CN1510021A - 从粗甲醇制备二甲醚的方法 - Google Patents
从粗甲醇制备二甲醚的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1510021A CN1510021A CNA2003101249009A CN200310124900A CN1510021A CN 1510021 A CN1510021 A CN 1510021A CN A2003101249009 A CNA2003101249009 A CN A2003101249009A CN 200310124900 A CN200310124900 A CN 200310124900A CN 1510021 A CN1510021 A CN 1510021A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- dimethyl ether
- methanol
- zeolite
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 189
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- -1 hydrogen cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron Chemical compound [H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract description 15
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910018404 Al2 O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 11
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 10
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) nitrate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052680 mordenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumanylidynesilicon Chemical compound [Al].[Si] CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011973 solid acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical group [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical group [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KNDAEDDIIQYRHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C=1C(=NN(C=1)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)CN1CCNCC1 KNDAEDDIIQYRHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KMWBBMXGHHLDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[Si] Chemical compound [AlH3].[Si] KMWBBMXGHHLDKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000013064 chemical raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008570 general process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003930 superacid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C41/00—Preparation of ethers; Preparation of compounds having groups, groups or groups
- C07C41/01—Preparation of ethers
- C07C41/09—Preparation of ethers by dehydration of compounds containing hydroxy groups
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
例子 | 催化剂 | 氢阳离子(摩尔%) | 收率(%) | |
二甲醚 | 烃 | |||
实施例1 | NaHZSM-5 | 56 | 80.5 | 0.0 |
实施例2 | NaHZSM-5 | 22 | 80.4 | 0.0 |
实施例3 | NaH-β | 12 | 75.3 | 0.0 |
实施例4 | CuHMor | 28 | 78.1 | 0.0 |
实施例5 | ZnHUSY | 30 | 68.3 | 0.0 |
实施例6 | CuHZSM-5 | 20 | 80.4 | 0.0 |
实施例7 | ZnH-β | 27 | 76.2 | 0.0 |
实施例8 | NH4HZSM-5 | 43 | 78.7 | 0.0 |
实施例9 | NaHZSM-5 | 56 | 72.7 | 0.0 |
实施例10 | NaHZSM-5 | 56 | 75.4 | 0.0 |
实施例11 | NaHZSM-5 | 56 | 70.4 | 0.0 |
对比例1 | γ-氧化铝 | - | 48.0 | 0.0 |
对比例2 | 硅-铝 | 0 | 37.3 | 0.0 |
对比例3 | NaZSM-5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
对比例4 | Na-β | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
对比例5 | HZSM-5 | 100 | 78.1 | 2.1 |
对比例6 | H-β | 100 | 74.2 | 1.8 |
实施例 | 甲醇中水含量(摩尔%) | 收率(%) | |
二甲醚 | 烃 | ||
实施例12 | 10 | 68.5 | 0.0 |
实施例13 | 20 | 78.1 | 0.0 |
实施例14 | 40 | 63.3 | 0.0 |
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR78856/2002 | 2002-12-11 | ||
KR10-2002-0078856A KR100454091B1 (ko) | 2002-12-11 | 2002-12-11 | 미정제 메탄올로부터 디메틸에테르의 제조방법 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1510021A true CN1510021A (zh) | 2004-07-07 |
CN1283608C CN1283608C (zh) | 2006-11-08 |
Family
ID=32310898
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB2003101249009A Expired - Lifetime CN1283608C (zh) | 2002-12-11 | 2003-12-11 | 从粗甲醇制备二甲醚的方法 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6740783B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3612323B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100454091B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1283608C (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1066529A1 (zh) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101506132B (zh) * | 2006-08-31 | 2012-06-20 | Sk新技术株式会社 | 一种制备二甲醚的方法 |
CN102666460A (zh) * | 2009-11-17 | 2012-09-12 | 鲁奇有限责任公司 | 由粗甲醇制备二甲醚 |
TWI422565B (zh) * | 2009-11-17 | 2014-01-11 | Lurgi Gmbh | 自粗製甲醇之二甲醚的製造 |
CN107206368A (zh) * | 2014-11-12 | 2017-09-26 | 日立造船株式会社 | 醛分解催化剂、废气处理设备以及废气处理方法 |
CN114605235A (zh) * | 2022-04-15 | 2022-06-10 | 南京工业大学 | 一种co2加氢制二甲醚的方法 |
CN116510771A (zh) * | 2023-04-26 | 2023-08-01 | 哈尔滨师范大学 | 一种用于高含水量甲醇低温脱水制备二甲醚的催化剂的制备方法及在制备二甲醚中的应用 |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR100454091B1 (ko) * | 2002-12-11 | 2004-10-26 | 한국화학연구원 | 미정제 메탄올로부터 디메틸에테르의 제조방법 |
KR100599251B1 (ko) * | 2003-09-20 | 2006-07-13 | 에스케이 주식회사 | 디메틸에테르 합성용 촉매와 촉매의 제조방법 |
KR100629939B1 (ko) * | 2004-10-15 | 2006-09-28 | 에스케이 주식회사 | 단열반응기에서 미정제 메탄올로부터 디메틸에테르의제조방법 |
KR101133317B1 (ko) * | 2005-12-14 | 2012-04-04 | 에스케이이노베이션 주식회사 | 미정제 메탄올로부터 디메틸에테르의 제조방법 |
KR101208818B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-09 | 2012-12-06 | 에스케이이노베이션 주식회사 | 디메틸에테르 제조용 촉매, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 이용한메탄올로부터 디메틸에테르의 제조방법 |
FR2909666B1 (fr) * | 2006-12-08 | 2009-03-06 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Deshydratation du methanol en dimethyl ether employant des catalyseurs a base d'une zeolithe supportee sur du carbure de silicium |
US20080260631A1 (en) | 2007-04-18 | 2008-10-23 | H2Gen Innovations, Inc. | Hydrogen production process |
US9139503B2 (en) * | 2007-09-10 | 2015-09-22 | Lummus Technology Inc. | Method for the production of dimethyl ether |
DE102008058931B4 (de) | 2008-11-25 | 2010-12-30 | Lurgi Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Dimethylether aus Methanol |
US8378150B2 (en) | 2009-08-12 | 2013-02-19 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Process for the production of dimethyl ether |
EP2292578A1 (en) * | 2009-09-03 | 2011-03-09 | BP Chemicals Limited | Process for producing acetic acid and dimethyl ether using a zeolite catalyst |
EP2322494B1 (de) | 2009-11-17 | 2013-01-09 | Lurgi GmbH | Herstellung von Dimethylether aus Rohmethanol |
US9272965B2 (en) * | 2009-12-22 | 2016-03-01 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Process for the conversion of alcohols to olefins |
WO2011143215A2 (en) | 2010-05-10 | 2011-11-17 | Catalytic Distillation Technologies | Production of jet and other heavy fuels from isobutanol |
US9266804B2 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2016-02-23 | Cpc Corporation | Dual-bed catalytic distillation tower and method for preparing dimethyl ether using the same |
US8575399B2 (en) | 2010-12-01 | 2013-11-05 | Cpc Corporation, Taiwan | Dual-bed catalytic distillation tower and method for preparing dimethyl ether using the same |
MY170831A (en) | 2012-02-23 | 2019-09-05 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process for the production of acetic acid and dimethyl ether |
US9873112B2 (en) | 2013-02-15 | 2018-01-23 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Dehydration-hydrolysis processes and catalysts therefor |
DE102014118966A1 (de) | 2014-12-18 | 2015-12-31 | L’AIR LIQUIDE Société Anonyme pour l’Etude et l’Exploitation des Procédés Georges Claude | Anlage, Verfahren und Katalysator zur Herstellung von Dimethylether |
KR101774435B1 (ko) * | 2016-02-24 | 2017-09-06 | 한국화학연구원 | 메탄올로부터 디메틸에테르를 제조하기 위한 에너지 절약형 공정 |
WO2019122078A1 (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2019-06-27 | Basf Se | Catalyst system and process for preparing dimethyl ether |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3036134A (en) * | 1962-05-22 | Method for converting alcohols | ||
BR8303437A (pt) | 1982-07-01 | 1984-02-07 | Du Pont | Processo para a preparacao de eter dimetilico pela desidratacao catalitica de metanol |
JPS5916845A (ja) | 1982-07-16 | 1984-01-28 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | ジメチルエ−テルの製造方法 |
US4845063A (en) * | 1982-10-15 | 1989-07-04 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Zeolite catalyst of improved hydrothermal stability |
GB8829923D0 (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1989-02-15 | Ici Plc | Zeolites |
US5684213A (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 1997-11-04 | Chemical Research & Licensing Company | Method for the preparation of dialkyl ethers |
KR100228748B1 (ko) * | 1997-10-10 | 1999-11-01 | 김충섭 | 이산화탄소로부터 디메틸에테르와 메탄올의 동시 제조방법 |
KR100362213B1 (ko) * | 1999-12-24 | 2002-11-23 | 에스케이 주식회사 | 다이아릴에탄의 연속 제조방법 |
KR100454091B1 (ko) * | 2002-12-11 | 2004-10-26 | 한국화학연구원 | 미정제 메탄올로부터 디메틸에테르의 제조방법 |
-
2002
- 2002-12-11 KR KR10-2002-0078856A patent/KR100454091B1/ko active IP Right Grant
-
2003
- 2003-04-15 US US10/413,535 patent/US6740783B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-09-01 JP JP2003308997A patent/JP3612323B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-11 CN CNB2003101249009A patent/CN1283608C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-12-02 HK HK04109566A patent/HK1066529A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101506132B (zh) * | 2006-08-31 | 2012-06-20 | Sk新技术株式会社 | 一种制备二甲醚的方法 |
CN102666460A (zh) * | 2009-11-17 | 2012-09-12 | 鲁奇有限责任公司 | 由粗甲醇制备二甲醚 |
TWI422565B (zh) * | 2009-11-17 | 2014-01-11 | Lurgi Gmbh | 自粗製甲醇之二甲醚的製造 |
CN107206368A (zh) * | 2014-11-12 | 2017-09-26 | 日立造船株式会社 | 醛分解催化剂、废气处理设备以及废气处理方法 |
CN107206368B (zh) * | 2014-11-12 | 2020-03-17 | 日立造船株式会社 | 醛分解催化剂、废气处理设备以及废气处理方法 |
CN114605235A (zh) * | 2022-04-15 | 2022-06-10 | 南京工业大学 | 一种co2加氢制二甲醚的方法 |
CN116510771A (zh) * | 2023-04-26 | 2023-08-01 | 哈尔滨师范大学 | 一种用于高含水量甲醇低温脱水制备二甲醚的催化剂的制备方法及在制备二甲醚中的应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6740783B1 (en) | 2004-05-25 |
KR100454091B1 (ko) | 2004-10-26 |
JP2004189719A (ja) | 2004-07-08 |
HK1066529A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
CN1283608C (zh) | 2006-11-08 |
JP3612323B2 (ja) | 2005-01-19 |
KR20040051032A (ko) | 2004-06-18 |
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