CN1623365A - Fruit tree anti drought cultivation method - Google Patents
Fruit tree anti drought cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN1623365A CN1623365A CNA2003101158758A CN200310115875A CN1623365A CN 1623365 A CN1623365 A CN 1623365A CN A2003101158758 A CNA2003101158758 A CN A2003101158758A CN 200310115875 A CN200310115875 A CN 200310115875A CN 1623365 A CN1623365 A CN 1623365A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
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Abstract
A drought-resistant cultivation method for fruit tree includes such steps as choosing the drought-resistant variety and stock, reasonable close planting, pruning, applying fertilizer, frequently deep ploughing, building terraced fields and scale pits, covering film, planting grass, water-saving irrigation and applying hydroscopic agent and vaporation resistant agent.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the plant cultivation in the agricultural technology field, relate to fruit tree planting technique, specifically a planting fruit-trees drought-resistant cultivating method.
Background technology
Fruit tree is the main economic tree of Chinese upper level, and cultivated area is bigger, but during growth and development of fruit tree, often be subjected to weather conditions, the restriction of environmental condition, especially arid is the most obvious to the influence of fruit tree growth, can cause the underproduction even the total crop failure of fruit tree when arid is serious.This has been just to having caused the economic loss that can't remedy with fruit tree as the upper level of main source of finance, serious restriction local economic development.In conjunction with the production reality of upper level now, primary technical problem is a reasonable use upper level resource how, improves the economic benefit of fruit tree unit are, ecological benefits, social benefit.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is based on the basic theories of pomology, natural conditions according to biological property and the upper level of different fruit trees, by technical measures such as regulation and control soil moisture and fertility, build the good condition of growing for fruit tree, purpose provides a planting fruit-trees drought-resistant cultivating method.
The present invention mainly comprises selection drought resisting stock, fruit growing, and management waits technology contents between the garden.
Variety classes fruit variety water requirement and drought-enduring power are discrepant, and it is drought-enduring the strongest to cultivate in the seeds tone fruit trees at present, and drought-enduring power such as Lee, grape are medium, and the drought-enduring power of seeds such as apple, pears is the most weak.Drought-enduring power and the stock relation of cultivation seeds are very big, and stock root system drought resistance size is determining the drought-enduring power of fruit tree, and the stock drought-resistant ability can strengthen the drought-enduring power of fruit tree greatly.Therefore, should select the kind of drought resisting stock in the fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating for use as grafting.The present invention selects tall anvil class stock as the grafting kind, as more drought-enduring Malus baccata, calophyllum inophyllum, sorb, ussurian grape.
Reasonably cultivation also has important effect to the drought-resistant ability of fruit tree, and the fruit tree planting technique that the present invention takes comprises dense planting, pruning, fertilising, diligent deep ploughing, and builds terraced fields and fish scale pit.
Area under lack of water condition short of rain, rational close planting can make fruit tree obtain sufficient moisture and nutrient, realize high grade producing.The present invention adopts intermediate density to plant, and spacing in the rows is 2.5～3.0 meters.The intermediate density field of planting is smooth as far as possible, hollow place to plant, the footpath, hole be 1 meter square.
Comparatively desirable tree-like of drought resisting is free spindle and elongated spindle, and the present invention is tree-like free spindle or the elongated spindle of being trimmed to.Make wound during pruning less, stay the protection stake more.The pruning back is in time smeared with seal and shear oil or soothing oil and is cut, saws wound, prevents the resin evaporation.Invalid living branch is dredged in the rudiment that it is unnecessary that in time erase spring summer, carries out with Hua Dingguo, and load is rationally limited output, and reduces the effective consumption of setting the branch of recuperating.
In order to strengthen tree vigo(u)r, improve the fruit tree drought resistance, carry out rational application of fertilizers, applying organic manure, the fertilising that changes inclined to one side nitrogen is accustomed to.Autumn, rainfall was more, and soil moisture is big, and in time basal dressing is beneficial to the tree body and reserves nutrient, though like this spring next year arid, but, make tree bulk-growth stalwartness because the tree body reserves nutrient morely, blade is big, the fruit-setting rate height of blooming, drought resistance enhancing.Fertilising should be advisable with reasonable deep placement, induces root system to grow downwards, strengthens the drought resisting performance.
For preventing soil water evaporation, diligent deep ploughing is carried out in the orchard.Deep ploughing of the present invention combines with thin rake, will prevent erosion in the time of deep ploughing.A kind of way is some leguminous green manures of deep ploughing orchard intercropping, plays the effect in solid clay fertilizer field.
Level land to non-, as mountain region, arid hillside field and hilly ground, terraced fields and fish scale pit are built in the orchard, carry out contour famring, make rainwater accumulate in the row and tree down, the water utilization ability of office of raising portion soil increases drought resistance.
Management comprises that the orchard covers between the garden, orchard ground cover, and plastic mulching cave storage rich water, water-saving irrigation, and use hygroscopic agent, use the anti-agent of steaming.
The orchard covers and comprises the film covering and cover grass.
Covering careless thickness is 15～20 centimetres, the orchard cover grass throughout the year all can, with spring for well, non-irrigated unfertile land covers grass when 20 cm layer of soil temperature reach 20 ℃.Wheat straw, wheat bran, weeds, leaf, crops straw and broken faggot all can be used for the orchard and cover grass.The quantity of grass is covered in the orchard, and 2000～2500 kilograms every mu of grass are covered in full garden, and covering careless thickness is 15～20 centimetres.
Film covers and covers grass and can reduce water evaporates, improves the rhizosphere soil water content, has good retaining effect.Can improve soil temperature, help the raising of root physiological activity in early spring, promote microbial activities, quicken organic matter decomposition, increase soil fertility.Can obviously improve the treelet planting survival rate, promote shoot growth, help tree crown and enlarge rapidly.Promote the effect of fruit maturation and inhibition weed growth in addition in addition.
Orchard ground cover of the present invention is the plantation grass useful to fruit tree growth in the orchard, and this grass can be Bai Sanye.Bai Sanye belongs to the perennial root plant, and it is strong that seed lands the nature updating ability, utilizes year to be limited to about 8 years, has the shade tolerance energy, normal growth under the environment of 30% light transmittance, suitable orchard planting.Have flourishing lateral root and stolon behind the Bai Sanye Cheng Ping, comparing with other weeds has stronger competitiveness, and has certain cold-resistant and temperature capacity, and the accommodation of P in soil H value is reached 4.5～8.5.Because of the Bai Sanye optimum growth temperature is 19 ℃～24 ℃, sowing is the best with two seasons of spring and autumn.Spring can be at mid or late March, can sow when temperature is stabilized in more than 15 ℃.Autumn sowing generally since mid-August until mid or late September, the good conditions for soil moisture a little less than the weed growth gesture, helped Bai Sanye and grew into the level ground autumn, therefore it is preferably to sow in spring.Fruit tree inter-row weed and foreign material should be removed before the butch clover kind is broadcast, turn over the back leveling, earthing should be shallow, at 1～2 centimetre, generally seed is spread on behind the face of land to harrow with slight spike-tooth harrow and gets final product, 0.4～0.6 kilogram of every mu of amount of broadcasting.Keep ground moistening seedling stage, replenish a small amount of nitrogenous fertilizer, and in time weed a garden, need behind the Cheng Ping to replenish phosphorus, potash fertilizer, and suitably water during prolonged drought.The major measure that butch clover upgrades is to cradle and turn over pressure, and butch clover is following numerous grass, and plant is short, general about 30 centimetres, can when highly length is to 20 centimetres of left and right sides, cradle, and toothing is not less than 5 centimetres when cradling, in order to regeneration.Can cradle every year 2～4 times, all will replenish rich water after cradling at every turn.Newly-built grass is not preferably cut in initial some months, and the grass of cutting off can cover on the spot, can make forage feed yet and use.Afterwards grass is aging about 5 years for sward, should in time turn over, and lies fallow after 1～2 year, again sowing.The time of ploughing deeply to be being advisable late fall, and notes and prevent to damage the fruit tree root system.
Butch clover can be improved the soil, and increases soil fertility, and suppresses weed growth, regulates ground temperature, improve the fruit tree growth environment, prevent erosion, strengthen the biological control ability, reduce damage by disease and insect and take place, improve output of the fruit tree and quality, fruit is herded in conjunction with development, improve overall economic efficiency.
Cave storage rich water film-mulching technique is simple, and small investment takes effect greatly, has the advantages that joint is fertile, economize on water, and generally can save fertilizer 30%, water saving 70%～90%; Particularly remarkable at thin, the anhydrous hill effect that waters condition of soil layer, be the important drought resisting in arid orchard, water conservation technology.Concrete technology is as follows: crops straw or weeds are tied into the grass handle of 15～25 centimetres of diameters, 30～35 centimetres of length, be placed in the water or in 5%～10% the urine and soak into.Dig dark 40 centimetres, diameter in inside 50～70 centimeters of tree crown projecting edge and than grass the cave is supported in big slightly storage, hole is rounded round tree root, determines the foster cave of storage quantity according to the tree crown size, and 3.5～4.0 meters of crown diameters are dug 4 caves; 6 meters of crown diameters are dug 6～8 caves.The grass handle is stood on cave central authorities, tread with the native landfill of mixing fertilizer on every side, the 5 kilograms of farmyard manures in every cave, mix 150 gram superphosphate, 50～100 gram urea or composite fertilizers, and water in right amount, put the tree dish then in order, make the nutrition cave be lower than 1～2 centimetre on ground, form the plate shape, 3～5 kilograms/cave of watering gets final product overlay film; Old plastic sheeting for farm use cut apart with a knife or scissors even up, on the Gai Zaishu dish, and must cover the nutrition cave under film, real in the middle of reaching all around with soil pressure, 1.5～2.0 square metres of every cave covering with plastic film, the ground film edge is tight with soil pressure, central authorities wear an aperture to the upper end over against grass, block with stone or soil, water so that topdress in the future.On the mulch film above the central authorities of cave, wear an aperture, in case later fertilizing, watering or accept rainwater, and on aperture, press a finger stone, in case water evaporates.Generally spending the back as the early and middle ten days in May, young sprout stops growing 3 periods after phase such as mid-June and the fruit picking, and every cave 50～100 gram urea or composite fertilizers of topdressing are put in fertilizer careless the top, water immediately about 3.0～4.0 kilograms; Enter rainy season, mulch film can be removed, storage is supported store rainwater in the cave; General storage is supported the cave and can be kept 2～3 years, and grass is found should in time change after mulch film damages changing every year once, is provided with once more when the cave is supported in storage and changes the position, realizes the improvement of full garden gradually.
Water-saving irrigation technique comprises drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation.
The drip irrigation whole system comprises control appliance such as water pump, water meter, manometer, filter, mix fertile jar etc., main pipe, arm, hollow billet and water dropper.Water with certain pressure flows into main pipe and arm from the water source after strictness is filtered, water is transported to fruit tree in the ranks, is connected with arm with the hollow billet around the tree strain, is equipped with 4～6 water droppers on the hollow billet, and the water dropper flow is generally 2～4 liters/hour.Water splashes into soil continuously by water dropper, makes the soil of fruit tree Root Distribution layer keep optimum moisture condition always.Drip irrigation is a kind of water economy, saving of labor, labour-saving irrigation method, is specially adapted to lack the arid upper level at water source.Use drip irrigation than spray irrigation economize 36%～50%, than flood irrigation water saving 80%～92%.Owing to supply water evenly, lastingly, the root system ambient stable very helps growth, the growth of fruit tree, generally increases production more than 25%.The drip irrigation time should be grasped moistening root system and concentrate distribution layer to be degree, and drip irrigation should be decided with the demand of fruit tree growing process interval.Usually, when not occurring wilting phenomenon, need not overfrequency and pour water.
Sprinkling irrigation comprises sprinkling irrigation and little spray, and sprinkling irrigation system comprises several parts of water source, water inlet pipe, pump works, aqueduct, vertical tube and shower nozzle.Can be during application according to adjusting pressure such as the soil texture, moistening degree, wind-force sizes, select shower nozzle for use and determine application rate of sprinkler irrigation so that reach ne-leakage, runoff loss, do not destroy soil structure again, purpose that simultaneously can even moistening soil.The using water wisely of sprinkling irrigation energy, water consumption is 1/4 of surface irrigation, and the protection soil structure is regulated orchard microclimate, and the cleaning blade face also can alleviate freeze injury when running into frost; The dusk spray of apple fructescence, can promote painted, increase sugar; The hot summer sprinkling irrigation can reduce leaf temperature, temperature and soil temperature, prevents the evil of burning high temperature, day.Sprinkling irrigation can be a kind of comparatively ideal irrigation method in conjunction with spraying insecticide and liquid fertilizer.
Little spray has the strong point of sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation technique, has overcome both disadvantages, than the more water-saving of spraying, stops up than drip irrigation is anti-, and it is very fast to supply water.The technology emphasis that the present invention uses microspray irrigation is to utilize two mountain springs, 1 of laying house steward, 2 of mains, 14 of arms connect hollow billet under the arm, arrange that along contour spacing is fixed a two-way refraction mini sprinkler of WP-Z1.2 with fruit tree line-spacing unanimity under every strain tree, plastic tube with 4 millimeters of diameters is connected with hollow billet, and the shower nozzle injection flow rate is 62 liters/hour, and spraying diameter is 2.9 meters, than common irrigated area volume increase 43.4%, with the flood irrigation ratio, can economize on water 70% the whole year, and recoup capital outlay 260%.
Hygroscopic agent is a kind of PP type, and water absorbing and retaining properties is extremely strong, and its water absorbing properties surpasses 1000 times of deadweight, and excellent water retention property is arranged, and can form the resistance film, the excessive and evaporation of moisture in the block film at the environment lower surface of drying.If in 1 square metre scope, spread 100 grams down,, make soil water evaporation reduce 75%, and can from atmosphere, absorb water just can make soil moisture increase by 800 times.once water or rain after just can remain moisture for a long time, fruit offerings trees absorbs all the year round.Because the circulation of its water-swellable and dehydration drying shrinkage can also increase soil porosity, keeps soil from packing together, and helps root system respiration and grows.
Use the anti-agent of steaming.The most of moisture that fruit tree absorbs is used for transpiration, and be used to set the body physiological metabolism only account for few part.Therefore under the prerequisite that does not influence tree body physiological activity, suitably reduce moisture transpiration, just can reach water for economy, improve the purpose of tree body efficiency of water application.The present invention uses fulvic acid as anti-steaming agent, and fulvic acid can promote root system development, can close pore to a certain extent again, reduces transpiration, promptly has the effect of " increasing income " and " throttling " simultaneously.The application of fulvic acid on fruit tree, valid expiration date obviously reduced transpiration 50%～59% and improves the flow of water 0.2～0.4MMPa more than 18 days, and leaf Wen Wei is subjected to obviously to influence.Spray cloth in early days, can obviously improve water regime in its body.
Embodiment
The present invention is at the Northeast China upper level, and test in holy water town, Liuhe County, Jilin Province.This area is typical semiarid type upper level, and natural conditions are abominable, are suitable for enforcement of the present invention.
Select for use drought-resistant ability medium, the Japanese plum that is suitable for upper level production of fruit trees reality is as experimental subjects, and selecting calophyllum inophyllum is the grafting kind.
Fruit tree carries out the cultivation of intermediate density, and spacing in the rows is at 2.5m, and the footpath, hole is at 1m.Tree-like is free spindle, will in time smear with seal and shear oil after the pruning.Carry out rational application of fertilizers, applying organic manure.Deep ploughing in the orchard, builds terraced fields, carries out contour dense planting.
The grass that carries out the orchard May covers, and covers when 20 cm layer of soil temperature reach 20 ℃, covers leaf, crops straw and broken faggot, and covering careless thickness is 15～20 centimetres.
It is to build 45 centimetres wide the furrow ridge or operation road before covering grass in the middle of Liang Hangshu that the tree dish covers grass, and leveling makes nearly trunk place slightly high in the tree furrow, reserves 20 centimetres space around the trunk during lid grass.Combination is ploughed deeply or is uprooted deeply and water before covering grass, 0.35 kilogram of every strain nitrogen fertilizer application, and covering careless thickness is 17 centimetres.Cover grass back pressure point soil fragmentarily on careless slope, scrape and fire with windproof.Cover grass with the fresh covering after tentatively rotting through rainy season, cover the many insects in grass back and perch in the grass, on grass, spray medicine, play concentrated trapping effect.Should clear up tree fallen leaves and sick branch down autumn, generations such as control early defoliation disease, leaf miner, anthracnose.
The plastic mulching of cave storage rich water is weeds to be tied into 20 centimetres, long 32 centimetres grass handle, is placed in 8% the urine to soak into.Inside 60 centimeters of tree crown projecting edge dig dark 40 centimetres, diameter than grass the foster cave of big slightly storage, hole is rounded round tree root, 3.5～4 meters of crown diameters are dug 4 caves; 6 meters of crown diameters are dug 6～8 caves.Grass standing on cave central authorities, is treaded the 5 kilograms of farmyard manures in every cave, mixed 150 gram superphosphate, 75 gram urea or composite fertilizers with the native landfill of mixing fertilizer on every side, and water in right amount, put the tree dish then in order, make the nutrition cave be lower than 2 centimetres on ground, form the plate shape, 4 kilograms/cave and overlay film water.1.5 square metres of every cave covering with plastic film, the ground film edge is tight with soil pressure, and central authorities wear an aperture to the upper end over against grass, block with stone or soil, water or accept rainwater so that topdress in the future.Grass is found should in time change after mulch film damages changing every year once.
The mode that employing is dripped and irritated is equipped with 5 water droppers on the hollow billet, the water dropper flow is 2～4 liters/hour.
Claims (10)
1, a planting fruit-trees drought-resistant cultivating method comprises and selects drought resisting seeds and stock, fruit growing, and the orchard management is characterized in that selecting for use the kind of drought resisting stock grafting as cultivar; The fruit tree spacing in the rows is at 2.5～3m, with the square hollow place plantation of 1m, tree-like free spindle or the elongated spindle of being trimmed to; Carrying out the orchard May covers, every mu with careless 2000～2500 kilograms, the tree dish covers grass builds 40～50 centimetres wide operation road in the middle of Liang Hangshu, reserve 18～22 centimetres space around the trunk during lid grass, and what orchard ground cover used is clover, 0.4～0.6 kilogram of every mu of amount of broadcasting, 1～2 centimetre of earthing applies nitrogenous fertilizer, applies phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer behind the Cheng Ping, size according to tree crown is digged pit, 3.5～4 meters of crown diameters are dug 4 caves, 6 meters of crown diameters, dig 6～8 caves, the bag crop is tied into 15～25 centimetres of diameters, and long 30～35 centimetres grass handle is placed in 5%～10% the urine and soaks into, dig dark 40 centimetres storage in inside 50～70 centimeters of tree crown projecting edge and support the cave, with grass standing in the cave, 3～5 kilograms/cave of watering, and overlay film immediately, irrigate and adopt drip irrigation or sprinkling irrigation, apply hygroscopic agent and anti-steaming agent simultaneously.
2, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 1 will in time be smeared with cutting oil sealing after it is characterized in that pruning.
3, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 2 is characterized in that mountain region, arid hillside field and hilly ground orchard build terraced fields and fish scale pit, carries out contour dense planting.
4, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 3 is characterized in that covering grass back pressure point soil on careless slope.
5, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 4 is characterized in that clover is 4.5 ~ 8.5 to the accommodation of P in soil H value
6, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 5 is characterized in that being provided with once more and changes the position when cave is supported in storage.
7, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 6 is characterized in that sprinkling irrigation can be in conjunction with spraying insecticide and liquid fertilizer.
8, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 7 is characterized in that connecing hollow billet under little jet branch pipe, arranges that along contour spacing is with fruit tree line-spacing unanimity.
9, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 8 is characterized in that hygroscopic agent forms the resistance film at the drought condition lower surface, water evaporates in the block film.
10, fruit tree drought-resistant cultivating method according to claim 1 is characterized in that anti-steaming agent valid expiration date more than 18 days, reduces risingly 59%, improves the flow of water 0.2～0.4MMpa.
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| CNA2003101158758A CN1623365A (en) | 2003-12-02 | 2003-12-02 | Fruit tree anti drought cultivation method |
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Cited By (25)
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| CN101816227A (en) * | 2010-03-19 | 2010-09-01 | 中国科学院武汉植物园 | Method for covering orangery soil with straws |
| CN101828504A (en) * | 2010-05-11 | 2010-09-15 | 云南省农业科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所 | Drought-resisting and water-saving irrigation method for dry-hot valley slope garden |
| CN102119593A (en) * | 2010-12-10 | 2011-07-13 | 谢深喜 | Hill land orchard water-saving culture technology |
| CN102246628A (en) * | 2011-04-14 | 2011-11-23 | 山西大学 | Rain collecting and fertilizer applying method for trees |
| CN102550356A (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2012-07-11 | 江苏省中国科学院植物研究所 | Method for managing blackberry orchard by pit storage of nutritive water and mulching film covering |
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| CN101816227A (en) * | 2010-03-19 | 2010-09-01 | 中国科学院武汉植物园 | Method for covering orangery soil with straws |
| CN101828504A (en) * | 2010-05-11 | 2010-09-15 | 云南省农业科学院质量标准与检测技术研究所 | Drought-resisting and water-saving irrigation method for dry-hot valley slope garden |
| CN102119593A (en) * | 2010-12-10 | 2011-07-13 | 谢深喜 | Hill land orchard water-saving culture technology |
| CN102246628B (en) * | 2011-04-14 | 2013-04-24 | 山西大学 | Rain collecting and fertilizer applying method for trees |
| CN102246628A (en) * | 2011-04-14 | 2011-11-23 | 山西大学 | Rain collecting and fertilizer applying method for trees |
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