EP0140988B1 - Chargiervorrichtung für das Manipulieren von Rohren für Stauchpressen - Google Patents
Chargiervorrichtung für das Manipulieren von Rohren für Stauchpressen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0140988B1 EP0140988B1 EP83110730A EP83110730A EP0140988B1 EP 0140988 B1 EP0140988 B1 EP 0140988B1 EP 83110730 A EP83110730 A EP 83110730A EP 83110730 A EP83110730 A EP 83110730A EP 0140988 B1 EP0140988 B1 EP 0140988B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tongs
- crank
- transport
- tubes
- die
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
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- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J13/00—Details of machines for forging, pressing, or hammering
- B21J13/08—Accessories for handling work or tools
Definitions
- the invention relates to a charging device for manipulating pipes on upsetting presses.
- a charging device for manipulating pipes on upsetting presses.
- Such a charging device is state of the art.
- upsetting presses are designed with vertically divided dies, usually with two superimposed engravings.
- the dies consist of a pair of front jaws for clamping the tubes and a pair of rear jaws with the compression engraving.
- the usually usual two operations of pre-compression and finish-compression are carried out one after the other in the heat in the superimposed engravings of the die.
- the quality of the upsetting operation depends to a large extent on the mode of operation and thus the design of the charging device manipulating the pipes.
- vertically divided dies it is necessary to align the tubes precisely with the center of the engravings before closing the dies and to hold them until the dies are closed in order to avoid tension and damage to the tubes.
- a very precise axial positioning of the pipe ends in the dies is necessary on the one hand to include the amount of material required for the compression in the upsetting engraving and on the other hand to exclude upsetting errors (dimensional deviations, folds, especially with internally thickened pipe ends), especially the precise axial positioning of the transition zone between hot pipe end and cold pipe in the die engraving is necessary.
- upsetting errors dimensional deviations, folds, especially with internally thickened pipe ends
- a quick transfer of the pipes from the heating system to the exact positions for upsetting is also very important. In all of this, the noise development when manipulating the pipes must be observed and kept to a minimum. This results in the task of creating a charging device for pipes that works precisely, quickly and quietly.
- the charging devices previously used to manipulate the tubes on upsetting presses of the type mentioned consist of a roller table with V-shaped rollers as a means of receiving the tubes to be manipulated, which are mounted on a liftable and lowerable bridge and can be driven in a reversible manner.
- the roller table is fed by a support grate, which bridges the space between the induction coils for heating the pipe ends and the upsetting press and is arranged at an angle to the upsetting press.
- the pipe resting on the roller table is aligned by vertically adjusting the bridge to the center of a die engraving and axially moved in and out of the die by the rollers.
- the object on which the invention is based is achieved in a charging device of the generic type in that transport tongs - at least two arranged over the pipe length - are provided as means for receiving the pipes, the three of which are arranged one above the other in a vertical plane and perpendicular to the axis and perpendicular to the engravings the tubes can be moved simultaneously and in the same direction in a closed path, the highest and lowest point of the path being vertically one above the other at a distance corresponding to that of the engravings in the dies, the movement drive briefly interrupts the movement sequence when the highest and lowest path point is reached, and that lower rest position of the upper transport tongs has a congruent axial tube position to a tube clamped in the upper engraving of the dies, that furthermore the upper and lower of the three transport tongs also perpendicular to the path as the normal plane opposite to each other by W eg routes greater than the axial length of the die can be moved toward and away from the dies, and that the transport tongs are controlled
- the tubes clamped in the die engravings when the die halves are closed are - provided they are short - adequately positioned. A simple support would suffice for longer pipes. However, to keep the pipes safe at all times, especially also against unwanted ones. Having secured disadvantageous axial displacement is provided according to a development feature of the invention that the transport tongs moving in the web are arranged stationary te holding tongs - at least two over the pipe length - are aligned with the corresponding lower rest positions of the upper transport tongs or upper rest positions of the lower transport tongs.
- the upper of the three moving transport tongs arranged one above the other take over the tubes heated at one end from a preparation position, which - as is known - can be the end of an inclined support grate. Transporting them over the support grate can lead to an axial change in the position of the pipes and makes it necessary to readjust the pipes axially in the ready position. In addition, the noise generated when the pipes roll on the support grid is undesirable.
- a further development feature of the invention provides that transfer tongs arranged on pivot levers are assigned to the transport tongs moving in the path, one end position of which has a congruent axial tube position with the upper transport tongs in the upper rest position and the pivoting range of which is the distance a pipe storage table bridged to the side of the upsetting press. wherein the tube storage table receives the tubes emerging from the heating system or free from the heating system in a short way.
- the quadrangular trajectory is - as the invention provides as an advantageous solution - achieved by the fact that the transport tongs are seated on walking beams which, as is known, form the coupling of two parallel link cores designed as wheel crank drives, an auxiliary crank stored in a main crank being four times as large as the wheel drive Executes speed with respect to the main crank and the radius of the auxiliary crank is about half the arc height of a quarter circle segment in the main crank circle.
- the necessary interruption of the sequence of movements in the highest and low point of the path of the moving pliers is effected by a stepping gear between the speed-controllable drive and the movement drive, for which the invention as an advantageous solution a known per se formed by the connection of a wheel crank drive with a crank loop Cycloidal gear provides, wherein an auxiliary crank embedded in the main crank of the wheel crank drive executes a double speed of rotation relative to the main crank via the wheel drive, the radius of the auxiliary crank is approximately one third of the radius of the main crank and the auxiliary crank engages in the loop lever mounted coaxially with the main crank.
- the invention provides according to a further development feature that the upper and lower transport tongs are seated on upper and lower slides, the upper carriages, opposite to the lower carriages, can be moved perpendicularly to the normal plane on the walking beam and are driven by opposite runs of cable or chain drives or counter-rotating rack drives, and that each cable, chain or rack drive via a circular rocker arm from a crank drive with an adjustable stroke and adjustable reversal points is driven.
- the stepping transmission has a transmission branching with branches in the transmission ratio 1: 1 to the walking beam drives for the main movement of the transport tongs, to the slide drives for the transverse movement of the Upper and lower transport tongs and is arranged downstream of the swivel drives for the transfer tongs, so that all movements of the tongs take place from a single drive.
- This ensures the timed sequence of all movements of the pliers, costly sequential controls that require safety times are not required.
- the pivot levers of the transfer pliers therefore form a coupling between double-link articulated quadrilaterals, when the pliers are arranged on coupling extensions and the drive links are configured as angle levers, the second legs of which in turn form oscillations of crank-link articulated quadrangles with driven cranks.
- the charging device is made up of two transport tongs mechanics 1, two transfer tongs mechanics 2 and three holding tongs mechanics 3, which are in each case identical to one another.
- the charging device is driven by a motor 4, which drives the stepping gear 6 via a continuously variable transmission 5.
- a branching gear 7 which drives a second branching gear 9 via a cardan shaft 8.
- Branched off from the branching gear 7 are two outputs, each of which drives a motion gear 12 via cardan shafts 10 and 11, which serve to drive the transport tongs mechanics 1.
- a base frame 13 combines the components into one unit.
- the diagram shown in Fig. 2 shows the operation of the charging device in the step sequences a to g.
- the manipulated pipes are designated by 15, namely 15 1 a first, 15 2 a second, 15 3 a third and 15 4 a fourth of successive pipes, the different, successive positions of which are identified by ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ are designated.
- - 16o is the upper
- -16m is the middle
- -16u is the lower of three stacking tongs arranged one above the other of a set of at least two sets arranged along the pipe length.
- 17 denotes one of at least two transfer pliers arranged over the tube length
- 18o / 18u denotes pairs of holding pliers.
- 2a 15 1 ⁇ represents the position of a first pipe 15 in the position ⁇ , that is the position of the pipes on the storage table after the pipes have left the heating system.
- Transfer pliers 17 grip the tube 15 'and bring it into position ⁇ .
- the transport tongs 16 0 , m and u move along the first half B 1/2 of their movement path into their high position, in which the transport tongs 16o are aligned with the position ⁇ of the pipes, as can be seen from FIG. 2b. Both the transfer tongs 17 and the transport tongs 16 remain in this position ⁇ for a short while and the transfer tongs 17 open while the transport tongs 16o simultaneously close.
- the transport tongs 16 with the tube 15 'gripped by the upper transport tongs 16o now move along the second half B 2/2 of their movement path into their lower position, in which the transport tongs 16o are aligned with the upper holding tongs 18o and an upper engraving of a die 19/20 stand.
- the vertically divided die is in the open position so that the tube 15 'can move in the gap between the die halves.
- the transport tongs 16o are moved towards the die 19/20, so that the end of the tube 15 'enters the upper engraving to the extent necessary for upsetting the end.
- the transfer tongs 17 swivel back into their starting position.
- the transport tongs remain in this position for a short while, during which the holding tongs 18 and the halves of the die 19/20 close and the transport tongs 16 open, the position shown in FIG. 2 c being reached.
- the first upsetting operation is carried out in the die 19/20, the tube 15 'being clamped between the clamping jaws 20 of the die 19/20 and being supported by the holding tongs 18, the transport tongs 16 again travel along the first half B 1/2 of their path of movement in their up position, the upper transport tongs 16o again moving away from the die 19/20 into the position for taking over a next pipe 15 2 , which is simultaneously pivoted from the position ⁇ into the position ⁇ by the transfer tongs 17.
- the tubes 15 'and 15 2 are clamped by the clamping jaws 20 of the die and in the engravings of the die part 19 the tube 15 1 is fully compressed and the tube 15 2 pre-compressed.
- the transfer tongs 17 swivel a further tube 15 3 from position a to position ⁇ and the transport tongs 16 move on the first half B 1/2 of the movement path into the high position, where they remain for a short while, during which the transport tongs 16 closed, the transfer tongs 17 and the holding tongs 18 are opened. Then, as shown in FIG.
- the die 19/20 is opened, the transport tongs 16 move to the lower position on the second half B 2/2 of their movement path again and the transfer tongs 17 pivot back into their starting position according to the tube position a.
- the pipe 15 3 is moved from the position ⁇ into the upper engraving according to position ⁇ , the pipe 15 2 from the upper into the lower engraving according to position 8 and the pipe 15 1 with simultaneous axial movement of the lower transport tongs 16u from the lower engraving in introduced the position ⁇ .
- FIG. 2g shows this - the pipe 15 3 is pre-compressed in the upper engraving and the pipe 15 2 is finished-compressed in the lower engraving.
- the holding tongs are closed, the transfer tongs spend a new tube 15 4 from the ⁇ ⁇ to the ⁇ position, the transport tongs 16 are opened and move back into their high position along the first half B 1/2 of the movement path.
- the fully compressed tube 15 1 is released and removed in a manner not shown.
- the workflow can be controlled so that the transfer pliers 17 only feed a new pipe every second full movement cycle of the transport tongs 16 and accordingly only in each case every second pipe position is occupied. This can be done in the simplest way by blocking the inflow of pipes into position a every second cycle and reducing the heating cycle of the heating system accordingly.
- the details of the configuration of the charging device can be found in FIGS. 3 to 13.
- the stepping gear 6 is driven via a continuously variable transmission 5, with the transmission 5 the working cycle of the charging device being adapted to that of the heating system for the pipe ends and that of the upsetting press.
- the main component of the charging device are the transport tongs mechanisms 1, one of which is shown on a larger scale in FIGS. 3 and 4.
- the motion gear 12 of the transport tongs mechanism 1 is driven via a cardan shaft 10.
- an intermediate wheel seated on the shaft 23 drives two gear wheels 24.
- Each of these gears 24 forms a main crank with a shaft 25 rotatably mounted eccentrically in it.
- the shaft 25 is provided with a pinion 26, which rolls on an internal ring gear 27 fixedly arranged in the housing 22. Since the internal ring gear 27 has four times the number of teeth than the pinion 26, the shaft 25 rotates four times when the gear 24 has rotated once.
- the shaft 25 carries eccentric pins 28, 29 at both ends, the eccentricity of which is dimensioned such that the center of the eccentric pins 28, 29 follow a path B when the toothed wheels 24 rotate, as shown in FIG. 9.
- the eccentricity corresponds to approximately half the arc height in the quarter circle segment above the circumferential circle of the shaft 25, so that the path B corresponds to a square with somewhat rounded corners.
- the movement path B is divided into two halves B 1/2 and B 2/2, and between the two halves the movement is interrupted for a short while in order to close or open of pliers with the pliers and pipes at a standstill in the respective positions a, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and s.
- This interruption of movement is brought about by the stepping gear 6, which is connected between the drive 4 and the branching gear 7 and 9.
- This step gear is described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 5 to 7.
- the stepping gear is driven by the motor 4 via the continuously variable transmission 5, the output of which drives a shaft 33 at the input of the stepping gear 6 via V-belts 31 and V-belt pulley 32.
- a pinion 34 seated on the shaft 33 engages in a gear wheel 35 which is rotatably seated on a bearing journal 36.
- the bearing journal 36 is anchored in the housing 37 in a rotationally fixed manner and carries a sprocket 38 which rests on it in a rotationally fixed manner.
- a crankshaft 39 can be rotated eccentrically in the gear 35 and rotates with the pinion 40 seated thereon and rolling on the fixed sprocket 38.
- the pinion 40 has half the number of teeth as the ring gear 38, so that the crankshaft 39 rotates twice with one revolution of the gear 35.
- the crankshaft 39 carries an eccentricity, which makes up about a third of the eccentricity of the crankshaft 39 in the gear 35, a crank pin 41 with an attached roller, and engages with the crank pin 41 in a groove of a loop lever 42. which is seated on a shaft 43 which is supported coaxially with the journal 36. so that the shaft 43 is rotated intermittently with its driven gear 44.
- the position of the crank pin 41 that results in each case as a function of the rotation of the gear wheel 35 is shown in FIG. 6 is shown, while the speed ratio n, / n 2 established by the stepping gear 6 between the gear 35 behind the input and the shaft 43 at the output of the stepping gear 6 is shown in FIG. 7. It can be seen that the stepper transmission switches to a standstill in the full revolution of the driven wheel 44 of the stepper transmission 6 after every half revolution, which is about a tenth of the total revolution time.
- a crankshaft 45 is driven by the branching gear 7 at the same speed as the shaft 21 and moves a circular sector rocker 47 pivotably mounted at 48 via a connecting rod 46.
- This circular sector rocker 47 is provided with a toothing 49 above the circular arc and reversibly rotates a pinion 50 engaging in the toothing 49 on a shaft 51:
- the shaft 51 rotates a capstan drum 53 via an articulated shaft 52, which is an endless rope guided over a tensioning pulley 54 emotional.
- the bearing 55 of the capstan drum 53 and the yoke 56 supporting the tensioning roller 54 are connected by a bridge 57, which is part of the walking beam 30 and at the same time carries the middle transport tongs 16m of the three transport tongs 16, and two slide guides 58 and 59 for an upper slide 60 which carries the upper transport tongs 16o and a lower carriage 61 which carries the lower transport tongs 16u.
- the carriage 60 is attached to the upper run and the carriage 61 is fastened to the lower run of the rope between capstan 53 and tensioning pulley 54, and the two carriages 60 and 61 are equally moved in opposite directions by the rope runs, the upper transport tongs 16o being lowered a tube 15 on the center of the upper engraving of the die 19/20, the tube 15 is moved into the die 19/20 and the lower transport tongs 16u, when the tube 15 is lowered from the center of the lower engraving of the die 19/20, the tube 15 also axially removed from die 19/20.
- the effective lengths of the radius on the crankshaft 45 and the length of the connecting rod 46 By adjusting the effective lengths of the radius on the crankshaft 45 and the length of the connecting rod 46, the end position of the tubes 15 in the die 19/20 and the path of the axial displacement of the tubes 15 can be changed.
- branching gear 7 a branching is also provided from the branching gear 9 for driving the second transport pincer mechanism 1.
- crankshaft 62 driven at the same speed as the shaft 21 and the crankshaft 45.
- the crankshaft moves a coupling lever 63 which forms an angle lever formed by the two legs 64 and 65.
- the angle lever 64/65 is mounted on a pin 66 which is flanged to the housing 67 of the stepping gear 6 and the branching gear 7.
- the pin 66 and the bearing of the crankshaft 62 form the standing joints on the housing 67 serving here as a web frame for the four-link chain formed from the crank 62, the coupling rod 63 and the angle lever arm 64 as a steering rocker arm.
- the angle lever arm 65 which carries out an oscillating movement, is the drive rocker in a further four-link chain, which has the pin 66 and a second pin 69 carried by a bracket 68 on the housing 67 as standing joints, also a steering rocker 70 and a coupling 71, with a coupling extension 72 to the coupling 71, which carries a transfer tong 17 of the one transfer tong mechanism 2.
- the transfer pliers 17 of the second transfer pliers mechanics 2 are moved over the corresponding branch on the branching gear 9.
- the four-link chains of the transfer pliers mechanics 2 are designed such that the coupling curve 73 driven by the transfer pliers 17 on the coupling extensions 72 has a rectilinearly extending section in which the pliers 17 slowly move radially onto the tube resting on a storage table 74, the in the coupling curve 73 shown distances of the points (see Fig. 12) represent the distance covered in the same time units. This ensures that without special precautions. for example, safety times, a perfect takeover of the tubes 15 from the storage table 74 by the transfer pliers 17.
- the storage table 74 can be pivoted about an articulation 75 by means of a lifting device 76 into a high position, as shown in FIG.
- upsetting presses are usually designed with dies that are provided with two engravings one above the other and the exemplary embodiment of the invention is described in connection with such upsetting presses, the invention is not restricted to this, but also for dies with more than two equidistantly one above the other Engraving applicable.
- the transport tongs mechanics are 1 instead to be provided with a central transport tongs 16m with a correspondingly larger number (number n of the engravings one above the other minus one) of middle transport tongs 16m 'to 16m r- ' arranged vertically one above the other at the same vertical spacing of the engravings, and correspondingly more stationary holding tongs are to be arranged, with otherwise the same design of the charging device described.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19823240689 DE3240689A1 (de) | 1982-11-04 | 1982-11-04 | Chargiervorrichtung fuer das manipulieren von rohren von stauchpressen |
DE3240689 | 1983-11-04 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0140988A1 EP0140988A1 (de) | 1985-05-15 |
EP0140988B1 true EP0140988B1 (de) | 1986-12-30 |
Family
ID=6177258
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP83110730A Expired EP0140988B1 (de) | 1982-11-04 | 1983-10-27 | Chargiervorrichtung für das Manipulieren von Rohren für Stauchpressen |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4619574A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
EP (1) | EP0140988B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
JP (1) | JPS59104236A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
AT (1) | ATE24426T1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
DE (1) | DE3240689A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE8607727U1 (de) * | 1986-03-20 | 1986-05-22 | Hoesch Maschinenfabrik Deutschland Ag, 4600 Dortmund | Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von gepreßten Formteilen od. dgl. |
JPH03146213A (ja) * | 1989-10-31 | 1991-06-21 | Showa Alum Corp | 引抜き用パイプの自動口付け加工装置 |
DE102009006044B4 (de) * | 2009-01-24 | 2016-09-29 | Hans-Erich Maul | Handhabungsmodule |
CN102397979B (zh) * | 2011-12-08 | 2013-07-31 | 济南沃德汽车零部件有限公司 | 卧式电镦机的自动上料装置 |
DE102014016522A1 (de) | 2014-03-31 | 2015-10-15 | Sms Meer Gmbh | Stauchpresse und Verfahren zum Stauchpressen eines Endes sich längserstreckender Werkstücke |
CN110695284B (zh) * | 2019-09-18 | 2024-03-26 | 浙江展邦机械有限公司 | 冷镦机 |
CN112338116B (zh) * | 2020-11-29 | 2024-12-20 | 河南智圆轴承科技有限公司 | 轴承环胚自动成型装置 |
CN113580647B (zh) * | 2021-07-23 | 2023-12-22 | 宁波天相机械制造有限公司 | 分体式超精密满排列滚针结构 |
CN114406137B (zh) * | 2021-12-31 | 2023-04-18 | 江苏玖泰电力实业有限公司 | 一种水泥杆内部钢筋加工用液压墩头机 |
CN114669703B (zh) * | 2022-03-25 | 2022-11-29 | 北京航空航天大学 | 一种精锻机伸长量随动协作定量控制方法 |
CN116786752B (zh) * | 2023-08-29 | 2023-11-07 | 山西天宝集团有限公司 | 一种低温高强度风电法兰的锻造装置及其方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1075924B (de) * | 1958-07-31 | 1960-02-18 | Eumuco Ag Fuer Maschb | Werkstueckfoerdervorrichtung fuer horizontale Schmiedemaschinen |
DE1096167B (de) * | 1958-09-02 | 1960-12-29 | Eumuco Ag Fuer Maschb | Einrichtung zum induktiven Erwaermen und zum Transport von Stangen an Schmiedemaschinen |
US3834213A (en) * | 1973-02-12 | 1974-09-10 | Hanzler Mfg Corp | Workpiece translation mechanism for transfer die press |
DE2715966C3 (de) * | 1977-04-09 | 1980-03-27 | Hatebur Umformmaschinen Ag, Basel (Schweiz) | Einrichtung zum automatischen Transport von Werkstücken an mehrstufigen Quertransportpressen |
US4255075A (en) * | 1978-11-01 | 1981-03-10 | Premier Forging Press Automation, Inc. | Loader |
DE2943769A1 (de) * | 1979-10-30 | 1981-05-14 | Rigobert Dipl.-Ing. 5000 Köln Schwarze | Vorrichtung und steuerung zur entnahme einzelner rohre aus einem vorratsbehaelter |
-
1982
- 1982-11-04 DE DE19823240689 patent/DE3240689A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1983
- 1983-10-27 AT AT83110730T patent/ATE24426T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1983-10-27 EP EP83110730A patent/EP0140988B1/de not_active Expired
- 1983-10-31 US US06/546,910 patent/US4619574A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1983-11-04 JP JP58206041A patent/JPS59104236A/ja active Granted
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0140988A1 (de) | 1985-05-15 |
US4619574A (en) | 1986-10-28 |
ATE24426T1 (de) | 1987-01-15 |
DE3240689A1 (de) | 1984-05-24 |
JPS59104236A (ja) | 1984-06-16 |
JPH0237811B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1990-08-27 |
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