CN1795569B - 使用双核金属化合物作为发射材料的有机发光器件 - Google Patents
使用双核金属化合物作为发射材料的有机发光器件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1795569B CN1795569B CN200480014124XA CN200480014124A CN1795569B CN 1795569 B CN1795569 B CN 1795569B CN 200480014124X A CN200480014124X A CN 200480014124XA CN 200480014124 A CN200480014124 A CN 200480014124A CN 1795569 B CN1795569 B CN 1795569B
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- metal center
- metal
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- anode
- negative electrode
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
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Abstract
提供一种器件,其具有阳极、阴极和置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的发射层。发射层包括具有大于一个金属中心的发射材料。在一个实施方案中,第一和第二金属中心独立地选自d7、d8和d9金属。桥连配体配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上。在一个实施方案中,第一和第二金属中心的配位数各自为至少3,和更优选配位数各自为5。在一个实施方案中,光活性配体配位到第一和第二金属中心上。在一个实施方案中,不存在光活性配体。在一个实施方案中,提供电中性的双核发射材料。在一个实施方案中,第一和第二金属中心具有共面结构,和优选方形平面的共面结构。在一个实施方案中,金属中心选自原子序数大于或等于40的金属。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及有机发光器件(OLED),和更特别地涉及在这种器件中使用的磷光有机金属材料。更特别地,本发明涉及OLED,其中发射层包括具有多个金属中心的磷光发射材料。
背景技术
由于许多原因,利用有机材料的光电器件正日益变为所希望的。制造这种器件所使用的许多材料相对便宜,因此有机光电器件相对于无机器件因成本优势具有潜力。另外,有机材料的固有性能,例如其挠性,使之非常适合于特定的应用如在挠性基底上的制造工艺。有机光电器件的实例包括有机发光器件(OLED)、有机光敏晶体管、有机光电池和有机光检测器。对于OLED来说,有机材料可具有比常规材料有利的性能。例如,可通常容易地用合适的掺杂剂调节有机发射层发光时的波长。
此处所使用的术语“有机”包括可用于制造有机光电器件的聚合物材料以及小分子有机材料。“小分子”是指非聚合物的任何有机材料,和“小分子”实际上可以相当大。在一些情况下,小分子可包括重复单元。例如,使用长链烷基作为取代基并没有将一种分子从“小分子”组中排除。小分子也可例如作为聚合物主链上的侧挂基团或者作为主链的一部分掺入到聚合物内。小分子也可起到枝状体(dendrimer)的核心部分的作用,所述枝状体由在化学部分上形成的一系列化学壳组成。枝状体的化学部分可以是荧光或磷光小分子发射体。枝状体可以是“小分子”,和认为目前在OLED领域中所使用的所有枝状体均是小分子。
OLED利用当在器件上施加电压时发射光的薄的有机膜。OLED变为在诸如平板显示器、照明和背面照明之类应用中使用的日益令人感兴趣的技术。在美国专利No.5844363、No.6303238和No.5707745(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中描述了数种OLED材料和结构。
OLED器件通常(但不总是)通过至少一个电极发射光,和一个或多个透明电极可用于有机光电器件中。例如,透明电极材料,如氧化锡铟(ITO)可用作底部电极。也可使用透明的顶部电极,如在美国专利No.5703436和No.5707745(在此通过参考将其全部内容引入)中公开的透明的顶部电极。对于仅仅通过底部电极发射光的器件来说,顶部电极不需要透明,和可以由具有高导电率的厚且反射金属层组成。类似地,对于仅仅通过顶部电极发射光的器件来说,底部电极可以不透明和/或具有反射性。在电极不需要透明的情况下,使用较厚的层可提供更好的导电率,和使用反射电极可通过将光反射回透明电极,从而增加通过其它电极发射的光量。在两个电极透明的情况下,也可制造完全透明的器件。也可制造侧发射OLED,和在这种器件中,一个或两个电极可以不透明或者具有反射性。
此处所使用的“顶部”指离基底最远,而“底部”指离基底最近。例如,对于具有两个电极的器件来说,底部电极是最接近基底的电极,和通常是制造的第一电极。底部电极具有两个表面,最接近基底的底部表面,和远离基底的顶部表面。在第一层描述为布置在第二层上的情况下,第一层远离基底布置。可在第一与第二层之间存在其它层,除非另外说明第一层与第二层“物理接触”。例如,阴极可描述为布置在阳极上,尽管可在其间各种有机层。
发明概述
提供一种器件,其具有阳极、阴极和置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的发射层。发射层包括具有大于一个金属中心的发射材料。在一个实施方案中,第一和第二金属中心独立地选自d7、d8和d9金属。桥连配体配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上。在一个实施方案中,第一和第二金属中心各自的配位数为至少3,和更优选各自的配位数为4。在一个实施方案中,光活性配体配位到第一和第二金属中心上。在一个实施方案中,不存在光活性配体。在一个实施方案中,提供电中性的双核发射材料。在一个实施方案中,第一和金属中心具有共面的结构,和优选方形平面的共面结构。在一个实施方案中,金属中心是原子序数大于或等于40的所选择的金属。
附图简述
图1示出了具有独立的电子迁移、空穴迁移和发射层以及其它层的有机发光器件。
图2示出了不具有独立的电子迁移层的反转(inverted)有机发光器件。
图3示出了以5%掺杂到CBP内的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的薄膜的光致发光发射光谱。
图4示出了在605nm的发射设定值下,以5%掺杂到CBP内的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的薄膜的激发光谱。可看到在500nm处的吸收带。
图5示出了FPt、FPtdpm和(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的发射光谱的比较。通过旋涂制备各自以5%掺杂到CBP内的FPt、FPtdpm和(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的光致发光膜并在370nm处激发。
图6示出了器件ITO/NPD(400埃)/双核配合物,9%∶CBP(300埃)/BCP(120埃,任选的)/Zrq4(350埃)/Li∶Al(1000埃)的示意图。
图7示出了具有图6所示结构的器件的量子效率对电流密度所作的曲线。
图8示出了具有图6所示结构的器件的电流密度对电压所作的曲线。
图9示出了具有图6所示结构的器件的电致发光光谱的曲线。
图10示出了具有图6所示结构的器件的亮度对电压所作的曲线。
图11示出了器件ITO/NPD(400埃)/mCP(200埃,任选的)/双核配合物,9%∶mCP(300埃)/Zrq4(350埃)/Li∶Al(1000埃)的示意图。
图12示出了具有图11所示结构的器件的量子效率对电流密度所作的曲线。
图13示出了具有图11所示结构的器件的电流密度对电压所作的曲线。
图14示出了具有图11所示结构的器件的电致发光光谱的曲线。
图15示出了具有图11所示结构的器件的亮度对电压所作的曲线。
图16示出了FPt、FPtdpm和(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的化学结构。
图17示出了通过X-射线晶体学测定的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的结构。
图18示出了在溶液内Pt2Spy4的PL发射光谱。
图19示出了在溶液内Pt2Spy4和Spy的吸收光谱。
详细说明
一般来说,OLED包括置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的至少一层有机层。此处所使用的术语“置于...之间且电连接”不是指所指的层必须相邻且直接接触。相反,它允许在所指层之间布置额外的层。当施加电流到该器件上时,阳极注入空穴和阴极注入电子到有机层内。注入的空穴和电子各自朝荷相反电荷的电极移动。当电子和空穴集中在同一分子内时,形成“激子”,所述激子是具有激发能态的局部成对电子空穴对。当激子通过光发射机理驰豫时,发出光。在一些情况下,激子可定域在激基缔合物(excimer)或者激基复合物上。也可发生非辐射机理,如热驰豫,但通常认为是非所需的。
最初的OLED使用例如在美国专利No.4769292(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中公开的从其单重态中发出光(“荧光”)的发射分子。通常在小于10纳秒的时间框架内发生荧光发射。
最近,公开了从三重态中发出光(“磷光”)的具有发射材料的OLED。Baldo et al.,“Highly Efficient PhosphorescentEmission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices”,Nature,vol.395,151-154,1998;(“Baldo-I”)和Baldo等,“Veryhigh-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based onelectrophosphorescence”,Appl.Phys.Lett.,vol.75,No.3,4-6(1999)(“Baldo-II”)(在此通过参考将其全文引入)。磷光可称为“禁阻”跃迁,这是因为该跃迁要求自旋状态的改变,和量子机理表明这种跃迁是不利的。结果,磷光通常在超过至少10纳秒的时间框架内发生,和典型地大于100纳秒。若磷光的自然辐射寿命太长,则三重态可通过非辐射机理衰减,结果不发光。也常常在非常低的温度下,在具有未成对电子的含有杂原子的分子内观察到有机磷光。2,2′-联吡啶是这样的分子。非辐射衰减机理典型地为温度依赖型,以便在液氮温度下显示出磷光的材料在室温下不显示磷光。但,正如Baldo所证明的,可通过选择在室温下发出磷光的磷光化合物来解决这一问题。
一般来说,认为在OLED内的激子以约3∶1的比例生成,即约75%的三重态和25%的单重态。参见,Adachi et al.,“Nearly100%Internal Phosphorescent Efficiency In An Organic LightEmitting Device”,J.Appl.Phys.,90,5048(2001)(在此通过参考将其全文引入)。在许多情况下,单重态激子可藉助“系间窜越(intersystem crossing)”,容易地将其能量转移到三重激发态上。结果,采用磷光OLED,100%的内量子效率在理论上是可能的。在荧光器件中,三重态激子的能量通常因加热器件的无辐射衰减工艺而损失,从而导致低得多的内量子效率。在例如美国专利No.6303238(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中公开了使用从三重激发态中发光的磷光材料的OLED。
磷光可发生在从三重激发态到中间非三重态的跃迁之前,其中从所述中间非三重态处出现发射衰减。例如,与镧系元素配位的有机分子常常从集中于镧系金属上的激发态处发射磷光。然而,这种材料不直接从三重激发态中发射磷光,而是从以镧系金属离子为中心的原子激发态中发射磷光。二酮酸铕配合物代表这类物质中的一组。
可优选通过键合,通过限制紧密靠近高原子序数原子的有机分子,相对于荧光提高来自三重态的磷光。通过称为自旋轨道偶合的机理产生这一现象(称为重原子效应)。可从有机金属分子如三(2-苯基吡啶)铱(III)的激发金属到配体的电荷传递(MLCT)状态中观察到这一磷光跃迁。
图1示出了有机发光器件100。该图不一定按比例画出。器件100可包括基底110、阳极115、空穴注入层120、空穴迁移层125、电子阻挡层130、发射层135、空穴阻挡层140、电子迁移层145、空穴注入层150、保护层155和阴极160。阴极160是具有第一导电层162和第二导电层164的化合物阴极。可通过按序沉积所述的层制造器件100。
基底110可以是提供所需结构性能的任何合适的基底。基底110可以是挠性或刚性基底。基底110可以透明、半透明或不透明。塑料和玻璃是优选的刚性基底材料的实例。塑料和金属箔是优选的挠性基底材料的实例。为了有助于电路的制造,基底110可以是半导体材料。例如,基底110可以是可在其上制造电路、能控制随后在基底上沉积OLED的硅片。也可使用其它基底。选择基底110的材料和厚度,获得所需的结构和光学性能。
阳极115可以是导电性足以将空穴迁移到有机层的任何合适的阳极。阳极115的材料优选具有大于约4eV的功函(“高功函材料”)。优选的阳极材料包括导电金属氧化物,如氧化锡铟(ITO)和氧化锌铟(IZO)、氧化锌铝(AlZnO)和金属。阳极115(和基底110)可以足够透明以生成底部发射的器件。优选的透明基底和阳极的结合是可商购的沉积在玻璃或塑料(基底)上的ITO(阳极)。在美国专利No.5844363(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中公开了挠性和透明基底-阳极的结合。阳极115可以不透明和/或具有反射性。对于一些顶部发射器件来说,反射阳极115可以是优选的,以增加从器件顶部发出的光量。可选择阳极115的材料与厚度,以获得所需的导电和光学性能。在阳极115透明的情况下,对于特定的材料来说,厚度范围可以是足够厚到提供所需导电率,但足够薄到提供所需透明度的厚度。可使用其它阳极材料和结构。
空穴迁移层125可包括能迁移空穴的材料。空穴迁移层130可以是纯粹(未掺杂)或掺杂的。可利用掺杂提高导电率。α-NPD和TPD是纯粹的空穴迁移层的实例。p-掺杂的空穴迁移层的实例是以50∶1的摩尔比用F4-TCNQ掺杂的m-MTDATA,正如Forrest等的美国专利申请No.10/173,682(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中所公开的。可使用其它空穴迁移层。
发射层135包括当在阳极115和阴极160之间通以电流时,能发光的至少一种发射材料。优选地,发射层135含有磷光发射材料,但也可使用荧光发射材料。优选磷光材料,这是因为与这一材料相关的较高发光效率所致。发射层135也可包括用可捕获电子、空穴和/或激子的发射材料掺杂的、能迁移电子和/或空穴的主体(host)材料,以便激子通过光发射机理从发射材料中驰豫。发射层135可包括结合迁移和发射性能的单一材料。不管发射材料是掺杂剂还是主要成分,发射层135可包括其它材料,如调节发射材料发射的掺杂剂。发射层135可包括能结合发射所需光的光谱的多种发射材料。因此,在本发明的一个实施方案中,发射层包括双核发射材料和第二发射材料,以便结合的发射足够横跨可见光谱,以得到白光发射。荧光发射材料的实例包括DCM和DMQA。主体材料的实例包括Alq3、CBP和mCP。在Thompson等的美国专利No.6303238(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中公开了发射和主体材料的实例。发射材料可以以许多方式包括在发射层135内。例如,可将发射小分子掺入到聚合物内。可使用其它发射层材料和结构。
电子迁移层140可包括能迁移电子的材料。电子迁移层140可以是纯粹(未掺杂)或掺杂的。可利用掺杂提高导电率。Alq3是纯粹的电子迁移层的实例。n-掺杂的电子迁移层的实例是以1∶1的摩尔比用Li掺杂的BPhen,正如在Forrest等的美国专利申请No.10/173682(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中所述。可使用其它电子迁移层。
可选择电子迁移层的电荷携带组分,以便电子可有效地从阴极注入到电子迁移层的LUMO(最低未占据分子轨道)能级内。“电荷携带组分”是实际上迁移电子的决定LUMO的材料。该组分可以是基础材料,或者它可以是掺杂剂。有机材料的LUMO能级的特征通常在于该材料的电子亲和力,和阴极的相对子注入效率通常可以以阴极材料的功函来表征。这意味着可从ETL的电荷携带组分的电子亲和力和阴极材料的功函方面规定电子迁移层和相邻阴极的优选性能。特别地,为了实现高的电子注入效率,阴极材料的功函优选比电子迁移层中电荷携带组分的电子亲和力大不超过约0.75eV,更优选大不超过约0.5eV。最优选地,电子迁移层的电荷携带组分的电子亲和力大于阴极材料的功函。类似的考虑可用到在其内注入电子的任何层内。
阴极160可以是本领域已知的任何合适的材料或材料的结合,以便阴极160能传导电子和将它们注入到器件100的有机层内。阴极160可以透明或者不透明,和可以是反射性的。金属和金属氧化物是合适的阴极材料的实例。阴极160可以是单层,或者可具有化合物结构。图1示出了具有薄的金属层162和较厚的导电金属氧化物层164的化合物阴极160。在化合物阴极中,较厚层164的优选材料包括ITO、IZO和本领域已知的其它材料。美国专利No.5703436和No.5707745(在此通过参考将其全文引入)公开了含氧化物阴极的阴极的实例,所述氧化物阴极具有金属如Mg:Ag的薄层以及层叠的透明、导电溅射沉积的ITO层。与底层有机层接触的一部分阴极160,不管它是单层阴极160、化合物阴极的薄的金属层162,或者一些其它部分,优选由功函低于约4eV的材料(“低功函材料”)制成。可使用其它阴极材料和结构。
可使用阻挡层降低电荷载流子(电子和/或空穴)和/或离开发射层的激子的数量。电子阻挡层130可以布置在发射层135和空穴迁移层125之间,以阻止电子在空穴迁移层125的方向上离开发射层135。类似地,空穴阻挡层140可以布置在发射层135和电子迁移层145之间,阻止空穴在电子迁移层140的方向上离开发射层135。也可使用阻挡层阻止激子扩散到发射层外。在Forrest等的美国专利No.6097147和美国专利申请No.10/173682中公开了阻挡层的理论和用途(在此通过参考将其全文引入)。
一般来说,注入层由可改进电荷载流子从一层,如电极或有机层注入到相邻有机层内的材料组成。注入层也可行使电荷迁移功能。在器件100中,空穴注入层120可以是改进空穴从阳极115注入到空穴迁移层125的任何层。CuPc是可用作来自ITO阳极115和其它阳极的空穴注入层的材料的实例。在器件100中,电子注入层150可以是改进电子注入到电子迁移层145内的任何层。LiF/Al是可用作电子注入层的材料的实例,它将相邻层的电子注入到电子迁移层内。其它材料或材料的结合可用于注入层。取决于特定器件的结构,注入层可布置在不同于器件100中所示的那些位置。在Lu等的美国专利申请序列号No.09/931948(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中提供了注入层的更多实例。空穴注入层可包括溶液沉积的材料,如旋涂的聚合物,例如PEDOT:PSS,或者它可以是气相沉积的小分子材料,例如CuPc或MTDATA。
空穴注入层(HIL)可极化或润湿阳极表面,以便提供从阳极注入到空穴注入材料内的有效空穴注入。空穴注入层也可具有电荷携带组分,所述电荷携带组分具有与在HIL一侧上的相邻阳极层和在HIL的相对侧上的空穴迁移层有利地相匹配的HOMO(最高占据分子轨道)能级,这通过此处所述的相对电离电势(IP)能来定义。“电荷携带组分”是指实际上迁移空穴的决定HOMO的材料。该组分可以是HIL的基础材料,或者它可以是掺杂剂。使用掺杂的HIL允许因其电性能而选择掺杂剂,和因其形态性能如润湿、挠性、韧度等选择主体材料。HIL材料的优选性能使得空穴可有效地从阳极注入到HIL材料内。特别地,HIL的电荷携带组分的IP优选比阳极材料的IP大不超过约0.7eV。更优选地,电荷携带组分的IP优选比阳极材料大不超过约0.5eV。类似的考虑可用到在其内注入空穴的任何层内。HIL材料进一步区别于典型地在OLED的空穴迁移层中使用的常规空穴迁移材料在于,这种HIL材料的空穴传导率可显著小于常规空穴迁移材料的空穴传导率。本发明的HIL的厚度可以足够厚到辅助极化或润湿阳极层的表面。例如,小至10nm的HIL厚度对于非常光滑的阳极表面来说是可接受的。然而,由于阳极表面倾向于非常粗糙,因此最多50nm的HIL厚度在一些情况下是所需的。
在随后的制造工艺过程中,可使用保护层来保护底层。例如,制造金属或金属氧化物顶部电极所使用的方法可损坏有机层,和可使用保护层减少或消除这种损坏。在器件100中,在制造阴极160的过程中,保护层155可减少对底层有机层的损坏。优选地,对于它迁移的载流子类型(在器件100中为电子)来说,保护层具有高的载流子迁移率,以便它没有显著增加器件100的操作电压。CuPc、BCP和各种金属酞菁是可在保护层中使用的材料的实例。可使用其它材料或材料的结合。保护层155的厚度优选足够厚,以致于不存在因在沉积有机保护层160之后发生的制造工艺导致对底层的损坏或者几乎没有损坏,但还没有厚到显著增加器件100的操作电压。可掺杂保护层155,以增加其导电率。例如,CuPc或BCP保护层160可用Li掺杂。可在Lu等的美国专利申请序列号No.09/931948(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中找到保护层的更详细的说明。
图2示出了反转OLED 200。该器件包括基底210、阴极215、发射层220、空穴迁移层225和阳极230。可通过按序沉积所述的层制造器件200。由于最常见的OLED结构具有布置在阳极上的阴极,和器件200具有布置在阳极230下方的阴极215,器件200可称为“反转”OLED。类似于器件100所述的那些材料可在器件200的相应层内使用。图2提供一些层如何从器件100的结构中省去的一个实例。
通过非限制性实施例提供图1和2所示的简单层状结构,和要理解可结合宽范围的各种其它结构使用本发明的实施方案。所述的具体材料和结构本质上是例举,和可使用其它材料与结构。可通过结合以不同方式描述的各层来实现功能OLED,或者可基于设计、性能和成本因素,完全省去一些层。也可包括没有具体地描述的其它层。可使用具体地描述的那些以外的材料。尽管此处提供的许多实施例描述了含单一材料的各层,但要理解,可使用材料的结合,如主体材料和掺杂剂的混合物,或者更一般的混合物。同样,各层可具有各种亚层。此处对各层给出的名称不打算为严格限制。例如,在器件200中,空穴迁移层225迁移空穴并将空穴注入到发射层220内,和可描述为空穴迁移层或空穴注入层。在一个实施方案中,OLED可描述为具有布置在阳极和阴极之间的“有机层”。这一有机层可包括单层,或者可进一步包括相对于图1和2描述的不同有机材料的多层。
也可使用没有具体地描述的结构和材料,如由聚合物材料(PLED)组成的OLED,如在Friend等的美国专利No.5247190(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中所公开的。作为进一步的实例,可使用具有单一有机层的OLED。OLED可例如如Forrest等的美国专利No.5707745中所述地层叠(在此通过参考将其全文引入)。OLED结构可衍生于图1和2所示的单层结构。例如,基底可包括倾斜的反射表面,以改进外部偶合,如在Forrest等的美国专利No.6091195中所述的台面型结构,和/或在Bulovic等的美国专利No.5834893中公开的地坑型结构(在此通过参考将其全文引入)。
除非另有说明,可通过任何合适的方法沉积各种实施方案的任何层。对于有机层来说,优选的方法包括如在美国专利No.6013982和No.6087196(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中所述的热蒸发、喷墨,如在Forrest等的美国专利No.6337102(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中所述的有机气相沉积(OVPD),和如在美国专利申请No.10/233470(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中所述的通过有机气相喷射印刷(OVJP)进行的沉积。其它合适的沉积方法包括旋涂和其它溶液基方法。优选在氮气或惰性氛围中进行溶液基方法。对于其它层来说,优选的方法包括热蒸发。优选的构图方法包括例如在美国专利No.6294398和No.6468819(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中所述的通过掩膜沉积、冷焊,和与一些沉积方法,如喷墨和OVJD相关的构图。也可使用其它方法。可改性待沉积的材料,使之与特定的沉积方法相容。例如,可在小分子中使用例如诸如支化或未支化的烷基和芳基之类的取代基,和优选含有至少3个碳的取代基,以提高其进行溶液处理的能力。可使用具有20或更多碳的取代基,和3-20个碳是优选的范围。具有不对称结构的材料比具有对称结构的那些可具有更好的溶液处理性,这是因为对称材料可具有较低重结晶的倾向。可使用枝状取代基以提高小分子进行溶液处理的能力。
可将根据本发明实施方案制造的器件掺入到宽范围的各种消费产品内,其中包括平板显示器、计算机监控器、电视、广告牌、内部和/或外部照明用灯和/或信号设备,仰视显示器、完全透明的显示器、挠性显示器、激光打印机、电话、移动电话、个人数字辅助器(PDA)、便携式计算机、数码照相机、摄像机、寻像器、微型显示器、机动车、大面积墙、剧院或体育场屏幕或标牌。可使用各种控制设备控制根据本发明制造的器件,其中包括无源矩阵和有源矩阵。许多器件拟在对人类来说舒适的温度范围内,如18℃-30℃,和更优选在室温下(20-25℃)使用。
此处所述的材料和结构可具有在除了OLED以外的器件中应用。例如,其它光电器件如有机太阳能电池和有机光检测器可使用该材料和结构。更一般地,有机器件,例如有机晶体管,可使用该材料和结构。
此处所使用的“可溶液处理”是指能溶解、分散或迁移到溶液或者悬浮液形式的液体介质内和/或从中沉积。
此处所使用的术语“双核”是指具有恰好两个金属中心的配合物。本发明的双核化合物包括两个金属中心,其中每一金属中心键合到至少一个桥连配体上,而所述桥连配体键合到这两个金属中心上。在一个实施方案中,每一金属中心除了键合到至少一个桥连配体上以外,还键合到至少一个“光活性”配体上。键合到每一金属中心上的配体可提供具有大致方形平面结构的金属中心。在本发明的一些实施方案中,可存在大于两个金属中心,但这种实施方案将不被描述为“双核”。
本发明实施方案的发射材料可包括至少一种“桥连配体”。该配体被称为桥连是因为它键合到两个不同的金属中心上。桥连配体能键合到两个金属中心上,以便两个金属中心紧密接近,典型地在约4埃内。在金属中心之间4埃和更低的距离允许单个金属原子的d-轨道显著重叠。优选地,双核配合物的两个金属中心隔开约2.5-约2.8埃。桥连配体的选择允许调节两个金属中心之间的距离。通过改变桥连配体,可调节来自双核配合物的发射的能量。
在一些实施方案中,两个金属中心通过一个或多个桥连配体一起在共面结构内键合。优选共面结构,这是因为在金属中心之间的距离,和因此分子的发射光谱,在共面结构内更容易调节。例如,取决于桥连配体的选择,共面结构可导致2埃或更低的金属-金属距离。在采用非共面结构的情况下,可能难以实现这样小的距离。“共面”是指存在来自每一金属中心的至少三个化学键,所述至少三个化学键确定与这两个金属中心之间的轴垂直的平面。优选的共面结构是方形平面共面结构,所述结构可例如用d8金属来实现。在方形平面结构内,每一金属中心具有四个化学键,所有几乎在同一平面内,并彼此以约90度隔开。图10和11所示的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2是方形平面共面的双核金属化合物的一个实例。
优选地,金属中心不是第一行的过渡金属,而是选自第二行金属和元素周期表中更高行的金属,即原子序数大于或等于40的金属。来自第二行和更高行的金属具有较高的自旋轨道耦合,这导致具有较高磷光产率的发射材料。
一些实施方案具有与这两个金属中心配位的光活性配体。可通过使用桥连配体调节这些实施方案的发射,以实现并控制在配位到不同金属中心上的两个光活性配体的π轨道之间的相互作用。认为若两个光活性配体之间一起保持在3.5埃或更低的距离下,则在它们之间存在显著的π相互作用。
同样优选的是,桥连配体不能充当双齿配体。因此,优选选择桥连配体,以便键合位点优先键合到两个不同的金属中心上,而不是键合到相同的金属中心上。
桥连配体可称为“助剂(ancillary)”,这是因为认为它们可改性分子的光活性性能,这与直接对光活性性能作出贡献相反。然而,桥连配体可以是发射体系的一部分。光活性和助剂的定义拟作为非限制理论存在。
桥连配体在双核发射化合物的两个金属中心之间提供稳定的键接。桥连配体可以对称(即键合到金属中心上的键合位点相同)或者不对称(即键合到金属中心上的键合位点不相同)。因此,桥连配体是具有供配位的至少两个位点的分子。合适的桥连配体可选自能提供合适的双核物种的本领域已知的那些。在本发明的上下文中,术语稳定是指当掺入到发射器件内时,和特别地在这种器件的操作过程中,双核配合物的稳定性。一些合适的配体公开于Matsumoto等,“Organometallic chemistry of platinum-blue derived platinumIII dinuclear complexes”,Coordination Chemistry Reviews 231(2002),第229-238页和Tejel等,“From Platinum Blues to Rhodiumand Iridium Blues”,Chem.Eur.J.(1999)5,No.4,第1131-1135页;Belitto等,“Metal-Metal Interactions in One Dimension.3.Segregated Canted Stacks of Tetrakis(dithioacetato)diplatinum(II)”,Inorg.Chem.(1980)19,第3632-3636页;Oskui等,“Di-and Tripalladium(II)and platinum(II)ComplexesContaining 7-Amino-1,8-naphthyridin-2-one as a Bridging Ligand-Oxidation of[Pt3]6+Core to[Pt3]8+”,Eur.J.Org.Chem.(1999)1325-1333;Navarro等,“Binuclear Platinum(II)Triazolopyrimidine Bridged Complexes.Preparation,CrystalStructure,NMR Spectroscopy,and ab Initio MO Investigation onthe Bonding Nature of the Pt(II)...Pt(II)Interaction in theModel Compound{Pt2[NHCHN(C(CH2)(CH3))]4}”,Inorg.Chem.(1996)35,第7829-7835页;Lewis等,“Oligomerization and Two-CenterOxidative Addition Reactions of a Dimeric Rhodium(I)Complex”,J.Am.Chem.Soc.(1976)98,第7641-7463页中(每一篇在此通过参考引入)。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,桥连配体是式III的化合物:
其中X和Y选自能与金属中心形成供体键的原子或部分,和B是5-或6-元环。虚线表示任选的双键。优选的桥连配体包括:
及其衍生物。其它优选的桥连配体是羧酸根(RCOO-)、硫代羧酸根(RCSS-)、焦磷酸根(-O3P-O-PO3 -)或者下式的化合物及其衍生物:
而其它优选的桥连配体包括:
其中:
X和Z选自C、CR、O、N、NR、S和P;
Y选自C、N、S和P;
R是H或任何有机取代基;和
N与N′是具有4-8个链节(member)的烃链,其中可能包括杂原子。
桥连配体确保双核发射材料的两个金属中心彼此维持紧密地接近。这允许双核发射材料从共同的激发态,而不是从单金属(单体)物种中发射。两个金属中心可或强或弱地在基态中耦合。该条件可导致完全不同的光物理过程。
在基态中相互作用较弱的双核物种((M-M距离≥3埃)可能具有激基缔合物状激发态。一般来说,当单独的生色团在激发态键合而不是在基态键合时,形成激基缔合物。激基缔合物是在两个分子或构成物种上延伸的具有激发态波函数的二聚体。对于本发明的目的来说,“构成物种”是指单独的金属配合物,即金属中心和它连接到其上的配体。对于本发明的双核发射材料来说,包括激基缔合物的两个金属配合物藉助桥连配体以相对紧密接近的方式保持。在该体系内的激发态波函数在两个金属配合物上延伸且通常导致核内间距的明显降低。当激发态驰豫时,分子的两部分彼此排斥和该体系返回到基态内出现的较高的核内分离状态。这一较弱的相互作用体系不代表实际的激基缔合物,这是因为两个构成物种因桥连配体的限制导致不可能完全解离。然而,光物理是激基缔合物类过程,即,金属配合物之一激发,激发态波函数延伸到两个金属配合物上,收缩,驰豫(发光),和最后膨胀。
具有强相互作用的金属配合物的双核物种可显示出不同的光物理性。在此情况下,基态结构可包括形成M-M化学键轨道。对于d8金属配合物来说,这一化学键轨道包括来自每一金属中心的两个电子的贡献,从而形成填充σ键和σ反键(σ*)轨道,导致这一相互作用的净键级为0。这一键图以前被公开过且是熟练本领域的技术人员公知的。参见,Siu-Wai等,“Probing d8-d8Interactions inLuminescent Mono-and Binuclear Cyclometalated Platinum(II)Complexes of 6-Phenyl-2,2′-bipyridines”,Inorg.Chem.(1999)38,第4046-4055页;Mann等,“Characterization of Oligomers ofTetrakis(phenylisocyanide)rhodium (I)in AcetonitrileSolution”,J.Am.Chem.Soc.(1975)97,3553-3555(每一篇在此通过参考将其引入)。
在基态中,最高填充轨道通常是σ*轨道。这一状况的光物理包括促进来自M-Mσ*轨道的电子到达配体的π*轨道或者更高水平(lying)的M-M成键轨道上。
当接收轨道是π*轨道时,跃迁称为MMLCT(金属-金属到配体电荷的传递)。π*轨道与在双核配合物的单体形式的MLCT跃迁所涉及的状态相同,且通常与“光活性配体”有关。在MMLCT激发态内认为存在M-M距离的一些收缩,这是因为σ*轨道数量减少,但跃迁的本质完全不同于对于弱相互作用体系所述的激基缔合物状跃迁。参见,Novozhilova等,“Theoretical Analysis of the Triplet ExcitedState of the [Pt2(H2P2O5)4]4-Ion and Comparison withTime-Resolved X-ray and Spectroscopic Results”,J.Am.Chem.Soc.(2003)125,1079-1087;Rice等,“Electronic Absorption andEmission Spectra of Binuclear Platinum(II)Complexes.Characterization of the Lowest Singlet and Triplet ExcitedStates of Pt2(H2P2O5)44-”,J.Am.Chem.Soc.(1983)105,4571-4575(每一篇在此通过参考将其引入)。
尽管弱相互作用体系的激发与单体形式相同,但对于σ*到π*跃迁来说,MMLCT产生新的吸收,这种吸收不存在于单体配合物的吸收光谱内。例如,在双核Pt配合物(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的激发光谱中,在500nm处观察到这一新的波带(参见图4)。
双核材料可具有在基态中出现的一定程度的金属-金属成键。实际上,当掺杂到制造OLED所使用的那一类分子薄膜内时,可能难以测定含双核发射体的构成物种是否直接在基态内键合。对于一些发射体来说,也可能是这一情况:实际是在极端之间的某处。例如,含双核发射体的构成物种在基态中可具有弱的金属-金属键,但在激发态中该键缩短且该物种变为强烈地键合。在此情况下,发射体不是“真实”的发射体,因为构成物种在基态中键合。在掺杂膜中,构成物种可很好地包括在π-π堆积和金属-金属相互作用这二者内,从而导致或者激基缔合物或者MMLCT激发态。因此,此处所使用的术语“激基缔合物”在一些情况下可以指具有强键合的激发态和弱键合的基态的构成物种。
激基缔合物的能量低于集中在组成它的两种构成物种任何一种上的激子,且其发射典型地相对宽。由于激基缔合物不含键合的基态,因此它们提供独特的解决方式实现能量有效地从电荷携带主体基体转移到发光中心上。确实,对于两种发射材料的情况来说,使用激基缔合物压制在这两个发射体之间的能量转移,从而排除复杂的分子内相互作用,这使得使用多种掺杂剂的颜色平衡成问题。关于激基缔合物和激子的性能综述,参见Andrew Gilbert和Jim Baggott,Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry,1991,CRC Press,Boston,pp.145-167。
光活性配体称为光活性是因为认为通过提供电子π*轨道,它有助于发射材料的光活性性能。当电子从配体基π*轨道中离子化或者从金属基轨道迁移到配体基轨道上时,认为该配体是光活性的。光活性配体可以是双齿或者三齿配体,其中术语双齿和三齿配体是指对于单一的金属中心来说,配体具有的化学键数量。对于光活性配体来说,优选键合到金属中心上的至少一个化学键将是碳-金属键。在本发明的优选实施方案中,光活性配体包括一个或多个芳环。在本发明的一些实施方案中,配位到第一金属中心上的第一光活性配体和配位到第二金属中心上的第二光活性配体通过桥连配体和第一与第二金属中心保持接近,从而在第一和第二光活性配体之间提供π-π相互作用。可使用任何合适的光活性配体。在一些实施方案中,第一和第二光活性配体可具有相同的结构。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,双核发射化合物包括两个金属中心,其中每一金属中心键合到三齿光活性配体和桥连配体的键合位点之一上,结果得到式I的化合物。
其中A是三齿光活性配体,L是桥连配体,和每一M是金属中心。在这一实施方案中,金属中心各自具有方形平面结构。光活性三齿配体A通过三个化学键键合到金属中心上,其中所述三个化学键中至少一个是碳-金属键和键合到金属上的其余键是供体(杂原子-金属)键。优选的三齿配体是三环芳族化合物。在本发明的一个实施方案中,A是下式IIa的三齿光活性配体:
其中Ar1是5或6元氮杂环状环,其中该环在2-位上具有能与金属中心形成供体键的氮原子。2-位在此处定义为与中心吡啶环形成化学键的环的相邻位置。在优选的实施方案中,Ar1是吡啶或取代吡啶,和Ar2是苯基或取代苯基。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,A是下式IIb的三齿光活性配体:
其中Ar3和Ar4独立地选自5或6元氮杂环状环,其中每一环在2-位上具有能与金属中心形成供体键的氮原子。在优选的实施方案中,环Ar3和Ar4之一是吡啶或取代吡啶。在尤其优选的实施方案中,Ar3和Ar4二者均是吡啶或取代吡啶。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,双核发射化合物包括两个金属中心,其中每一金属中心键合到一个双齿光活性配体和两个桥连配体上,结果得到式III的化合物。
其中A′是双齿光活性配体,L是桥连配体,和M是金属中心。双齿光活性配体A′具有一个金属-碳键和一个供体(杂原子-金属)键,且可选自本领域已知的各种配体。在尤其优选的实施方案中,A′选自2-苯基吡啶及其衍生物。许多优选的双齿光活性配体包括与金属配位的下述部分结构,以便形成环状金属化有机金属化合物,如以下所示的在US-2003-0017361(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中公开的:
M可以是任何合适的金属,例如d7、d8或d9金属,和虚线表示光活性配体上的其余化学键。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,双核发射化合物包括通过桥连配体键合的两个金属中心。这一实施方案可不具有任何光活性配体。例如,两个金属中心可通过四个桥连配体键合,得到下式IV的化合物:
其中M是金属中心和L是桥连配体。
在具有两个金属中心的化合物(包括双核化合物)不具有任何光活性配体的情况下,可通过不牵涉与光活性配体有关的π*轨道的机理,发生光的发射。具体地说,不具有任何光活性配体的双核化合物的HOMO也可以是主要由金属dz2轨道组成的σ*轨道。在非激发态下的LUMO可以是σp轨道(通过高水平(high lying)金属pz轨道的重叠形成的σ成键轨道),以便当电子从σ*轨道迁移到σp轨道上时,可出现激发态。由于两个原因,这种跃迁可降低两个金属中心之间的距离,第一是因为反键σ*轨道的数量减少,和第二个是因为成键σp轨道的数量增加。通过电子从σp轨道驰豫到σ*轨道,可出现发射。认为这类发射是磷光发射。
一般来说,具有光活性配体的分子具有与π*轨道,而不是σp轨道有关的LUMO。获得磷光蓝色发射材料的许多以前的努力牵涉调节与光活性配体有关的π*轨道和σp轨道之差。本发明的实施方案允许通过设计不具有光活性配体的双核或多核分子来获得蓝光材料,这样LUMO不再是π*轨道。相反,LUMO是σp轨道,和通过σ*与σp轨道的能量差来测定发射光谱。可以以数种方式调节这一能量差。首先,可通过选择桥连配体来控制金属中心之间的距离。这一距离对σ*与σp轨道的能量差,和因此对发射光谱具有强的影响。在所有其它相等的情况下,较小的距离通常导致较低的能量和红移发射,而较大的距离将导致较高的能量和蓝移发射。第二,可选择桥连配体,以调节金属中心的电子构型。例如,在双核分子内的σ*与σp轨道是单独的金属中心的dz轨道之间的相互作用的结果。一些桥连配体可通过配体场相互作用显著影响金属d和p轨道的能量。这种配体场“调节”轨道能量可降低或提高单独的金属d和p轨道的能量,这取决于桥连配体和键接布局的本性。因此,这种配体场效应可增加这两个金属中心的原子轨道之间的能量差并增加σ*轨道与σp轨道之间的能量差,从而使分子的发射光谱蓝移。
在优选的实施方案中,双核发射材料具有通过四个桥连配体键合到彼此上的两个金属中心,没有光活性配体。金属中心优选具有四个配位位点。对于金属中心来说,Pt是优选的金属,这是因为它具有四个共面的配位位点。
优选地,双核发射材料的金属中心具有至少三个配位位点,和更优选至少四个配位位点。认为金属中心具有3或4个配位位点的材料倾向于比具有较少配位位点的材料更稳定。认为具有至少四个配位位点的金属中心可倾向于尤其稳定。在共面的布局中具有恰好4个配位位点的金属,如Pt,可导致尤其稳定的双核分子。
本发明实施方案的化合物包括两个金属中心。该金属可选自原子量大于40的重金属。金属中心的优选电子构型具有8个d电子(例如Pt(II)、Pd(II)、Ni(II)、Ir(I)、Rh(I)、Ag(III)、Au(III)等),但本发明不限于这些金属或氧化态。这些金属中心称为“d8”金属中心。优选d8金属中心,这是因为通常在两个d8金属中心之间存在强的相互作用,即使在基态中不具有化学键。Pt是尤其优选的d8金属中心。可使用的其它电子构型包括具有7个d电子的金属中心(“d7”金属中心),和具有9个d电子的金属中心(“d9”金属中心)。d10金属中心不是优选的,这是因为它们通常具有长(long)的相互作用和在基态中不具有化学键。在一些实施方案中,可由具有不同数量d电子的两种金属形成双核配合物,即d7金属可与d8金属配对。优选地,两种金属具有相同数量的d电子。最优选,为了容易制造,双核配合物的两种金属中心是相同的金属。
在一些实施方案中,发射材料是双核电中性化合物。对于一些应用来说,优选电中性化合物,这是因为它们比较容易升华和真空沉积,以便有助于藉助一些方法制造器件。可在其它实施方案中使用非电中性的化合物,但这种化合物的升华可能困难,结果对于这种化合物来说,优选溶液处理。
要理解,此处所述的各种实施方案仅仅是例举,和不打算限制本发明的范围。例如,此处所述的许多材料和结构可用其它材料和结构来替代,且没有偏离本发明的精神。要理解,关于本发明为何起作用的各种理论不打算作为限制。例如,涉及多核迁移的理论不打算作为限制。
物质定义:
此处所述的简写是指如下所述的物质:
CBP:4,4′-N,N-二咔唑-联苯
m-MTDATA:4,4′,4″-三(3-甲基苯基苯基氨基)三苯基胺
Alq3:8-三-羟基喹啉铝
Bphen:4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉
n-BPhen:n-掺杂的BPhen(用锂掺杂)
F4-TCNQ:四氟-四氰基-醌二甲烷(quinodimethane)
p-MTDATA:p-掺杂的m-MTDATA(用F4-TCNQ掺杂)
Ir(ppy)3:三(2-苯基吡啶)-铱
I r(ppz)3:三(1-苯基吡唑基(pyrazoloto),N,C(2′)铱(III)
BCP:2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉
TAZ:3-苯基-4-(1′-萘基)-5-苯基-1,2,4-三唑
CuPc:铜酞菁
ITO:氧化锡铟
NPD:萘基-苯基-二胺
TPD:N,N′-双(3-甲苯基)-N,N′-二(苯基)-联苯胺
BAlq:双(2-甲基-8-喹啉基)-4-苯基苯酚铝(III)
mCP:1,3-N,N-二咔唑-苯
DCM:4-(二氰基亚乙基)-6-(4-二甲基氨基苯乙烯基-2-甲基)-4H-吡喃
DMQA:N,N′-二甲基喹吖啶酮
PEDOT:PSS:聚(3,4-亚乙二氧基噻吩)和聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PSS)的含水分散液
FPt:(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基(pyridinato)-N,C2)(2,4-戊二酮根(dionato)-O,O)铂(II)
FPtdpm:(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基-N,C2)(2,2,6,6-四甲基-3,5-庚二酮根-O,O)铂(II)
(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2:双(2-(4,6-二氟苯基)吡啶基-N,C2)双[μ-(2-吡啶硫代酮根(thionato)-N1:S2)]二铂(II)
Pt2Spy4:四[μ-(2-吡啶硫代酮根-N1:S2)]二铂(II)
Spy:2-硫代吡啶
实验:
现描述本发明的具体的代表性实施方案,其中包括如何制造这些实施方案。要理解,具体方法、物质、条件、工艺参数、装置等不能限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
将2-巯基吡啶(0.53g,4.80mmol)加入到正如Brooks等,“Synthesis and Characterization of PhosphorescentCyclometalated Platinum Complexes”,Inorganic Chemistry,2002,41(12),3055-3066(在此通过参考将其全文引入)所述的4,6-dfppyPt二聚体(2.00g,2.38mmol)的甲醇溶液中。将碳酸钾(0.50g)加入到该溶液中,并加热到60℃持续18小时。然后冷却该溶液,并减压除去溶剂。将粗产品溶解在丙酮内,并用丙酮作为洗脱剂通过硅胶柱。再次减压除去溶剂,并从甲醇中使产品重结晶,作为红色晶体化合物得到82%产率的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2。
实施例2
通过用洗涤剂洗涤和用去离子水接着丙酮漂洗,制备玻璃基底。然后在氮气流下干燥玻璃,然后将其放置在臭氧烘箱内10分钟。通过在100ml体积的烧瓶中,在甲苯内溶解5.00mg(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2和100mg CBP,制备100ml的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2/CBP溶液(溶液A)。通过在100ml体积的烧瓶中,在甲苯内溶解5.00mg FPt和100mg CBP,制备100ml的FPt/CBP溶液(溶液B)。由这些溶液制备两种薄膜。在玻璃基底上以40000rpm旋涂溶液A 40秒,得到(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2薄膜。在另一玻璃基底上以40000rpm旋涂溶液B 40秒,得到FPt薄膜。
用两种光谱,其中一个峰值在370nm下和另一个峰值在500nm下,激发在CBP内掺杂的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的薄膜。选择这两种光谱,以便大致与CBP和(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的吸收光谱一致。图3示出了所得PL光谱。曲线310示出了在370nm处的激发PL光谱。曲线320示出了在500nm处的激发PL光谱。在370nm处的激发曲线示出了通过CBP吸收的能量可转移到(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2上并作为光发射。
图4示出了在605nm的发射设定值下,以5%掺杂到CBP内的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2薄膜的激发光谱。曲线420基于与曲线410相同的数据,但将该数值乘以20,以便可看到更细的细节。在曲线410中最清楚地可见的在约350nm处的峰值,是由于CBP的吸收导致的。在曲线420中最清楚地可见的在约500nm处的峰值,是由于(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的吸收导致的,并证明了在基态中在两个Pt金属中心之间的相互作用。
图5示出了FPt、FPtdpm和(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的发射光谱的比较。通过如上所述旋涂制备各自以5%掺杂到CBP内的FPt、FPtdpm和(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的光致发光膜并在370nm处激发。曲线510、520和530分别示出了FPt、FPtdpm和(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的PL光谱。
实施例3
在薄膜电阻(sheet resistance)为~20欧姆/□、用~100nm厚的氧化锡铟(ITO)层预涂布的玻璃基底上,使有机发光器件生长。用溶剂使基底脱脂,然后通过暴露于UV-臭氧环境下10分钟进行清洗。在清洗之后,立即将基底装载到在~1×10-6Torr的基础压力下操作的热蒸发体系内。如图6和8所示,制造数种不同的器件结构。首先,沉积400埃厚的4,4′-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯基-氨基]联苯(α-NPD)空穴迁移层(HTL)。在一些器件中,沉积200埃厚的mCP作为电子阻挡层(EBL)。接下来,共沉积9%(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2(以重量计)与mCP或者CBP,形成300埃厚的发射层。在一些器件中,沉积120埃厚的BCP层作为电子阻挡层(EBL)。最后,沉积由四(8-羟基喹啉)锆(IV)(Zrq4)组成的350埃厚的电子迁移层(ETL)。通过荫罩沉积由10埃厚的LiF接着1000埃厚的铝层组成的器件阴极。该器件的有源面积为2×2mm2。制造下述四种结构:
结构1:ITO/NPD/(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2:CBP/ZrQ4/LiF:Al
结构2:ITO/NPD/(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2:CBP/BCP/ZrQ4/LiF:Al
结构3:ITO/NPD/(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2:mCP/ZrQ4/LiF:Al
结构4:ITO/NPD/mCP/(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2:mCP/ZrQ4/LiF:Al
图6示出了具有结构1和2的器件的示意图。结构1具有阳极615、空穴迁移层625、发射层635、电子迁移层645和阴极660。结构2与结构1相同,但具有布置在发射层635和电子迁移层645之间的额外的空穴阻挡层640。在前述段落中描述了各层的材料与厚度。
图7示出了具有结构1和2的器件的量子效率对电流密度所作的曲线。曲线710示出了结构1的数据,和曲线720示出了结构2的数据。这两个器件显示出约6.0%的最大量子效率。
图8示出了具有结构1和2的器件的电流密度对电压所作的曲线。曲线810示出了结构1的数据,和曲线820示出了结构2的数据。
图9示出了具有结构1和2的器件的电致发光光谱的曲线。曲线910示出了结构1的数据,和曲线920示出了结构2的数据。
图10示出了具有结构1和2的器件的亮度对电压所作的曲线。曲线1010示出了结构1的数据,和曲线1020示出了结构2的数据。结构1显示出在约6伏特下约100Cd/m2的较高亮度。
图11示出了具有结构3和4的器件的示意图。结构3具有阳极1115、空穴迁移层1125、发射层1135、电子迁移层1145和阴极1160。结构4与结构3相同,但具有布置在空穴迁移层1125与发射层1135之间的额外的电子阻挡层1130。在前述段落中描述了各层的材料与厚度。
图12示出了具有结构NPD/mCP/EL/Zrq4和NPD/EL/Zrq4(结构4和3)的器件的量子效率对电流密度所作的曲线。曲线1210示出了结构3的数据,和曲线1220示出了结构4的数据。这两个器件显示出约3.1%的最大量子效率。
图13示出了具有结构NPD/mCP/EL/Zrq4和NPD/EL/Zrq4(结构4和3)的器件的电流密度对电压所作的曲线。曲线1310示出了结构3的数据,和曲线1320示出了结构4的数据。
图14示出了具有结构NPD/mCP/EL/Zrq4和NPD/EL/Zrq4(结构4和3)的器件的电致发光光谱的曲线。曲线1410示出了结构3的数据,和曲线1420示出了结构4的数据。
图15示出了具有结构NPD/mCP/EL/Zrq4和NPD/EL/Zrq4(结构4和3)的器件的亮度对电压所作的曲线。曲线1510示出了结构3的数据,和曲线1520示出了结构4的数据。
图16示出了FPt、FPtdpm和(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的化学结构。
图17示出了通过X-射线晶体学测定的(F2ppy)2Pt2(SPy)2的结构。
正如在Umakoshi等,“Binuclear Platinum(II)and-(III)Complexes of Pyridine-2-thiol and Its 4-Methyl Analogue,Synthesis,Structure,and Electrochemistry”,Inorg.Chem.1987,26,3551-3556(在此通过参考将其全文引入)中所述的制备Pt2Spy4(n)和Spy(n)。
图18示出了在2-甲基-四氢呋喃(2-甲基-THF)中浓度小于1nM的Pt2Spy4的PL发射光谱。曲线1810示出了2-甲基-THF的发射峰值,和曲线1220示出了Pt2Spy4的发射峰值。曲线1820的峰值为约400nm,和尾部在470nm处显著减弱,这证明采用不具有光活性配体的双核材料可实现深蓝色发射。
图19示出了在溶液内Pt2Spy4和Spy的吸收光谱。曲线1910示出了Spy的吸收光谱。曲线1920示出了Pt2Spy4的吸收光谱。
尽管相对于特定实施例和优选实施方案描述了本发明,但要理解,本发明不限于这些实施例和实施方案。因此所要求保护的本发明包括由此处所述的特定实施例和优选实施方案得到的改变,这对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。
Claims (38)
1.一种有机发光器件,它包括:
阳极;
阴极;和
置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的发射层,该发射层进一步包括发射材料,该发射材料包括:
选自d7、d8和d9金属的第一金属中心;
选自d7、d8和d9金属的第二金属中心;和
配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上的桥连配体,
其中金属中心通过桥连配体保持共面结构。
2.权利要求1的器件,其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心均选自d8金属。
3.权利要求2的器件,其中在第一金属中心和第二金属中心之间的距离使得在第一金属中心的d8轨道和第二金属中心的d8轨道之间存在显著的重叠。
4.权利要求2的器件,其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心均是相同的金属。
5.权利要求4的器件,其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心均是Pt。
6.权利要求1的器件,其中发射材料是双核材料,该双核材料包括:
四个桥连配体,其中每一桥连配体配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上。
7.权利要求1的器件,其中发射材料是双核材料,该双核材料包括:
两个桥连配体,其中每一桥连配体配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上;
键合到第一金属中心上的第一双齿光活性配体;和
键合到第二金属中心上的第二双齿光活性配体。
8.权利要求7的器件,其中第一双齿光活性配体和第二双齿光活性配体通过桥连配体和第一与第二金属中心保持接近,从而在第一与第二双齿光活性配体之间提供显著的π-π相互作用。
9.权利要求8的器件,其中第一和第二双齿光活性配体具有相同的结构。
10.权利要求1的器件,其中发射材料是双核材料,该双核材料包括:
一个桥连配体,其中该桥连配体配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上;
键合到第一金属中心上的第一三齿光活性配体;和
键合到第二金属中心上的第二三齿光活性配体。
11.权利要求10的器件,其中第一三齿光活性配体和第二三齿光活性配体通过桥连配体和第一与第二金属中心保持接近,从而在第一与第二三齿光活性配体之间提供显著的π-π相互作用。
12.权利要求11的器件,其中第一和第二三齿光活性配体具有相同的结构。
13.权利要求1的器件,其中发射层进一步包括主体材料,和发射材料在主体材料内作为掺杂剂存在。
14.权利要求1的器件,其中该器件包括:
空穴迁移层;
电子迁移层;和
发射层,
其中该发射层置于空穴迁移层和电子迁移层之间。
15.权利要求1的器件,其中基本上所有从该器件发出的光来自于激基缔合物的发射。
16.权利要求1的器件,其中发射分子是磷光发射材料。
18.权利要求1的器件,其中每一桥连配体选自羧酸根(RCOO-)、硫代羧酸根(RCSS-)、焦磷酸根(-O3P-O-PO3 -)或者下式的化合物:
及其衍生物。
20.权利要求19的器件,其中N与N′包括杂原子。
21.权利要求1的器件,其中发射分子具有下述结构:
22.权利要求1的器件,其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心之间的距离小于4埃。
23.权利要求22的器件,其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心之间的距离为2.5埃至2.8埃。
24.权利要求1的器件,其中发射材料不包括光活性配体。
25.一种有机发光器件,它包括:
阳极;
阴极;和
置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的发射层,该发射层进一步包括双核发射材料,该双核发射材料包括:
配位数为至少3的选自d7、d8和d9金属的第一金属中心;
配位数为至少3的选自d7、d8和d9金属的第二金属中心;和
配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上的桥连配体,
其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心之间的距离为4埃或更低。
26.权利要求25的器件,其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心的配位数均为至少4。
27.权利要求26的器件,其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心的配位数均为4。
28.权利要求25的器件,其中发射材料不包括光活性配体。
29.权利要求25的器件,其中:
第一金属中心和第二金属中心具有相同的配位数;和
发射材料进一步包括配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上的多个桥连配体,以便桥连配体的数量等于第一金属中心的配位数。
30.一种有机发光器件,它包括:
阳极;
阴极;和
置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的发射层,该发射层进一步包括双核发射材料,该双核发射材料包括:
选自d7、d8和d9金属的第一金属中心;
选自d 7、d8和d9金属的第二金属中心;
配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上的桥连配体;
配位到第一金属中心上的第一光活性配体;
配位到第二金属中心上的第二光活性配体,
其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心之间的距离为4埃或更低。
31.权利要求30的器件,其中第一和第二光活性配体具有下述部分结构:
其中M是d7、d8或d9金属。
34.权利要求33的器件,其中N与N′包括杂原子。
35.一种有机发光器件,它包括:
阳极;
阴极;和
置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的发射层,该发射层进一步包括双核发射材料,该双核发射材料包括:
选自d7、d8和d9金属的第一金属中心;
选自d7、d8和d9金属的第二金属中心;和
配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上的桥连配体;
其中双核发射材料是电中性的,
其中金属中心通过桥连配体保持共面结构。
36.一种有机发光器件,它包括:
阳极;
阴极;和
置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的发射层,该发射层进一步包括双核发射材料,该双核发射材料包括:
选自d7、d8和d9金属的第一金属中心;
选自d7、d8和d9金属的第二金属中心;和
配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上的桥连配体;
其中金属中心通过桥连配体保持共面结构,
其中第一金属中心和第二金属中心之间的距离为4埃或更低。
37.权利要求36的器件,其中第一和第二金属中心各自具有方形平面结构。
38.一种有机发光器件,它包括:
阳极;
阴极;和
置于阳极和阴极之间且电连接到阳极和阴极上的发射层,该发射层进一步包括发射材料,该发射材料包括:
选自原子序数大于或等于40的d7、d8和d9金属中的第一金属中心;
选自原子序数大于或等于40的d7、d8和d9金属中的第二金属中心;和
配位到第一金属中心和第二金属中心上的桥连配体,
其中金属中心通过桥连配体保持共面结构。
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JP2006522487A (ja) | 2006-09-28 |
JP5730613B2 (ja) | 2015-06-10 |
WO2004093210A1 (en) | 2004-10-28 |
US20060269785A1 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
US7090928B2 (en) | 2006-08-15 |
JP5384789B2 (ja) | 2014-01-08 |
CN1795569A (zh) | 2006-06-28 |
TWI354693B (en) | 2011-12-21 |
EP1609197B1 (en) | 2007-02-28 |
US20040197600A1 (en) | 2004-10-07 |
ATE355618T1 (de) | 2006-03-15 |
DE602004005014T2 (de) | 2007-07-12 |
KR101056477B1 (ko) | 2011-08-12 |
TW200427813A (en) | 2004-12-16 |
JP2011109140A (ja) | 2011-06-02 |
KR20050109618A (ko) | 2005-11-21 |
EP1609197A1 (en) | 2005-12-28 |
DE602004005014D1 (de) | 2007-04-12 |
US7824778B2 (en) | 2010-11-02 |
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