EA037269B1 - Способ получения листа нержавеющей стали с модифицированными визуальными характеристиками - Google Patents
Способ получения листа нержавеющей стали с модифицированными визуальными характеристиками Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EA037269B1 EA037269B1 EA201792426A EA201792426A EA037269B1 EA 037269 B1 EA037269 B1 EA 037269B1 EA 201792426 A EA201792426 A EA 201792426A EA 201792426 A EA201792426 A EA 201792426A EA 037269 B1 EA037269 B1 EA 037269B1
- Authority
- EA
- Eurasian Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- stainless steel
- steel sheet
- carried out
- patterned
- heat treatment
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007261 regionalization Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004313 glare Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003667 anti-reflective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005549 size reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0205—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips of ferrous alloys
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/22—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling plates, strips, bands or sheets of indefinite length
- B21B1/227—Surface roughening or texturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B3/00—Rolling materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special rolling methods or sequences ; Rolling of aluminium, copper, zinc or other non-ferrous metals
- B21B3/02—Rolling special iron alloys, e.g. stainless steel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
- C21D8/0236—Cold rolling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
- C21D8/0278—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips involving a particular surface treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/001—Austenite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/005—Ferrite
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP15167926.3A EP3095882B1 (en) | 2015-05-18 | 2015-05-18 | Method for producing a stainless steel sheet with modified visual characteristics |
| PCT/EP2016/061100 WO2016184891A1 (en) | 2015-05-18 | 2016-05-18 | Method for producing a stainless steel sheet with modified visual characteristics |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EA201792426A1 EA201792426A1 (ru) | 2018-06-29 |
| EA037269B1 true EA037269B1 (ru) | 2021-03-02 |
Family
ID=53180584
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EA201792426A EA037269B1 (ru) | 2015-05-18 | 2016-05-18 | Способ получения листа нержавеющей стали с модифицированными визуальными характеристиками |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US11155892B2 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP3095882B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP6807871B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR102575587B1 (zh) |
| CN (2) | CN107636176A (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2016263448B2 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR112017024675B1 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2984419C (zh) |
| EA (1) | EA037269B1 (zh) |
| MX (1) | MX2017014359A (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2016184891A1 (zh) |
| ZA (1) | ZA201707396B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109277427B (zh) * | 2018-09-25 | 2020-11-24 | 宁波宝新不锈钢有限公司 | 一种冷轧不锈钢压花板的生产方法 |
| JP7433111B2 (ja) * | 2020-03-30 | 2024-02-19 | 日鉄ステンレス株式会社 | 二相系ステンレス鋼板 |
| KR20220105663A (ko) * | 2020-05-28 | 2022-07-27 | 닛테츠 스테인레스 가부시키가이샤 | 오스테나이트계 스테인리스 강재 및 내식성 부재 |
| CN114540605B (zh) * | 2022-02-23 | 2023-01-06 | 东莞市灿煜金属制品有限公司 | 高反射率301不锈钢材料的制造方法 |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3556874A (en) * | 1967-08-01 | 1971-01-19 | Republic Steel Corp | Metal articles with controlled finish |
| JPH06182401A (ja) * | 1992-12-17 | 1994-07-05 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 防眩性、色調均一性及び耐食性に優れたダル仕上ステンレス鋼板の製造方法 |
| JP2974597B2 (ja) * | 1995-09-28 | 1999-11-10 | 川崎製鉄株式会社 | ダル仕上ステンレス鋼板の製造方法 |
| KR20010065235A (ko) * | 1999-12-29 | 2001-07-11 | 이구택 | 무광택 엠보싱 스테인레스 강판의 제조 방법 |
| EP2692452A1 (en) * | 2011-03-31 | 2014-02-05 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Stainless steel sheet and method for manufacturing same |
| WO2014096180A1 (en) * | 2012-12-19 | 2014-06-26 | Outokumpu Nirosta Gmbh | Method and device for manufacturing profiled metal strips |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6182401A (ja) * | 1984-09-29 | 1986-04-26 | 株式会社東芝 | 電圧非直線抵抗体及びその製造方法 |
| JP2634991B2 (ja) * | 1992-12-10 | 1997-07-30 | 川崎製鉄株式会社 | 表面処理ステンレス鋼板の製造方法 |
| CN1087846A (zh) * | 1993-08-12 | 1994-06-15 | 中国科学院力学研究所 | 表面带有特殊形貌与图案的冷轧薄钢板及其生产方法 |
| JPH07256303A (ja) * | 1994-03-22 | 1995-10-09 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 色調均一性に優れたダル仕上ステンレス鋼板の製造方法 |
| SE504295C2 (sv) * | 1995-04-21 | 1996-12-23 | Avesta Sheffield Ab | Förfarande för kallvalsning-glödgning-kallsträckning av ett varmvalsat rostfritt stålband |
| JP3626241B2 (ja) * | 1995-05-22 | 2005-03-02 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 鏡面研磨性に優れたオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼帯の製造方法 |
| EP0793277B1 (en) * | 1996-02-27 | 2001-08-22 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Photovoltaic device provided with an opaque substrate having a specific irregular surface structure |
| US5830291C1 (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 2001-05-22 | J & L Specialty Steel Inc | Method for producing bright stainless steel |
| JP3421838B2 (ja) | 1998-11-13 | 2003-06-30 | シゲル工業株式会社 | 流し台用ステンレス成形品及びその製造方法 |
| JP4226131B2 (ja) * | 1999-02-16 | 2009-02-18 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | 耐汚染性、洗浄性、防眩性に優れたステンレス鋼帯の製造方法 |
| JP3587180B2 (ja) * | 2001-06-07 | 2004-11-10 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | 耐汚れ性と耐食性に優れたステンレス鋼板とその製造方法。 |
| EP2163659B1 (de) * | 2008-09-11 | 2016-06-08 | Outokumpu Nirosta GmbH | Nichtrostender Stahl, aus diesem Stahl hergestelltes Kaltband und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Stahlflachprodukts aus diesem Stahl |
| JP2011110594A (ja) | 2009-11-30 | 2011-06-09 | Jfe Steel Corp | 表面光沢に優れたフェライト系ステンレス冷延鋼帯の製造方法 |
| KR101230184B1 (ko) | 2010-12-01 | 2013-02-06 | 주식회사 포스코 | 페라이트계 스테인리스강의 제조방법 |
| US20140060428A1 (en) * | 2011-03-01 | 2014-03-06 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Metal plate for laser processing and method for producing stainless steel plate for laser processing |
| JP5709594B2 (ja) * | 2011-03-14 | 2015-04-30 | 新日鐵住金ステンレス株式会社 | 耐銹性と防眩性に優れた高純度フェライト系ステンレス鋼板 |
| CN102925649B (zh) | 2012-11-30 | 2013-12-04 | 张家港浦项不锈钢有限公司 | 一种抛光性能优异的奥氏体不锈钢的制造方法 |
-
2015
- 2015-05-18 EP EP15167926.3A patent/EP3095882B1/en active Active
-
2016
- 2016-05-18 WO PCT/EP2016/061100 patent/WO2016184891A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-05-18 KR KR1020177036285A patent/KR102575587B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2016-05-18 JP JP2017560321A patent/JP6807871B2/ja active Active
- 2016-05-18 CN CN201680028385.XA patent/CN107636176A/zh active Pending
- 2016-05-18 AU AU2016263448A patent/AU2016263448B2/en active Active
- 2016-05-18 US US15/575,102 patent/US11155892B2/en active Active
- 2016-05-18 CN CN202210997807.1A patent/CN115369224A/zh active Pending
- 2016-05-18 CA CA2984419A patent/CA2984419C/en active Active
- 2016-05-18 BR BR112017024675-9A patent/BR112017024675B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2016-05-18 EA EA201792426A patent/EA037269B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2016-05-18 MX MX2017014359A patent/MX2017014359A/es unknown
-
2017
- 2017-10-31 ZA ZA2017/07396A patent/ZA201707396B/en unknown
-
2021
- 2021-08-27 US US17/459,176 patent/US11834726B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3556874A (en) * | 1967-08-01 | 1971-01-19 | Republic Steel Corp | Metal articles with controlled finish |
| JPH06182401A (ja) * | 1992-12-17 | 1994-07-05 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 防眩性、色調均一性及び耐食性に優れたダル仕上ステンレス鋼板の製造方法 |
| JP2974597B2 (ja) * | 1995-09-28 | 1999-11-10 | 川崎製鉄株式会社 | ダル仕上ステンレス鋼板の製造方法 |
| KR20010065235A (ko) * | 1999-12-29 | 2001-07-11 | 이구택 | 무광택 엠보싱 스테인레스 강판의 제조 방법 |
| EP2692452A1 (en) * | 2011-03-31 | 2014-02-05 | Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. | Stainless steel sheet and method for manufacturing same |
| WO2014096180A1 (en) * | 2012-12-19 | 2014-06-26 | Outokumpu Nirosta Gmbh | Method and device for manufacturing profiled metal strips |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN115369224A (zh) | 2022-11-22 |
| EA201792426A1 (ru) | 2018-06-29 |
| BR112017024675B1 (pt) | 2022-02-22 |
| US11834726B2 (en) | 2023-12-05 |
| US20210388460A1 (en) | 2021-12-16 |
| KR20180008715A (ko) | 2018-01-24 |
| ZA201707396B (en) | 2019-07-31 |
| AU2016263448B2 (en) | 2021-07-15 |
| WO2016184891A1 (en) | 2016-11-24 |
| JP6807871B2 (ja) | 2021-01-06 |
| KR102575587B1 (ko) | 2023-09-06 |
| BR112017024675A2 (zh) | 2018-08-21 |
| CA2984419A1 (en) | 2016-11-24 |
| CA2984419C (en) | 2023-06-27 |
| MX2017014359A (es) | 2018-03-01 |
| CN107636176A (zh) | 2018-01-26 |
| US11155892B2 (en) | 2021-10-26 |
| AU2016263448A1 (en) | 2017-11-16 |
| JP2018524175A (ja) | 2018-08-30 |
| EP3095882A1 (en) | 2016-11-23 |
| EP3095882B1 (en) | 2021-09-22 |
| US20180148810A1 (en) | 2018-05-31 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US11834726B2 (en) | Method for producing a stainless steel sheet with modified visual characteristics | |
| RU2693246C2 (ru) | Устройство и способ для прокатки металла | |
| CN104138901B (zh) | 一种厚度≤1.6mm的热轧酸洗带钢的生产方法 | |
| CN104368660B (zh) | 一种连续镀锌平整压花工艺 | |
| EP2831295B1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung eines bauteils aus stahl durch warmumformen | |
| KR20190008634A (ko) | 금속판 표면 패턴 가공방법 및 이에 의해 제조된 금속판 | |
| JP2002361303A (ja) | 耐汚れ性と耐食性に優れたステンレス鋼板とその製造方法。 | |
| CN112658041B (zh) | 不锈钢板材及其生产方法 | |
| CN111266414B (zh) | 不锈钢表面花纹深度控制方法 | |
| JP6540757B2 (ja) | 表面処理鋼板の製造方法及び調質圧延装置 | |
| JPH06179002A (ja) | 表面処理ステンレス鋼板の製造方法 | |
| JP2004154814A (ja) | 加工金属板材料 | |
| KR20140001512A (ko) | 스테인리스강 소재의 압연방법 | |
| US20230332294A1 (en) | Process for improving characteristics of galvanized surfaces | |
| JP3688762B2 (ja) | 鏡面反射性に優れたチタンあるいはステンレス鋼からなる建築用薄板製造用冷間圧延ロールの鏡面反射性管理方法およびその建築用薄板の製造方法 | |
| KR100213329B1 (ko) | 광택성 및 도장후 선영성이 우수한 냉간압연강판의 제조방법 | |
| JPH07265905A (ja) | 色調の均一性に優れた表面加工ステンレス鋼板の製造方法 | |
| WO2005071125A1 (ja) | 表面色調に優れたオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼板およびその製造方法 | |
| CN112122383A (zh) | 一种毛化表面的阳极氧化用铝合金板带材的制备方法 | |
| SU1761315A1 (ru) | Способ получени оцинкованной стальной полосы | |
| CN110396573A (zh) | 一种提高板材强度和延伸性的工艺方法 | |
| DE602004005875D1 (de) | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Metallband geeignet zur oxydationsbeständigen Oberflächenbeschichtung | |
| JPH05337511A (ja) | 塗装鮮映性に優れた加工用アルミニウム合金圧延板の製造方法 | |
| KR20030028175A (ko) | 브라이트 냉연강판 제조방법 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MM4A | Lapse of a eurasian patent due to non-payment of renewal fees within the time limit in the following designated state(s) |
Designated state(s): AM AZ BY KZ KG TJ TM |