CN1288995C - 喂给水生动物的胶状饲料 - Google Patents
喂给水生动物的胶状饲料 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1288995C CN1288995C CNB988088657A CN98808865A CN1288995C CN 1288995 C CN1288995 C CN 1288995C CN B988088657 A CNB988088657 A CN B988088657A CN 98808865 A CN98808865 A CN 98808865A CN 1288995 C CN1288995 C CN 1288995C
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- Prior art keywords
- feed
- gluey
- natural
- agent
- fish
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K—FODDER
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
- A23L29/206—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin
- A23L29/262—Cellulose; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
- Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
本发明的主题是喂给水生动物，特别是喂给淡水和海水中的鱼、虾和无脊椎动物，用以代替给鱼缸中的暖水和冷水观赏鱼提供营养的冷冻饲料的胶状饲料。观赏鱼饲料在水分含量为20-99wt%下优选含有0.001-50%胶凝剂、0.1-90%天然饲料和视使用目的而定的其他添加剂。特别优选的饲料在水分含量为50-99wt%下含有0.1-10%胶凝剂、1-20%天然饲料和视使用目的而定的其他添加剂。
Description
本发明涉及一种可以工业生产的饲料，是给淡水或海水中的水生动物，特别是鱼、虾和无脊椎动物喂食的饲料，还可以用来以粘胶形式代替暖水和冷水观赏鱼的冷冻天然饲料(冻饲料)。
用冷冻天然饲料(如，盐水蟹＝卤虫属；鱼苗；水蚤＝蚤状水蚤属；河蚤蟹＝钩虾属；污泥管状蠕虫＝颤蚓属；红蠓幼虫＝摇蚊属；白蠓幼虫＝幽蚊属；黑蠓幼虫＝库蚊属；浮游动物＝剑水蚤属；鱼子；小牛心；配食＝混合产品)喂食暖水和冷水观赏鱼是已知的。专业养鱼人经常只喂活食、FD(＝冷冻干燥的)天然饲料和/或冷冻的饲料。但大多数养鱼人在处理饲料(小片、挤出物、片、丸)时都是结合使用上述种类的饲料。
分析冷冻饲料，得到其化学组成数据：平均水分含量或干物质含量分别为90-95％和5-10％。因此，冷冻饲料的特征是含有非常高含量的水分。
冷冻状态的饲料动物是以块、片或立方体的形式出售的。要储藏冷冻饲料，不仅对商家，对养鱼人来说，冷冻储藏都是必要的。对这种保存饲料的形式来说，需要一个深度冷冻机或冷藏箱中的冷冻隔室，可以使其中的温度明显低于0℃。深度冷冻的饲料可以先由养鱼人解冻然后喂食，或者以冷冻的状态放入鱼缸的水中。由于通常水温相对较高，为约20-30℃，天然饲料迅速解冻而后可以被观赏鱼吃掉。但解冻后的饲料要迅速喂给鱼，因为它很快发生分解。饲料一旦解冻一定不能再一次冷冻。在冷藏箱中，深度冷冻的饲料可以保持3-4天，在明显低于0℃的温度下，它最多可以储藏一年。
因此，本发明的任务是获得能用于淡水和海水中，可工业生产的、喂给水生动物特别是鱼、虾和无脊椎动物的饲料，可以在鱼缸中使用，特别是喂给暖水和冷水观赏鱼，作为冷冻饲料的潜在替代品，从而没有上述深度冷冻饲料的缺点。
令人惊异的是，现在发现通过使用胶凝剂，优选几种胶凝剂的结合，和单独或结合的上述天然饲料，及可以添加的天然原料(如，螺旋藻)、维生素、矿物质、芳香物质、防腐剂和其他添加剂，可以工业生产出用来代替冷冻饲料的饲料，可以毫无问题地在正常室温下储藏，与冷冻食品相比具有明显改进了的加工特性。
因此，本发明的主题是喂给淡水和海水中的水生动物特别是鱼、虾和无脊椎动物的饲料，可以以粘胶形式用作给鱼缸中的暖水和冷水观赏鱼提供营养的冷冻饲料的替代品。
观赏鱼的饲料在水分含量为20-99％的情况下，优选含有0.001-50％的胶凝剂，0.1-90％的天然饲料，以及视使用目的而定的其他添加剂。在水分含量为50-99％的情况下，特别优选含有0.1-10％的胶凝剂，1-20％的天然饲料，以及视使用目的而定的其他添加剂。
本发明胶状饲料的粘度范围为1-2×106mpa.s，优选范围为1×102-1×106mpa.s，特别优选1.5×102-5×105mpa.s。
适宜的胶凝剂可以是合成的、半合成的或者是天然来源的。
合成胶凝剂的例子有，纤维素醚，如烷基-和/或羟基烷基-取代的、烷基链中有1-4个碳原子的纤维素醚，优选甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟乙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基乙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素等等。HPMC是特别优选的。
天然胶凝剂或半合成胶凝剂或由生物技术得到的胶凝剂是来源于植物、动物或细菌的水状胶体，如多糖、植物胶或胶原。这些胶质是从天然藻类、天然植物种子胶、天然植物汁液、天然水果提取物、生物合成胶、生物合成的改性淀粉或纤维素物质或胞外纤维素多糖获得的。适宜的有，例如果胶、藻酸盐、角叉菜胶、琼脂、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯树胶、黄芪胶、刺梧桐胶、茄替胶、槐树豆胶粉(Johannisbrotkernmehl)、阿糖胶、Gellan、魔芋甘露聚糖、半乳甘露聚糖、Funoran、西米、Tara gummi、黄原胶、Acetan、Welan、Rhamsan、Furcelleran、Succinoglycan、Scleroglycan、Schizophyllan、罗望子果胶、Curdlan、Pullulan、葡聚糖或明胶。特别优选的是琼脂。
所述的胶凝剂可以单独使用或优选结合使用以便协同增进接受性和饲料的性质。
为了改进性质，尤其是可接受性，本发明的饲料混合物还可以含有软化剂或保湿剂，如甘油、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、甘氨酸、山梨醇、甘露糖醇、蔗糖、玉米糖浆、果糖、二辛基硫代丁二酸钠、柠檬酸三乙基酯、柠檬酸三丁基酯、1，2-乙二醇、甘油的一、二或三乙酸酯、乙酰胺、甲酰胺或乳酰胺，就是说，单独或协同使用。
为了改进稠度和使饲料保持在一起，其中可以含有附加的螯合剂，如乙二胺四乙酸、乙酸、硼酸、柠檬酸、葡糖酸、乳酸、磷酸、酒石酸、以及所述酸的盐或偏磷酸盐、二羟乙基甘氨酸、卵磷脂或β-环糊精或它们的混合物。
优选的本发明胶状饲料将冷冻饲料完全代替。它优选含有天然饲料如完整的动物或其部分。优选的天然饲料种类是：盐水蟹(卤虫属)；鱼苗；剑搔(蚤状水蚤属)；河蚤蟹(钩虾属)；污泥管状蠕虫(颤蚓属)；红蠓幼虫(摇蚊属)；白蠓幼虫(幽蚊属)；黑蠓幼虫(库蚊属)；浮游生物(剑水蚤属)；象鼻水蚤属；糠虾属；虾；蛆；大黄粉虫幼虫(Mehlwurmer)；鱼子；蟹黄；贻贝肉；鱼肉；墨鱼和/或小牛心，可以以完整的动物和/或其部分的形式单独使用或结合使用。
新饲料的配方由多种成分组成。对饲料的稠度及使颗粒保持在一起来说，有用的是胶凝剂，如琼脂、一种由海藻制得的、属于水状胶体的胶凝剂。琼脂是干燥的巨大分子亲水胶体，具有线性成丝的构造，主要由半乳糖组成。某些红藻，即石花菜属和Gracellaria被用来制备琼脂。水状胶体在冷水中不溶解，但在较高的温度下完全溶解。熔点在约90℃，胶凝点在约35-40℃，形成较强的、澄清、热可逆胶体，在高于85℃的温度下又发生溶解。
本发明的胶状饲料易于生产，由一种或多种天然饲料和/或可商购的饲料混合物、原料和一种或多种胶凝剂及可以使用的维生素、矿物质、着色剂、芳香物质、饵料和防腐剂加上大量的水用挤出机制得，或者用叶轮式混合器制得。随后进行成形、冷却和包装。
优选将饲料以便于使用的形式直接装在制成圆柱条、粒状、立方、板、小片或片形，并被装入玻璃容器、罐、袋，管等中等或包装成圆柱形的条。还可以进一步干燥处理然后进一步加工成饲料的形式，如粒、立方体、板、小片或片形，在喂食前如果需要还要用水重新处理(rekonditioniert)。如果加工的是天然饲料如蠓幼虫、蚤状水蚤属或浮游动物，则可以进一步加工成有或没有液体的干燥、新鲜或解冻的形式。
作为防腐剂，通常可以使用乙氧喹、丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)、丙酸钙、山梨酸钾、柠檬酸、乳酸或盐(烹调盐或海盐)。
要降低PH值，也可以使用商购的成分，如乳酸或盐酸。
本发明饲料对大多数较小的观赏鱼来说较大。因此，喂给的饲料不能被整个吃掉，相反，鱼从其上咬下小块。先决条件是通过适当选择一种或多种胶凝剂，在某些情况下与其他营养成分相结合，使饲料的稠度被调节至由其软度特性，鱼可以毫无问题地咬下它嘴那么大块的饲料然后吞下去。进一步可能的是制备和使用一种饲料，它的胶凝剂由于其特殊的溶解性，在水中完全或部分地溶解，释放出营养成分。
饲料配方的例子：
变化1 变化2
-胶凝剂 1.5-5.5％ 0.5-10％
-防腐剂 0.1-12.4％ 0.15-11.9％
-天然饲料 0.1-9％ 0-3％
-芳香物质 - 1-10％
-着色剂 - 0-0.05％
-水 73-94％ 70-90％
Claims (13)
1、喂给选自淡水和海水中的鱼、虾和无脊椎动物的水生动物的胶状饲料，用以代替给鱼缸中的暖水和冷水观赏鱼提供营养的冷冻饲料，在水分含量为20-99wt％下含有0.001-50％胶凝剂、0.1-90％天然饲料。
2、根据权利要求1的胶状饲料，其含有0.1-10％胶凝剂、1-20％天然饲料。
3、根据权利要求1的胶状饲料，其特征在于，作为胶凝剂，使用的是烷基-和/或羟基烷基-取代的、烷基链中有1-4个碳原子的纤维素醚、多糖、植物胶或胶原或它们的协同混合物。
4、根据权利要求3的胶状饲料，其特征在于纤维素醚选自甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟乙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基乙基纤维素或羟丙基甲基纤维素。
5、根据权利要求3的胶状饲料，其特征在于胶凝剂选自果胶、藻酸盐、角叉菜胶、琼脂、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯树胶、黄芪胶、刺梧桐胶、茄替胶、槐树豆胶粉、阿糖胶、Gellan、魔芋甘露聚糖、半乳甘露聚糖、Funoran、西米、Tara gummi、黄原胶、Acetan、Welan、Rhamsan、Furcelleran、Succinoglycan、Scleroglycan、Schizophyllan、罗望子果胶、Curdlan、Pullulan、葡聚糖或明胶。
6、根据权利要求1的胶状饲料，其特征在于含有软化剂或保湿剂。
7、根据权利要求6的胶状饲料，其特征在于用甘油作为软化剂。
8、根据权利要求1的胶状饲料，其特征在于含有防腐剂。
9、根据权利要求8的胶状饲料，其特征在于，作为防腐剂，使用乙氧喹、丁基化羟基甲苯、丙酸钙、山梨酸钾、柠檬酸、乳酸或烹调盐或海盐。
10、根据权利要求1至9中任一项的胶状饲料，其特征在于天然饲料的形式是完整动物和/或其部分，选自下列种类的天然饲料：盐水蟹；鱼苗；剑搔；河蚤蟹；污泥管状蠕虫；红蠓幼虫；白蠓幼虫；黑蠓幼虫；浮游生物；象鼻水蚤属；糠虾属；虾；蛆；大黄粉虫幼虫；鱼子；蟹黄；贻贝肉；鱼肉；墨鱼和/或小牛心，单独或结合使用。
11、根据权利要求10的胶状饲料，其特征在于含有选自维生素、矿物质、芳香物质、饵、着色剂和/或胡萝卜素类物质的附加的天然原料。
12、制备根据权利要求1-11中任一项的胶状饲料的方法，其特征在于在挤出机中，一种或多种天然饲料和/或商购的饲料混合物、原料与一种或多种胶凝剂及可能使用的维生素、矿物质、着色剂、芳香物质、饵和防腐剂，加入大量的水，在升高的反应温度下混合，随后冷却，由挤出机将混合物制成圆柱条、粒状、立方、板、小片或片形，并被装入玻璃容器、罐、发泡袋，袋，管中，或从挤出机出来后直接包装随后冷却。
13、制备根据权利要求1-11中任一项的胶状饲料的方法，其特征在于一种或多种天然饲料和/或商购的饲料混合物、原料与一种或多种胶凝剂及可能使用的维生素、矿物质、着色剂、芳香物质、饵和防腐剂，加入大量的水，在升高的温度下通过搅拌器和均匀装置混合，随后冷却，混合物被制成制成圆柱条、粒状、立方、板、小片或片形，并被装入玻璃容器、罐、发泡袋，袋，管中，或直接包装随后冷却。
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-
1997
- 1997-09-06 DE DE19739167A patent/DE19739167A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-08-21 DE DE59811696T patent/DE59811696D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 CN CNB988088657A patent/CN1288995C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-08-21 PL PL339013A patent/PL191262B1/pl unknown
- 1998-08-21 WO PCT/EP1998/005317 patent/WO1999012430A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1998-08-21 BR BR9811750-5A patent/BR9811750A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-08-21 US US09/486,950 patent/US6303175B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 JP JP2000510338A patent/JP2001515704A/ja active Pending
- 1998-08-21 EA EA200000295A patent/EA002257B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-08-21 KR KR1020007002375A patent/KR100780907B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-08-21 CA CA002300262A patent/CA2300262C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 AT AT98946400T patent/ATE271321T1/de active
- 1998-08-21 CZ CZ20000783A patent/CZ302053B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-08-21 ES ES98946400T patent/ES2226171T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 AU AU93455/98A patent/AU743971B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-08-21 EP EP98946400A patent/EP1006807B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-04 TW TW087114711A patent/TW390791B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2001
- 2001-04-27 HK HK01103069A patent/HK1032336A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PL339013A1 (en) | 2000-12-04 |
| CN1272042A (zh) | 2000-11-01 |
| DE59811696D1 (de) | 2004-08-26 |
| EP1006807A1 (de) | 2000-06-14 |
| JP2001515704A (ja) | 2001-09-25 |
| CZ2000783A3 (cs) | 2000-07-12 |
| BR9811750A (pt) | 2000-08-29 |
| AU743971B2 (en) | 2002-02-14 |
| EA002257B1 (ru) | 2002-02-28 |
| CA2300262C (en) | 2009-11-17 |
| AU9345598A (en) | 1999-03-29 |
| TW390791B (en) | 2000-05-21 |
| KR20010023721A (ko) | 2001-03-26 |
| HK1032336A1 (en) | 2001-07-20 |
| CZ302053B6 (cs) | 2010-09-22 |
| ATE271321T1 (de) | 2004-08-15 |
| WO1999012430A1 (de) | 1999-03-18 |
| EP1006807B1 (de) | 2004-07-21 |
| PL191262B1 (pl) | 2006-04-28 |
| EA200000295A1 (ru) | 2000-10-30 |
| US6303175B1 (en) | 2001-10-16 |
| CA2300262A1 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
| ES2226171T3 (es) | 2005-03-16 |
| DE19739167A1 (de) | 1999-03-11 |
| KR100780907B1 (ko) | 2007-11-30 |
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