-842), 15 (S.891- 895), 16 (p.959-962) 17 (p.1027-1029 and 18 (p.1081-1083).
  • a light-emitting diode is connected to the comparator output in the interior of the kit as a reception adjustment aid or for troubleshooting.
  • a comparable to the second blinker, but acoustic presentation is known in a digitally displaying radio clock according to GB-A-2 019 054, where (in addition to visual error display) an acoustic signal generator (which is also used as an alarm signal generator when an alarm signal is reached) from the time decoder predetermined wake-up time) can be activated briefly, for example, at the beginning of each second.
  • an acoustic signal generator which is also used as an alarm signal generator when an alarm signal is reached
  • this acoustic impulse radiation can be switched off (and thus of course ineffective)!
  • a radio-controlled clock of the generic type or even of the generic type is no longer at all if no complete, i.e. coded, current time information is transmitted via radio and evaluated in the autonomously timed clock for occasional control and, if necessary, for adjusting the angle of the pointer will; but if, according to the old technology of the clock networks, only advance pulses for the advancement of a non-autonomous time display are transmitted, as described, for example, by G. Krug "radio remote controlled clocks" in "clocks and jewelry” Vol.9 / No.2 (1971) p. 57-59. Such an advance remote control is at most relatively fail-safe insofar as no absolute time information has to be decoded in the clock.
  • this nominal time synchronization is only relatively immune to interference insofar as only the occurrence of the synchronization time mark is demodulated, but it is not necessary to decode absolute time information.
  • the catch range specified in the clock in terms of circuitry is too far from the actual time, then the broadcast synchronization mark can no longer be received and the time display will continue to run incorrectly in the future.
  • a possible indicator about the quality of the radio signal to be received would also be irrelevant here, since even in good reception conditions, the missed signal is of no use.
  • a correction of a limited deviation in the minute display can take place, but not a correction of the hour display.
  • the clock will therefore continue to run incorrectly if, for example, the correct minute but an incorrect hour is displayed at the start of operations or after every change from summer time to winter time.
  • the last cited document provides for the special effort of an additional, computer-controlled date clock, which stops the hands of the clock for one hour or lets it advance by one hour in rapid traverse to the time change even in the case of different calendar data to be preprogrammed each year Understand the display - which is completely independent of the reception of the radio time signal as well as the correctness of the current display before or after such functional intervention. Therefore, the problem underlying the invention does not arise here either.
  • the multivibrator continues to run at its natural frequency, which results in a beat mode with briefly alternating lead and lag periods of the factory.
  • the time display is therefore not touched, and it always stays on time even on average regardless of the actual reception conditions. In any case, the consumer does not notice the lack of clock reception when looking at the dial.
  • the time display is incorrect (like when the watch was started with an arbitrary current hand position), then this cannot be corrected by undisturbed reception of the seconds markers, since yes (contrary to the principle with the generic clock) no absolute time information received and no pointer position detection is operated.
  • the current reception quality is again completely irrelevant for the consumer even with this prior art, which is why no indication of the problem solved according to the invention can be derived from this either.
  • the display control takes place in the manner of clock networks via cable from a mother clock, but with the special features that the mother clock itself can be radio-controlled by a reference clock and that only incremental pulses are now transmitted in the conventional way, rather than coded absolute time information.
  • These are converted into digital pointer display setpoint angle information so that a drive operating in start-stop mode (i.e. not as a quasi-continuous stepper motor) is switched on until its output shaft has reached the angular position corresponding to the setpoint display specification.
  • start-stop mode i.e. not as a quasi-continuous stepper motor
  • the generic radio clock (according to Effenberger) is only equipped with an hour and a minute hand, which are moved independently of each other from the internal clock circuit via their own pulse-driven clock stepper motor. This allows the circuitry outlay for the detection of the respective pointer movement through its reference position (for the pointer position feedback that is used in one electronic counter) to be kept relatively low and, for each pointer separately (i.e. without excessive rotational speed stress on the pointer mechanism), the computer-controlled display corrections (e.g. from the initial position at the start of operation) to the currently decoded absolute time by means of temporarily faster clocking from the internal clock circuit in rapid traverse perform.
  • the invention has for its object to design a generic radio clock in such a way that a simple indicator of the reception quality of the pulse train to be decoded with a comparatively little additional technical expenditure for the pointer time display that is already present, functionally and organically in a consumer radio clock can be included in such a way that it can easily be conveyed to the layperson whether regular radio reception is currently being given at the start of operation (which will soon lead to the setting of the pointer display, which is typical for a generic radio clock, to the current point in time from any malposition); or whether reception is too disturbed when the radio clock is currently set up for decoding radio information suitable for display correction.
  • the object is achieved in that the generic radio clock is equipped with a reception indication according to the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • an indicator pointer referred to here as the present, is at least temporarily directly from the not yet decoded by means of its pulse stepping motor (not for the correction movement or for timely display from the internal clock circuit, but instead) Pulse sequence of the received time telegram switched on.
  • the indicator pointer introduced according to the invention (at the start of operation without displaying current time information or even performing a display correction run) becomes undisturbed in reception conditions rhythmically familiar second step sequence moves.
  • This undisturbed pointer advance therefore only serves to make the regular reception of discrete (usable for decoding) pulses clear.
  • this additional (indicator) pointer movement can also be easily interpreted by the layperson, if necessary, to the effect that the radio clock is now working normally. So he recognizes that their time display, in the case a display that differs from the actual time, will set the correct time display at the next comparison time.
  • Switching the control of the pointer stepper motor in question from the demodulated receive pulses to the time-keeping device can be advantageous - especially if it is a matter of realizing the decoding of the time information and determining and tracking the displayed time by means of a microprocessor - in a circuit-technical connection with the decryption circuit and the comparator for the time information transmitted via radio coding.
  • a radio receiver 1 with a radio frequency part 3 connected to an antenna 2 (for example a ferrite coil), this demodulator 4 and output amplifier 5 connected downstream supplies a square-wave pulse train 6 with a pulse repetition frequency of 1 Hz, which is encoded within one by means of binary pulse length coding Minute contains complete time and date information (not considered in the drawing).
  • the information about the current point in time can be detected therefrom by means of a decryption circuit 7 and with the current time display, in the form of the position of hands 8 in front of the minute track on the dial 9 of a clock, in a comparator 10 can be compared, which is supplied by a pointer position detector 11 (on the basis of, for example, rotary angle meters or incremental actuators).
  • a pointer here the second hand 18
  • this pulse sequence 6 is disturbed (in the form of failing or interrupted individual pulses), then the movement of the pointer used for the reception indication (here the second hand 18) can be seen without further ado because it is not the familiar, uniform one Executes step movement in the angular second cycle, but eg jumps uneasily.
  • a switchover device 19 is provided for the control of the stepping motor 16, via which - as just described - the pulse train 6 is passed from the radio receiver 1 to the reversing circuit 14 as soon as the overall arrangement, or at least the radio receiver 1 after a break in operation is put into operation; for example by means of an operating switch 20, or for example as a result of the use of a power source 21 (for example a battery).
  • a set input 23 for the switching device 19 possibly via a trigger circuit 22 for triggering a set pulse driven for this switching of the pulse train 6 on the reversing circuit 14.
  • the progression of the indicator pointer 18 therefore only actually indicates the passage of time in a second pattern when an undisturbed pulse sequence 6 is received.
  • the switchover device 19 is switched via its reset input 24 to receive the time-keeping pulses 25 from a time-keeping device 26, that is to say to a clock-second cycle; in which from now on (until the next break in operation of the radio clock), for example, a second hand 18 is switched on.
  • the time-keeping pulses can also temporarily have a higher frequency, for example, if the comparator 10 detects a deviation between the time indicated by the pointer 8 and the current time decoded by the decoding circuit 7.
  • the block diagram shown does not take into account the fact that it may be more expedient to provide separately controlled stepping motors 16 on the one hand for the second hand 18 and on the other hand for the hour and minute hands 8 and to control them separately from the comparator 10; in order to enable a quick adjustment of the position of the hands 8 without having to rotate the second hand 18 unduly quickly via a gear coupling.
  • Such separate motors 16 also make it possible to select the minute or even the hour hand 8 as the reception indicator pointer; in this case, the function of the switching device 19 would include separating the indicator motor 16 from the received pulse train 6 and applying the time-keeping pulse train 25 to the clock drive circuit.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromechanical Clocks (AREA)
  • Electric Clocks (AREA)
  • Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)
  • Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Horloge radio-commandée, équipée d'un dispositif garde temps (26) travaillant de façon autarcique, ainsi que d'un dispositif d'affichage pour les informations de temps absolues reçues par radio, où ce dispositif d'affichage comprenant un système d'indication du temps, fonctionnant avec un moteur pas-à-pas, équipé d'au moins une aiguille en vue de donner une représentation de l'heure qui est susceptible d'être corrigée par les informations de temps absolues reçues par radio, par le fait qu'à partir des informations de temps absolues réelles, il est obtenu par démodulation une succession d'impulsions (6) et, à partir de cette dernière, par décodage, est obtenu un signal qui représente l'information de temps réelle reçue, cette succession d'impulsions (6), obtenue par démodulation à partir des informations de temps réelles reçues présentant des impulsions manquantes ou interrompues, lorsque l'on est en présence de mauvaises conditions de réception, caractérisée en ce qu'un moteur pas-à-pas (16) du système d'indication du temps, fonctionnant à l'aide d'un moteur pas-à-pas cité, est commandé pour le mouvement de l'une des aiguilles citées du dispositif d'affichage, lors de la mise en fonctionnement de l'horloge, par la succession d'impulsions (6) obtenue par démodulation à partir des informations de temps reçues réelles citées et ensuite, lorsqu'au moins une information de temps absolue réelle a été décodée, par les impulsions (25) du dispositif garde temps (26) travaillant de façon autarcique, le mouvement des aiguilles provoqué d'abord, après la mise en fonctionnement, par cette succession d'impulsions (6), obtenue par démodulation à partir des informations de temps réelles reçues citées, mais non encore décodée, sert d'indication de réception pour la réception parasitée ou pour la réception correcte des informations de temps absolues citées.
  2. Horloge radio-commandée selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'une aiguille précitée, servant à l'indication de la réception est l'aiguille des secondes (18) du dispositif d'affichage.
  3. Horloge radio-commandée selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'une aiguille précitée, servant à l'indication de la réception est une aiguille du dispositif d'affichage qui normalement n'est pas mise en mouvement à la cadence des secondes.
  4. Horloge radio-commandée selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce qu'est prévu un dispositif de commutation (19), qui, lors de la mise en fonctionnement de l'horloge fait passer la succession d'impulsions (6) obtenue par démodulation à partir des informations de temps reçues réelles citées, sur le moteur pas-à-pas dont l'aiguilles sert à l'indication de réception, jusqu'à ce qu'un circuit de décodage (7) pour le décodage de l'information de temps absolue réelle contenue dans la succession d'impulsions (6) réinitialise le dispositif de commutation (19), sur la commande du moteur pas-à-pas, à partir du dispositif garde temps (26) travaillant de façon autarcique.
  5. Horloge radio-commandée selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que ledit moteur pas-à-pas (16) de l'aiguille prévue pour l'indication de réception est raccordé entre les sorties inversées d'un circuit d'inversion (14) travaillant de façon bistable, commandé alternativement au moyen de la succession d'impulsions (6) obtenue par démodulation à partir des informations de temps reçues réelles citées ou avec une succession d'impulsions (25) provenant du dispositif garde temps (26) travaillant de façon autarcique.
EP85113560A 1984-10-30 1985-10-25 Montre commandée par radio Expired - Lifetime EP0180155B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85113560T ATE83866T1 (de) 1984-10-30 1985-10-25 Funkuhr.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3439638 1984-10-30
DE3439638A DE3439638C1 (de) 1984-10-30 1984-10-30 Autonome Funkuhr

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0180155A2 EP0180155A2 (fr) 1986-05-07
EP0180155A3 EP0180155A3 (en) 1988-03-09
EP0180155B1 true EP0180155B1 (fr) 1992-12-23

Family

ID=6249071

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85113560A Expired - Lifetime EP0180155B1 (fr) 1984-10-30 1985-10-25 Montre commandée par radio

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4650344A (fr)
EP (1) EP0180155B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS61191981A (fr)
AT (1) ATE83866T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3439638C1 (fr)

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US5260916A (en) * 1989-03-22 1993-11-09 Diehl Gmbh & Co. Timer
DE19538913A1 (de) * 1995-10-19 1997-04-24 Eurochron Gmbh Funkuhr-Empfänger
EP0590337B2 (fr) 1992-10-02 2001-01-10 TEMIC TELEFUNKEN microelectronic GmbH Procédé pour le fonctionnement d'une montre réceptrice et montre réceptrice apte à être utilisé dans un environnement à champs perturbé
US6525995B1 (en) 1999-08-24 2003-02-25 Junghans Uhren Gmbh Method and apparatus for displaying local time on radio-controlled timepieces

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DE3439638C1 (de) * 1984-10-30 1986-05-15 Gebrüder Junghans GmbH, 7230 Schramberg Autonome Funkuhr
DE3510637A1 (de) * 1984-11-09 1986-05-28 Gebrüder Junghans GmbH, 7230 Schramberg Funkuhr mit ferrit-antenne
DE3546471A1 (de) * 1984-11-09 1986-12-04 Gebrüder Junghans GmbH, 7230 Schramberg Funkuhr mit ferrit-antenne
DE3510636C3 (de) * 1985-03-23 1997-06-05 Junghans Gmbh Geb Autonome Funkuhr mit Zeitpunkt-Signalgeber
DE8717549U1 (de) * 1987-09-23 1989-02-02 Junghans Uhren GmbH, 7230 Schramberg Autonome Funkuhr
DE8712803U1 (de) * 1987-09-23 1987-11-05 Junghans Uhren GmbH, 7230 Schramberg Autonome Funkuhr
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EP0377064B1 (fr) * 1989-01-05 1994-03-30 International Business Machines Corporation Méthode de fonctionnement d'un temporisateur
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US5469411A (en) * 1990-04-18 1995-11-21 Seiko Communications Holding N.V. Method and apparatus for accurate time maintenance and display
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DE9010813U1 (de) * 1990-07-20 1991-11-14 Junghans Uhren GmbH, 7230 Schramberg Autonome Funkuhr
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JP3000245B2 (ja) * 1992-03-04 2000-01-17 セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社 電波規正型電子時計
US5363348A (en) * 1992-09-04 1994-11-08 Damle Madhav N High resolution, remotely resettable time clock
DE4230531C1 (de) * 1992-09-12 1993-11-18 Braun Ag Funkuhr
DE9302090U1 (de) * 1993-02-13 1993-04-01 Ploner, Klaus-Jürgen, Dr., 4505 Bad Iburg Zeitsteuerungsvorrichtung
DE4318291C2 (de) * 1993-06-02 1996-07-25 Grundig Emv Uhrenradio mit räumlich abgesetztem Funkuhrempfänger
US5572488A (en) * 1993-12-17 1996-11-05 Seiko Communications Holding N.V. Wristwatch paging receiver having analog message display
EP0751444A1 (fr) * 1995-06-27 1997-01-02 Isa France S.A. Instrument horaire à affichage analogique, notamment une montre, une horloge ou une pendulette, et procédé de contrÔle de la mise à l'heure automatique de cet instrument
DE19540592A1 (de) * 1995-10-31 1997-05-15 Braun Ag Funkuhr
DE69734836T2 (de) * 1997-06-18 2006-09-07 Idt-Lcd Holdings (Bvi) Ltd. Projektionsuhr
DE29714185U1 (de) * 1997-08-08 1998-12-03 Gebrüder Junghans GmbH, 78713 Schramberg Funkarmbanduhr
DE29718454U1 (de) 1997-10-17 1999-02-11 Junghans Uhren Gmbh, 78713 Schramberg Solarbetriebene Funkuhr
US6269055B1 (en) 1998-11-16 2001-07-31 Quartex, A Division Of Primex, Inc. Radio-controlled clock movement
JP2002541493A (ja) 1999-04-12 2002-12-03 クウォーテックス 時計仕掛け、時計及びそれらを作動させるための方法
US20020191492A1 (en) * 2001-06-14 2002-12-19 International Business Machines Corporation Electronic automatic world-wide time/clock synchronization method
US20030063525A1 (en) * 2001-09-28 2003-04-03 Ken Richardson Microprocessor controlled quartz analog clock movement
JP2003167073A (ja) * 2001-11-29 2003-06-13 Seiko Instruments Inc 電波修正装置及びこれを用いた電波修正時計
JP3395786B1 (ja) * 2002-02-26 2003-04-14 セイコーエプソン株式会社 電子機器、電子機器の受信制御方法および電子機器の受信制御プログラム
US20040052161A1 (en) * 2002-09-17 2004-03-18 Steven Liao Mechanical clock having wireless manipulation and adjustment function
KR100498839B1 (ko) * 2002-11-26 2005-07-04 삼성전자주식회사 아날로그 시계 내장형 단말기의 아날로그 시계 시각 조정방법 및 장치
US7113450B2 (en) * 2003-05-20 2006-09-26 Timex Group B.V. Wearable electronic device with multiple display functionality
US20050259722A1 (en) * 2004-05-21 2005-11-24 Reginald Vanlonden Wireless clock system
JP4878275B2 (ja) * 2006-11-22 2012-02-15 セイコーインスツル株式会社 アナログ電波時計
US20090129208A1 (en) * 2009-01-28 2009-05-21 Weiss Kenneth P Apparatus, system and method for keeping time
JP5421944B2 (ja) * 2011-03-08 2014-02-19 セイコークロック株式会社 電子時計
US9989925B2 (en) * 2015-02-12 2018-06-05 Withings Analog type watch and time set method

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Cited By (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5260916A (en) * 1989-03-22 1993-11-09 Diehl Gmbh & Co. Timer
EP0590337B2 (fr) 1992-10-02 2001-01-10 TEMIC TELEFUNKEN microelectronic GmbH Procédé pour le fonctionnement d'une montre réceptrice et montre réceptrice apte à être utilisé dans un environnement à champs perturbé
DE19538913A1 (de) * 1995-10-19 1997-04-24 Eurochron Gmbh Funkuhr-Empfänger
DE19538913C2 (de) * 1995-10-19 1998-07-02 Eurochron Gmbh Funkuhr-Empfänger
US6525995B1 (en) 1999-08-24 2003-02-25 Junghans Uhren Gmbh Method and apparatus for displaying local time on radio-controlled timepieces

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3586924D1 (de) 1993-02-04
EP0180155A2 (fr) 1986-05-07
ATE83866T1 (de) 1993-01-15
JPS61191981A (ja) 1986-08-26
DE3439638C1 (de) 1986-05-15
EP0180155A3 (en) 1988-03-09
US4650344A (en) 1987-03-17

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