CN113519337A

CN113519337A - Planting technology for interplanting potatoes and sweet potatoes in young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions

Info

Publication number: CN113519337A
Application number: CN202110917835.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 李丽淑; 杨鑫; 樊吴静; 唐洲萍; 何虎翼
Original assignee: Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2021-08-11
Filing date: 2021-08-11
Publication date: 2021-10-22

Abstract

The invention provides a planting technology for interplanting potatoes and sweet potatoes in young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions, and aims to solve the technical problems that the economic benefit is low during the planting period of the young macadimia nuts and the planting enthusiasm of fruit growers is influenced in the prior art; and solves the problem that the water and fertilizer loss of the interspecific slope of the young macadimia nuts in the prior art is serious, and the growth and fruiting of adult fruit trees are influenced. By interplanting winter and spring solanaceae crops among young macadimia nuts, potatoes are mainly interplanted, sweet potatoes are used as auxiliaries, the macadimia nuts are deep-rooted tree seeds, the potatoes and the sweet potatoes are shallow-rooted crops, the three crops are distributed reasonably in space and time in soil, and the competition of the nuts, the potatoes and the sweet potatoes for water and fertilizer is avoided. The whole ecological benefit of the orchard is improved, the ecological environment of the orchard is improved, the additional value and the multiple cropping index of land economy are increased, the economic pressure of fruit growers is reduced, the time for harvesting potatoes to come into the market can be flexibly adjusted, and the seasonal price of the potatoes is prevented from sliding down.

Description

Planting technology for interplanting potatoes and sweet potatoes in young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of planting, and particularly belongs to a technology for planting potatoes and sweet potatoes in an intercropping manner in young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions.

Background

Macadamia nut is also called macadamia nut, the flavor of the nut is unique, the nutrition is rich, the nut is known as the best edible nut in the world, the macadamia nut becomes one of emerging fruit trees with rich nutrition value and high commodity value, the market demand is large, and the development prospect is wide. Macadamia nut belongs to perennial economic crops, the time period from planting to production is long, only the input is used for producing no output in the period, and the economic burden of fruit growers is heavy; in addition, macadamia nut grows slowly in the early stage, the leaf area coefficient is small, the light energy utilization rate is not high, and the long-term vegetation-free covering under the wide row spacing is easy to cause soil erosion and weed clustering, so that the normal growth of the macadamia nut is influenced, and the soil ecological environment is continuously worsened.

The potatoes serving as a dual-purpose economic crop for food and vegetable have short planting period, high yield and good benefit, are generally planted in 10-11 months, are harvested in 3-4 months in the next year, and supplement long-term investment by short-term output. The development of the planting mode of short-culture and long-length combination for the young macadimia nuts and the implementation of the planting mode is one of effective ways for agricultural synergism, but in the interplanting process, the growth of the macadimia nuts is not influenced, the yield and the quality of potatoes are not reduced, and a scientific and reasonable cultivation technology is required as a support. Guangxi potatoes are mainly planted in idle winter fields, so that seasonal supply is easily larger than demand, and although some local sales phenomena of temporarily storing the potatoes in a fruit and vegetable warehouse occur, no special storage enterprise exists, a good storage method and measures are lacked, growers have to sell the potatoes at low price, so that the price is seasonally reduced, more and less potatoes are obtained, and the enthusiasm of the growers is struck.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a planting technology for interplanting potatoes and sweet potatoes in young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions, and aims to solve the technical problems that the economic benefit is low during the planting period of the young macadimia nuts and the planting enthusiasm of fruit growers is influenced in the prior art; and solves the problem that the water and fertilizer loss of the interspecific slope of the young macadimia nuts in the prior art is serious, and the growth and fruiting of adult fruit trees are influenced.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

the technology for planting potatoes and sweet potatoes in an intercropping manner by using young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

1. selecting a nut garden: the method is characterized in that the land is flat, the traffic is convenient, the fruit trees are planted in young Australia nut orchards with irrigation conditions within 3 years, the fruit trees do not bear fruits or just begin bearing fruits, the plant spacing is 4-6 m, the row spacing is 5m multiplied by 7m or 4m multiplied by 5m, and no solanaceae crops are planted within three years;

2. variety selection: early-flowering early-maturing macadamia nut varieties; selecting the detoxified seed potatoes of the intermediate early-maturing potato variety with high yield, high quality, strong stress resistance, short dormancy stage and 70-90 d growth period; selecting a sweet potato variety with weak photosensitivity and three-cooked in one year;

3. planting mode: interplanting winter potatoes and spring sweet potatoes in macadimia nuts, namely, the potatoes are sown in 10-11 months, harvested in 3-4 months, planted in 4-5 months and harvested in 8-9 months;

4. land preparation: turning the soil of 30-40 cm in the row space of the fruit tree by using a rotary cultivator, raking and harrowing to reach the level, fine soil, deficiency at the top and solid at the bottom, crushing soil blocks, making furrows between the row spaces for potato planting, wherein the edge of the furrow is more than 100cm away from the base part of the fruit tree, the width of the furrow is 70-80 cm, the width of the furrow is 40cm, and the depth of the furrow is 15 cm, so that a fertilizing and pesticide applying ditch is formed; within 1-2 months after potato planting and harvesting, roughly ploughing 20-30 cm between rows of fruit trees, then spreading selenium-rich base fertilizer, finely ploughing, covering and leveling, and then leveling into isosceles trapezoid ridges with ridge distance of 60-70 cm and ridge height of 30-35, planting sweet potatoes, wherein the ridge edge is more than 150cm away from the base of the fruit trees, and drainage ditches with width of 20-30 cm are arranged between ridges;

5. applying base fertilizer before planting the potatoes: each 667m²Applying more than 500kg of fermented, decomposed and harmless organic fertilizer or 500 kg-800 kg of livestock and poultry manure and 75 kg-100 kg of compound fertilizer (15: 15: 15), applying base fertilizer into the fertilizing and pesticide applying ditch, cutting potato seeds into blocks, sterilizing, and then planting the potato seeds in the fertilizing and pesticide applying ditch in a double-row delta shape;

6. paving a micro-spraying belt on the ridge surface and covering a black mulching film: scraping the ridge surface of potato planting, paving a micro-spraying belt with a pipe belt with a diameter of 1.5 inches and 5 holes, covering a black mulching film on the ridge surface by manpower or a film laminating machine, directly using a brand-new black mulching film with a width of 1m and a thickness of 0.008cm, pressing a small amount of soil around the ridge surface to tighten the black mulching film, wherein the soil moisture content is poor and the film is dry, and firstly, watering the land block until the soil is wet, and then, performing black mulching film covering operation;

7. planting sweet potatoes: planting and transplanting the sweet potato seedlings in the shade when the soil is not dry and wet or in the sunny day after noon when the temperature is high, sterilizing and deinsectizing the sweet potato seedlings, and then, inserting the sweet potato seedlings into a planting hole to thoroughly irrigate root fixing water;

8. burying fertilizer and composting: burying fertilizer, namely burying stems and leaves of the harvested potatoes in the depth of 1 meter below the crown; composting, namely cutting leaves of sweet potatoes after harvesting, drying stems in the sun, igniting the cut leaves into ash, fully mixing and stirring the ash with human excrement, livestock excrement and urine, and fermenting the mixture in a plantation to form a fermented, decomposed and harmless organic fertilizer which is used as a base fertilizer or an additional fertilizer for the potatoes;

9. pest control: the prevention is mainly adopted, green control measures of agriculture, physics and biological prevention and control are comprehensively applied, and chemical prevention and control are used in an auxiliary manner;

10. topdressing: the seedling emergence rate in the potato field is up to above 70%, the seedling height is 8-10 cm, and each 667m²10kg of urea is applied, the granular fertilizer is dissolved in water to prepare a mother solution, then the water and the pesticide are applied in an integrated mode, and the additional application is carried out for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 d and 1 time; in the growing period, 10kg of potassium fertilizer except potassium chloride is additionally applied every 667m 2, the granular fertilizer is dissolved in water to prepare mother liquor, and then the water and the pesticide are integrally applied for 1 time; in the potato bearing period, 10kg of potassium fertilizer except potassium chloride is applied for each 667m 2, and the fertilizer is applied for 1 time; adopts the water, the pesticide and the fertilizer of the potatoes as a wholeFacilities are changed, the first water and pesticide fertilizer integrated topdressing is carried out 45 days below the sweet potato seedlings, and then 1 topdressing is carried out every 1 month; spraying a budding fertilizer and a tip strengthening fertilizer on the young macadimia nuts.

Further preferably, the macadimia nut variety is Guire No. 1 or A16; the sweet potato variety is Gui Ding potato No. 8, Gui Ding potato No. 9, Gui Ding potato No. 10, Gui Ding potato No. 11 or Gui Ding potato No. 12; the potato variety is Favorita, Hissen No. 3 or Lishu No. 6.

Further, the seed potato dicing and sterilizing step 5 comprises the following specific steps: the whole potatoes with the weight of less than 60g are used as seeds; cutting more than 60g of seed potatoes into blocks, wherein each seed potato is more than 30g in size and is wedge-shaped, and each block has 2-3 bud eyes; and (3) dressing the seed of the cut potato blocks with a seed dressing agent, stacking the treated small potato blocks in a ventilation and sunshade place, and sowing within 1-5 days.

Further, the seed dressing agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 500 parts of talcum powder, 5 parts of thiophanate methyl and 1 part of carbendazim.

Further, before sowing, dressing seeds with 60% imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent again, mixing and stirring according to the ratio of medicine to water to seeds =1:50:500, piling for 2-3 h, spreading and drying in the shade, and then sowing.

Further, the specific steps of retting in step 8 are: the sweet potato leaves are crushed into slices with the diameter of 2-3 cm, and the slices are mixed with human excrement and livestock excrement according to the following steps: 5: 2: 6-9, fully stirring and mixing, drying and collecting the sweet potato vines, burning the sweet potato vines in a fermentation tank in a layered mode, paving the mixture layer on each combustion layer, fully heating the mixture to form the fermentation tank, then adding the water subjected to sun exposure into the fermentation tank in the afternoon, covering a plastic film on the fermentation tank, pressing the plastic film to the periphery with a real object, fermenting for 8-10 days, then paving the rest sweet potato vines and weeds on the fermentation layer in a breaking mode, fermenting for 3-4 times, and fermenting for one week each time to form the fermented, rotten and harmless organic fertilizer.

Further, the germination fertilizer is applied before each time of germination, and the fertilizing amount each time is as follows: planting 30 g/plant in the current year, 40 g/plant of urea in the second year and 50 g/plant of urea in the third year; strengthening tip fertilizer, fertilizing amount each time: burying 100 g/plant of organic fertilizer in the current year of field planting, burying 110 g/plant of organic fertilizer in the second year, and burying 120 g/plant of organic fertilizer in the third year

More preferably, the water, drug and fertilizer integrated system in step 10 comprises a water source, a head hub and an irrigation pipe network system, wherein the head hub comprises a power device, a filter and a fertilizer liquid injection device; the irrigation pipe network system comprises a main trunk pipe, branch trunk pipes, branch pipes and capillary pipes.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following characteristics and beneficial effects:

according to the method, winter and spring solanaceae crops are interplanted between young macadimia nuts, specifically potatoes are interplanted as a main part, sweet potatoes are used as an auxiliary part, the macadimia nuts are deep-rooted tree seeds, the potatoes and the sweet potatoes are shallow-rooted crops, the three parts are reasonably distributed in space and time in soil, the potatoes are sowed in winter, the growth period of young macadimia nuts is avoided in the early stage of growth, and the competition of the nuts and the potatoes for water and fertilizer is avoided.

The method has the advantages that the growth of the potatoes is slightly influenced by interplanting of the macadimia nuts and the potatoes in the young orchard belongs to dwarf crops, the plant height is only 25-35cm, the distance between the crown of the macadimia nuts and the ground is more than 40cm, the illumination of the macadimia cannot be influenced, the crown of the young orchard is not formed yet, the number of branches and leaves is small, ventilation and light transmission are good, and the influence on the growth of the potatoes is small.

The interplanting of the macadamia nuts and the potatoes improves the microclimate of the farmland and the micro-ecological environment of the soil. The projection area of the crown of the 1-3-year-old young macadimia nut orchard is 8% -40%, after intercropping, the coverage area of the orchard soil can be increased by 50% -85%, the land utilization rate is improved, the water and fertilizer loss of sloping fields is reduced, and the daily carbon fixation and oxygen release quantity is obviously increased. The potato planting can loosen soil, the stems and leaves of the potato are buried under tree crowns after the potato planting, the soil organic matter content can be improved after the potato is rotten, the soil air permeability and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium available nutrients are increased, the nutrient recycling is promoted, the soil fertility is improved, the soil structure is improved, and the soil moisture retention and soil moisture accumulation are facilitated.

The interplanting of the macadamia nuts and the potatoes is beneficial to the coordinated development of characteristic agriculture and ecological protection, the overall ecological benefit of the orchard is improved, the ecological environment of the orchard is improved, the economic additional value and the multiple cropping index of the land are increased, the economic pressure of fruit growers is reduced, the time for harvesting the potatoes to market can be flexibly adjusted, and the seasonal price of the potatoes is prevented from sliding down.

The spring sweet potatoes are interplanted among young Australian nuts in the gaps of winter potato harvesting, the land is prevented from being idle, meanwhile, the ridge edges are far away from fruit trees, the seeds and the sweet potatoes are prevented from fighting for water and fertilizer, the sweet potatoes are harvested in summer, the vines of the sweet potatoes are convenient to use for composting in a short time, the composting cost is low, the efficiency is high, the organic fertilizer is applied, the physical property of the soil is convenient to improve, and the organic fertilizer is timely provided for potato planting. The water, medicine and fertilizer integrated equipment of the potatoes can be utilized by the sweet potatoes, pipelines do not need to be repeatedly arranged, the pipelines are prevented from being aged in advance due to long-time idling, and meanwhile, the equipment throwing cost can be recovered as soon as possible.

The invention adopts a water-medicine-fertilizer integrated system, integrates irrigation and fertilization (pesticides), takes a micro-irrigation system as a carrier, and delivers the fertilizer, the pesticides and irrigation water to soil near root systems of potatoes and sweet potatoes regularly, quantitatively, uniformly and accurately, thereby realizing balanced supply of the fertilizer, meeting the requirements of the potatoes and the sweet potatoes on water and fertilizer, saving water, fertilizer and labor, reducing rotten seeds, rotten potatoes and weeds, reducing plant diseases and insect pests, improving quality and yield and the like.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of young macadamia nut interplanting potatoes;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of young macadamia nut intercropping sweet potatoes.

Reference numerals: 1-furrow making; 2-ridging; 3-furrow making; 4-a drainage ditch.

Detailed Description

In order to make the technical means, innovative features, objectives and functions realized by the present invention easy to understand, the present invention is further described below.

The examples described herein are specific embodiments of the present invention, are intended to be illustrative and exemplary in nature, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. In addition to the embodiments described herein, those skilled in the art will be able to employ other technical solutions which are obvious based on the disclosure of the claims and the specification of the present application, and these technical solutions include technical solutions which make any obvious replacement or modification for the embodiments described herein.

The macadamia nut planting in Guangxi has the advantages of autumnal natural environment and geographical regions, and the macadamia nut planting region in the current region covers 13 land-level city 52 county city regions which are mainly concentrated in the areas of Guizhong, Guidong and Guixi such as hibious, Longzhou, Wuzhou, Cenxi, Heshan and Nanning. The Guangxi macadamia nut planting industry rapidly develops from 2009 to 533hm in nearly 10 years²Developed to 1.4 ten thousand hm²The second place of the country, the year 2020 develops to 3.4 ten thousand hm²The areas of all regions in the region are greatly increased, particularly, the planting area of Chongleft region is rapidly increased to 4500h m in recent years under the support of the policy of local government². At present, the Guangxi macadamia nut industry is still in the initial stage of growth, most of the Guangxi macadamia nut industry is a new planting field at present, at least 3-4 years are needed from field planting to fruit bearing, and different crops are urgently interplanted in the period, so that land resources are fully utilized, and the economic benefit of an orchard is improved.

The potato is an annual herbaceous crop of solanaceae, is used as the fourth main grain of China, has the advantages of dual purposes of grains and vegetables, wide processing application, good economic benefit and the like, and has great significance for guaranteeing grain safety and promoting areas. The Guangxi potato industry is rapidly developed under the promotion of policies, market pulling and scientific and technological assistance, and becomes one of the main producing areas of winter potatoes in China.

The invention aims to provide a planting technology for interplanting potatoes and sweet potatoes in young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions, so that the maximum utilization of land resources is realized, the yield of the potatoes is improved, the utilization rate of field water, medicine and fertilizer integrated equipment is increased, and the economic benefit of an orchard is improved.

First, selection of nut garden

Selecting sandy loam or loam which is flat in terrain, convenient to transport, deep in soil layer, loose in texture, good in drainage, rich in organic matters, neutral or slightly acidic (pH value of 5-7), and free of solanaceae crops for more than 3 years, and selecting a young macadamia nut orchard with irrigation conditions, wherein fruit trees are planted in the young macadamia nut orchard within 3 years, have no fruit bearing or just begin to bear fruit, and have a plant spacing of 4-6 m, a row spacing of 5m multiplied by 7m, or 4m multiplied by 5 m; the projection area of the crown of the 1-3-year-old young macadimia nut orchard is 8% -40%, the land coverage area of the orchard garden can be increased by 50% -85% by the interplanting method, the land utilization rate is improved, the water and fertilizer loss of sloping fields is reduced, and the daily carbon fixation and oxygen release quantity is obviously increased. The potato planting can loosen soil, the stems and leaves of the potato are buried under tree crowns after the potato planting, the soil organic matter content can be improved after the potato is rotten, the soil air permeability and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium available nutrients are increased, the nutrient recycling is promoted, the soil fertility is improved, the soil structure is improved, the soil moisture retention and soil moisture accumulation are facilitated, and the overall ecological benefit of an orchard is improved.

Selection of varieties

Selecting early-flowering early-maturing macadamia nut varieties or other excellent varieties; selecting the detoxified seed potatoes of the intermediate early-maturing potato variety with high yield, high quality, strong stress resistance, short dormancy stage and 70-90 d growth period; selecting a weak light-sensitive sweet potato variety which is triple-cooked in one year, wherein the macadimia nut variety is Guire No. 1 or A16; the sweet potato variety comprises Gui-Chi potato No. 8 (introduced from Vietnam), Gui-Chi potato No. 9 (heart sweet), Gui-Chi potato No. 10 and Gui-Chi potato No. 11 (introduced from Zhejiang), and the potato variety is Figurit, Hisen No. 3 or Lishu potato No. 6;

planting mode

Interplanting winter potatoes and spring sweet potatoes in macadimia nuts, namely, the potatoes are sown in 10-11 months, harvested in 3-4 months, planted in 4-5 months and harvested in 8-9 months; the method selects early-maturing potato varieties, weak light sensitivity and triple-maturing sweet potato varieties in one year with the growth period of 70 d-90 d, the three varieties are reasonably distributed in space and time in soil, the potatoes are sown in winter, the growth period of new tips of Australian nuts is avoided in the early growth period, the competition of the nuts and the potatoes for water and fertilizer is avoided, the sweet potatoes are sown in spring, but the planting method belongs to auxiliary planting, is not only far away from fruit trees (Australian young nut fruit trees, the same below), but also is far away from adjacent plants, and does not influence the water and fertilizer requirements of the fruit trees.

Soil preparation

Turning the soil of 30-40 cm in a row of the fruit tree by using a rotary cultivator, raking and harrowing to reach the level, fine soil, deficiency at the top and solid at the bottom, crushing soil blocks, making beds among the row intervals to plant potatoes, wherein as shown in figure 1, the edge of the bed 1 is more than 100cm away from the base of the fruit tree, the width of the bed 1 is 70-80 cm, the width of a bed ditch is 3cm, the depth of the bed ditch is 15 cm, and the bed ditch is a fertilizing and pesticide applying ditch;

within 1-2 months after potato planting and harvesting, roughly ploughing 20-30 cm between fruit tree rows, spreading selenium-rich base fertilizer, finely ploughing, covering and leveling to form isosceles trapezoid ridges 2 with ridge distance of 60-70 cm and ridge height of 30-35 as shown in figure 2, planting sweet potatoes, wherein the edge of each ridge 2 is more than 150cm away from the base of the fruit tree, and drainage ditches 4 with width of 20-30 cm are arranged between the ridges;

fifthly, applying base fertilizer before planting potatoes

Each 667m²Applying fermented, decomposed and harmless organic fertilizer over 500kg or livestock and poultry manure 500 kg-800 kg and compound fertilizer (15: 15: 15) 75 kg-100 kg, and applying base fertilizer in the fertilizing and pesticide applying ditch; stacking potato seeds in a ventilation and shading environment until 80% of the top buds of the potato seeds germinate, cutting the germinated potato seeds into blocks, sterilizing, fertilizing and applying fertilizer to the two sides of the pesticide application groove for planting in a double-row delta shape, and paying attention to the fact that the potato seeds do not need to be close to the fertilizer;

the seed potato dicing and disinfecting method specifically comprises the following steps: the whole potatoes with the weight of less than 60g are used as seeds; cutting more than 60g of seed potatoes into blocks, wherein each seed potato is more than 30g in size and is wedge-shaped, and each block has 2-3 bud eyes; seed dressing is carried out on the cut potato blocks by using a seed dressing agent, the treated small potato blocks are stacked in a ventilation and sunshade place and sowed in 1-5 days, and the seed dressing agent comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 500 parts of talcum powder, 5 parts of thiophanate methyl and 1 part of carbendazim, and is mainly used for preventing and treating black stem diseases, fusarium wilt, scab, ladybug and other plant diseases and insect pests.

The method comprises the specific steps of uniformly stirring the mixture according to the proportion of water to seeds =1:50:500, piling for 2-3 h in a closed manner, spreading, airing indoors and drying in the shade, and then sowing, wherein 10kg of potato tubers are mixed with each 20mL of liquid medicine, or microspray irrigation is carried out by using 2000-3000 times of 35% thiamethoxam suspending agent and water soluble fertilizer.

Sixthly, paving micro-spraying belts on the ridge surface and covering the black mulching film

After potato planting is finished, drip irrigation pipes (belts) and black mulching films are laid, the ridge surfaces where the potatoes are planted are scraped flat, micro-spray belts (belonging to capillary pipes in an irrigation pipe network system) with the diameter of 1.5 inches and the diameter of 5 pore pipe belts are laid, the drip irrigation pipes (belts) are laid one by one in each ridge and located in the middle of the ridge (2 rows of potatoes), the ridge surfaces are required to be laid flat (without creases), the drip holes of the drip irrigation pipes face downwards, the holes of the micro-spray irrigation belts face upwards, the drip irrigation holes are guaranteed to be uniformly arranged in the same direction, water blockage is avoided during drip irrigation, and the length of the drip irrigation pipes (belts) is 50-120 m.

The soil moisture content is good and moist, after sowing and fertilizing, when the soil is moist, a brand-new black mulching film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 0.008cm is utilized, the black mulching film is covered on the furrow surface manually or by a film laminating machine, tensioning is required, the film surface is flat, the film edge and the periphery are pressed by a small amount of soil, a soil covering machine is used for covering 3 cm-5 cm fine soil on the black film so as to avoid blowing the black mulching film, and the seedling breaks the film and emerges soil, after covering the film with soil, the film is moist, the soil is applied by using preemergent herbicides such as acetochlor and the like according to instructions, the peripheral environments such as pesticide application ditches, the ground heads and the like are used for weed control, and the black film covers the furrow surface, and the herbicides are not contacted with potato seeds;

planting of seven, sweet potato

Planting and transplanting the seedlings of the sweet potatoes in the shade when the soil is not dry and wet or in the sunny day after noon when the temperature is high, after sterilizing and deinsectizing the seedlings of the sweet potatoes, digging preset planting holes on the top surfaces of isosceles trapezoid ridges along the central line, enabling the space between adjacent planting holes in one-row ridges to be 50-70 cm, burying livestock and poultry manure at the bottoms of the planting holes, and inserting the planting holes into the planting holes to thoroughly pour rooting water;

eight, potato field management

After half of the seedlings come out of the ground, field patrol is needed to be started, the seedlings are checked and supplemented in time, the seedlings which cannot burst the mulching film are subjected to artificial auxiliary film breaking, the mulching film is broken, and the seedlings can grow out of the ground in time;

in the seedling stage of the potatoes, the soil is kept moist (the relative water content in the field is 60-65%). The flowering period of the potatoes is the tuber forming and expanding period, and the soil is kept moist (the relative water content in the field is 70-80%) in the period. In the later stage of potato growth, the relative water content of field soil is kept between 50% and 65%, so that the late-stage maturation and harvest of potatoes are facilitated, and the moisture management is operated according to the irrigation system of potatoes.

Nine, burying fertilizer and retting fertilizer

Burying fertilizer, namely burying stems and leaves of the harvested potatoes in the depth of 1 meter below the crown; the temperature and air temperature in the potato harvesting period are relatively low, and the rapid fertilizer retting is not facilitated, so that the stems, leaves and vines of the potatoes are directly buried under tree crowns or smashed, the organic matter content of soil can be improved after the stems, leaves and vines of the potatoes are rotted, the air permeability of the soil and the effective nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are increased, the nutrient recycling is promoted, the soil fertility is improved, the soil structure is improved, the water retention and soil moisture storage of the soil are facilitated, and the overall ecological benefit of an orchard is improved.

Retting fertilizer, sweet potato harvest time is located 8~9 months in the subtropical zone, and the temperature is higher, is convenient for retting fertilizer fast. The sweet potato leaves are cut up, the stems are dried in the sun and then are ignited into ash, and the ash and human excrement, livestock and poultry excrement and urine are fully mixed and stirred, namely, the cut leaves, the ash, the human excrement and the livestock and poultry excrement and urine are fully stirred and then fermented in a plantation to form a fermented, decomposed and harmless organic fertilizer which is used as a base fertilizer or an additional fertilizer for potatoes; the specific steps of the fertilizer retting are as follows: crushing sweet potato leaves into sheets with the diameter of 2-3 cm, and mixing the sheets with human excrement and livestock excrement according to the following weight parts: 5: 2: 6-9, fully stirring and mixing, drying and collecting the sweet potato vines to a fermentation tank for layered combustion, laying the mixture layer on each combustion layer (the combustion layer and the mixture can be matched randomly, aiming at heating the mixture by using the waste heat of the combustion layer, if the water content in the mixture is excessive, using a thicker combustion layer), fully heating the mixture to form the fermentation tank, then adding the water exposed to the sun into the fermentation tank at noon, covering a plastic film on the fermentation tank and compacting the periphery by using objects, after fermenting for 8-10 days, laying the rest sweet potato vines and weeds on the fermentation layer in a breaking manner, fermenting for 3-4 times (properly prolonging the fermentation time according to the fermentation state), lifting the plastic film to stir the fermentation layer at intervals of two times, fermenting for one week, finally forming a fermented decomposed harmless organic fertilizer, wherein fragmentation and ash gasification heating are both beneficial to rapid fertilizer retting, facilitating the use of the potatoes which are planted subsequently.

Tenthly, pest control: the prevention is mainly adopted, green control measures of agriculture, physics and biological prevention and control are comprehensively applied, and chemical prevention and control are used in an auxiliary manner;

1. agricultural control, selection of disease-resistant (tolerant) fine varieties and virus-free seed potatoes according to local conditions, reasonable layout, crop rotation and stubble inversion, and avoidance of continuous cropping with solanaceae crops. The weeding machine enhances weeding in clean fields, keeps the channels and ditches smooth in the fields, arranges the stains, reduces the field humidity, improves the field ventilation and reduces the number of insect sources.

2. Physical prevention and control, adopting yellow plate or solar trap lamp to trap and kill aphids, and installing frequency vibration type insect killing lamp to trap and kill insects

3. Biological control, natural enemies are protected and utilized, environmental conditions beneficial to the survival of the natural enemies are created, and pesticides with small killing power on the natural enemies are selected. The installed attractant is used for trapping and killing pests such as noctuid and the like.

4. For the prevention and treatment of the medicament, pesticides are used according to the GB/T8321 (all parts) and NY/T2383 regulations, the pesticide application dose (or concentration), the pesticide application frequency (3-5 times) and the safety interval period (7 d-10 d) are controlled for 1 time, and the alternative use effect of 2 medicaments is better.

5. Main diseases of potatoes: late blight, early blight, bacterial wilt, black shank, scab, etc. Main insect pests: aphids, cutworms, ladybugs, noctuids and the like can be controlled by combining the 1 st topdressing and the 3 rd topdressing for 2 times in the process of controlling underground pests, and the specific control method is shown in Table 2,

late blight, average temperature of 10-25 deg.C and relative air humidity of 80% for 3 days or more²Spraying stem leaves with protective bactericides such as 80% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times liquid or 75% bacteria clearing suspending agent 600 times liquid; 667m after beginning to seal the line or finding the central diseased plant^２The preparation method comprises the following steps of alternately applying medicaments such as 58% metalaxyl-manganese zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid, 50% dimethomorph 800 times liquid and 68.75% propamocarb-fluopicolide suspension (Yinflue) 800 times liquid, and uniformly spraying leaves on leaf surfaces; interval 7 under normal weather conditions^～Spraying once for 10d, and keeping an interval of 3 days under high-humidity and rainy conditions^～5d spraying once, and continuously preventing and treating 2^～4 times. The prevention and treatment of late blight should meet the requirements of NY/T1783.

Black shank, sunny after rain or667m at the beginning of onset^２90ml to 120ml of cymoxanil copper chloride (Garinong) suspension, 25g to 30g of 77 percent copper hydroxide wettable powder, 100g to 125g of 20 percent dragon bacterium wettable powder (benziothiazolinone) and 3 intervals^～Spraying once in 5 days for continuous prevention and treatment 3^～4 times.

Early blight, early stage of development or blockage of potatoes 667m²Using 400 times of solution of 70 percent propineb wettable powder, 100ml of 10 percent benzyl azoxystrobin suspending agent and 25 ml of suspending agent^％15-20 g of oxime bacterium tebuconazole water dispersant (Naditol stable) with an interval of 5^～Spraying once for 7d, continuous prevention and control 2^～3 times.

Aphid, initial stage of development 667m²The pesticide is sprayed with 2000-3000 times of 50% imidacloprid missible oil or 12-15 ml of 10% acetamiprid missible oil for prevention and control, and can be sprayed with a foliar fertilizer at the same time.

TABLE 2

Eleven, topdressing: the seedling emergence rate in the potato field is up to above 70%, the seedling height is 8-10 cm, and each 667m²Applying 10kg of urea, dissolving granular fertilizer in water to prepare mother liquor, applying the urea by adopting a water-drug-fertilizer integrated system, and applying the urea for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 d for 1 time; every 667m of the growing period²Applying 10kg of potassium fertilizer except potassium chloride, dissolving granular fertilizer in water to prepare mother liquor, and then applying the water and the pesticide fertilizer for 1 time; the potato bearing period is also 667m²Applying 10kg of potassium fertilizer except potassium chloride for additional fertilization for 1 time; adopting a potato water-medicine-fertilizer integrated facility, performing first water-medicine-fertilizer integrated topdressing 45 days below sweet potato seedlings, and then applying topdressing for 1 time every 1 month; spraying a budding fertilizer and a strong tip fertilizer to the young macadimia nut trees, wherein the budding fertilizer is applied before each slight budding, and the fertilizer application amount is as follows: planting 30 g/plant in the current year, 40 g/plant of urea in the second year and 50 g/plant of urea in the third year; strengthening tip fertilizer, fertilizing amount each time: and (3) burying 100 g/plant of the organic fertilizer in the current planting year, burying 110 g/plant of the organic fertilizer in the 2 nd year, and burying 120 g/plant of the organic fertilizer in the 3 rd year.

Twelve-step water, pesticide and fertilizer integrated system

The integrated water, medicine and fertilizer system comprises a water source, a head hub and an irrigation pipe network system, wherein the head hub comprises a power device, a filter and a fertilizer liquid injection device; the irrigation pipe network system comprises a main trunk pipe, branch trunk pipes, branch pipes and capillary pipes.

1. The water source comprises rivers, lakes, reservoirs, well springs, small reservoirs, impounding reservoirs and the like.

The irrigation water quality is realized by implementing a water and fertilizer integrated irrigation mode, the water entering an irrigation pipe network does not contain silt, weeds, roes, algae and other substances, and the irrigation water source quality meets the requirement of GB 5084. The irrigation water with impurities is required to be purified, the impurities are precipitated and then used after being clarified, and the irrigation water is required to be subjected to various decontamination treatments of the pollutants when being polluted and can be used after meeting the regulation of GB 5084; the irrigation regime is shown in table 2.

TABLE 2

2. Head hub

The head part hub comprises a power device, a filter and a fertilizer liquid injection device. The power device consists of a water pump and a power machine: the specification size and composition of the water source are determined according to the water supply capacity and irrigation area of the water source, a diesel engine, a tractor or a walking tractor and the like can be used as a power machine of a water pump in places with difficult electricity utilization, and the water supply pressure is preferably 150-200 kPa. When the water pressure gravity irrigation is adopted, the height difference between the water supply tower and the irrigation area is required to be more than or equal to 10 m.

3. Irrigation pipe network system

The irrigation pipe network is classified according to the irrigation area controlled by each water source, and the irrigation pipe network is divided into four stages of a main trunk pipe, a branch pipe and a capillary pipe when the irrigation area is large; when the irrigation area is small, the irrigation area is divided into three stages, namely a main pipe, a branch pipe and a capillary. The main pipe and the branch pipe are commonly used rigid polyvinyl chloride pipes and pipe fittings and meet the requirement of GB/T13664. The capillary tube is usually a drip irrigation tape or a drip irrigation tube, the drip irrigation tape is internally embedded with a patch type and a single-wing labyrinth type, the drip irrigation tape with pressure compensation type is widely applied, the drip irrigation tube is internally embedded with a cylinder type, the labyrinth type, the pressure compensation type and a small tube outflow type, the rated working pressure is usually 50 kPa-150 kPa, and the type is selected according to the requirement. The winter potato is selected from a thin-wall drip irrigation belt/a spray irrigation belt, the distance between a water dropper and a spray hole is 20 cm-30 cm, and the flow rate of the drip irrigation hole is generally 1.0L/h-2.0L/h.

4. Installation of equipment

Drip irrigation equipment installs and can be decided according to the irrigation area size, the underground main pipeline can be laid before planting in the big plot of irrigation area, install water pump after planting, the filter, the water gauge, the air valve, the relief valve, fertilize the jar, prelude equipment such as electric control switch, lay the owner on the ground after the seeding, branch pipe and drip irrigation zone, at first connect the main branch pipe, connect the drip irrigation zone at last, can follow the middle of rectangular pieces of land in a field (2 rows of potato) and lay 1 drip irrigation pipe/area or spray irrigation zone, wait all to connect the back, try water again, detect whether leaking stoppage phenomenon.

By analyzing the economic benefit of the demonstration base, the interplanting of winter potatoes in the young Australian nuts orchard can be carried out, and the problem of insufficient funds in the young Australian orchard can be solved well. Taking 200 mu of macadamia nut interplanted winter potato base land in a certain area as an example, the price of the seedling of the macadamia nut is about 25 yuan per mu, about 33 seedlings are planted per mu, 1500 + 2000 yuan per mu (seedling, pesticide, fertilizer, orchard infrastructure construction and management and protection) are invested in the first year, then the management and protection cost is 800 + 1000 yuan per mu every year, and the total invested capital reaches 4000 + 5000 yuan per mu in the period from the beginning of harvest. The line spacing of the macadimia nuts is 7m, the plant spacing is 4.5m, and the conversion is per 667m²475 m in young Australian nut garden²And (4) leaving the ground empty. The method is characterized in that 4 rows of potatoes can be planted between large rows of macadimia nuts according to the row spacing of the potatoes of 0.2m multiplied by 1.2m, the average yield per mu of the potatoes is 2000 kilograms, the average price of purchasing the field is 2.4 yuan/kilogram, the yield of winter potatoes interplanted in each mu of young orchard is about 1400 kilograms, the yield is 3360 yuan, the input cost for planting the potatoes is reduced by 1600 yuan, the production benefit is about 1760 yuan/year, the total benefit for 3 years of planting reaches 5280 yuan, and the input cost at the early stage of the macadimia nuts is compensated. The sweet potato yield is about 1500 kilograms per mu, the purchase price at the beginning of the field is 1.6-2.0 yuan/kilogram, the yield value per mu is 2400 minus 3000 yuan/mu, and the planting cost is reduced by 1500 yuan/mu and 900 minus 1500 yuan/mu.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.

Claims

1. The technology for planting potatoes and sweet potatoes in an intercropping manner by using young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

(1) selecting a nut garden: the method is characterized in that the land is flat, the traffic is convenient, the fruit trees are planted in young Australia nut orchards with irrigation conditions within 3 years, the fruit trees do not bear fruits or just begin bearing fruits, the plant spacing is 4-6 m, the row spacing is 5m multiplied by 7m or 4m multiplied by 5m, and no solanaceae crops are planted within three years;

(2) variety selection: early-flowering early-maturing macadamia nut varieties; selecting the detoxified seed potatoes of the intermediate early-maturing potato variety with high yield, high quality, strong stress resistance, short dormancy stage and 70-90 d growth period; selecting a sweet potato variety with weak photosensitivity and three-cooked in one year;

(3) planting mode: interplanting winter potatoes and spring sweet potatoes in macadimia nuts, namely, the potatoes are sown in 10-11 months, harvested in 3-4 months, planted in 4-5 months and harvested in 8-9 months;

(4) land preparation: turning the soil of 30-40 cm in the row space of the fruit tree by using a rotary cultivator, raking and harrowing to reach the level, fine soil, deficiency at the top and solid at the bottom, crushing soil blocks, making furrows between the row spaces for potato planting, wherein the edge of the furrow is more than 100cm away from the base part of the fruit tree, the width of the furrow is 70-80 cm, the width of the furrow is 40cm, and the depth of the furrow is 15 cm, so that a fertilizing and pesticide applying ditch is formed; within 1-2 months after potato planting and harvesting, roughly ploughing 20-30 cm between rows of fruit trees, then spreading selenium-rich base fertilizer, finely ploughing, covering and leveling, and then leveling into isosceles trapezoid ridges with ridge distance of 60-70 cm and ridge height of 30-35, planting sweet potatoes, wherein the ridge edge is more than 150cm away from the base of the fruit trees, and drainage ditches with width of 20-30 cm are arranged between ridges;

(5) applying base fertilizer before planting the potatoes: each 667m²Applying more than 500kg of fermented, decomposed and harmless organic fertilizer or 500 kg-800 kg of livestock and poultry manure and 75 kg-100 kg of compound fertilizer (15: 15: 15), applying base fertilizer into the fertilizing and pesticide applying ditch, cutting potato seeds into blocks, sterilizing, and then planting the potato seeds in the fertilizing and pesticide applying ditch in a double-row delta shape;

(6) paving a micro-spraying belt on the ridge surface and covering a black mulching film: scraping the ridge surface of potato planting, paving a micro-spraying belt with a pipe belt with a diameter of 1.5 inches and 5 holes, covering a black mulching film on the ridge surface by manpower or a film laminating machine, directly using a brand-new black mulching film with a width of 1m and a thickness of 0.008cm, pressing a small amount of soil around the ridge surface to tighten the black mulching film, wherein the soil moisture content is poor and the film is dry, and firstly, watering the land block until the soil is wet, and then, performing black mulching film covering operation;

(7) planting sweet potatoes: planting and transplanting the sweet potato seedlings in the shade when the soil is not dry and wet or in the sunny day after noon when the temperature is high, sterilizing and deinsectizing the sweet potato seedlings, and then, inserting the sweet potato seedlings into a planting hole to thoroughly irrigate root fixing water;

(8) burying fertilizer and composting: burying fertilizer, namely burying stems and leaves of the harvested potatoes in the depth of 1 meter below the crown; composting, namely cutting leaves of sweet potatoes after harvesting, drying stems in the sun, igniting the cut leaves into ash, fully mixing and stirring the ash with human excrement, livestock excrement and urine, and fermenting the mixture in a plantation to form a fermented, decomposed and harmless organic fertilizer which is used as a base fertilizer or an additional fertilizer for the potatoes;

(9) pest control: the prevention is mainly adopted, green control measures of agriculture, physics and biological prevention and control are comprehensively applied, and chemical prevention and control are used in an auxiliary manner;

(10) topdressing: the seedling emergence rate in the potato field is up to above 70%, the seedling height is 8-10 cm, and each 667m²Applying 10kg of urea, dissolving granular fertilizer in water to prepare mother liquor, applying the urea by adopting a water-drug-fertilizer integrated system, and applying the urea for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 d for 1 time; every 667m of the growing period²Applying 10kg of potassium fertilizer except potassium chloride, dissolving granular fertilizer in water to prepare mother liquor, and then applying the water and the pesticide fertilizer for 1 time; the potato bearing period is also 667m²Applying 10kg of potassium fertilizer except potassium chloride for additional fertilization for 1 time; adopting a potato water-medicine-fertilizer integrated facility, performing first water-medicine-fertilizer integrated topdressing 45 days below sweet potato seedlings, and then applying topdressing for 1 time every 1 month; spraying a budding fertilizer and a tip strengthening fertilizer on the young macadimia nuts.

2. The technology for planting potato and sweet potato seeds of young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions according to claim 1, wherein the macadimia nut variety is Guire No. 1 or A16; the sweet potato variety is Gui Ding potato No. 8, Gui Ding potato No. 9, Gui Ding potato No. 10, Gui Ding potato No. 11 or Gui Ding potato No. 12; the potato variety is Favorita, Hissen No. 3 or Lishu No. 6.

3. The technology for planting potato and sweet potato seeds of young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions according to claim 1, wherein the step (5) of dicing and sterilizing the potato seeds comprises the following specific steps: the whole potatoes with the weight of less than 60g are used as seeds; cutting more than 60g of seed potatoes into blocks, wherein each seed potato is more than 30g in size and is wedge-shaped, and each block has 2-3 bud eyes; and (3) dressing the seed of the cut potato blocks with a seed dressing agent, stacking the treated small potato blocks in a ventilation and sunshade place, and sowing within 1-5 days.

4. The technology for planting potato and sweet potato seeds by interplanting macadimia nuts in a subtropical region as claimed in claim 3, wherein the seed dressing agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 500 parts of talcum powder, 5 parts of thiophanate methyl and 1 part of carbendazim.

5. The planting technology for interplanting potatoes and sweet potatoes in young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions as claimed in claim 3, wherein the seeds are stirred again by using 60% imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent before sowing, the mixture is stirred uniformly according to the ratio of water to seeds =1:50:500, and the seeds are spread out and dried in the shade after being heaped for 2-3 h, and then are sowed.

6. The technology for planting potato and sweet potato seeds of young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions according to claim 1, wherein the technology comprises the following steps: the specific steps of the retting fertilizer in the step (8) are as follows: the sweet potato leaves are crushed into slices with the diameter of 2-3 cm, and the slices are mixed with human excrement and livestock excrement according to the following steps: 5: 2: 6-9, fully stirring and mixing, drying and collecting the sweet potato vines, burning the sweet potato vines in a fermentation tank in a layered mode, paving the mixture layer on each combustion layer, fully heating the mixture to form the fermentation tank, then adding the water subjected to sun exposure into the fermentation tank in the afternoon, covering a plastic film on the fermentation tank, pressing the plastic film to the periphery with a real object, fermenting for 8-10 days, then paving the rest sweet potato vines and weeds on the fermentation layer in a breaking mode, fermenting for 3-4 times, and fermenting for one week each time to form the fermented, rotten and harmless organic fertilizer.

7. The technology for planting potato and sweet potato seeds of young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions according to claim 6, wherein the technology comprises the following steps: the germination fertilizer is applied before each slight germination, and the fertilizing amount each time is as follows: planting 30 g/plant in the current year, 40 g/plant of urea in the second year and 50 g/plant of urea in the third year; strengthening tip fertilizer, fertilizing amount each time: and (3) burying 100 g/plant of the organic fertilizer in the current planting year, burying 110 g/plant of the organic fertilizer in the 2 nd year, and burying 120 g/plant of the organic fertilizer in the 3 rd year.

8. The technology for planting potato and sweet potato seeds by interplanting young macadimia nuts in subtropical regions according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the technology comprises the following steps: the water, drug and fertilizer integrated system in the step (10) comprises a water source, a head hub and an irrigation pipe network system, wherein the head hub comprises a power device, a filter and a fertilizer liquid injection device; the irrigation pipe network system comprises a main trunk pipe, branch trunk pipes, branch pipes and capillary pipes.