CN1870910B - 婴儿合生素组合物 - Google Patents
婴儿合生素组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1870910B CN1870910B CN2004800313852A CN200480031385A CN1870910B CN 1870910 B CN1870910 B CN 1870910B CN 2004800313852 A CN2004800313852 A CN 2004800313852A CN 200480031385 A CN200480031385 A CN 200480031385A CN 1870910 B CN1870910 B CN 1870910B
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Abstract
本发明提供了针对非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿的一种包含短双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium breve)及不可消化的碳水化合物的混合物的制品,以及其在非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿中治疗或预防免疫功能失调中的应用。本发明还提供了检测双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)菌种的序列引物和探针以及其诊断试剂盒。
Description
本发明的技术领域
本发明涉及针对婴儿、特别是非母乳喂养的婴儿的包含益生菌和益生素的制品。
发明背景
婴儿在出生时缺乏肠道菌群。作为在出生及随后的母乳喂养期间与母亲接触的结果,肠道菌群迅速产生并增加。在发育期间,肠道菌群仍是不成熟的,其平衡脆弱并很快倾向于改变并因此在存在病原体的情况下发生疾病和受到影响。已知母乳喂养的婴儿与非母乳喂养的婴儿相比较少地受到感染或疾病的折磨。因此,与非母乳喂养的婴儿相比,母乳喂养的婴儿的胃肠道感染在发生率和持续时间方面均较低,较少地患有特应性疾病如变态反应、湿疹、变态反应诱导的哮喘,及较少便秘。
通常地,母乳喂养的婴儿的肠道菌群主要由双歧杆菌和乳酸菌组成。母乳中含有人乳寡糖(HMO),其是婴儿肠道中双歧杆菌的生长因子。配方奶粉喂养(formula-fed)的婴儿的菌群更多样,一般含有更多的类菌体(Bacteroid)、梭菌(Clostridium)和肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)细菌菌种。配方奶粉喂养的婴儿具有母乳喂养的婴儿的双歧杆菌数的大约1/10-大约2/3。双歧杆菌被认为在保持肠道微生物良好平衡中是重要的,并且已经推测双歧杆菌具有一定的健康促进作用,包括预防和/或治疗腹泻和肠道感染。另外,已经示出双歧杆菌在宿主的免疫系统中起作用。
婴儿的肠道菌群可以通过饮食中的营养变化如益生菌和益生素的消耗而改变。作为益生菌(probiotics)方案的一个实例,EP-A-0,904,784描述了微生物菌株包括双歧杆菌菌株的混合物的给予方法。然而,与之相关的一个问题是微生物的混合物在提供一些健康益处的同时,也可由于其广谱作用而对仍未成熟的非母乳喂养的婴儿肠道菌群具有有害作用。另外,许多益生菌补剂的保存限期短,并且含有太少量的活的微生物,从而不能提供希望的益生作用。
益生素(prebiotics)是指不可消化的食物成分,其选择性刺激结肠中一或多种细菌的生长和/或活性,从而对宿主具有有益影响(Gibson and Roberfroid,J.Nutr.125:1401-1412 1995)。改良牛乳喂养的婴儿肠道菌群的一个优选方式是通过特异性不可消化的寡糖即益生素选择性刺激牛乳喂养的婴儿肠道中已经存在的双歧杆菌。同样,例如在WO 00/08948中已经提议寡糖和多糖的混合物作为益生素。一个实例是半乳寡糖与果多糖的组合。已经示出接受含有这些益生素的配方的婴儿中双歧杆菌水平与接受标准配方的婴儿相比双歧杆菌水平增加(见例如Moro et.al.J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr.34:291-295,2002)。
所述方案迄今为止只是一般性促进双歧杆菌,即在属的水平。双歧杆菌属由许多不同菌种组成,它们在代谢、酶活性、寡糖和多糖利用、细胞壁组成及与宿主免疫系统的相互作用方面不同。因此可预期不是每一种双歧杆菌对婴儿均具有相同的功能作用。不同的双歧杆菌菌种的例子是长双歧杆菌(B.Longum)、短双歧杆菌(B.breve)、婴儿双歧杆菌(B.infantis)、青春双歧杆菌(B.adolescentis)、双歧双歧杆菌(B.bifidum)、动物双歧杆菌(B.animalis)和齿双歧杆菌(B.dentium)。青春双歧杆菌在成人的菌群中更普遍,在健康婴儿和儿童的粪便中不常见。动物双歧杆菌/乳酸双歧杆菌(B.lactis)在人体中不是天然存在的,齿双歧杆菌是致病性细菌。在健康婴儿中,双歧杆菌菌群主要由婴儿双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌和长双歧杆菌组成。Kalliomaki等(Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol.2003Feb;3(1):15-20,及其所引用的参考文献)报道了过敏症婴儿含有成人样双歧杆菌菌群,而在健康婴儿中示出典型的婴儿双歧杆菌菌群,表明某些双歧杆菌菌种的存在与发生过敏症的机会之间的关联。这些结果表明刺激婴儿结肠中的双歧杆菌属也许不是足够的。目标是实现牛乳喂养的婴儿中的菌群与母乳喂养的婴儿的菌群在菌种水平上是一致的(reminiscent)。
为本发明的目的,“母乳喂养的婴儿”是指只用人乳汁喂养的婴儿。“非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿”是指不接受或者不是只接受人乳汁喂养的婴儿。这个定义包括每天至少接受一瓶即至少80ml配方乳的那些婴儿,这些婴儿的其余营养素由固体或液体营养素如母乳提供,即部分母乳喂养的婴儿。
发明概述
已经发现使用不可消化的碳水化合物的混合物增加双歧杆菌的水平也将双歧杆菌菌群调节为更加如同婴儿样的菌群,即链状双歧杆菌(B.catenulatum)、假链状双歧杆菌(B.pseudocatenulatum)和青春双歧杆菌较少,而用标准配方喂养的婴儿表现为更加如同成人样的菌群,即链状双歧杆菌、假链状双歧杆菌和青春双歧杆菌更主要。还发现这种益生素喂养的婴儿中的双歧杆菌菌群中仍缺少一种特殊的微生物,即短双歧杆菌。
因此,本发明的一方面提供了包含短双歧杆菌和不可消化的碳水化合物益生素混合物的制品。发现这种制品是有益的并且非常适于在菌种水平调节婴儿胃肠道中的双歧杆菌菌群。另外,令人惊奇地发现加入除了短双歧杆菌之外的其它双歧杆菌菌种不是必需的,因为它们足以由这样的制品调节。
本发明另一方面提供了包含短双歧杆菌和不可消化的碳水化合物益生素混合物的制品,其中所述不可消化的碳水化合物混合物含有至少两种不同的、基本可溶的碳水化合物成分A和B。
本发明另一方面提供了所述制品在非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿中的应用。
本发明再一方面提供了所述制品在生产用于调节非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿胃肠道中双歧杆菌菌种菌群的组合物中的应用。
本发明另一方面提供了所述制品在生产用于预防或治疗免疫疾病的组合物中的应用。
本发明再一方面提供了碳水化合物混合物在调节非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿胃肠道中链状双歧杆菌、假链状双歧杆菌和/或青春双歧杆菌菌群中的应用。
本发明另一方面提供了一种菌种特异性检测并量化分析在人体特别是婴儿中发现的双歧杆菌属的菌种的方法,以及检测并量化双歧杆菌菌种的诊断试剂盒。
发明详述
制品
1)短双歧杆菌
短双歧杆菌是本发明的一种基本成分。通过申请人的检测方法已经发现这种细菌在非母乳喂养的婴儿中以有限的数量存在。因此,给予这种细菌与碳水化合物混合物可以使得双歧杆菌菌种菌群正常化为与母乳喂养的婴儿胃肠道中存在的菌群相同的水平。
优选的短双歧杆菌菌株是选自从健康的母乳喂养的婴儿的粪便中分离的那些菌株。典型地,这些可商购自乳酸菌的生产商,但是它们也可以直接从粪便中分离、鉴别、鉴定和生产。可商购的短双歧杆菌例如是购自Rhodia的短双歧杆菌Bb-03,购自Morinaga的短双歧杆菌MV-16及购自Institut Rosell,Lallemand的短双歧杆菌,但是短双歧杆菌也可以得自培养物中心,如DSM 20091和LMG 11613。
本发明的制品中短双歧杆菌的量可以基于可溶的不可消化碳水化合物的总量,优选为107-1011cfu、更优选108-1010cfu细菌/g全部碳水化合物。当所述制品用作补剂时,补剂中短双歧杆菌的存在量最优选为1×106-1.5×1011cfu/g、优选3×107-5×1010cfu/g、更优选5×108-1×1010cfu/g。当所述制品用作(完全)婴儿营养素时,营养素中短双歧杆菌的存在量最优选为1×104-1×1010cfu/g、优选5×106-3×109cfu/g、更优选1×107-5×108cfu/g婴儿营养素。以这样的方式选择这些浓度,即每日剂量为大约1×106-1.5×1011cfu/g、优选3×107-5×1010cfu/g、更优选5×108-1×1010cfu/g。
2)不可消化碳水化合物益生素混合物
不可消化碳水化合物益生素的混合物也是本发明的一种基本成分。“不可消化”是指所述碳水化合物在胃肠道中保持不被消化并且在达到大肠时不被吸收。
对于本发明的目的,不可消化碳水化合物混合物含有至少两种不同的、基本可溶的碳水化合物成分A和B,其在胃肠道中保持不被消化并且在达到大肠时不被吸收。本发明的碳水化合物混合物也可以只是由这两种碳水化合物成分A和B组成。
在至少两种不可消化的可溶碳水化合物成分A和B的混合物中,碳水化合物成分A的存在量占碳水化合物A和B总重量的5-95%。另外,成分A和B的全部不可消化的可溶碳水化合物的至少50%、优选至少75%选自二糖至二十糖(eicosasaccharide,具有20个单糖单位的多糖);其余的可以是不可消化的单糖和不可消化的20个单位以上的多糖。也优选95%以上、优选98%以上的全部可溶的不可消化碳水化合物的链长度不超过100个单位。除非特别说明,本说明书中所述的百分比和平均值是重量百分比和平均值。
碳水化合物成分可以有如下三方面的不同:
(i)碳水化合物的单糖单位的(平均)数不同,成分A的平均链长度比成分B的平均链长度少至少5个单糖单位,这意味着如果A和B的碳水化合物具有相同的结构单位,即它们形成仅是链长度不同的同源混合物,则该同源物的分布必须具有两个最大值,一个最大值低于7,一个高于7,这两个最大值间隔至少5个单位;然后至多6个单位的碳水化合物(六糖)是成分A的一部分,7个单位的碳水化合物(七糖)是成分B的一部分;
(ii)碳水化合物的单糖结构不同,组成成分A与成分B的结构单位不同,其中A和/或B是由不同的单糖单位重复组合组成的,例如在半乳甘露聚糖和阿拉伯半乳聚糖的情况中,这两种成分的至少50%的单糖单位应该是不同的(在上述实施例中,任一种或这两种成分均应具有少于50%的脱水半乳糖单位);
(iii)这两项均不同,即成分A和B的(平均)链长度和结构均不同,优选这个实施方案。
优选地,成分A选自难以消化的单糖直至相同碳水化合物结构的六糖,成分B选自相同碳水化合物结构的七糖和更高的多糖。碳水化合物成分A因此由至少一种不可消化的单糖或至少一种不可消化的寡糖组成。寡糖是指包含2直至包括6个单糖单位的那些糖。碳水化合物成分A也可以并优选是由两或多种所述糖的混合物形成的。因此其可以包含任何数目的多种单糖和/或这样的,即相同结构的寡糖。
根据这个优选的实施方案,碳水化合物成分B由包含7或多个单糖单位的至少一种多糖组成。对于多糖应知道是从七糖开始(例如七糖、八糖、九糖、十糖等等)。对于多糖链长度没有特定上限,可以是几百个甚至成千上万个单糖单位。然而,本发明不优选100个以上(大约16kD)的链长度,特别是700个以上(大约100kD)的那些链长度。优选地,成分B不含有5%以上或者甚至2%以上的具有100个以上单糖单位的同源物。碳水化合物成分B也可以只由一种这样的多糖组成,或者优选由这样的,即相同结构的不同长度的两或多种多糖组成。
碳水化合物成分A至多占碳水化合物成分A和碳水化合物成分B总重量的95wt%(A+B=100wt%)。碳水化合物成分B占碳水化合物成分A和碳水化合物成分B总量的5-95wt%。根据优选的实施方案,成分A组成所述全部碳水化合物的95-60wt%,更优选95-80wt.%,特别是95-90wt%,成分B组成所述全部碳水化合物的5-40wt%,更优选5-20wt.%,特别是5-10wt%,A+B=100wt%。
本发明中可溶碳水化合物是指根据L.Prosky et al,J.Assoc.Anal.Chem 71:1017-1023,1988所述方法,至少50%可溶的那些碳水化合物。
碳水化合物成分A和B总和中至少80wt%的碳水化合物或糖因此具有益生素作用。优选地,属于碳水化合物成分A的至少80wt%的碳水化合物及属于碳水化合物成分B的至少80wt%的那些碳水化合物具有益生素作用。换句话说,优选碳水化合物成分A和B中至少80wt%的每种碳水化合物或糖以未消化的方式到达大肠中(因此在小肠中不可吸收)。换句话说,在胃肠道中的碳水化合物成分A和B的这些碳水化合物或糖在胃或在小肠中既不被吸收也不被消化,达到大肠时也是如此。
根据本发明,具有益生素活性的碳水化合物是指这样的碳水化合物,其到达大肠时未被消化(因此在小肠中不能被吸收),在大肠其选择性促进肠道中一或有限数目的菌种的生长和/或活性,并因此促进健康。这种碳水化合物的益生素作用及其特异性机制详见于G.F.Gibson&M.B.Roberfroid,J.Nutr.1995;125:1401-1412及引用的参考文献所述,所揭示的内容包括在本发明中。
碳水化合物成分A和B中非益生素活性的碳水化合物或糖的比例最大为20wt%。这些碳水化合物或糖是指实际上是可溶的、但可以未消化形式排泄的那些。这些碳水化合物可以起到例如增加粪便体积或促进水吸附的物理作用。
为了确定饮食或药物产品中碳水化合物成分A和B的比例,进行如下步骤。第一步,利用水从该产品中提取所有可溶的碳水化合物。从提取物中除去脂肪和蛋白质。第二步,分别将可溶的碳水化合物或提取物用人体的酶消化,例如人淀粉酶、人胰液或小肠绒毛边缘制剂。产生的未消化的碳水化合物(除了在这个体外实验中获得的在体内可吸收的单糖之外)由碳水化合物成分A和B组成。推测其80%具有益生素活性。
因此,本发明的制品中使用的碳水化合物混合物是其中如上述可溶和未消化的碳水化合物,符合指定标准并组成碳水化合物成分A和B。
碳水化合物成分A可例如由一或多种如下碳水化合物组成:β-半乳寡糖,α-半乳寡糖,果寡糖,inulo-寡糖,岩藻寡糖,甘露寡糖,木寡糖,唾液酸寡糖,N-糖蛋白寡糖,O-糖蛋白寡糖,糖脂寡糖,纤维素寡糖,脱乙酰壳多糖寡糖,壳多糖寡糖,半乳糖醛酸寡糖,葡糖醛酸寡糖,β-葡聚糖(例如1,3-)寡糖,阿拉伯木寡糖,阿拉伯半乳寡糖,木葡寡糖,半乳糖甘露寡糖,鼠李寡糖,大豆寡糖(水苏糖,棉子糖,毛蕊糖),和lacto-N-neotetraose,或者碳水化合物成分B可例如由一或多种如下碳水化合物或糖形成:果聚糖,包括菊糖,半乳聚糖,岩藻多糖,阿拉伯聚糖,木聚糖,黄原胶,β-葡聚糖,难以消化的聚葡萄糖,难以消化的麦芽糖糊精,聚半乳糖醛酸,N-聚糖,O-聚糖,透明质酸,软骨素,木葡聚糖,阿拉伯半乳聚糖,阿拉伯树胶,藻酸盐,角叉菜聚糖,半乳甘露聚糖,葡甘露聚糖,阿拉伯糖基木聚糖,糖脂聚糖,糖蛋白聚糖,蛋白聚糖,大豆多糖。应注意可消化的碳水化合物不是成分A和B的一部分。因此,在这些成分中不计算葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、蔗糖、乳糖、麦芽糖和麦芽糖糊精,即使它们与例如半乳寡糖、果寡糖(菊糖)等具有较低的同源也不计算在内。本发明的不可消化的碳水化合物通常不具有如在淀粉衍生物中大比例的、在α1,4和/或α1,6位置连接的葡萄糖单位,因为这种碳水化合物是可消化的。然而,某些淀粉类型的多糖和麦芽糖糊精已经制成难以消化的或者对物理或酶方式是“抗性的”;这种寡糖和多糖只要是充分可溶的,就包括在本发明范围内。
通过选择性组合寡糖与多糖,及因此的碳水化合物成分A和B的同时存在,则与仅有一种所述碳水化合物成分的情况相比较,大肠中促进健康的微生物可以被高效促进,和/或致病性微生物可以被高效抑制。因此,给予所述碳水化合物组合可以达到非常快速地重建正常的大肠菌群,保持同样或者预防性防止应激期间肠道菌群的变化,并因此以比前述使用一种碳水化合物的方案更有效地影响大肠的细菌建群。
根据优选的实施方案,至少80wt%的碳水化合物成分A以及碳水化合物成分B由碳水化合物组成,其是双生的(bifidogenic)和/或促进乳酸菌的。由于具有所述性质的寡糖与多糖的这种组合,因此乳酸菌的生长与只用寡糖或多糖的情况相比令人惊奇地被促进。不仅在肠道中天然存在的乳酸菌被促进,而且外源导入的乳酸菌的生长甚至以选择性方式被促进。
除了通过细菌自身及其代谢物如有机酸(乙酸盐、乳酸盐,等等)、pH作用和colonozytes的刺激的这种间接作用之外,直接物理作用如蠕动、水含量、粪便量、肠粘膜的机械作用也受到正面影响。
因此,碳水化合物混合物不仅具有营养作用,还具有广谱活性。除了上述生物学作用之外,通过本发明混合物也可以实现如下作用:稳定天然微生物群,预防致病性物质/生物体如毒素、病毒、细菌、真菌、转化的细胞和寄生虫粘附,分解具有内源细胞的毒素、病毒、细菌、真菌及其它病原体的复合物,以及将其从机体消除,及加速伤口愈合。
因此,所述混合物适于预防和/或治疗与肠道菌群失调相关发生的症状和疾病,例如所述物质或生物体结合或粘附在上皮细胞或其它内源细胞上所致的症状或疾病。
已经发现当碳水化合物成分A具有与碳水化合物成分B不同的结构时,碳水化合物混合物是特别有效的。这种不同结构例如是关于单糖组成,例如一方面使用果聚糖,另一方面使用半乳聚糖。这种不同结构也可以是关于糖苷键(例如α-半乳寡糖和β-半乳寡糖或者α葡聚糖(淀粉)和β-葡聚糖(纤维素))。单体组成以及糖苷键可以对化学性质(例如溶解性)或者对生理性质(例如消化性)有影响。
相同结构的碳水化合物被认为是同源物,它们可以是链长度不同,但由相同单糖单位或者单糖单位组合而组成。一般地,通过加入在先前的碳水化合物中存在的一个单糖单位形成的下一个碳水化合物而与前一个有所不同。然而,一个单位、通常是末端的一个单位,可以是不同的,例如在某些果聚糖中,其含有一连串的(脱水)果糖单位,而以一个葡萄糖单位结束。
优选成分B的多糖链长度,或者在多糖混合物的情况中重量平均链长度,比成分A的寡糖链长度或者寡糖混合物的重量平均链长度或者寡糖混合物的重量平均链长度长至少3个单位,优选至少5个单位。优选地,寡糖A的平均链长度是2-6个单位,多糖B的平均链长度是7-30个单位,更优选8-20个单位。在存在相同结构的寡糖与多糖的情况中,当重量平均链长度低于6.5时,认为这个结构的碳水化合物是成分A,链长度为7或更高的各个成员不认为是成分A;另一方面,当重量平均链长度高于6.5时,则认为其是成分B,然后链长度为6或更低的各个成员不认为是成分B。在相同结构的寡糖和多糖在没有另一种结构的糖存在的情况下存在时,如上文所解释,在7个单位的两侧应存在两个最大值,否则不满足两种不同的碳水化合物成分的要求。
混合物的核心例如见于那些碳水化合物。给予不同大小和/或不同“类别”或“结构”的碳水化合物混合物,相对于单独的物质A和B的益生素作用,可发生协同作用。
成分A的碳水化合物可以仅属于一种物质类别,但也可以由几个类别形成(例如A:半乳寡糖加上岩藻寡糖),而成分B的碳水化合物可以相同地源自一种物质类别,也可以源自几个物质类别(例如B:菊糖加上木聚糖)。
优选的碳水化合物混合物是由半乳寡糖和菊糖组成的。
特别有效的混合物是其中至少60wt%,优选80-100wt%的碳水化合物成分A属于半乳寡糖的那些混合物。也优选的是其中至少60wt%,优选80-100wt%的碳水化合物成分B属于果多糖的混合物。为了生产所述碳水化合物混合物,可以使用目前已知并使用的特别用于生产食物或食品的碳水化合物和碳水化合物混合物。也可以使用根据一定的技术方式预先改良的原材料。所述混合物的制备因此可通过将相应选择的碳水化合物或寡糖与多糖或碳水化合物混合物简便混合而产生。最初的成分必须如此相互混合,以便产生关于最终混合物的所述参数。
可以使用的原材料是保存的碳水化合物(果聚糖,来自豆类的半乳寡糖,岩藻多糖,α-葡聚糖,昆布多糖,角叉菜聚糖,甘露聚糖,半乳甘露聚糖,琼脂),天然树胶,N-糖苷键合的糖蛋白碳水化合物,O-糖苷键合的糖蛋白碳水化合物,糖脂聚糖,经酶促制备的碳水化合物(半乳寡糖,葡寡糖,果寡糖,木寡糖),细菌碳水化合物(如黄原胶),以及寡糖(半乳寡糖,葡寡糖(α1-2和α1-3葡萄糖残基),木寡糖),以及骨骼碳水化合物如纤维素,半纤维素(阿拉伯多糖,半乳聚糖),果胶和壳多糖。所述物质优选是食物等级的(cf.ComplexCarbohydrates in Foods,British Nutrition Foundation;Chapman&Hall,London 1990)。
也可以对原材料进行酶促修饰,利用原材料和产物的水解酶(例如糖苷酶,转糖苷酶和脂肪酶),转移酶,异构酶(例如醛缩酶和酮酶),氧化还原酶(例如氧化酶)和还原酶(例如葡萄糖脱氢酶),裂合酶(例如多糖裂合酶)和连接酶进行。另外,可以对原材料和产品进行技术改良,即通过压力(例如挤压),温度(例如焦糖化),有机合成,有机修饰(例如羧甲基化和过乙酰化),酸或碱性水解和分级分离(例如根据大小和/或物理化学参数如电荷和疏水性)或者这些修饰的组合进行。
所述碳水化合物混合物因此基本上由下文列出的单糖组成即由寡糖和多糖组成:D-葡萄糖,D-果糖,D-半乳糖,D-甘露糖,L-岩藻糖,D-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖,D-N-乙酰半乳糖胺,D-木糖,L-鼠李糖,D-阿拉伯糖,D-阿洛糖,D-塔罗糖,L-艾杜糖,D-核糖,以及包含羧基基团的单糖如D-半乳糖醛酸,D-葡糖醛酸,D-甘露糖醛酸和/或其甲基化形式如N-乙酰神经氨酸,N-羟乙酰神经氨酸和/或其O-乙酰化形式。另外,这些单体及基于其的更高单位可以利用-OSO3H基团和/或-OPO3H基团修饰。
本发明的不可消化的碳水化合物典型地以0.5-30g、优选2-15g、更优选3-9g的每日剂量给予。一种优选的给予所述制品的模式是作为补剂。所述补剂适于非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿,包括非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的早产儿及非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的正常儿。
所述制品也可以用作婴儿营养素。在这种情况中,本发明的婴儿营养素进一步包含选自可消化的碳水化合物、脂质来源、蛋白质来源及其混合物的一或多种成分。
3)其它组分
除了碳水化合物成分A和B之外,也可以存在其它碳水化合物。这些碳水化合物是:1)可消化的碳水化合物,其如上述可以消化,2)不溶的碳水化合物,其可以被再吸收/消化或者甚至不可被再吸收/消化。用于婴儿营养补剂中的典型的不溶的、不可消化的碳水化合物是大豆多糖,及抗性淀粉,纤维素和半纤维素;更优选它们选自大豆多糖和抗性淀粉。
用于婴儿营养补剂中的典型的可溶的及可消化的碳水化合物选自麦芽糖糊精,淀粉,乳糖,麦芽糖,葡萄糖,果糖,蔗糖及其它单糖和二糖,更优选选自麦芽糖糊精,乳糖,麦芽糖,葡萄糖,果糖,蔗糖及其混合物。
列举的这些碳水化合物1)和2),在每种情况中根据希望的终产物,除了碳水化合物成分A和B之外而可以任意量存在。优选地,所述不可溶解的碳水化合物组成了所述碳水化合物混合物的0-10wt%。
在婴儿营养补剂中用作脂质来源的典型成分可以是适用于婴儿配方中的任何脂质或脂肪。优选的脂质来源包括乳脂,红花油,蛋黄脂质,菜籽油(canola oil),橄榄油,椰子油,棕榈油(palm oil),棕榈仁油,棕榈油(palm olein),大豆油,葵花油,鱼油,及含有长链多不饱和脂肪酸的微生物发酵油。这些油可以是高油形式如高油葵花油和高油红花油的形式。脂质来源也可以是衍生自这些油的级分形式,如棕榈油,中链甘油三酯(MCT),及脂肪酸酯如花生四烯酸,亚油酸,棕榈酸,硬脂酸,二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaeonic acid),亚油酸,油酸,月桂酸,癸酸,辛酸,己酸,等等。
对于早产儿配方,脂质来源优选含有中链甘油三酯,优选占脂质来源重量的15%-35%。
所述脂质来源优选具有n-6对n-3脂肪酸的摩尔比率为5∶1-15∶1,优选8∶1-10∶1。
当存在脂质时,优选脂质占所述组合物重量的20%-40%,或者在婴儿配方中为0.8-1.5g/100kJ。
可以用于本发明的营养品中的蛋白质包括适于人体消耗的任何蛋白质或氮源。用于婴儿配方中的合适的蛋白质来源的例子典型地包括酪蛋白,乳清,浓缩的脱脂乳,无脂乳,大豆,豌豆,水稻,玉米,水解的蛋白质,游离氨基酸,在具有蛋白质的胶状悬浮液中含有钙的蛋白质来源,及其混合物。优选本发明使用的蛋白质是水解产物形式,从而在这种婴儿体内减少变态反应的危险性。本领域技术人员易于获得并已知可商购的蛋白质来源。
典型地,在基于乳的婴儿配方水解产物中,存在来自牛奶的100%水解的乳清蛋白。在其它基于乳的婴儿配方中,酪蛋白/乳清的比率典型为1.8∶0.3-3-0。
当存在时,优选蛋白质来源占组合物重量的9%-19%。当用作婴儿配方时,所述蛋白质来源优选存在量为0.45-1.0g/100kJ。
营养完全配方优选含有每日饮食需要的所有维生素和矿物质,并且是营养足够量的。已经确定了对于某些维生素和矿物质的最小需求量。婴儿配方中任选存在的矿物质、维生素及其它营养素的例子包括维生素A,维生素B,维生素B2,维生素B6,维生素B12,维生素E,维生素K,维生素C,维生素D,叶酸,肌醇,烟酸,生物素,泛酸,胆碱,钙,磷,碘,铁,镁,铜,锌,锰,氯,钾,钠,硒,铬,钼,牛磺酸和L-肉碱。矿物质通常以盐形式加入。特异的矿物质及其它维生素的存在和量根据指定的婴儿群而变化。
如果必需,婴儿配方可以含有乳化剂和稳定剂如大豆卵磷脂,柠檬酸,甘油一酯和甘油二酯,等等。如果所述配方是以液体形式提供则特别提供这些制剂。
所述婴儿配方可任选含有具有有益作用的其它物质如(非碳水化合物)纤维,乳铁蛋白,免疫球蛋白,核苷酸,核苷,等等。
应用
已经发现根据被认为是“标准”的母乳喂养的婴儿中菌种的分布,本发明的制品在非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的特别是早产儿,正常产儿以及适应固体食物时期的婴儿的胃肠道中标准化双歧杆菌菌群中特别有用。本发明的制品也适于从母乳喂养转变至牛乳喂养的婴儿。
因此,本发明提供了本发明的制品或组合物在生产标准化非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿胃肠道中双歧杆菌菌群的组合物中的应用。也已经发现本发明的制品特别用于预防或治疗免疫疾病。确信这种免疫疾病是这些非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿与母乳喂养的婴儿相比胃肠道中双歧杆菌菌种的组成不同所致。典型地,这种免疫疾病包括选自变态反应,特应性皮炎,湿疹,哮喘,特应性,过敏性鼻炎,食物超敏反应,尿疹(diapers rashes),腹泻,及这些疾病的混合。
因此,本发明提供了本发明的制品在预防或治疗一或多种免疫疾病中的应用,所述疾病优选选自变态反应,特应性皮炎,湿疹,哮喘,和尿疹。(细菌性)腹泻尤其是病毒性腹泻也可以用本发明的制品治疗。本发明还提供了本发明的制品在预防和/或治疗能量吸收障碍中的应用。有利地,已经发现本发明的制品在过敏损伤中抑制嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞和单核的细胞的侵润和/或抑制Th2型免疫应答和/或刺激Th1介导的免疫应答中是有益的。因此,本发明提供了本发明的制品或组合物在生产在过敏损伤中抑制嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞和单核的细胞的侵润、抑制Th2型免疫应答和/或刺激Th1介导的免疫应答的组合物中的应用。
本发明还提供了上述碳水化合物混合物在调节除了短双歧杆菌之外的某些双歧杆菌菌种的菌群,特别是在降低链状双歧杆菌、假链状双歧杆菌和/或青春双歧杆菌的相对数量中的应用。
探针开发和诊断试剂盒
本发明还提供了一种使用菌种特异性寡核苷酸引物和探针量化双歧杆菌菌种、特别是在人体中发现的那些菌种即链状双歧杆菌和假链状双歧杆菌、青春双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌、双歧双歧杆菌、角双歧杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌及齿双歧杆菌的方法。
这些引物和探针可用于通过FISH、PCR、DGGE、TGGE、斑点印迹杂交和实时PCR方法鉴别双歧杆菌和双歧杆菌菌种。所有这些技术通常均包括与核苷酸的杂交步骤。特别是通过实时PCR确定双歧杆菌菌种的数量的目的时。
下述的每个序列可能在其5’或3’末端键合额外的碱基,只要其发挥探针功能就可。
这些寡核苷酸可以通过化学合成的常规方式制备,例如通过自动DNA合成仪进行。含有上述序列的DNA片段可以通过从相应的双歧杆菌菌种中酶促切割基因而制备。
对于本发明的目的,用于5’核酸酶分析中的特异于双歧杆菌菌种所揭示的引物和探针如下:与所有双歧杆菌相比,针对青春双歧杆菌、角双歧杆菌、双歧双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌、链状双歧杆菌、齿双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌和婴儿双歧杆菌揭示了双链5’核酸酶分析。我们开发了对16S-23S rDNA而不是16S rDNA基因的基因间间隔的5’核酸酶分析,其通常用于系统发生分析和细菌的特异性检测。当使用16SrDNA时,基因间间隔的选择很大程度上依赖于对于实时PCR描述的污染和灵敏性问题。另外,示出了不同双歧杆菌菌种的16S rDNA序列之间的巨大相似性(Leblond-Bourget et.al.1996),这使得几乎不能开发特异于不同双歧杆菌菌种的引物和探针组。令人惊奇地,这些问题通过使用基因间间隔区而可以避免。
为了开发引物和探针,不同双歧杆菌菌种(青春双歧杆菌[U09511 U09512(1),U09513(1)和U09514(1)]a,角双歧杆菌[U09515(1)]a,动物双歧杆菌[AY225132(2),L36967(1)和U09858(1)]a,B.asteroides[U09516(1)]a,短双歧杆菌[AJ245850(3),U09518(1),U09519(1),U09520(1)和U09521(1)]a,双歧双歧杆菌[U09517(1),U09831(1)]a,链状双歧杆菌[U09522(1)]a,B.choerinum[L36968(1)]a,B.coryneforme[U09523(1)]a,B.cuniculi[U09790(1)]a,齿双歧杆菌[U10434(1)]a,B.indicum[U09791(1)]a,婴儿双歧杆菌[AJ245851(3),U09525(1),U09527(1)和U09792(1)]a,长双歧杆菌[AJ245849(3),U09832(1)]a,假长双歧杆菌(B.pseudolongum)[U09524(1),U09879(1)]a,B.magnum[U09878(1)]a,嗜热双歧杆菌(B.thermophilum)[U09528(1)]a)的16S-23S基因间间隔区的不同序列得自Genbank、EMBL和DDBJ数据库。所有得到的序列使用用于Windows V2.5的DNASIS(Hitachi Software Engineering Co.,Ltd.,Wembley,UK)进行序列对比。(a=登录号(accession codes),1=Leblond-Bourget,N.,H.Philippe,I.Mangin,B.Decaris,1996,16S rRNA and 16S to 23Sinternal transcribed spacer sequence analyses reveal inter-andintraspecific Bifidobacterium phylogeny.Int.J.Syst.Bacteriol.,46:102-111,2=Ventura,M.,and R.Zink,2002,“Rapid identification,differentiation,and proposed new taxonomic classification ofBifidobacterium strains in a pharmaceutical probiotic product and inhuman feces by polymerase chain reaction”,Syst.Appl.Microbiol.23:391-399)。所述序列的全部保守区域用于设计针对所有双歧杆菌菌种的引物和探针。不同亚种序列中示出与其它菌种几乎没有同源性的保守区域用于设计分别针对青春双歧杆菌、角双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌、双歧双歧杆菌、链状双歧杆菌(包括假链状双歧杆菌)、齿双歧杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌和长双歧杆菌(包括假长双歧杆菌,因为在这两种菌种之间存在很大的序列同源性)的引物和探针。
在Primer Express 1.5a(Applied Biosystems,Nieuwerkerk a/dIjssel,NL)的帮助下设计引物和TaqMan MGB探针。我们应用了如下标准:探针和引物应该具有GC含量为30-80%,而且避免出现多于3个的相同核苷酸(特别胍(G))。探针的解链温度(Tm)应在68℃-70℃之间,而引物应具有比探针的解链温度低10℃的解链温度。另外,在探针的5’末端应没有G,并选择具有更多的胞嘧啶(C)而不是G的链。在引物3’末端的最后5个核苷酸应具有不超过两个的G和/或C碱基。最后,扩增子长度应少于150个碱基对。设计的引物和TaqMan MGB探针示于表1,使用Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST)测试特异性。
设计用于检测所有双歧杆菌的探针由具有5’报道基因染料VICTM(Applied Biosystems,NL)和3’猝灭剂NFQ-MGBTM(AppliedBiosystems,NL)的寡核苷酸组成,针对不同双歧杆菌菌种的探针由具有5’报道基因染料6-羧基-荧光素(FAMTM)和3’猝灭剂NFQ-MGBTM(Applied Biosystems,NL)的寡核苷酸组成。为了检测全部的细菌荷载,使用广泛的(通用)探针和引物系列,这由Nadkarni,M.A.,F.E.Martin,N.A.Jacques和N.Hunter″Determination of bacterial load by real-timePCR using a broad-range(universal)probe and primers set.″Microbiology 148:257-266(2002)所描述。所述通用探针由具有5’报道基因染料6-羧基-荧光素(FAMTM)和3’猝灭剂染料6-羧基四甲基-罗丹明(TAMRATM)的寡核苷酸组成。设计的探针示于表1。
表1:设计的用于5’核酸酶分析中的引物和探针
靶 | 引物&探针 | 序列(5’→3’) | Tm(℃) | %GC | BLAST ID号 | 扩增子长度 | SEQ ID No |
青春双歧杆菌 | F_adol_ISR_adol_ISP_adol_IS | ATA GTG GACGCG AGC AAGAGATTG AAG AGTTTG GCG AAATCGCTG AAA GAACGT TTC TTTTT<sup>a</sup> | 595969 | 524330 | 1015335678-6465-189061015335740-7519-16241015335863-95222-17207 | 71bp | 123 |
靶 | 引物&探针 | 序列(5’→3’) | Tm(℃) | %GC | BLAST ID号 | 扩增子长度 | SEQ ID No |
角双歧杆菌 | F_angul_ISR_angul_ISP_angul_IS | TGG TGG TTGAG AAC TGGATA GTGTCG ACG AACAAC AAT AAACAA AAC AAAG GCC AAAGCC TC | 595970 | 463257 | 1015336044-12581-146001015336147-14351-299321015488648-5575-2104 | 117bp | 456 |
双歧双歧杆菌 | F_bif_ISR_bif_ISP_bif_IS | GTT GAT TTCGCC GGA CTCTTCGCA AGC CTATCG CGC AAAAAC TCC GCTGGC AAC A | 606070 | 525656 | 1015336612-215666-128281015336668-22451-307311015336773-24053-3416 | 105bp | 789 |
短双歧杆菌链状双歧杆菌 | F_breve_ISR_breve_ISP_breve_ISF_cate_ISR_cate_ISP_cate_IS | GTG GTG GCTTGA GAA CTGGAT AGCAA AAC GATCGA AAC AAACAC TAA ATGA TTC CTCGTT CTT GCTGTGTG GAC GCGAGC AAT GCAAT AGA GCCTGG CGA AATCGAAG CAA ACGATG ACA TCA | 595869585868 | 523245655039 | 1015243936-11550-208331015244110-13595-295141015244238-15062-168531015335268-99-207181015335364-1571-121751015335455-2899-17859 | 118bp67bp | 101112131415 |
齿双歧杆菌 | F_dent_ISR_dent_ISP_dent_IS | CCG CC ACCCACA GTC TAGC AAA GGGAAA CAC CATGTT TACG CGT CCAACG GA | 595970 | 714164 | 1015399643-15856-199471015399751-16991-112101015399833-18158-5198 | 150bp | 161718 |
靶 | 引物&探针 | 序列(5’→3’) | Tm(℃) | %GC | BLAST ID号 | 扩增子长度 | SEQ ID No |
婴儿双歧杆菌 | F_inf_IS | CGC GAG CAA | 58 | 47 | 1037961234-0 | 76bp | 19 |
R_inf_ISP_inf_IS | AAC AAT GGTT<sup>a</sup>AAC GAT CGAAAC GAA CAATAG AGT TTTC GAA ATCAAC AGC AAAA<sup>a</sup> | 5869 | 3632 | 6371-143641037961263-06691-254611037961294-06967-17477 | 2021 | ||
长双歧杆菌 | F_long_ISR_long_ISP_long_IS | TGG AAG ACGTCG TTG GCTTTATC GCG CCAGGC AAA A<sup>a</sup>CGC ACC CACCGC A | 595868 | 505677 | 1015323391-27595-222571015323469-28673-231471015488566-4529-13934 | 109bp | 222324 |
所用双歧杆菌 | F_allbif_ISR_allbif_ISP_allbif_IS | GGG ATG CTGGTG TGG AAGAGATGC TCG CGTCCA CTA TCCAGTTCA AAC CACCAC GCG CCA | 606070 | 575761 | 1015399960-19603-312401015400076-20827-174181015400166-21749-18424 | 231bp<sup>a</sup> | 252627 |
a在这些情况中,可以根据指导方针进行一些调整(3个以上连续的核苷酸或者长度超过150bp的扩增子)以发现合适的引物和探针组。
标记的制品通过常规方式用可检测的标记物标记寡核苷酸而制备。可以使用的进行标记的标记物包括放射性同位素、荧光物质、酶、生物素和半抗原。
标记的制品与样品之间的杂交可以根据已知技术进行,如斑点印迹杂交和Northern杂交。形成的杂交体可以通过已知方式检测标记的制品而证实,所述检测方式例如是使用放射性同位素的放射自显影术,使用酶或生物素的酶标记抗体技术,等等。
另外,这些寡核苷酸的选自如下SEQ ID所代表的DNA片段可分别用作鉴别菌种的PCR方法中的引物:SEQ ID No:1,SEQ ID No:2,SEQ ID No:4,SEQ ID No:5,SEQ ID No:7,SEQ ID No:8,SEQID No:10,SEQ ID No:11,SEQ ID No:13,SEQ ID No:14,SEQ IDNo:16,SEQ ID No:17,SEQ ID No:19,SEQ ID No:20,SEQ ID No:22,SEQ ID No:23,SEQ ID No:25,SEQ ID No:26。更特别地,可以对被鉴别的微生物细胞进行溶菌,分别加入选自SEQ ID No:1,SEQ ID No:4,SEQ ID No:7,SEQ ID No:10,SEQ ID No:13,SEQID No:16,SEQ ID No19,SEQ ID No:22,SEQ ID No:25的任何DNA片段及选自SEQ ID No:2,SEQ ID No:5,SEQ ID No:8,SEQ ID No:11,SEQ ID No:14,SEQ ID No:17,SEQ ID No:20,SEQ ID No:23,SEQ ID No:26的任何DNA片段作为引物,随后用DNA聚合酶处理。如果使用电泳等观测到DNA扩增,这意味着所述细胞具有相应于所用DNA片段的基因部分,即细胞被鉴别为与DNA片段引物的来源是相同的菌种。
因此,本发明提供了包含选自如下SEQ ID的寡核苷酸及其互补序列:SEQ ID No:1,SEQ ID No:2,SEQ ID No:4,SEQ ID No:5,SEQ ID No:7,SEQ ID No:8,SEQ ID No:10,SEQ ID No:11,SEQ IDNo:13,SEQ ID No:14,SEQ ID No:16,SEQ ID No:17,SEQ ID No:19,SEQ ID No:20,SEQ ID No:22,SEQ ID No:23,SEQ ID No:25,SEQ IDNo:26。
本发明还提供了检测特征在于双歧杆菌属菌种的核酸靶序列的寡核苷酸探针,所述探针选自:
1)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:3所示的青春双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
2)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:6所示的角双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
3)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:9所示的双歧双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
4)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:12所示的短双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
5)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:15所示的链状双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
6)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:18所示的齿双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
7)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:21所示的婴儿双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
8)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:24所示的长双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
9)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:27所示的所有双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交。
本发明进一步提供了一种菌种特异性检测在人体特别是在人类婴儿中发现的双歧杆菌属菌种的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(A)将样品与寡核苷酸探针在杂交液中接触,其中所述探针选自如下一组:
1)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:3所示的青春双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
2)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:6所示的角双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
3)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:9所示的双歧双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
4)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:12所示的短双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
5)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:15所示的链状双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
6)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:18所示的齿双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
7)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:21所示的婴儿双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
8)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:24所示的长双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
9)一种标记的寡核苷酸,其与SEQ ID No:27所示的所有双歧杆菌DNA或与其互补的序列特异性杂交;
(B)确定所述探针是否与所述样品中的核酸杂交,以检测所述菌属的所述菌种是否存在于样品中。
本发明还涵盖了一种菌种特异性检测在人体特别是在人类婴儿中发现的双歧杆菌属菌种的方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
a)使用包含选自SEQ ID No:1,SEQ ID No:4,SEQ ID No:7,SEQ ID No:10,SEQ ID No:13,SEQ ID No:16,SEQ ID No:19,SEQID No:22,SEQ ID No:25的寡核苷酸引物及分别和选自SEQ ID No:2,SEQ ID No:5,SEQ ID No:8,SEQ ID No:11,SEQ ID No:14,SEQ ID No:17,SEQ ID No:20,SEQ ID No:23,SEQ ID No:26的寡核苷酸引物的引物组进行核酸序列扩增步骤;
b)确定上述寡核苷酸探针是否与核酸靶序列杂交。
本发明的方法对于诊断试剂盒的生产是有益的。因此,本发明提供了一种诊断试剂盒,以通过杂交分析检测样品中的双歧杆菌菌种,所述菌种选自青春双歧杆菌,角双歧杆菌,双歧双歧杆菌,短双歧杆菌,链状双歧杆菌,齿双歧杆菌,婴儿双歧杆菌和长双歧杆菌,所述试剂盒包含如上述的至少一个DNA探针以及进行杂交分析需要的一或多个另外的工具,如变性液,杂交液,洗涤液,固体载体,杂交容器及标记检测工具。本发明还提供了一种诊断试剂盒,以通过PCR分析检测样品中上述双歧杆菌菌种,所述试剂盒包含如上述一组DNA引物以及进行PCR分析需要的一或多个另外的工具,如聚合酶,聚合液,油覆层,反应容器和检测扩增的DNA的工具。
实施例1:揭示的针对双歧杆菌的探针和引物的确认
用于验证不同双歧杆菌菌株的相关量化分析的细菌菌株示于表2。
表2:用于进行5’核酸酶分析的细菌菌株和来源
ATCC:American Type Culture Collection;DSM:DeutscheSammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen,Germany;LMG:Laboratory for Microbiology,University of Gent,B elgium;NCIMB:National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria,UK.
所有双歧杆菌菌株均在Mann Rogosa Sharp(MRS)肉汤(Oxoid,Basingstoke,UK)培养基中在37℃在无氧条件下培养24小时。将过夜培养物贮存在-20℃直至进一步处理。
通过将5ml冷冻的过夜培养物在冰水中解冻而从细菌培养物中提取DNA。随后,将培养物在4℃在4000rpm离心20分钟(SorvallRT7,Du Pont,Stevenage,UK)以沉淀细菌细胞。将沉淀用1ml TES(50mM Tris-HCl[pH 8.0],5mM EDTA,50mMNaCl)洗涤,随后在4℃在4000rpm离心10分钟。除去上清,将沉淀再悬浮于1ml THMS(30mM Tris-HCl[pH 8.0],3mM MgCl2,25%(w/v)蔗糖)中。在将该悬浮液移至一个2ml的微量离心管中后,加入200μl溶菌酶(0.1g/ml,SigmaAldrich Chemie,Steinheim,DE)和40μl变溶菌素(mutanolysine)(1mg/ml,Sigma Aldrich Chemie,DE),在37℃保温30分钟。随后,将溶液在4℃在10000rpm离心5分钟(Sigma 1-15,SigmaLaborzentrifugen GmbH,Osterode am Harz,DE)。除去上清,将沉淀再悬浮于100μl THMS中,向其中加入400μl TES(包括0.5%SDS)和7.5μl蛋白酶K(20mg/ml,Boehringer Mannheim GmbH,Mannheim,DE)。旋动混合物并在65℃保温30分钟。随后,进行标准的酚/氯仿提取,随后用2.5μl RNase A(1mg/ml,Roche Diagnostics,Mannheim,DE)在37℃处理30分钟。在加入2体积冰冷的乙醇(96%)和0.1体积3M乙酸钠(pH 5.2)后,在-20℃贮存至少30分钟,由此沉淀DNA。将沉淀的溶液在4℃在13000rpm离心20分钟,将上清用500μl 70%乙醇洗涤,随后在4℃在13000rpm离心5分钟。弃去上清,将沉淀在室温经空气干燥。将DNA再悬浮于100μl无菌milli-Q中并在-20℃贮存。
首先,每个双链5’核酸酶分析的特异性通过对不同菌株的25μl扩增进行测试(见表2)。这些25μl PCR反应使用2.5μl DNA模板,12.5μl TaqMan Universal Master Mix(Applied Biosystems),900nM每种引物和200nM每种探针,随后在ABI Prism 7700(Applied Biosystems,Nieuwerkerk a/d IJssel,NL)上运行TaqMan通用温度模式,该模式包括在50℃2分钟,95℃10分钟,随后进行45次循环(95℃15秒,60℃1分钟)。所有5’核酸酶分析均特异于其所针对的双歧杆菌菌种,确定双歧杆菌总量的5’核酸酶分析检测了所有测试的双歧杆菌菌种,但未检测其它菌株如丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium)或者乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)。应注意对于链状双歧杆菌的5’核酸酶分析也检测假链状双歧杆菌。另外,测试DNAse和RNAse处理的样品以保证在分析期间未检测到污染的RNA。
其次,制备青春双歧杆菌、角双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌、双歧双歧杆菌、链状双歧杆菌、齿双歧杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌和长双歧杆菌的单培养(monocultures)混合物以核实这个混合物的总和接近100%。在这种情况中,可以排除作为模板的不同双歧杆菌菌种之间的竞争。从图1中可以看出,确实是这种情况,图中示出了混合物中每种双歧杆菌菌种的确定量以及混合物中双歧杆菌菌种的总量。
确定不同种类的5’核酸酶分析的再现性和可重复性的CV值,可见于表3。
表3:5’核酸酶分析与“常规的”PCR对比的灵敏性及5’核酸酶分析的再现性和可重复性
a:5’核酸酶分析比“常规的”PCR更敏感的倍数
b:再现性通过测试10倍单培养物确定(100%),并基于获得的结果计算CV(%)
c:可重复性通过在4倍单培养物中测试3次而确定(100%),并基于获得的结果计算CV(%)。
将所开发的5’核酸酶分析与常规的定性菌种特异性PCR相对比(使用如Matsuki,T.,K.Watanabe,R.Tanaka,M.Fukuda,和H.Oyaizu,1999,Distribution of bifidobacterial species in human intestinalmicroflora examined with 16S rRNA-gene-targeted species-specificprimers.Appl.Environ.Microbiol.65:4506-4512所述引物),以确定不同分析的灵敏性以及检测假阳性或阴性结果。表3示出5’核酸酶分析相对于常规的种属特异性PCR的不同灵敏性。表4示出双链5’核酸酶分析中使用的最终最佳引物和探针浓度。
表4:在不同的双链5’核酸酶分析中使用的最优化的最终引物和探针浓度
实施例2:临床试验
本研究是使用两个干预(intervetion)组进行的双盲、安慰剂对照的多中心实验。从德国4家医院中募集完全配方喂养的婴儿,年龄28-90天。本研究中包括的婴儿出生时体重在2600和4500g之间,且在开始干预期之前完全进行配方喂养至少4周。具有先天异常的婴儿或者倾向或怀疑牛奶过敏的婴儿、多胞胎婴儿、在研究开始前2周内接受了抗生素的婴儿、和在研究开始前1月内喂养了任何益生菌或益生素配方的婴儿均排除在研究之外。开始后,婴儿随机分为两个处理组:一组接受补加了0.8g/100ml半乳寡糖和果多糖的婴儿配方(GFSF-组)和一组接受标准婴儿配方(SF-组)。配方的常量营养元素组分示于表5。
表5:研究配方的常量营养素组分(每100ml备用配方)
包括一组母乳喂养的婴儿作为参考组(BF组)。在开始研究之后的3天内、4周后及研究结束时(6周)收集粪便样品。所述研究经4所医院医学伦理委员会许可。书面知情同意书在开始研究之前从双亲处获得。
将粪便样品在冰水中解冻,随后在于PBS中10×(w/v)稀释液(0.37M NaCl,2.7mM KCl,8.1mM Na2HPO4[pH 7.4])中解冻,使用stomacher(IUL Instruments,Barcelona,Spain)均质10分钟,由此从粪便中分离核酸。将均质的粪便在-20℃贮存,之后进行真正的DNA分离。通过将1ml均质的粪便样品在冰水中解冻开始提取,随后在1100rpm离心1分钟以除去碎片和大的颗粒。将上清移至新的试管中并在10000rpm离心5分钟。随后,将沉淀再悬浮于1ml TN150(10mMTris-HCl[pH 8.0],10mM EDTA)中并移至含有0.3g锆珠(直径0.1mm,BioSpec Products,Bartlesville,US)的无菌试管中。向这些悬浮液中加入150μl TE-缓冲的苯酚(pH±7.5),将样品置于小珠搅拌器(BioSpec Products,Bartlesville,US)中以5000rpm搅动3分钟。在经珠搅打后,将样品立即在冰上冷却,之后加入150μl氯仿。将样品短暂旋动并在10000rpm离心5分钟,将上层相移至清洁的2ml微量离心管中,开始苯酚/氯仿提取。在经苯酚-氯仿提取后,向样品中加入1ml冰冻乙醇(96%)和50μl 3M乙酸钠(pH 5.2)之后将样品在-20℃放置至少30分钟以沉淀DNA。接着,将样品在13000rpm离心20分钟,用500μl 70%乙醇洗涤。在13000rpm离心5分钟之后,弃去上清,将沉淀在室温经空气干燥。将DNA再悬浮于100μl无菌milli-Q中,在-20℃贮存。
使用双链5’核酸酶分析相对量化粪便样品中的不同双歧杆菌菌种。每个菌种的相对量根据Liu et.al.2002所述计算。简而言之,用公式E=(阈值A/阈值B)-(Ct3A-CtsB)-1单独计算每个扩增曲线效率。借助于计算的效率,DNA的初始量(Ro)以Ro=阈值/(1+E)Ct计算。然后将双歧杆菌菌种DNA的初始量除以所有双歧杆菌菌种的DNA总量。所得比率可以借助于设定为100%的单培养物比率标准化。
双歧杆菌的总量借助于如先前所述的FISH而确定(Langendijk,F.Schut,G.J.Jansen,G.C.Raangs,G.R.Kamphuis,M.H.Wilkinsonand G.W.Welling″Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation ofBifidobacterium spp.with genus-specific 16S rRNA-targeted probes andits application in fecal samples″Appl.Environ.Microbiol.61(8):3069-75.(1995))。
双歧杆菌属占细菌总数的百分比在BF、SF和GFSF组中分别为75、47和68%,这表明喂食不可消化的碳水化合物混合物的GFSF组具有更多的双生菌群,与BF组一样,高于SF组。
表6示出了不同组在研究开始和结束时每个菌种的优势。表7示出了双歧杆菌菌种相对于双歧杆菌总量的百分比。
表6:在用人乳汁(BF)、具有益生素混合物的婴儿配方(GFSF)或者标准配方(SF)喂养6周后,婴儿粪便中双歧杆菌菌种的优势(%)
表7:喂养6周后,粪便中双歧杆菌菌种占双歧杆菌总数的百分比
在三个不同的组中存在多种双歧杆菌菌种。另外,与接受标准配方的婴儿相反,在母乳喂养的婴儿和接受GFSF的婴儿中观测到青春双歧杆菌的优势和数量明显降低。在喂养6周后,SF喂养的婴儿中青春双歧杆菌的优势和百分比更高于GFSF或母乳喂养的婴儿。GFSF婴儿的粪便样品分析示出与母乳喂养婴儿相似的双歧杆菌菌群的多样性,未观测到仅一个或几个菌种的刺激作用。除了对青春双歧杆菌的作用之外,母乳喂养的婴儿和接受GFSF的婴儿与接受标准配方的婴儿相比还示出较少的链状双歧杆菌(+假链状双歧杆菌)。婴儿双歧杆菌和长双歧杆菌看起来在母乳喂养的婴儿以及接受标准配方(SF)的婴儿或者补充了益生素的标准配方(GFSF)的婴儿中占优势。短双歧杆菌在所有这三组中也是占优势的,但是在接受牛奶的婴儿组中短双歧杆菌占总双歧杆菌的百分比(11.7%)高于SF(4.9%)和GFSF(5.4%)组。
实施例3:变态反应动物实验
特异的无病原体的雄性BALB/c小鼠得自Charles River(Maastricht,the Netherlands)。任意给予食物和水,当小鼠为6-9周龄时使用。所有实验均在荷兰University of Utrecht动物伦理委员会的许可下进行。
卵清蛋白(等级V)和氯化乙酰-β-甲基胆碱(乙酰甲胆碱,methacholine)购自Sigma Chemical Co.(St.Louis,MO,USA)。氢氧化铝(AlumImject)购自Pierce(Rockford,IL,USA)。
将小鼠在第0天和第7天两次i.p.注射于100μl盐水中的10μg吸附于2.25mg氢氧化铝上的卵清蛋白或者单独的盐水。将小鼠在第35、38和41天在树脂玻璃接触室中通过吸入20分钟卵清蛋白气雾剂而攻击。所述气雾剂是通过使用Pari LC Star雾化器(Pari respiratoryEquipment,Richmond,VA,USA)将于盐水中的卵清蛋白溶液(10mg/ml)雾化而产生。
将小鼠在第28天开始每天通过口腔强饲1×10e9(CFU)短双歧杆菌和25mg半乳寡糖与果多糖混合物(9∶1)(0.2ml,生理盐水溶液)进行处理,直至实验结束(即第42天)。作为对照,通过强饲给予0.2ml生理盐水溶液。
气道对于吸入的雾化乙酰甲胆碱的应答性在对有意识的、无限制小鼠进行最后气雾剂攻击后24小时,使用整体体积描记术(BUXCO,EMK,Paris,France)测定。气道应答以增强的停顿(enhanced pause,PenH)表示。
统计学分析:对乙酰甲胆碱的气道应答曲线通过一般的线性模型或者重复测定随后在组间post-hoc对比进行统计学分析。细胞计数使用Mann-Whitney U试验(Siegel,S.,Castellan Jr.N J,1988,″Nonparametric statistics for the behavioural sciences″2nd ed.McGrawHill Book Company,New York,USA)进行统计学分析。使用Student′st-test(Abramowitz,M.,Stegun,I.A.,1972,″Handbook of mathematicalfunctions″Dover publications,Inc.New York,USA)进行所有其它分析。概率值p<0.05认为有统计学意义。
对气道过度应答性的结果:对气道过度应答性的测定示出与对照小鼠相比,接受短双歧杆菌+半乳寡糖与果多糖混合物的小鼠示出气道过度应答性显著降低,表明降低哮喘反应。
在图2中,气道过度应答性以相对PenH(增强的停顿)对接受短双歧杆菌+GOS/FOS混合物组合的小鼠及接受盐水的对照小鼠的乙酰甲胆碱浓度绘图。相对PenH的绘图值是在减去得自未进行卵清蛋白敏化的小鼠的空白值后获得的,并以在最高浓度乙酰甲胆碱的对照组获得的数值进行标准化。
如本领域所已知及根据国际指导,所有如下实例的组合物可另外含有矿物质,微量元素和维生素,胆碱,牛磺酸,肉碱和/或肌醇或其混合物。另外,可以存在或不存在有机酸,香料和/或色素。
实施例4
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每13.1g粉末)含有:
8能量%蛋白质 1.4g(酪蛋白乳清混合物)
45能量%可消化的碳水化合物 7.5g
47能量%脂肪 3.5g
GOS(90%半乳寡糖,Borculo Domo NL)/多果糖,(10%菊糖,RaftilinHP,Orafti BE) 0.4g
短双歧杆菌: 1.3×108cfu
实施例5
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每14g粉末)含有:
10能量%蛋白质 1.8g(酪蛋白乳清混合物)
46能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.0g
44能量%脂肪 3.4g
GOS/多果糖(见实施例4) 0.4g
短双歧杆菌 1.4×108cfu
实施例6
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每16.1g粉末)含有:
10能量%蛋白质 1.9g(酪蛋白乳清混合物)
51能量%可消化的碳水化合物 9.9g
39能量%脂肪 3.3g
FOS(Raftilin,Orafti)/半乳甘露聚糖9/1 0.4g
短双歧杆菌 1.6×108cfu
实施例7
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每13g粉末)含有:
10能量%蛋白质等价物 1.6g(水解的乳清蛋白质)
42能量%可消化的碳水化合物 7.1g
48能量%脂肪 3.6g
唾液酸寡糖,非消化性麦芽糖糊精9/1 0.4g
短双歧杆菌 6.5×108cfu/g
实施例8
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每15g粉末)含有:
10能量%蛋白质等价物 1.8g(水解的乳清蛋白质)
42能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.6g
44能量%脂肪 3.6g
岩藻寡糖(来自海藻岩藻多糖),半乳甘露聚糖8/2 0.4g
短双歧杆菌 7.5×108cfu
实施例9
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每15.1g粉末)含有:
10能量%蛋白质等价物 1.8g(水解的乳清蛋白质)
42能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.6g
44能量%脂肪 3.6g
甘露寡糖,阿拉伯半乳聚糖9/1 0.4g
短双歧杆菌 1.5×108cfu
实施例10
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每15.2g粉末)含有:
10能量%蛋白质 1.7g(水解的乳清蛋白质)
48能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.4g
42能量%脂肪 3.3g
GOS/半乳糖醛酸寡糖/多果糖7/2/1 1.0g
短双歧杆菌 7.5×108cfu
实施例11
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每15.8g粉末)含有:
11能量%蛋白质 1.9g(水解的乳清蛋白质)
48能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.7g
41能量%脂肪 3.3g
木寡糖/半乳聚糖9/1 0.8g
短双歧杆菌 8×108efu
实施例12
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每15g粉末)含有:
10能量%蛋白质 1.7g(酪蛋白乳清混合物)
48能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.1g
42能量%脂肪 3.1g
GOS/多果糖9/1 0.8g
半乳甘露聚糖 0.42
短双歧杆菌 1.5×108cfu
实施例13
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每15.9g粉末)含有:
13能量%蛋白质 2.2g(酪蛋白乳清混合物)
49能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.6g
37能量%脂肪 3.0g
GOS/多果糖9/1 0.8g
半乳甘露聚糖 0.4
短双歧杆菌 1.6×108cfu
实施例14
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每13.5g粉末)含有:
9能量%蛋白质等价物 1.5g(水解的乳清蛋白质)
42能量%可消化的碳水化合物 6.9g
49能量%脂肪 3.6g
GOS/多果糖/唾液酸乳糖7/2/1 0.8g
短双歧杆菌 1.4×108cfu
实施例15
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每13.7g粉末)含有:
9能量%蛋白质等价物 1.4g(游离氨基酸)
44能量%可消化的碳水化合物 7.1g
47能量%脂肪 3.4g
GOS/多果糖6/4 0.8
短双歧杆菌 1.4×108cfu
实施例16
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每13.5g粉末)含有:
11能量%蛋白质 1.8g(大豆蛋白质)
40能量%可消化的碳水化合物 6.7g
49能量%脂肪 3.6g
GOS/半乳寡糖/多果糖8/1/1 0.8g
短双歧杆菌 1.4×108cfu
实施例17
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每15.1g粉末)含有:
12能量%蛋白质 2.2g(大豆蛋白质)
43能量%可消化的碳水化合物 7.7g
45能量%脂肪 3.6
FOS/半乳聚糖9/1 0.8g
短双歧杆菌 1.5×108cfu
实施例18
婴儿乳配方,每100ml终产物(及每16.5g粉末)含有:
13能量%蛋白质 2.0g(水解的乳清)
57能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.6g
30能量%脂肪 2.0g
GOS/多果糖9/1 1.0g
大豆多糖 0.5g
短双歧杆菌 1.5×109cfu
实施例19
基于牛奶的产物,每100ml含有:
14能量%蛋白质 2.5g(牛乳蛋白质)
43能量%可消化的碳水化合物 7.5g
43能量%脂肪 3.4g
GOS/多果糖7/3 1.5g
短双歧杆菌 3×108cfu
实施例20
婴儿乳配方,每100ml(及15.4g粉末)含有:
11能量%蛋白质 2.0g(水解的胶原和大豆蛋白质)
46能量%可消化的碳水化合物 8.6g
43能量%脂肪 3.6g
GOS/多果糖3/1 0.4g
短双歧杆菌 6×108cfu
实施例21
一种补剂:3g粉末加入100ml牛奶中,含有:
28能量%蛋白质 0.7g(酪蛋白乳清混合物)
72能量%可消化的碳水化合物 2.0g
GOS/多果糖65/35 0.3g
短双歧杆菌 3×109cfu
实施例22
一种补剂,0.4-0.8g加100ml牛奶中,每g补剂含有:
0.26g 半乳甘露聚糖,
0.44g 可消化的碳水化合物
0.3g GOS/多果糖85/15
1.0×109cfu 短双歧杆菌
实施例23
一种补剂,每100ml含有:
100能量%可消化的碳水化合物 2.2g
矿物质: K,Na,Cl,
渗透压 261mOsrn/l
GOS/多果糖55/45 0.4g
短双歧杆菌 1×109cfu
实施例24
一种婴儿营养素,每100g(85g加入240ml牛奶中)含有:
4能量%蛋白质 4.7g(牛乳蛋白质)
53能量%可消化的碳水化合物 68g
43能量%脂肪 24.6g
GOS/多果糖9/1 0.8g
短双歧杆菌 1.2×109cfu
实施例25
一种婴儿营养素(管饲),每100ml含有:
9能量%蛋白质 3.4g(酪蛋白)
50能量%碳水化合物 18.8g
41能量%脂肪 8g
GOS/多果糖7/3 0.4g
短双歧杆菌 5×108cfu
实施例26
一种婴儿营养素,每100ml产物含有:
11能量%蛋白质 2.8g(酪蛋白)
49能量%碳水化合物 12.3g
40能量%脂肪 4.4g
GOS/多果糖85/15 0.8g
短双歧杆菌 5×108cfu
实施例27
一种由米粉组成的婴儿营养素,每100g干产物(4-7匙加入200ml温的婴儿配方,后继的配方,幼童牛奶或牛奶中)含有:
7.4g 蛋白质(植物蛋白)
83g 碳水化合物
0.5g 脂肪
3g 饮食纤维,包括1.5g GOS/多果糖9/1
1×1010cfu 短双歧杆菌
实施例28
一种由预煮的(小麦,黑麦,大米,大麦,玉米,燕麦,荞麦)薄片组成的婴儿营养素,每100g干产物(5-7匙加入250ml温的婴儿配方,后继配方,幼童牛奶或牛奶中)含有:
9.5g 蛋白质(植物蛋白)
74g 碳水化合物
2.0g 脂肪
3g 饮食纤维,包括1.5g GOS/多果糖8/2
2×1010cfu 短双歧杆菌
实施例29
一种由均质的蔬菜或水果组成的婴儿营养素,每100ml含有:
GOS/多果糖75/25 2.0g
短双歧杆菌 2×109cfu。
Claims (18)
1.一种包含短双歧杆菌及包含至少两种不可消化的可溶碳水化合物成分A和B的混合物的制品,其中
-所述碳水化合物成分A具有与所述碳水化合物B不同的结构;
-所述碳水化合物成分A占碳水化合物成分A和B总重量的5-95%;
-全部的不可消化的可溶碳水化合物的至少50%选自二糖至二十糖;及
-碳水化合物成分A和B的不同之处在于单糖单位平均数不同,碳水化合物成分A的平均链长度比成分B的平均链长度少至少5个单糖单位。
2.权利要求1的制品,其中所述碳水化合物成分A和B的不同之处在于碳水化合物的单糖单位的结构不同。
3.权利要求1或2的制品,其中所述碳水化合物成分A选自不可消化的单糖直至相同碳水化合物结构的六糖,且所述碳水化合物成分B选自相同碳水化合物结构的不可消化的七糖及更高的多糖。
4.权利要求1或2的制品,其中所述碳水化合物成分A占95-60wt%,碳水化合物B占5-40wt%,其中A+B=100wt%。
5.权利要求1或2的制品,其中至少60wt%的所述碳水化合物成分A属于半乳寡糖类。
6.权利要求5的制品,其中至少80-100wt%的所述碳水化合物成分A属于半乳寡糖类。
7.权利要求5的制品,其中所述碳水化合物成分A属于β-半乳寡糖类。
8.权利要求1或2的制品,其中至少60wt%的所述碳水化合物成分B属于果多糖类。
9.权利要求8的制品,其中至少80-100wt%的所述碳水化合物成分B属于果多糖类。
10.权利要求8的制品,其中所述果多糖类包括菊糖。
11.权利要求1或2的制品,其包含107-1011cfu的短双歧杆菌/每克全部的不可消化的可溶碳水化合物。
12.权利要求1或2的制品,其用作补剂,其中补剂中益生菌短双歧杆菌基于补剂计算的量为1×106-1.5×1011cfu/g。
13.权利要求1或2的制品,其用作婴儿营养素,其中所述营养素中存在的短双歧杆菌量为1×104-1×1010cfu/g婴儿营养素。
14.一种婴儿营养补剂,其包含权利要求1-12任一项的制品,并进一步包含可消化的碳水化合物、脂质来源、或蛋白质来源、或者其混合物。
15.一种婴儿营养素,其包含权利要求1-11和13任一项的制品,并进一步包含可消化的碳水化合物、脂质来源和蛋白质来源。
16.权利要求1-13任一项的制品在生产使得非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿胃肠道中双歧杆菌菌种成分正常化为母乳喂养的婴儿胃肠道中成分的组合物中的应用。
17.权利要求16的应用,其中所述组合物预防或治疗哮喘。
18.一种至少两种不可消化的可溶碳水化合物成分A和B的混合物在制备用于降低非母乳喂养或部分母乳喂养的婴儿的胃肠道中链状双歧杆菌、假小链双歧杆菌和/或青春双歧杆菌的相对量的组合物中的应用,其中
-所述碳水化合物成分A占碳水化合物A和B总重量的5-95%;
-全部的不可消化的可溶碳水化合物的至少50%选自二糖至二十糖;及
-所述碳水化合物成分A和B不同之处在于(i)碳水化合物的单糖单位的平均数不同,(ii)碳水化合物的单糖单位的结构不同,或者(iii)这二者均不同。
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PT1675481E (pt) | 2009-01-02 |
PL1675481T3 (pl) | 2009-03-31 |
CN1870910A (zh) | 2006-11-29 |
CA2543626C (en) | 2013-08-27 |
DE602004017885D1 (de) | 2009-01-02 |
WO2005039319A3 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
ES2314461T3 (es) | 2009-03-16 |
RU2543662C2 (ru) | 2015-03-10 |
EP2033529B1 (en) | 2019-12-11 |
WO2005039319A2 (en) | 2005-05-06 |
JP4740866B2 (ja) | 2011-08-03 |
AU2004283626B2 (en) | 2010-07-15 |
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