CN1314696C - 2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸、其生产方法以及包含含有它的组合物的食品和化妆品 - Google Patents
2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸、其生产方法以及包含含有它的组合物的食品和化妆品 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1314696C CN1314696C CNB028263170A CN02826317A CN1314696C CN 1314696 C CN1314696 C CN 1314696C CN B028263170 A CNB028263170 A CN B028263170A CN 02826317 A CN02826317 A CN 02826317A CN 1314696 C CN1314696 C CN 1314696C
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- xitix
- ascorbic acid
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Abstract
本发明提供一种新的作为前维生素C的抗坏血酸衍生物,其与公知的2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸相比具有改善的体内稳定性和延长的体内周期。已从植物如宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)和/或枸杞(Lycium chinense Mill.)中提取了包含新的化合物2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物可以用β-D-糖基转移酶酶合成。纯2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸可以由这种组合物生产。或者,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸可以通过化学合成生产。与对应的α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基衍生物相比,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸导致维生素C在被身体摄取时具有较高的稳定性和较长的周期,因而极适于作为前维生素C用于化妆品和食品。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及新的前维生素C,其与公知的前维生素C物质,如2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸相比在体内具有提高的稳定性、延长的半衰期和长效活性。本发明还涉及一种新的中间产物,2-O-(四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,还涉及使用2-O-(四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸衍生物作为中间产物生产2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的方法,还涉及从植物中提取2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生产方法,特别是从枸杞属植物,枸杞(L. chinense Mill.)、宁夏枸杞(L barbarum L.)或其相关的种中提取2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生产方法,还涉及包含所得的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物,关于2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的酶生产方法,或者包含6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物,以及涉及这些组合物用作食品或化妆品的应用。
现有技术
维生素C已知具有多种生理作用,例如胶原合成,其缺乏是坏血病的主要病因因素,其用作一种消除体内产生的自由基的生物抗氧剂,有助于细胞色素C发生铁离子氧化-还原反应,并具有抗癌、免疫激活和胆固醇生产抑制以及因此的抗动脉硬化作用。
对于皮肤,它表现出多种作用,包括光老化抑制作用、紫外损害防护作用和色素沉着抑制作用,通过抗氧化和胶原合成促进作用,因此用作化妆品中的一种添加剂(Fragrance Journal,Vol.25,Special Issue,Mar,1997)。还在食品和化妆品中加入它作为抗氧剂。维生素C的一个主要缺点是它对光、热、氧和金属离子极不稳定。
已研究多种修饰来改善维生素C的稳定性或改变它的性能以改善其在体内的停留和吸收(Nihon Rinsho,Vol.57,No.10,p.170,1999)。
已尝试在作为维生素C的抗氧化部分及其不稳定性来源的2,3-烯二醇的羟基处引入取代基,以产生更为稳定形式的维生素C,已知为“前维生素C”。实例包括在2-羟基位置引入硫酸酯基(Biochemistry,8,2652,1969)或磷酸酯基(Gazz.Chim.Ital.,91,964,1961和Chem.Pharm.Bull.,17,381,1969)。这些化合物与常规的维生素C相比具有大大提高的稳定性,并已知通过硫酸酯酶或磷酸酶的体内和细胞外水解转化为维生素C。这些衍生物已用于化妆品和准药品。维生素C的稳定形式也是已知的,其在2-或3-羟基处被糖基化。这些包括用糖基转移酶得到的2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(Biochim.Biophy s.Acta,1035,44,1990,日本未审专利公开HEI Nos.3-135992、3-139288,3-183492、5-117290)、用半乳糖苷酶得到的2-O-(β-D-吡喃半乳糖基)抗坏血酸(日本未审专利公开HEI No.6-263790)和通过化学合成得到的3-O-(-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(日本未审专利公开SHONos.53-98954、58-198498)等。
其中,大多数研究的完成基于2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,其目前用于化妆品和准药品并正接受批准作为食物添加剂的审查。2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸类似于抗坏血酸-2-磷酸酯,在多种氧化条件下高度稳定,且在酸性条件下在很大程度上更加稳定。口服时,2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸通过胃肠粘膜中存在的α-葡萄糖甙酶水解并转化成维生素C活性形式。它还通过培养细胞的细胞膜内存在的酶而适度水解,从而持续表现出维生素C的作用。
虽然与抗氧化稳定性的改善无关,但在6-位的抗坏血酸的脂肪酸酯,例如易溶于脂溶性物质的6-O-棕榈酰和硬脂酰抗坏血酸,用作食品添加剂中的食品抗氧化剂。而且,6-葡萄糖苷已被酶合成(Vitamins,43,205,1971;Biochim.Biophys.Acta,1035,44,1990;日本未审专利公开HEI No.5-320185)。5-葡萄糖苷还被公开为酶合成2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的副产物(日本未审专利公开HEI No.5-112594)。
因此,许多前维生素C物质是已知的,但β-D-葡萄糖苷,特别是2-O-葡萄糖苷物质,尤其是本发明的新的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸化合物是未知的。而诸如公开β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基L-抗坏血酸衍生物不可能在体内分解的日本未审专利公开HEI No.3-13599等文献,教导β-葡萄糖苷不可能在体内利用并因此是没有用的。
日本未审专利申请Sho 53-98954描述了2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和多种抗坏血酸衍生物,但没有提供具体的生产实施例,且据信即使采用这些实施例中的方法进行实际合成,3-羟基也将优先被糖基化,随后产生在3-糖基化产物的2位发生糖基化的2,3-二葡萄糖苷。因此好像不可能获得仅在2位具有β-葡糖基化的产物。
关于β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基L-抗坏血酸衍生物的酶合成的唯一报道是由来自杏仁的β-葡萄糖苷酶,使用纤维二糖作为β-糖基供体生产6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(Agric.Biol.Chem.,54,1697,1990)。在这种情况下,6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的转化产率是非常低的数值1.5%,且2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生产没有提及。因此,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸通过酶法合成的情况完全是未知的。
枸杞(Lycium chinense Mill.)(中国枸杞),一种茄科植物,在古代中国医学文本《本草纲目》(Compendium of MateriaMedica)中列为一种精美食品,它的果实已知为枸杞子,其叶子已知为枸杞叶可食用,其根皮称为地骨皮用作一种中草药(Genshoku WakanyakuZukan[Illustrated Compendium of Oriental Drugs],Vol.I,289,1980)。枸杞(Lycium chinense Mill.)包含甜菜碱、胡萝卜素、烟酸和玉米黄质,并已知具有降血糖、抗高血压、抗脂肪肝和肝功能保护作用。特别地,抗脂肪肝和肝功能保护作用归因于甜菜碱,其用作甲基供体(Folia Pharmacol.Japon,56,151,1960)。而且枸杞属植物提取物已知促进生长和乳酸菌产酸(C.A.64:20530b,1965)。
但是,在枸杞属植物组成中的维生素C衍生物的存在是未知的。
发明概述
作为关注于枸杞属植物无数作用及其活性成份的广泛研究的结果,本发明者发现其中含有的一种新的物质,并通过确定该物质为2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸而完成本发明的一个方面。因此,本发明提供新的物质2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,包含从枸杞属植物提取的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物和它们的生产方法。
本发明的新的物质用作前维生素C。β-葡萄糖苷酶已知以膜结合形式存在于小肠组织,并以细胞质形式存在于肝和肾组织(FEBSLetters,436,71,1998),其中由于α-葡萄糖苷酶广泛分布在唾液、肠消化液和小肠道,其中推测径口摄取时物质将分解成抗坏血酸。Yamamoto等人(J.Pharmacobio-Dyn.13,688,1990)的报道描述在大鼠口服实验中仅在血液中检测到抗坏血酸,因此建议通过较不广泛分布的β-葡萄糖苷酶分解和活化而不是通过在体内广泛分布的α-葡萄糖苷酶活化,在转运进入组织和长期作用方面将更为有利,因此前维生素C的β-葡萄糖苷预期表现出甚至更为理想的性能。
在研究本发明的新的化合物,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的活性时,发现它由于与2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸相比在体内具有改善的稳定性和延长的作用而作为一种非常有用的前维生素C。此外,研究了其用于食品和化妆品的工业生产方法,并在通过建立化学合成和提取天然植物的生产方法以及酶生产方法而完成本发明。
因此,本发明提供新的物质2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或其生物可接受的盐或酯,其具有优于2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生理作用,并预期用于化妆品、准药品、药品和食品领域;本发明还提供下式(2)代表的2-O-(四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸作为新的中间产物,
其中式中的各个R独立地代表C1-5烷基,还提供通过中间产物化学合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生产方法,包含通过从植物,特别是枸杞属植物,枸杞(L.chinense Mill.),宁夏枸杞(L.barbarum L.)中提取的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物的生产方法,用β-D-糖基转移酶生产包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物的方法,还提供包含所得的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物,和包含此组合物的食品和化妆品。
本发明还提供包含通过用糖基转移酶反应而得到的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。它还进一步提供一种用于容易地从含有2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的溶液中除去污染物的方法以及以较高含量和较高纯度工业化规模生产2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸产品的方法。
在本说明书通篇中,术语“组合物”指任何包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的不同组合物,包括来自含有2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的植物的具有增大的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸含量的提取物,或者通过使用β-糖基转移酶使抗坏血酸与β-D-葡萄糖苷化合物反应得到的包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的反应产物。
在本说明书通篇中,术语“前维生素C”总体上指本身表现出微弱的或无维生素C活性,但在体内分解产生维生素C的化合物,以及包含这些化合物的组合物。
附图的简要说明
图1是表示从枸杞子中提取的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的离子交换色谱的结果的图。
图2表示通过使用图1的级分19-25的部分进行高效液相色谱处理而进一步纯化2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,并将1H-NMR与化学合成产品进行比较的结果。上图是来自枸杞子的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的图谱,而下图是化学合成的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的图谱。
图3表示酶合成的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(物质Y)与化学合成的产物进行1H-NMR比较的结果。上图是化学合成的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的图谱,而下图是酶反应产物2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(物质Y)的图谱。
图4表示酶合成6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(物质X)与化学合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的HSQC谱比较结果。上图是酶反应产物6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(物质X)的光谱,而下图是化学合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的谱。
图5表示先施用2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对抗由紫外线B(UVB)照射诱导人皮肤表皮角质细胞(HaCaT)的细胞死亡的保护作用。
图6表示2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对人皮肤表皮角质细胞的细胞内抗坏血酸浓度的作用。
图7表示2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对正常人真皮成纤维细胞(NHDF)的胶原合成的促进作用。
图8表示在口服100mg/kg的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸之后的大鼠门脉血和血浆浓度。
图9表示2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对正常人真皮成纤维(NHDF)细胞的群体倍增水平(PDLs)的作用。2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸表现出显著的寿命支持作用。即,在不存在抗坏血酸衍生物的情况下在NHDF在老化至PDL 20.1而死亡时,而存在该抗坏血酸衍生物的情况下NHDF的PDL增大2.62倍。结果表明NHDF的终身细胞供应能力增大22.62,而本发明的抗坏血酸衍生物将对保护皮肤以防老化和补充皮肤死亡细胞有重要的贡献。
图10表示2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对端粒长度减小速度的作用。加入2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸将在不存在任何抗坏血酸衍生物的情况下平均降低速度225bp/PDL缩小至94bp/PDL。由于细胞老化致死时的临界端粒长度已知恒定,因此认为本发明抗坏血酸衍生物通过将端粒长度缩小至临界长度的速度缩小大约42%而表现出对细胞系寿命的延长作用。
描述
本发明者对2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的合成方法进行广泛地研究,以产生含有在枸杞属植物中发现的新的物质2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的理想的前维生素C,并发现可使用2-O-(四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸作为中间产物进行化学生产。在进一步热心考察以找寻含有2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的植物和微生物时,发现2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸存在于枸杞属植物和枸杞子中。
他们还发现,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸通过纤维素酶的糖基转移反应产生,而2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸实际上是优越的前维生素C,其与2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸相比,在紫外B照射人皮肤表皮角质细胞时抑制细胞死亡并显著地促进正常人真皮成纤维细胞的胶原合成。本发明在这些发现的基础上完成,并以以下为基础。
作为一种前维生素C表现出比2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸更优越的性能的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生产可以通过使用2-O-(四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸作为中间产物合成方法,从包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的天然物质中提取的方法,和酶合成方法来实现。
在合成方法中,将相应的抗坏血酸衍生物的3-羟基选择性苄基化得到3-O-苄基-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸,将其与酯保护的葡萄糖1-碳酸酯缩合,然后脱异亚丙基和脱苄基得到产物。
在从天然物质提取的方法中,可以通过用热水或水-醇提取茄科植物,特别是枸杞属植物的新鲜或干燥的果料(枸杞子)而得到含有2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。如果需要的话,可以由这种组合物进一步纯化2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸还通过纤维素酶的糖基转移反应进行酶合成而得到包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。如果需要的话,还可以由这种组合物纯化2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。
本发明表明,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸在紫外B照射人皮肤表皮角质细胞时显著抑制细胞死亡,并显著促进正常人真皮成纤维细胞的胶原合成,它在细胞内转化成维生素C且通过口摄入吸收,因此预期用于皮肤化妆品或皮肤保护剂,并作为维生素C用于食品。
优选实施方案
本发明提供2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,其具有优于2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生理作用,并预期用于化妆品、准药品、药品和食品领域;本发明还提供2-O-(四-O-乙酰基-p-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸作为它的中间产物,还提供一种通过中间产物化学合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生产方法,还提供包含通过从植物,特别是枸杞属植物,枸杞(L.chinense Mill.),宁夏枸杞(L.barbarum L.)或其相关的含有2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的种中提取的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。
本发明还提供包含通过糖基转移酶反应得到的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。本发明还提供一种易于从含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的溶液中除去污染物的方法和以工业化规模生产具有较高含量和较高纯度的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的产品的方法。
现在将更为详细地解释本发明。
1)合成中间产物:2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸
中间产物2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸可以下述方式合成。具体而言,通过已知方法(J.Med.Chem.,31,793,1988)将商购得到的5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸在3-羟基位选择性苄基化,以产生3-O-苄基-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸。通过常规的糖基化反应将作为糖苷配基的这种3-O-苄基化化合物糖基化,得到2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-3-O-苄基-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸。例如,(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)碳酸酯(Komura,H.,Tokyo Institute of Technologydoctoral thesis,1977)可以通过在100-200℃下与在非极性溶剂中的或不含溶剂的3-O-苄基化化合物一起加热而得到。所用的碳酸酯可以是烷基、卤代烷基或任选取代的芳基-碳酸酯。或者,(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)卤化物可以用于在卤代烃溶剂如氯仿或二氯甲烷或芳烃溶剂如苯或甲苯中,在汞盐或银盐存在下,并在加入脱水试剂的情况下进行反应(Lodd′s Chemistry of CarbonCompounds IF,320,1967,ElseVier)。
2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-3-O-苄基-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸的异亚丙基可以用酸性催化剂水解除去。例如,脱异亚丙基反应可以在40-100℃下,在30-80%乙酸水溶液中进行。或者,它可以在室温至回流温度下,在丙酮或甲基乙基酮中,在对甲苯磺酸存在下完成。实际上可以将水用于该反应。
2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-3-O-苄基抗坏血酸的苄基可以通过常规的氢解除去。例如,脱苄基化反应可以在质子极性溶剂如乙酸或醇,或者非极溶剂如苯、甲苯或乙酸乙酯中,在氢存在下,使用钯-碳、钯黑、钯-碳或钯黑作为催化剂来完成。
脱保护步骤可以相反的顺序完成。也就是,在2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-3-O-苄基-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸的脱苄基化反应之后,所得的2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸可以用酸催化剂脱异亚丙基化。
标题中间产物,2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,可以与上述相同的方式获得。
乙酰基优选作为标题中间产物的酰基。
2)化学合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸
2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸可以通过碱水解2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的酰基而获得。所用的碱可以是氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾水溶液,碳酸盐如碳酸钾、碳酸钠、碳酸氢钾或碳酸氢钠的水溶液,或者金属醇化物如甲基化钠。溶液可以包含醇,例如甲醇和乙醇以溶解原料2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。反应温度最佳为0℃至室温。反应溶液用盐酸、硫酸或阳离子交换树脂中和。在盐酸或硫酸的情况下,需要除去产生的盐,但在阳离子交换树脂的情况下由于钠和钾盐的吸附因而不需要脱盐步骤。中和的溶液可以冻干或减压浓缩得到目标化合物。根据目的,化合物还可以通过柱色谱法纯化。
3)通过从枸杞属植物枸杞、宁夏枸杞提取而生产包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物
直接或在粉碎后将枸杞属植物枸杞、宁夏枸杞的新鲜或干燥的果实(枸杞子)浸泡在含水溶剂,例如热水或乙醇水溶液,通过固体/液体分离得到的提取物减压浓缩或冻干,或者喷雾干燥,以得到含有2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的提取物。浸泡期间的醇浓度优选为10-95%,而浸泡优选持续3-7天。
枸杞子提取物中的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸含量一般为0.86-1.2%,但具有甚至更高含量的组合物可以由下述的方法获得。具体而言,将枸杞子提取物溶于蒸馏水,或者将通过将原料浸泡在5-50体积,优选8-10体积的溶剂而得到的提取物用蒸馏水稀释,然后通过强碱性离子交换树脂,例如DowexTM1-X8(Dow ChemicalCo.)或Amberlite IRA-400(Rohm & Haas Co.)以吸附2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。
在用水完全洗涤之后,通过使用乙酸等酸溶液逐步洗脱或梯度洗脱得到含有目标物质的级分。将此级分减压浓缩或冻干以除去乙酸,由此产生含有大约30-50%的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。
4)通过酶法生产包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物
对商购酶制剂进行广泛研究发现酶制剂纤维素酶″Onozuka″和Pancelase BR(Yakult Pharmaceutical Ind.Co.,Ltd.)、Cellulosin(Hankyu Kyoei Bussan)、纤维素酶(Sigma)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(Toyobo)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(Nacalai Tesque)表现出β-糖基转移酶活性。用于本发明的糖基转移酶可以是任何作用于包括含β-糖基化合物和抗坏血酸的溶液而由糖基化反应合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的糖基转移酶,且其来源和类型没有限制;但是从产率的立场来看,优选来自木霉属(Trichoderma)的纤维素酶和来自杏的β-葡萄糖苷酶。
用于转移酶反应的纤维二糖和抗坏血酸浓度优选尽可能地高,优选分别为大约0.3M和0.2M。作为酶底物的纤维二糖可以另一种含β-糖基的化合物提供,例如与适宜水解酶组合的高分子量葡聚糖,如纤维素或羧甲基纤维素。
可以通过常规方法将各种酶固定在适宜的载体上以形成酶反应器,从而促进有效地生产2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。另一方面,从稳定性和反应转移产率的立场来看,用作转移反应中的受体的抗坏血酸优选为游离酸,但抗坏血酸还可以盐如碱金属盐或碱土金属盐或者它们的混合物的形式使用。进一步发现,异抗坏血酸,游离酸形式或其盐,同样用作转移反应的受体。因此,根据目的抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸衍生物可用于葡萄糖基转移反应,并在大部分情况下可以根据需要适宜使用抗坏血酸钠、抗坏血酸钙等代替单独的游离抗坏血酸。
考虑酶的最佳pH,酶反应在pH范围为2-8,优选pH4-6的水溶液中进行。考虑酶的稳定性和最佳温度,反应温度为20-60℃,但优选保持在在约30-40℃。
加入酶的量优选为20-400单位(其中1单位是每分钟释放1μmol对硝基酚的酶活性)每克纤维二糖。
酶可以一次性加入,但也可以加入数次,同时通过高效液相色谱法监测反应。还可以通过将酶固定在作为酶反应器的适宜的树脂支持物如离子交换树脂或疏水树脂上进行反应。大约1-4天的反应时间是充足的,但反应完成点可以在监测反应时确定。
如果需要的话,反应完成时产生的组合物中的抗坏血酸衍生物可以通过常规分离方法如膜分离法、离子交换柱色谱法、活性碳柱色谱法、液相色谱法、硅胶柱色谱法等进一步纯化。例如,作为强酸性阳离子交换树脂,可以适宜地使用碱金属盐类型、碱土金属盐类型或H+-类型磺化苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯交联共聚物树脂。商购的产品包括Dowe×TM50W×8(the Dow Chemical Company)、AmberliteTMCG-120(Rohm & Haas Co.)和DiaionTMSK104(Mitsubishi ChemicalIndustries Co.,Ltd.)。通过色谱法分离的未反应的抗坏血酸和含β-糖基的化合物可以用作下一轮酶反应的原料。
为了获得较高的产物纯度,可以通过高效液相色谱法进行纯化。具体而言,可以通过使用糖/有机酸分析柱和挥发性酸如乙酸、三氟乙酸等或者ODS柱与升华甲酸铵的组合,以及用于分析酸性物质的挥发性离子对试剂二正丁基胺乙酸盐得到纯产物。目标物质的鉴定可以通过相对于化学合成的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸比较分析质谱或核磁共振谱来完成。
2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸可以适于食品、化妆品或药物的盐形式使用。盐的实例可以提及无机或有机碱盐,包括钠盐、钾盐、钙盐和胺盐。2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸可以在羟基上被容易在体内降解的离去基团取代。这些离去基团可以提及乙酰基(C2)、丙酰基(C3)、丁酰基(C4)、辛酰基(C8)、棕榈酰基(C16)和硬脂酰基(C18)。
5)2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸活性(1):对紫外照射损害的抑制作用
与相同浓度的抗坏血酸或2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸相比,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸明显表现出较强的阻止紫外B(UVB)照射诱导人皮肤表皮角质细胞(HaCaT)的细胞死亡的效果。
已知如果用接近阳光波长光谱(290-400nm)的光照射无毛小鼠皮肤部分,则在小鼠皮肤的抗氧化因素中抗坏血酸(维生素C)的减少发生最快速(Photodermatol.Photoimmunol.Photomed.,10(5),183,1994)。而且,由UVB照射去毛的豚鼠背部皮肤而诱导的皮肤炎症可以通过外部应用抗坏血酸或2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸而得到抑制,其中2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的效果较大(Fragrance Journal,Vol.25,No.3,p.55,1997)。已报道持续3天至1周每天给猪皮肤施用10%抗坏血酸水溶液缓解紫外光损害(Br.J.Dermatol.,121,247,1992)。
但是,本发明2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸抗由紫外照射诱导的皮肤炎症或其它紫外光损害的效果大于抗坏血酸或2-O-(a-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的效果。如上述,据信此原因是它与2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸相比具有优越的组织渗入性能和具有较长的活性期。
在人皮肤表皮角质细胞的细胞内抗坏血酸浓度方面,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸还在最长的时间内保持较高浓度。这种由2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸导致的细胞内抗坏血酸的高浓度保持贡献于它保护细胞抵抗UVB照射的活性。同样清楚的是2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸用作在细胞内转化为抗坏血酸的前维生素C。
2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的活性(2):防止皱纹和下垂
检查正常人真皮成纤维细胞(NHDF)的胶原合成表明与2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或抗坏血酸相比2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸活性增大。这还认为是由于较高的细胞内抗坏血酸浓度延长导致的。也就是,认为抗坏血酸的胶原合成促进作用甚至发生在来自皮肤的成纤维细胞,发挥皮肤再生和重建的功能。实际上已报道,作为一种稳定形式的抗环血酸,抗坏血酸2-磷酸酯应用于烧伤受害者促进无瘢痕愈合(Lecture Summaries of theJapanese Cosmetic Science Society,p.50,1998)。另一方面,抗坏血酸还已知抑制胶原降解酶,和降解皮肤弹性必需的弹性蛋白的酶(Bioantioxidant Provitamin C,p.63,1999,FragranceJournal Co.)。这些数据表明2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸抗皱纹和下垂的效果。
2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的活性(3)增白
根据抗坏血酸抑制酪氨酸酶从而抑制黑色素合成,和人应用含2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的乳膏抑制由紫外照射导致的色素沉着(Fragrance Journal,Vol.25,No.3,p.55,1997)的事实,强烈暗示2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸具有类似的增白效果,并且其强于2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的效果。
2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的活性(4):经口摄入的动力学
在大鼠口摄入2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸时,在血液检测到未转化的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,这表明它以未转化的形式通过肠道吸收。另一方面,如上述,大鼠口摄入2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸导致在血液中检测不到未转化的形式,因而在吸收时它几乎在肠道中完全分解并在血液中作为抗坏血酸存在(J.Pharmacobio-Dyn.,13,688,1990)。也就是说,在口摄入时,2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸作为抗坏血酸被吸收,且更可能在血液中快速降解。另一方面,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸仍以其未转化的形式存在于血液并未经转化迁移进入组织,因而它更有可能在组织和细胞中被活化成抗坏血酸。
以上的实验结果和观察清楚地表明,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和包含它的组合物作为允许将抗坏血酸有效迁移至身体和组织中的前维生素C是用于保护皮肤并保持健康皮肤的前维生素C的优良形式,并可以用于皮肤化妆品和皮肤保护剂或食品。
6)包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物
当包含本发明的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物用作皮肤化妆品或皮肤保护剂时,其数量可以在宽范围之内并没有特别限制,但通常占组合物总量的0.1-30wt%,优选0.5-10wt%。在组合物形式中,可以适宜地将其与其它常用于化妆品的组分,例如油组分、表面活性剂、紫外吸收剂、低级醇、防腐剂、杀菌剂、着色剂、粉末、芳香剂、水溶性聚合物、缓冲剂等组合,只要不损害本发明的效果。这些组合物不仅可以用作皮肤化妆品,还可以用作洗液、乳液、乳膏、包装、肥皂或其它药用化妆品等形式的准药品,或者用作洗液、乳液、乳膏、软膏或其它皮肤外用形式的药物。
当包含本明的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物用作食物时,它可以与关于2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的日本专利2832848所述的相同的方式应用于食品,以制备维生素C强化食品。具体引述日本专利2832848,由于它与包括酸、咸、涩、辛、苦等多种不同滋味的不同物质相容,且它具有高酸耐受性和热耐受性,因此它可以用作多同常规食品和调料,例如以下不同类型的调味品中的维生素C强化剂、调味增强剂、酸调料、品质改良剂、稳定剂、抗氧剂等:如酱油、粉状酱油、腌豆酱、粉状腌豆酱、非精制清酒、腌肉、鱼粉、蛋黄酱、调味料、醋、清酒/大豆/醋酱、粉状寿司醋、中国调料、天麸罗肉汤、面汤、酱油、蕃茄酱、烤肉汁、咖哩粉、炖料、汤料、储备料、混合调味品、甜清酒、低醇甜清酒、蔗糖和咖啡糖;日本甜料如大米饼干、大米饼干块、小米/大米饼、干燥生面团饼、淀粉糊、大米糕、填豆酱的面包、甜大米凝胶、黄豆凝胶、甜黄豆糊、软甜豆糊、甜球状物、凝胶、castella海绵蛋糕和咖啡;甜食,例如面包、饼干(biscuit)、饼干(cracker)、小甜点、馅饼、布丁、奶油膨胀糕、华夫饼干、海绵蛋糕、油炸圈饼、巧克力、口香糖、焦糖和糖果;冰冻甜点如冰淇淋和冰冻果子露;糖浆,例如果浆和冷冻甘露;敷剂和糊剂,例如加糖奶油浆、乳蛋糕乳脂、花糊、花生糊和果实糊;压榨的颗粒或蔬菜产品,例如果子酱、果酱、糖浆和增甜果实;加工的谷产物,例如面包、面条、米产品和人工肉产品;脂肪和油产品,例如色拉油和人造黄油;腌汁如腌制的蔬菜片、新鲜的萝卜泡菜、腌制的芜菁和腌制的青葱;腌制的储备物如腌制的萝卜储备物和腌制的卷心菜储备物;家畜产品如火腿和香肠;鱼肉产品如鱼火腿、鱼香肠、水煮鱼酱、捣烂鱼糕和海胆子酱;精美食品如腌墨鱼或鱿鱼、醋泡昆布、干燥的墨鱼带和晒干的河豚;酱油煮的蔬菜或由紫菜制成的鱼、可食用野生植物、干燥的墨鱼、小鱼或牡蛎;蔬菜食物,例如水煮黄豆、马铃薯沙拉、昆布卷和天妇罗;奶产品,例如煮鸡蛋、牛奶饮料、奶油和干酪;瓶装或罐装鱼肉、家畜肉、果实和蔬菜;液剂,例如合成清酒、调味清酒、果子酒和西方酒精饮料;软饮料,例如咖啡、可可、果汁、碳酸饮料、乳酸饮料和乳酸菌饮料;和多种瞬时产品,例如布丁混合物、烤饼混合物、果汁混合物、咖啡混合物、红豆汤混合物、汤混合物等。它还可以方便地用作饲料或者草料中的维生素C强化剂、调味增强剂、抗氧化剂、味觉改善剂等,用于饲养动物如牲畜、家禽、蜜蜂、蚕、鱼等。
发明效果
本发明提供新的物质2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,其具有优于2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生理作用,并预期用于化妆品、准药品、药品和食品领域;本发明还提供2-O-(四-O-乙酰基-p-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸作为它的新中间产物,和使用中间产物生产2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的方法,和通过提取和纯化枸杞属植物而生产含有2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物的方法,和包含来自枸杞属植物的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。
本发明还提供包含通过糖基转移酶反应得到的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物。它还提供易于从含有2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的溶液中除去污染的方法和工业大规模生产具有较高含量和较高纯度的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的产品的方法。
实施例
现在将通过实施例更为详细地解释本发明,且本发明的范围根本不受这些实施例的限制。
实施例1合成2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸
在将5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸(2g,9.3mmol)溶于DMSO(20ml)之后,加入碳酸钾(1.3g,9.4mmol)和苄基溴(1.1ml,9.3mmol),并将混合物于50℃下搅拌4小时。将水加到反应溶液,然后用1NHCl酸化,用乙酸乙酯萃取,用水洗涤,然后用饱和盐水洗涤,用无水MgSO4干燥,减压浓缩,并用硅胶色谱法(AcOEt/正己烷=3∶1)纯化得到1.1g 3-O-苄基-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸(39%产率)。
将此苄基衍生物(0.6g,2.0mmol)和2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-1-O-(2,2,2-三氯乙氧基羰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(2.1g,4.0mmol)的混合物在120-130℃下加热熔化。反应3小时后,通过柱色谱法(25%-50%AcOEt/正己烷的梯度)纯化反应溶液得到850mg 2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-3-O-苄基-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸(67%产率)。
将此葡萄糖苷(850mg,1.3mmol)溶于乙酸乙酯(40ml),并加入10%Pd-C(200mg)进行氢解。2小时后,滤出催化剂,并将滤液浓缩得到大约750mg 2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)-5,6-O-异亚丙基抗坏血酸。
将脱苄基化合物(500mg,0.9mmol)溶于乙酸(5ml)、加入水(5ml),并将混合物于50-60℃下加热1.5小时,同时进行搅拌。在浓缩反应溶液之后,用乙酸乙酯萃取所得的残余物,用水洗涤,然后用饱和盐水洗涤,用无水MgSO4干燥,并减压浓缩,然后用乙酸乙酯/己烷重结晶所得的残余物得到320mg 2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(48%产率)。
1H-NMR(δppm,DMSO-d6);1.94-2.01(12H),3.42(3H,m),3.7-4.3(4H,m),4.7-5.1(4H,m),5.3-5.4(2H,m),12.00(1H,br)。
FABMS(+)m/z:507。
实施例2合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸
在将2-O-(2,3,4,6-四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸(300mg,0.6mmol)溶于甲醇(10ml)之后,加入在水(9ml)中的碳酸钾(600mg)的溶液,并将混合物搅拌30分钟。用IR-120(H+)中和反应溶液,滤出树脂,并用甲醇和50%甲醇水溶液进行洗涤。
合并并浓缩滤液和洗涤液,然后加入水,并将混合物冻干得到2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,为无定形结晶(190mg,100%产率)。
1H-NMR(δppm,D2O);3.1-3.3(4H,m),3.4-3.5(3H,m),3.58(1H,d),3.80(1H,t),4.61(1H,d),4.66(1H,d)。
FABMS(-)m/z:337。
实施例3测定枸杞属植物的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸含量
将通过室温下将3g不同的干燥植物在10倍体积的70%乙醇中浸泡7天得到的提取物用1.5%偏磷酸/5M KOH(pH 3.5)稀释10倍,并将其用作鉴定天然存在的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的试验样品,其依据是化学合成的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸在高效液相色谱法中的保留时间为2.63分钟(Shimadzu Co.,Ltd.的LC-10Ai系统;柱:Inertsil ODS-3(GL Science Co.,Ltd.,4.6×150mm,5μm),流动相:20%MeOH-20mM磷酸盐-5mM四正戊基溴化铵,流速:1.0mL/分,柱温:35℃,检测波长:254nm)。结果是,在来自内蒙古枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)、宁夏枸杞(Lyciumbarbarum L.)和河北枸杞(Lycium Chinese Mill)的提取物中发现对应于2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的峰。在通过加入2倍量的70%的乙醇至100g宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)的新鲜果实而类似制备的样品中发现相同的峰。在减压浓缩5ml液体萃取物之后通过冻干和体重测定来测定各固体提取物。考虑使用固体提取物和化学合成产品所得的校准曲线、提取物的浓度和稀释程度,确定提取物的含量为0.86%-1.2%。
实施例4纯化枸杞子中的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸
在用Tosho Co.,Ltd.提供的Model TS-10M片剂粉碎机粉碎100g宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)之后,加入800mL 30%乙醇以在室温下浸泡6天,然后过滤,减压浓缩并冻干得到65.7g产品。将1.94g部分提取物(2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸含量:0.86%)溶于蒸馏水以制成40mL(pH 4.5,电导率:1.7mS/cm)。使样品在SV=1下通过Dowex 1-X8柱(乙酸酯形式,1.5×12cm)。然后用大约10个柱体积(200mL)的蒸馏水洗涤,用0-0.1M乙酸进行线性梯度洗脱(100mL×2),用0.1-1.0M乙酸进行线性梯度洗脱(100mL×2),然后用1.0M乙酸洗脱。测定280nm下的吸光率,并通过高效液相色谱法与化学合成产品的保留时间进行比较来检查2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的洗脱。仪器和柱温与实施例1相同,但其它条件改成以下。柱:Inertsil ODS-3(GL Science Co.,Ltd.,3.0×150mm,5μm),流速:0.3mL/分,检测波长:245nm,流动相:2%MeOH-0.2MKH2PO4/H3PO4(pH 3.0)-0.2mM EDTA-0.5mM十二烷基三甲基氯化铵。在这些条件下化学合成的产品2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的保留时间为6.5分钟。高效液相色谱法检测的结果是,发现如果采用0.1-1.0M乙酸线性洗脱(26mg,对级分19-25的总产率为78%,50%纯度),则吸附到柱上的物质在级分19-25中洗脱。结果如图1所示。
将对应于2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的级分19-25部分供给高效液相色谱以得到高纯度产物。条件如下。Gilson Co.的LC系统(Type 305主泵,Type 116 UV检测器),柱:ODS-UG-5(4.6×250mm,5μm,Nomura Chemical Co.,Ltd.的产品),流动相:5%甲醇/20mM甲酸铵/5mM二丁基胺乙酸盐,流速:0.5mL/分,检测波长:254nm,以0.5分钟增量使用FC-203 Type B FractionCollector(Gilson Co.)进行分级收集。减压浓缩并冻干对应的级分,将其溶于氧化氘,测定其核磁共振光谱,并与化学合成产物比较。结果如图2所示。
实施例5酶合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸
根据化学合成的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸在GilsonCo.的LC系统中的保留时间为5.2分钟来检查商购得到的纤维素酶,β-葡萄糖苷酶和β-葡聚糖酶试剂(Type 305主泵,Type 116 UV检测器),柱:Inertsil ODS-3(DL Science Co.,Ltd.,4.6×150mm,5pm),流动相:20%MeOH-20mM磷酸盐-5mM四正戊基溴化铵,流速:0.5ml/分,检测波长:254nm)。用10mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)将酶反应系统溶解至1ml,其中0.3M纤维二糖和0.2M抗坏血酸。然后往其中加入50μl酶溶液部分,并将于37℃下启动反应。在100℃下加热5分钟以终止反应之后,用高效液相色谱法分析产生的β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基抗坏血酸。结果是,在纤维素酶(Sigma)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(Toyobo,Nacalai Tesque)、Cellulosin T2(Hankyu KyoeiBussan)、纤维素酶″Onozuka″RS、″Onozuka″FA和PancelaseBR(Yakult Pharmaceutical Ind.Co.,Ltd.)中发现β转葡糖基活性。游离抗坏血酸出现在4.0分钟的位置,但在与3.6分钟和5.2分钟的相邻的位置也观察到峰,且这些峰分别指代物质X和物质Y。物质X的转葡糖基率为15.7%,而物质Y为0.8%。当物质X和Y与化学合成产物共同进行色谱处理时,物质X符合6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的保留时间,而物质符合r2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的保留时间。
在通过使用截留分子量为10,000的UF膜除去污染的蛋白之后,通过使用高效液相色谱法进行分级而除去游离抗坏血酸[Gilson Co.的LC系统(Type 305主泵,Type 116 UV检测器),柱:SUGARSH1011(Showa Denko Co.,Ltd.),流动相:0.1M乙酸,流速:0.5mL/分,柱温:30℃,检测:微分折射计,0.25ml级分]。在级分29-31中洗脱含有物质X和物质Y的级分,并以96%产率获得24.7μg样品。
然后将其应用于高效液相色谱法以得到高纯度产品。条件如下。Gilson Co.的LC.系统(Type 305主泵,Type 116 UV检测器),柱:ODS-UG-5(4.6×250mm,5μm,Nomura Chemical Co.,Ltd.的产品),流动相:5%甲醇/20mM甲酸铵/5mM二正丁基胺乙酸盐,流速:0.5mL/分,检测波长:254nm,以0.5分钟增量使用FC-203 TypeB Fraction Collector(Gilson Co.)进行分级。将对应于物质X和物质Y的级分减压浓缩、冻干并溶于氧化氘,测定核磁共振光谱,并与化学合成2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸进行比较。在HSQC光谱中,化学合成产物的抗坏血酸部分的4位、5位和6位碳的化学位移分别为73、73和66ppm,而物质X的4位、5位和6位的化学位移均为73ppm,因此较低磁场的位移仅见于6位碳。因此断定物质X为6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。
因此断定在与化学合成的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的一维NMR光谱进行比较中匹配的物质Y是2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。结果如图3和图4所示。
实施例6转移酶反应条件
1)硫酸铵分级
将纤维素酶试剂(Sigma)溶于20mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)至浓度为4%,连续加入20%梯度饱和的硫酸铵溶液以制备0-20%、20-40%、40-60%和60-80%饱和硫酸铵沉淀级分。在将各级分溶于20mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)之后,根据实施例5确认转移产物。结果发现硫酸铵中的转移活性为20-40%饱和的级分。
2)pH的作用
对于0.3M纤维二糖和0.2M游离抗坏血酸的浓缩物,将试验物质溶于1ml,并用0.1M乙酸盐缓冲液调节至不同的pH水平。往其中加入50μl部分酶溶液以在37℃下反应40小时。反应后,通过高效液相色谱法分析产生的(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。
结果如表1所示。在pH3或更高的pH时发现转葡糖基化产物,且在pH 5下反应产生0.8%的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,在pH 6下反应产生1.0%的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。而且在pH 5下反应产生11.8%的6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,而在pH 6下反应产生11.2%的6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。
表1
pH | AA(%) | AA6βG(%) | AA2βG(%) |
2 | 99.3 | 0.7 | 0 |
3 | 93.5 | 6.2 | 0.3 |
4 | 87.9 | 11.6 | 0.5 |
5 | 87.4 | 11.8 | 0.8 |
6 | 87.8 | 11.2 | 1.0 |
3)与抗坏血酸衍生物的反应
对于0.3M纤维二糖和游离抗坏血酸、抗坏血酸钠、抗坏血酸钙、游离异抗坏血酸和异抗坏血酸钠各0.2M,将试验物质溶于1ml,并用0.1M乙酸盐缓冲液调节至不同的pH水平。往其中加入50μl部分酶溶液以在37℃下反应20小时,然后以与上述相同的方式分析(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。
结果如表2所示。每种抗坏血酸衍生物用作转移反应受者,且各种都产生2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)衍生物。
表2
AA(%) | AA6βG(%) | AA2βG(%) | |
游离抗坏血酸 | 91.2 | 7.9 | 0.9 |
抗坏血酸钠 | 97.6 | 1.6 | 0.8 |
抗坏血酸盐钙 | 95.9 | 2.8 | 1.3 |
游离异抗坏血酸 | 95.4 | 3.8 | 0.8 |
异抗坏血酸钠 | 98.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
4)部分纯化
在硫酸铵沉淀酶蛋白之后将纤维素酶试剂(Sigma)、纤维素酶″Onozuka″RS和Pancelase BR(Yakult Pharmaceutical Ind.Co.,Ltd.)各自应用于用20mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)平衡的Q-琼脂糖离子交换树脂(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech Co.),并在流过的级分中发现转移活性。结果如表3所示。
表3
AA(%) | AA6βG(%) | AA2βG(%) | |
纤维素酶(Sigma) | 89.9 | 9.0 | 1.1 |
Onozuka RS(Yakult) | 86.4 | 11.6 | 2.0 |
Pancelase BR(Yakult) | 94.0 | 5.4 | 0.6 |
5)酶固定
作为食物添加剂销售的酶试剂Pancelase BR除了酶(5%)之外包含95%的乳糖。
在将6g Pancelase BR酶试剂加到60ml 20mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)之后,将混合物应用于用相同的缓冲液平衡的MarathonWBA(2ml树脂,Dow Chemical Co.的产品),得到流过的级分。然后将硫酸铵加到20%饱和,并将混合物固定在用20%饱和硫酸铵/20mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)平衡的Chitopearl BCW3510(2ml树脂,FujiSpinning Co.,Ltd.的产品),以制备固定的酶。将固定的酶树脂加到溶解0.35g抗坏血酸和1g纤维二糖的10ml 20%饱和的硫酸铵/20mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0),并在37℃下反应。结果如表4所示。
表4
反应时间 | AA(%) | AA6βG(%) | AA2βG(%) |
第1天 | 94.1 | 4.8 | 1.1 |
第2天 | 91.2 | 7.6 | 1.2 |
实施例7(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的纯化
将20mg部分纤维素酶试剂(Sigma)溶于1ml 20mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0),将混合物应用于用相同缓冲液平衡的Marathon WBA(0.5ml树脂,Dow Chemical Co.的产品),获得流过的级分。将酶溶液加到已溶解0.35g抗坏血酸和1g纤维二糖的10ml 20mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0),并将混合物于37℃下反应2天以得到含有11.8%的6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和0.8%的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的反应溶液。用UF膜过滤溶液,除去酶,并使所得的溶液(pH 4.3,电导率:1.6mS/cm)以SV=2.5通过Dowex 1-X8柱(乙酸酯形式,1.5×12cm)。然后用大约10柱体积(200mL)的蒸馏水洗涤,用0-0.1M乙酸进行线性梯度洗脱(80mL×2),并用0.1-1.0M乙酸进行线性梯度洗脱(80mL×2)。分级连续产生高6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸含量的级分(级分65-68)、高的未反应抗坏血酸含量的级分和高的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸含量的级分(级分101-108)。收集级分101-108作为高2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸含量级分(2.4mg,45%产率)。
实施例8 2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对紫外线B(UVB)照射诱导的人皮肤表皮角质细胞(HaCaT)的细胞死亡的保护作用
将人皮肤表皮角质细胞系HaCaT(一种由海德堡大学Fusenig教授提供的细胞系)以10,000细胞/孔于具有包含10%胎牛血清(FBS)的Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基(DMEM)的24孔平板培养,并在18小时后用UVB(最大波长:312nm)以35毫焦耳/平方厘米(mJ/cm2)照射细胞。在照射前2小时,加入20-100μM的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,并在照射前冲洗除去。在PBS中,在不存在化学试剂的情况下进行照射,然后在包含10%FBS的DMEM中继续培养,并在照射后24小时通过使用2-(4-碘苯基)-3-(4-硝基苯基)-5-(2,4-二磺苯基)-2H-四唑一钠盐(WST-1)测定线粒体脱氢酶活性而测定存活细胞数。结果如表5所示。关于比较,以类似的方式检查2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸,其结果也如图5所示。
实施例9 2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对人皮肤表皮角质细胞的细胞内抗坏血酸浓度的作用:
将人皮肤表皮角质细胞HaCaT以370,000的细胞数于100mm直径的皿中培养。培养16小时后,加入溶于含有10%FBS和40%的24小时无血清的HaCaT培养液的DMEM的100μM 2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。在加入后3-24小时移出培养基,用冰冷的PBS进行二次冲洗,并用胰蛋白酶处理细胞片得到分离的细胞。将其悬浮在包含50μM二硫苏糖醇(DTT)的PBS中,并通过离心冲洗3次。用Potter类型聚四氟乙烯均化器将接受二次冷冻-融化的细胞在冰上破碎30秒。在5℃下将细胞匀浆离心,并将如此分离的上清液保存在冰上。用Molcut(Nihon Millipore Co.,Ltd.的产品;高压超过滤单元,名义上的分子量限制(NMWL):10,000,聚醚砜膜)处理上清液,并通过高效液相色谱法(TOSO Co.,Ld.提供的AS-8020系统,柱:Shodex ODSpak(4.6×150mm,Showa Denko Co.,Ltd.的产品),流动相:0.1M KH2PO4-H3PO4(pH 2.35)-0.1mM EDTA-2 Na,流速:1.5mL/分),使用电量电化学检测器(ESA Co.Bedford,MA,200mV)分析细胞内抗坏血酸的数量。结果如图6所示。关于比较,以类似的方式检查2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸,结果也如图6所示。
实施例10 2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对正常人真皮成纤维细胞(NHDF)的胶原合成的促进作用:
将正常人真皮成纤维细胞(NHDF)以370,000的细胞数量置于100mm直径的培养皿中。培养16小时后,加入100μM溶于包含10%FBS和40%的24小时-无血清的NHDF培养溶液的DMEM培养基的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸。再过1小时后,加入0.12mL(120μCi)L-[2,3-3H]脯氨酸,并继续培养48小时。培养后除去移出培养基,并有PBS冲洗细胞片4次。然后用胰蛋白酶处理细胞,用碱溶解,然后中和得到细胞内蛋白。根据用液体闪烁计数器使用Scintisol EX-H测放射性来测定用梭状芽胞杆菌胶原酶消化此蛋白所得的级分。未用胶原酶处理的细胞内蛋白质级分也根据使用液体闪烁计数器得到的放射性来测定。放射性的差异计算和/或记录为胶原合成活性。结果如图7所示。关于比较,以类似的方式检查2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸,结果也如图7所示。
实施例11大鼠肠吸收2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸
使用饲养管让购自Nihon Charles River Co.的过夜挨饿且清醒的10周大Wistar雄性大鼠(n=3)口服剂量为100mg/kg的在Milli-Q超纯水(Millipore Corporation)(100mg/4mL)中的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的溶液。在0、0.5、2和4小时之后从肝门静脉中收集肝素化血样并通过离心(6000×g,10min)分离各样品的血浆。在加入当量的冰冷的10%偏磷酸(包含40mM去铁胺甲磺酸盐之后,将混合物离心(10,000×g,10分钟)以得到除去蛋白的肝静脉血浆,其中未转化的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸浓度通过高效液相色谱法(Shimadzu Co.,Ltd.的LC-lOAi系统,柱:Inertsil ODS-3(GL Science Co.,Ltd.,3.0×150mm,5μm),流动相:15%MeOH-17mMKH2PO4/H3PO4(pH 3.5)-5mM四正戊基溴化铵,流速:0.3mL/分,柱温:35℃,检测波长:254nm)测定。在施用之后最大数量的30分钟内发现存在未转化的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和代谢产物(抗坏血酸)。结果示于图8。
这些结果表明本发明的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸是从稳定性和延时的活性的立场看具有比2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸优越的生理作用的前维生素C。因此,它预期用于食品、化妆品和准药品或药品领域。此外,2-O-(四-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸是一种用于生产2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的新的中间产物。包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的组合物可以通过提取枸杞属植物得到。除了化学合成之外,2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸还可以通过糖基转移酶反应得到。
实施例12 2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对人真皮成纤维细胞群体倍增(PDL)水平的作用
将正常人真皮成纤维细胞(NHDF)以370,000的细胞密度置于100mm直径培养皿。在补充10%FBS的DMEM中培养16小时后,以10%FBS强化并补充40%含100μM2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的家常条件(domestic-conditioned)培养基的DMEM代替培养基。持续培养46-188小时直至细胞达到接近汇合状态。通过单独培养NHDF至接近汇合状态,进一步在不含血清的培养基中培养24小时,并收集培养上清液而制备家常条件培养基,在冰箱中储存,并在3天内使用。关于以上46-188小时的培养,每3天用新鲜的以10%FBS强化并补充含有100μM 2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的40%家常条件培养基的DMEM更换培养基。当更换培养基时,计算旧培养基中的细胞数,并将其用于PDL评价。粘附在平板上的细胞数通过Coulter计数器计算。将培养开始时的PDL值看作0,然后由以下方程计算PDL值:
PDL=log2(回收细胞数/接种细胞数)。
结果如图9所示。关于比较,进行类似的试验,用2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸代替2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸,结果也如图9所示。
实施例13 2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸对端粒长度减小速度的作用
用不裂解端粒序列的限制酶处理来自NHDF细胞的基因组DNA提取物,并制备含有完整长度的端粒的DNA片段(末端限制片断,TRF)。通过电泳分离TRF,并用与端粒特异性结合的标记探针测量端粒DNA长度。用于此研究的方法的细节如Life Sciences,Vol.63,No.11,935-948(1998)所述。
由NHDF细胞制备TRF和琼脂糖凝胶电泳
通过胰蛋白酶处理分散来自人皮肤表皮的成纤维细胞(NHDF),将其以106/管加到1.5ml管中,以1,200rpm在4℃下离心2分钟,并弃去上清液。用1ml不含RNase的PBS(-)将沉淀洗涤二次,尽可能充分地移出上清液,并将细胞于-80℃下保存。将冷冻的样品恢复至室温,利用IsoQuick核酸提取试剂盒(ORCA Research Inc.)提取基因组DNA。将提取的DNA溶于在4℃下保存的10mM Tris-HCl、1mMEDTA,pH 8.0。通过荧光读数器(Cytofluor 2350,MilliporeCorporation)和DNA结合试剂Hoechist 33258测定DNA含量,并通过用HinfI处理进行限制消化而制备TRF。限制消化如下完成。往1.5ml试管中加入2μl 10×H缓冲液(TakaRa,Kyoto)、提取的基因组DNA(2μg)、无菌水补充至19μl,和最后加入1μl HinfI(6U/μl,TaKaRa,Kyoto)。反庆在37℃下进行3-4小时,并在-20℃下保存混合物。制备琼脂糖(I型,Sigma)凝胶平板,以桥和底床上琼脂糖浓度分别为1%和0.8%。使用1×Boyer缓冲液(50mM Tris-Hcl,20mM乙酸钠,2mM EDTA,18mM NaCl,pH 8.0)。将0.5μg/通道的1kb DNA梯(GIBCO BRL)作为尺寸标记和与3μl上样缓冲液混合的样品加于凝胶,并在35V/cm下进行20小时的电泳。
转印(Transblot)
在电泳之后,切下琼脂糖凝胶,并用溴化乙锭(2μg/ml)染色15分钟,在UV透照器上完成凝胶照相。将凝胶浸泡在变性溶液(0.2NNaOH,0.6M NaCl),并在室温下振荡25分钟,然后用蒸馏水冲洗一次。再次将凝胶浸泡在中和溶液并振荡30分钟。将凝胶置于设置在有6xSSC的印迹装置中的3MM滤纸上,并注意不引入任何空气。然后连续地将用6xSSC预浸泡的硝化纤维滤膜(OPTITRAN BA-S85,Schleicher & Schuel)、3MM用6xSSC预浸泡的滤纸、纸巾、玻璃平板和重物(2kg)置于凝胶,并过夜完成印迹。在印迹之后,将滤膜浸泡在3x SSC中,并快速的排出水,然后用UV透照器检查孔的位置。滤膜在滤纸之间,然后在80℃下将其加热过夜(烘焙)。
标记(TTAGGG)4探针和杂交
将烘焙的滤膜浸泡在3xSSC中,然后将其浸泡在杂交缓冲液(10xDenhart溶液,1M NaCl,50mM Tris-HCl(pH 7.4),10mM EDTA,0.1%SDS,50μg/ml变性鲑鱼精液DNA)并通过在65℃下振荡3-4小时而进行预杂交。在预杂交之后,将滤膜置于保护袋内,然后置于2ml已加入[32p]5′-末端标记的(TTAGGG)4探针(TaKaRa)和1μl 10mg/ml变性鲑鱼精液DNA的杂交缓冲液。将此袋封闭,以不引入泡沫。然后通过在50℃下将此袋培养过夜而完成杂交。
自动射线照相术
在杂交之后,将滤膜浸泡在洗涤缓冲液(4xSSC,0.1%SDS),并在55℃下振荡15分钟。在重复以上步骤4次以后,充分地排干滤膜上的水,然后在具有增光屏的盒内将滤膜与X射线胶片(Scientific Imaging Film,Kodak)装在一起,过夜完成自动射线照相术。用激光密度计(Ultroscan XL,Pharmacia)检测产生带的TRF密度峰,并测定移动性。
结果如图10所示。关于比较,得到2-O-(α-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和抗坏血酸的结果并将其纳入图10。
Claims (17)
1.下式(1)代表的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸:
或其生物可接受的盐。
2.一种包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的来自植物的前维生素C提取物,其中所述植物是枸杞属植物,或者枸杞属的新鲜或干燥果实。
3.一种通过提取植物而生产2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的方法,其中所述植物为枸杞属植物,或者枸杞属植物的新鲜或干燥果实。
4.下式(2)代表的2-O-(四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸:
其中式中的各个R独立地代表C1-5烷基。
5.权利要求4的化合物,其中式(2)中的所有R基团为甲基。
6.一种使用2-O-(四-O-酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸衍生物作为中间产物生产2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的方法。
7.一种通过使用β-D-糖基转移酶进行抗坏血酸和β-D-糖基化合物的反应而生产2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的方法。
8.根据权利要求7的制备方法,其特征在于2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸是与6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸一起产生的。
9.根据权利要求7的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的生产方法,其特征在于β-D-糖基转移酶是纤维素酶。
10.一种包含2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的前维生素C组合物。
11.一种包含通过权利要求6-9之任一项的生产方法生产的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸和6-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸的前维生素C组合物。
12.一种包含根据权利要求1、2、10或11之任一项的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或者含有它的组合物作为前维生素C的食品。
13.根据权利要求12的食品,所述食品是维生素C强化食品。
14.一种包含根据权利要求1、2、10或11之任一项的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或者含有它的组合物作为前维生素C的紫外损害保护剂。
15.一种包含根据权利要求1、2、10或11之任一项的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或者含有它的组合物作为前维生素C的增白化妆品。
16.一种包含根据权利要求1、2、10或11之任一项的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或者含有它的组合物作为前维生素C的防皱纹/下垂化妆品。
17.一种包含权利要求1的2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基)抗坏血酸或其生物可接受的盐或者权利要求2、10或11之任一项的组合物作为前维生素C组分的预防皮肤老化的药物组合物。
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CN110734945A (zh) * | 2019-10-30 | 2020-01-31 | 安徽泰格生物技术股份有限公司 | 一种合成l-抗坏血酸-2-葡萄糖苷的方法 |
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- 2002-12-27 KR KR1020097021962A patent/KR101147947B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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- 2002-12-27 KR KR10-2004-7010257A patent/KR20040071764A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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KR20040071764A (ko) | 2004-08-12 |
JP2005518401A (ja) | 2005-06-23 |
TW200301259A (en) | 2003-07-01 |
US20050113312A1 (en) | 2005-05-26 |
KR20090115820A (ko) | 2009-11-06 |
KR101092269B1 (ko) | 2011-12-13 |
US20080070983A1 (en) | 2008-03-20 |
CN1610691A (zh) | 2005-04-27 |
KR101147947B1 (ko) | 2012-05-29 |
AU2002359000B2 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
EP1461347A1 (en) | 2004-09-29 |
US8017587B2 (en) | 2011-09-13 |
US20070065380A1 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
EP1461347B8 (en) | 2012-08-15 |
US7943583B2 (en) | 2011-05-17 |
WO2003057707A1 (en) | 2003-07-17 |
KR20100121709A (ko) | 2010-11-18 |
JP4713832B2 (ja) | 2011-06-29 |
EP1461347B1 (en) | 2011-11-30 |
CA2472114C (en) | 2011-03-29 |
AU2002359000A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
CA2472114A1 (en) | 2003-07-17 |
TWI331610B (en) | 2010-10-11 |
ATE535537T1 (de) | 2011-12-15 |
US7566698B2 (en) | 2009-07-28 |
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