CN114303790B - Method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake in apricot trees in Tai mountain area - Google Patents
Method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake in apricot trees in Tai mountain area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The application discloses a method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake in apricot trees in Tai mountain areas, and relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation. The method comprises the following steps: s1, selecting an apricot garden containing an apricot anvil grafting body as a target planting area; s2, intercropping tricholoma matsutake by adopting a single-layer strain dibbling method in the late 10 months, and covering a mulching film after sowing; s3, removing black mulching films in the middle 4 th year, and performing micro-spraying to keep the soil humidity at 70-75%; s4, in the period from the last ten days of 4 months to the middle ten days of 6 months, the tricholoma matsutake is subjected to moisture production and is harvested, and the soil humidity is kept at 85-95%; s5, harvesting apricot fruits on the mountain apricot stock grafting body in 7 middle ten days; s6, carrying out rotary tillage for 9 months, and deep-ploughing fungus residues and fallen leaves into the soil. The method has the advantages that the tricholoma matsutake grows in the intercropping of the apricot trees, the growth of the tricholoma matsutake and the growth of the tricholoma matsutake are mutually promoted, the economic benefit is remarkable, the soil structure of mountain areas is not damaged, the content of organic matters in the soil of the apricot garden can be improved, the ecological environment is protected, and the method is a high-benefit intercropping mode of the apricot trees, which is suitable for the mountain areas of Tai.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, in particular to a method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake in apricot trees in Tai mountain areas.
Background
The Tai mountain area is located in the west of Hebei province, the North is a Zhou river, the south is a Zhanghe river, 25 counties are covered, and the total area of the land is 3.2 km 2 Accounting for 17.22 percent of the whole province; 965.4 ten thousands of people account for 14.26% of the entire province. Due to social, historical, natural geography and other reasons, the economic development is relatively backward. The Tai mountain area in Hebei belongs to the arid continental monsoon climate, is cold and arid in winter, has less rainfall, is hot in summer, sufficient in illumination, high in effective accumulation temperature, large in day and night temperature difference and slightly higher than the plain area in the number of times of sunshine 2600-2800 hours, and the effective accumulation temperature is 4670-4911 ℃. The annual rainfall is 400-600 mm, wherein 2/3 is concentrated in 7-9 months, and the annual evaporation is more than 1500mm. The frost-free period is more than 190d on average, and is suitable for various tree growth, vegetation mainly comprises grass irrigation, and soil types mainly comprise brown soil, coarse bone soil and lime soil. However, due to the fact that the soil layer in the mountain area is thinner, precipitation is less and unevenly distributed, the ecological environment is fragile, and economic development is restricted. The apricot tree is cold-resistant, drought-resistant and barren-resistant, and is easy to cultivate and manage, and the apricot fruit is mature early and has an important position in the fruit market of spring and summer, and the apricot tree is planted in the Tai mountain area, so that the economic benefit can be increased, and the ecological environment can be improved.
The traditional mountain apricot orchard mostly adopts a clear-tillage mode, so that manual weeding is time-consuming and labor-consuming, and water and soil conservation is not facilitated. Some fruit growers intercrop some Chinese medicinal materials such as astragalus root, red sage root, baikal skullcap root, balloonflower root, pinellia tuber, cowherb seed, etc. in order to increase the income, the growth cycle of the Chinese herbal medicines is long, the benefit is slow, and most of the Chinese herbal medicines are root-used medicines, so that the damage to the soil in mountain areas is strong during harvesting, and the ecological environment is endangered.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a high-benefit intercropping cultivation method for apricot trees in a mountain area, which solves the problems of long growth period, slower benefit, strong damage to soil in the mountain area and ecological environment hazard of Chinese herbal medicines in the intercropping cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines in the mountain area.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: the application discloses a method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake in apricot trees in Tai mountain areas, which comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting an apricot garden containing an apricot anvil grafting body as a target planting area; the plant row spacing between the mountain apricot stock grafts is not less than 1.5mx2m, the fixed dry height of the mountain apricot stock grafts is not less than 1m, and the mountain apricot stock grafts are grafted with late-maturing or extremely late-maturing mountain apricot varieties;
s2, intercropping tricholoma matsutake between mountain apricot stock grafts by adopting a single-layer strain dibbling method in the next 10 months of the current year, and covering black mulching film after sowing;
s3, removing black mulching films on the surfaces of the tricholoma matsutake in the middle 4 th year, and performing micro-spraying to keep the soil humidity at 70% -75%;
s4, in the period from the last ten days of 4 months to the middle ten days of 6 months, the tricholoma matsutake is subjected to moisture production, and is harvested, and the soil humidity is kept at 85% -95% in the harvesting period;
s5, harvesting apricot fruits on the mountain apricot stock grafting body in 7 middle ten days;
s6, carrying out rotary tillage for 9 months, and deeply turning fungus residues and fallen leaves into soil as organic fertilizer.
In an optional embodiment, in step S1, the target planting area is a new apricot garden, and the method for creating the new apricot garden is:
selecting a 2-year-old mountain apricot stock grafting body with the height of more than 1.2m and the diameter of a base part of more than 1 cm;
applying a base fertilizer to a target planting area in the spring period, and digging a field planting pit for planting; wherein the fertilizing amount of the base fertilizer is 3800 kg/mu-4200 kg/mu, and the plant row spacing of the wild apricot stock grafting body is 1.5m multiplied by 2m;
irrigation is carried out after planting, soil moisture is preserved, and trunk is fixed at the position of 1 m.
In an alternative embodiment, tree cultivation is carried out on the wild apricot stock grafting body in the first 1-2 years after planting, and the tree cultivation method comprises the following steps: selecting 1 upright and thick branch in a shaping band as a central branch by winter pruning in the first year, selecting 3-4 main branches which fall on each other under the central branch to form a first layer of main branches, wherein the base legs of the first layer of main branches are 45-50 degrees, the length of the first layer of main branch pruning is 50-60 cm, outer buds are reserved at pruning edges, and the central extension branch pruning is 50-60 cm; the central branch is cut and left at 60cm-80cm in winter in the second year, the cutting buds are left on the windward side, the second layer of main branches are selected and left with stronger tree vigor, the second layer of main branches and the first layer of main branches fall and grow in a staggered manner, the base feet of the second layer of main branches are 40-50 degrees, and the length of the second layer of main branch cut and left is 40cm-50cm.
In an optional embodiment, in step S1, the target planting area is an old garden reformed apricot garden, and the method for reforming the old garden is as follows:
the apricot tree in the old garden is grafted by adopting a late-maturing or extremely late-maturing apricot variety to obtain a apricot stock grafting body;
the method comprises the steps of performing thinning, lifting and head falling on an apricot stock grafting body, wherein the row spacing of plants after thinning is (2.5-3) m× (3-4) m, the trunk height after lifting is not less than 1m, and the tree height after head falling is not more than 3m;
cleaning weeds and leaves under trees in the middle ten days of 10 months, and digging a fertilization ditch in the middle of the projection of the crown; each plant is applied with 30kg-60kg of organic fertilizer, 0.3kg-0.5kg of boron fertilizer and 1kg-2kg of diammonium phosphate or monopotassium phosphate, and the cleaned weeds and leaves are backfilled into a fertilization ditch and compacted.
In an alternative embodiment, the method further comprises:
after grafting, removing the sprouts of the surviving scions in time;
binding a 1cm thick stick on each joint when the length of a new pin of the scion is 10cm, enabling the direction of the stick to be consistent with the growth of the branches, binding the new pin and the stick together by using a rope when the length of the new pin is 20cm, binding 3-5 sticks once every 20cm of the new pin grows, and removing the sticks during winter pruning;
the germination on the scion grows to about 22 cm-27 cm, 1-2 branches with strong growth vigor are selected as main branch culture images according to the growth direction, growth vigor and position of the branches, and the rest germination branches are all cut off; when the length of the branch reaches 63 cm-67 cm, secondary pruning is carried out, redundant secondary branches are pruned, and 4-5 secondary branch culture objects are left as auxiliary culture and lateral branch culture objects.
In an alternative embodiment, in step S2, the method for intercropping tricholoma matsutake between the mountain apricot stock grafts by using a single-layer strain dibbling method comprises the following steps:
a culture material with the thickness of 10 cm-15 cm is paved between the two groups of mountain apricot stock grafts;
dibbling tricholoma matsutake strains above the culture material at intervals of 8 cm-10 cm;
spreading a culture material with the thickness of 9 cm-11 cm on the surface of the tricholoma matsutake strain.
In an alternative embodiment, the total amount of the culture medium is 10.0kg/m when the Tricholoma matsutake is inoculated 2 ～12.5 kg/m 2 The strain consumption is 0.5kg/m 2 ～1.0kg/m 2 。
In an alternative embodiment, the culture medium is formed by stacking and fermenting a culture medium, the pH value of the culture medium is 8.0-8.5, the water content of the culture medium is 60% -70%, and the culture medium comprises: 65-75% of corn straw, 20-30% of rice husk and 5% of wheat bran.
In an alternative embodiment, the method further comprises performing pest nuisance management on the target plantation, wherein the pest nuisance method comprises the following steps:
spraying 3-5 Baume stone sulfur in the period from the last 2 months to 3 months, wherein the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu;
spraying mixed solution of 3000-5000 times of 10% imidacloprid, 1500-2000 times of beta-cypermethrin and 1500 times of 80% carbendazim before removing the mulch film in the middle and upper ten days of 4 months, wherein the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu;
and after the fruits are harvested in middle and late 7 months, 4.5% of high-efficiency cypermethrin 1500-2000 times of liquid is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu.
In an alternative embodiment, in step S4, the tricholoma matsutake is moistened three times during the period from late 4 months to middle 6 months: the first time of the tide is 4 late months, the second time of the tide is 5 late months, and the third time of the tide is 6 late months.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
in the application, tricholoma matsutake is intercropped on apricot trees, and the tricholoma matsutake is characterized in that fruiting bodies are parasitic on tree roots and surrounding humus layers form a fungus screen. When the apricot tree and the tricholoma matsutake are intercropped for cultivation, the growth of the apricot tree and the tricholoma matsutake are mutually promoted, the economic benefit is remarkable, the soil structure of mountain areas is not damaged, the content of organic matters in soil of apricot gardens can be improved, the ecological environment is protected, and the method is a high-benefit intercropping mode of the apricot tree suitable for the mountain areas of Tai.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments.
Applicant carried out intercropping of apricot trees to grow tricholoma matsutake in northwest mountain areas of the full city of baoding in 2017-2021. The mountain area belongs to the rest of the Tai mountain, the altitude of the mountain slope is 300-448 meters, the mountain slope is gentle, the limestone soil, the soil layer thickness is 20-40cm, and the pH value of the soil is 6.22. Belongs to a warm-temperate semi-moist semi-arid continental monsoon climate, which has distinct four seasons, sufficient illumination and synchronous rain and heat. The average annual temperature is 12.9 ℃, the sunlight is 2412.7 hours, the frost-free period is 190 days, and the average precipitation amount is 546.5 mm.
A method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake in apricot trees in Tai mountain areas comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting an apricot garden containing an mountain apricot anvil grafting body with the ages of 2 years or more as a target planting area; the plant row spacing between the mountain apricot stock grafts is not less than 1.5mx2m, the fixed dry height of the mountain apricot stock grafts is not less than 1m, and the mountain apricot stock grafts are grafted with late-maturing or extremely late-maturing mountain apricot varieties.
In this embodiment, the target planting area may be a newly built apricot garden, or may be an old apricot garden after transformation. The old garden refers to an apricot garden containing apricot trees of 3 years or more. The wild apricot grafting body refers to the wild apricot which is used as a stock and is grafted with late-maturing or extremely late-maturing varieties such as Jiguang, red branches, late-white apricots, jin Shuo and the like. The grafting process of the mountain apricot stock grafting body comprises the following steps: sowing the sand-hidden processed wild apricot seeds in the late 3 months to the middle 4 months for stock seedling cultivation, collecting fresh and strong late-maturing or extremely late-maturing wild apricot varieties Jiguang, red branches, late-white apricots, jin Shuo and the like in 6 months, grafting on smooth parts of the stock 15-30 cm away from the ground by adopting T-shaped bud grafting, bud grafting with xylem and the like on current annual scions. After 5-7 days, cutting off the stock at the upper part of the connector, twisting the branch at the lower part of the connector, controlling growth vigor, and enhancing fertilizer and water management at the later stage to cultivate a strong wild apricot stock grafting body. In this embodiment, the late-maturing or extremely late-maturing mountain apricot varieties can avoid conflict with the growth conditions of tricholoma matsutake.
The method for creating the new apricot garden comprises the following steps: selecting a 2-year-old mountain apricot stock grafting body with the height of more than 1.2m and the diameter of the base part of 1 cm; applying a base fertilizer and digging a field planting pit in a target planting area in the spring period; because the newly built apricot garden tree body is smaller, the shade under the tree is small, and encryption planting is needed to provide more shade areas, so that the yield in the early stage is increased. In the embodiment, the row spacing of the plants of the mountain apricot stock grafting body is 1.5m multiplied by 2m, the diameter of the field planting pit is 40cm, the depth is 40cm, 2kg of base fertilizer is applied to each pit, for example, 3800kg-4200kg of decomposed farmyard manure is applied to each mu of apricot orchard; irrigation after planting, preserving soil moisture, fixing the trunk at the position of 1m, and paving a water and fertilizer integrated micro-spraying belt; when the tree age is 4-5 years, the spacing between the plants is staggered, and the plant-row spacing of 3m multiplied by 4m is achieved.
The mountain apricot stock grafting body has no yield basically in the first 1-2 years after planting, mainly takes the cultivated tree shape as a main part and takes the improved high-dry round head shape as a main part. The method for improving the high-dry round head tree shape comprises the following steps: the first-year winter shears select 1 upright and thick branch in the shaping band (the fixed trunk height of the tree in the shaping band is more than 1 m) as a central branch, select 3-4 main branches which fall on the ground under the central branch to form a first layer, the base legs of the first layer main branch are 45-50 degrees, the first layer main branch shears are 50cm-60cm long, outer buds are reserved at the shears, the central extension branch shears are 50cm-60cm long so as to enable the first layer main branch to grow upwards, the central branch shears are 60cm-80cm long when the second-year winter shears are used for growing upwards, the cut buds are reserved on the windward side, the second layer main branch is selected and reserved for the tree with stronger potential (the strength of the tree potential is determined according to the standard control variety), the base legs of the second layer main branch and the first layer main branch fall on the ground, the second layer main branch is 40-50 degrees, the second layer main branch shears are 40cm-50cm long, and meanwhile, the first side branch is reserved for the first layer main branch, and the growth potential of the non-trunk is controlled. The high-dry round-head tree form has small trimming amount, quick forming, early fruiting period, easy high yield, relatively small tree crown and easy management. The high trunk round head tree shape plays a certain role in preventing yield reduction caused by radiation frost, and the trunk height is also beneficial to the operation under the tree.
The method for reforming the old garden comprises the following steps: (1) And (5) grafting the apricot tree in the old garden by adopting a late-maturing or extremely late-maturing mountain apricot variety. The specific method comprises the following steps: collecting the middle sections of annual branches of late-maturing or extremely-late-maturing wild apricot varieties (Ji Guang, red branches, late-white apricots, jin Shuo and the like) in the dormancy season, cutting into 9 cm-12 cm branch sections, wax-sealing the scions in paraffin melted in a water bath, cooling, and storing in a cellar or a refrigeration house for standby use at the storage temperature of 0-5 ℃. Grafting is carried out in the middle of 3 months to the middle of 4 months by adopting grafting methods such as split grafting, abdominal grafting and the like, and the stored late-maturing or extremely-late-maturing wild apricot varieties are grafted to apricot trees in the old garden. (2) The method comprises the steps of thinning, lifting and head falling on the wild apricot stock grafting body, wherein the row spacing of the plant after thinning is (2.5-3) m multiplied by (3-4), the trunk height after lifting is not lower than 1m, the tree is favorable for the operation under the tree, the harm of night frost can be reduced, the tree height after head falling is not higher than 3m, the fruit picking is convenient, and the sparse layered or natural round head tree shape is adopted. (3) 10 months in middle and upper ten days, cleaning weeds and leaves under trees, digging a fertilization ditch in the middle of the projection of the crown, applying 30kg-60kg of organic fertilizer, 0.3kg-0.5kg of boric fertilizer and 1kg-2kg of diammonium phosphate or monopotassium phosphate to each plant, backfilling the cleaned weeds and leaves into the fertilization ditch, compacting, and paving a water and fertilizer integrated micro-spraying belt.
7-8 days after variety grafting, checking the survival rate, immediately grafting the dead scions, and timely removing the tillers from the surviving scions; binding a thick stick with the length of about l cm on each joint when the length of a scion young tip is 10cm, binding the young tip and the stick together by using a rope when the length of the young tip is 20cm and binding 3-5 sticks when the length of the young tip is 20cm, binding the sticks firmly, and removing the sticks when the scion is pruned in winter, wherein the length above the joint is longer than 60cm; each surviving scion usually keeps 3-4 buds, and is pruned in summer in time, so that the advantages of accelerating shaping, improving illumination, early fruiting and the like can be realized. The two pruning is carried out in the growing season, the first time is that the buds on the scions grow to 22 cm-27 cm, 1-2 branches with strong growth vigor are selected and reserved as main branch culture objects according to the growth direction, growth vigor and position of branches, and the rest buds are all pruned. When the length of the branch reaches 63 cm-67 cm, secondary pruning is carried out, redundant secondary branches are pruned, 4-5 auxiliary culture objects which are used as auxiliary culture objects and side branch culture objects are left, and tree forms and branches are basically formed through the sequence.
S2, intercropping tricholoma matsutake between mountain apricot stock grafts by adopting a single-layer strain dibbling method in the next 10 months of the current year, and covering black mulching film after sowing.
The tricholoma matsutake is characterized in that fruiting bodies are parasitic on tree roots and surrounding humus layers form a fungus screen. Sowing in the last 10 months of each year, wherein a single-layer strain dibbling method is adopted for sowing, and the variety can be selected from Stropharia rugoso-annulata No. 1 or Stropharia rugoso-annulata No. 5. When sowing, firstly, a culture material with the thickness of 10 cm-15 cm is paved between two groups of mountain apricot stock grafts; then sowing tricholoma matsutake strains with the size of 2 cm-3 cm at intervals of 8 cm-10 cm; finally, spreading a culture medium with the thickness of 9 cm-11 cm on the surface of the tricholoma matsutake strain, covering soil and grass, and covering a black mulching film, wherein fruiting is not carried out in the current year. In the dibbling process, the consumption of the tricholoma matsutake strain is 0.5kg/m 2 ～1.0kg/m 2， The total dry material feeding amount of the culture material is 10.0kg/m 2 ～12.5kg/m 2 。
In this embodiment, the culture medium is formed by stacking and fermenting a culture medium, the pH value of the culture medium is 8.0-8.5, the water content of the culture medium is 60% -70%, and the culture medium comprises: 65-75% of corn straw, 20-30% of rice husk and 5% of wheat bran. The medium is generally fermented for 5-6 days in 8-9 months. The stacking fermentation method of the culture medium comprises the following steps: (1) 1 st fermentation: spreading straw into a thickness of about 1m, spreading rice husk and wheat bran on the straw, simply turning and stirring, spraying water, turning and stirring while spraying water until the PH reaches 8.0-8.5 and the water content reaches 65 percent, piling into a pile with a width of about 2m, a height of 1.5m and an unlimited length, and carrying out 1 st piling fermentation. (2) the 2 nd fermentation: after the temperature in the fermentation pile reaches 65-70 ℃, maintaining for 24 hours, turning the pile, and turning the outer layer and the bottom layer materials to the center position during the 1 st fermentation. And (3) detecting and adjusting the PH and the moisture content of the culture material when turning the piles, so that the PH is about 8.0, the moisture content is about 65%, re-piling, and carrying out the 2 nd piling fermentation. 2. And after the center temperature of the secondary fermentation material pile reaches 65-70 ℃ and is maintained for 24 hours, the bulk pile is cooled. And (5) ridging and cultivating the fermented culture material as soon as possible.
S3, removing the mulching film on the surface of the tricholoma matsutake in the middle 4 th year, and performing micro-spraying to keep the soil humidity at 70% -75%. At the beginning of 4 months, the temperature rises, hyphae start to grow, and the mulch film is removed in the middle of 4 months.
S4, harvesting the tricholoma matsutake in the period from the last ten days of 4 months to the middle ten days of 6 months, and keeping the soil humidity at 85% -95% in the harvesting period;
the mushroom buds are gradually formed in the middle and late 4 months, the mushroom buds grow for 5-10 days, fruiting is carried out, 3 tides of mushrooms can be obtained after the mushroom buds last in the middle and late 6 months, and the relative air humidity in the fruiting period is 85% -95%. The micro-spraying belt is switched on and off at any time according to the requirement. Because the spring mountain area is arid, the water demand of the apricot tree is high, the growth of tricholoma matsutake is ensured, the flowering and fruiting of the apricot tree are promoted, and the tricholoma matsutake and the apricot tree are promoted mutually. And (3) prohibiting watering in the period from the last mushroom harvest in the late 6 months to the completion of the harvest of the apricot fruits on the tree in the middle 7 months, so as to ensure the quality of the apricot fruits on the tree.
S5, harvesting apricot fruits on the mountain apricot stock grafting body in 7 middle ten days;
s6, carrying out rotary tillage for 9 months, and deeply turning fungus residues and fallen leaves into soil as organic fertilizer. After harvesting the tricholoma matsutake, covering fungus residues under the tree to inhibit weed growth, carrying out soil rotary tillage in 9 months after high-temperature and high-humidity decomposition in summer, deeply turning the fungus residues into soil as organic fertilizer, improving the organic matter content of the soil, improving the flower bud differentiation quality of the apricot tree, and promoting the high yield in the coming year.
The apricot tree is drought-resistant and barren-resistant, the growth of the tree body and fruits is mainly concentrated in the first half year, the fertilizer and water requirements are high in the early stage, and the water is irrigated in time before the germination stage, the fruit expansion stage, the hard core stage and the soil sealing.
When the tricholoma matsutake is intercropped and cultivated in mountain apricots, pest and disease damage management needs to be carried out on a target plantation, the pest and disease damage of apricot trees is relatively less, 3-5 Baume lime sulfur agent is sprayed on the whole plantation before germination in spring (in the period of 2 months and 3 months), and the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu; spraying insect-proof and bactericidal agent in the middle and upper ten days of 4 months, such as mixed agent of 10% imidacloprid 3000-5000 times liquid+4.5% beta-cypermethrin 1500-2000 times liquid+80% carbendazim 1500 times liquid, wherein the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu, and the insect pest and disease such as aphid, leaf-eating leaf-rolling pest, bacterial perforation disease and the like are mainly prevented; and in the middle and late 7 months, the fruit harvesting is completed, 4.5% of high-efficiency cypermethrin can be sprayed on the whole garden, and the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu, so that leaf eating pests, scale insects and the like can be prevented and treated. Table 1 shows the intercropping cultivation management calendar of mountain apricot stock grafts and tricholoma matsutake.
TABLE 1 mountain apricot stock grafting body and tricholoma matsutake intercropping cultivation management calendar
The young apricot tree field planting and big tree grafting are mainly carried out in the first 2 years, the yield is basically absent, the yield is increased year by year from the 3 rd year, and the full bearing period can be reached in the fifth year. The tricholoma matsutake cultivated next year had a yield and the yield was stable (table 2). In mountain area, apricot tree and tricholoma matsutake are cultivated together to promote growth, the tricholoma matsutake has 12200 yuan/mu income in the second year, and the apricot fruit and tricholoma matsutake can achieve 22500 yuan/mu income in the fifth year, so that the benefit is considerable. Is a cultivation mode suitable for Tai mountain areas.
TABLE 2 income table 5 years before intercropping of mountain apricot stock grafts with tricholoma matsutake
The previous description of the embodiments is provided to facilitate a person of ordinary skill in the art in order to make and use the present invention. It will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art that various modifications to the above-described embodiments may be readily made and the generic principles described herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and those skilled in the art, based on the present disclosure, should make improvements and modifications within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake in apricot trees in a Tai mountain area is characterized in that the mountain area belongs to the rest of the Tai mountain, the altitude of the mountain slope is 300-448 meters, the mountain gentle slope is half yang, the limestone soil, the soil layer thickness is 20-40cm, the pH value of the soil is 6.22, the annual average temperature is 12.9 ℃, the sunshine is 2412.7 hours, the frost free period is 190 days, and the average precipitation amount is 546.5 millimeters; the method comprises the following steps: s1, selecting an apricot garden containing an apricot anvil grafting body as a target planting area; the plant row spacing between the mountain apricot stock grafts is not less than 1.5mx2m, the fixed dry height of the mountain apricot stock grafts is not less than 1m, and the mountain apricot stock grafts are grafted with late-maturing or extremely late-maturing mountain apricot varieties; s2, intercropping tricholoma matsutake between mountain apricot stock grafts by adopting a single-layer strain dibbling method in the next 10 months of the current year, and covering black mulching film after sowing; s3, removing black mulching films on the surfaces of the tricholoma matsutake in the middle 4 th year, and performing micro-spraying to keep the soil humidity at 70% -75%; s4, in the period from the last ten days of 4 months to the middle ten days of 6 months, the tricholoma matsutake is subjected to moisture production, and is harvested, and the soil humidity is kept at 85% -95% in the harvesting period; s5, harvesting apricot fruits on the mountain apricot stock grafting body in 7 middle ten days; s6, carrying out rotary tillage for 9 months, and deeply turning fungus residues and fallen leaves into soil as organic fertilizer;
when the target planting area is a new apricot garden, the method for creating the new apricot garden comprises the following steps: selecting a 2-year-old mountain apricot stock grafting body with the height of more than 1.2m and the diameter of a base part of more than 1 cm; applying a base fertilizer to a target planting area in the spring period, and digging a field planting pit for planting; wherein the fertilizing amount of the base fertilizer is 3800 kg/mu-4200 kg/mu, and the plant row spacing of the wild apricot stock grafting body is 1.5m multiplied by 2m; irrigation is carried out after planting, soil moisture is preserved, and trunk is fixed at the position of 1 m; tree cultivation is carried out on the wild apricot stock grafting body in the first 1-2 years after planting, and the tree cultivation method comprises the following steps: selecting 1 upright and thick branch in a shaping band as a central branch by winter pruning in the first year, selecting 3-4 main branches which fall on each other under the central branch to form a first layer of main branches, wherein the base legs of the first layer of main branches are 45-50 degrees, the length of the first layer of main branch pruning is 50-60 cm, outer buds are reserved at pruning edges, and the central extension branch pruning is 50-60 cm; the central branch is cut and left for 60cm-80cm in winter in the second year, the cutting buds are left on the windward side, the second layer of main branches are selected and left with stronger tree vigor, the second layer of main branches and the first layer of main branches fall and grow in a staggered manner, the base feet of the second layer of main branches are 40-50 degrees, and the cutting length of the second layer of main branches is 40cm-50cm;
when the target planting area is an apricot park after the old park is modified, the method for modifying the old park comprises the following steps: the apricot tree in the old garden is grafted by adopting a late-maturing or extremely late-maturing apricot variety to obtain a apricot stock grafting body; the method comprises the steps of performing thinning, lifting and head falling on an apricot stock grafting body, wherein the row spacing of plants after thinning is (2.5-3) m× (3-4) m, the trunk height after lifting is not less than 1m, and the tree height after head falling is not more than 3m; cleaning weeds and leaves under trees in the middle ten days of 10 months, and digging a fertilization ditch in the middle of the projection of the crown; applying 30kg-60kg of organic fertilizer, 0.3kg-0.5kg of boron fertilizer and 1kg-2kg of diammonium phosphate or monopotassium phosphate to each plant, backfilling the cleaned weeds and leaves into a fertilization ditch and compacting;
after grafting, removing the sprouts of the surviving scions in time; binding a thick stick with lcm on each joint when the length of the new tip of the scion is 10cm, enabling the direction of the stick to be consistent with the growth of the branches, binding the new tip and the stick together by ropes when the length of the new tip is 20cm, binding 3-5 sticks once again when the length of the new tip is 20cm, and removing the sticks during winter pruning;
the germination on the scion grows to about 22 cm-27 cm, 1-2 branches with strong growth vigor are selected as main branch culture objects according to the growth direction, growth vigor and position of the branches, and the rest germination branches are all cut off; when the length of the branch reaches 63 cm-67 cm, secondary pruning is carried out, redundant secondary branches are pruned, and 4-5 secondary branch culture objects are left as auxiliary culture and lateral branch culture objects.
2. The method for intercropping tricholoma matsutake in the apricot tree in the Tai mountain area according to claim 1, wherein in the step S2, the method for intercropping tricholoma matsutake in the apricot stock grafts by adopting a single-layer strain dibbling method is as follows: a culture material with the thickness of 10 cm-15 cm is paved between the two groups of mountain apricot stock grafts; dibbling tricholoma matsutake strains above the culture material at intervals of 8 cm-10 cm; spreading a culture material with the thickness of 9 cm-11 cm on the surface of the tricholoma matsutake strain.
3. The method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake of the apricot tree in the Tai mountain area according to claim 2, wherein the total amount of the culture material is 10.0kg/m 2-12.5 kg/m2 and the amount of the strain is 0.5kg/m 2-1.0 kg/m2 when the tricholoma matsutake strain is sown.
4. The method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake in apricot trees in tai mountain area according to claim 3, wherein the culture medium is prepared by stacking and fermenting a culture medium, the pH value of the culture medium is 8.0-8.5, the water content of the culture medium is 60% -70%, and the culture medium comprises: 65-75% of corn straw, 20-30% of rice husk and 5% of wheat bran.
5. The method for intercropping tricholoma matsutake in the apricot tree in the tai mountain area according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises the step of performing pest and disease nuisance management on the target plantation, wherein the pest and disease nuisance method is as follows: spraying 3-5 Baume stone sulfur in the period from the last 2 months to 3 months, wherein the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu; spraying mixed solution of 3000-5000 times of 10% imidacloprid, 1500-2000 times of beta-cypermethrin and 1500 times of 80% carbendazim before removing the mulch film in the middle and upper ten days of 4 months, wherein the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu; and after the fruits are harvested in middle and late 7 months, 4.5% of high-efficiency cypermethrin 1500-2000 times of liquid is sprayed, wherein the spraying amount is 80 kg/mu-100 kg/mu.
6. The method for intercropping and cultivating tricholoma matsutake as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step S4, the tricholoma matsutake is wetted three times during the period from the late 4 th month to the middle 6 th month: the first time of the tide is 4 late months, the second time of the tide is 5 late months, and the third time of the tide is 6 late months.
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