CN1160998A - 抑制与神经肽y有关的病症的方法 - Google Patents

抑制与神经肽y有关的病症的方法 Download PDF

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CN1160998A
CN1160998A CN95195703A CN95195703A CN1160998A CN 1160998 A CN1160998 A CN 1160998A CN 95195703 A CN95195703 A CN 95195703A CN 95195703 A CN95195703 A CN 95195703A CN 1160998 A CN1160998 A CN 1160998A
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neuropeptide tyrosine
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小·R·F·布伦斯
D·R·格勒尔特
J·J·豪贝尔特
W·H·W·卢恩
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Abstract

一种抑制与神经肽Y过量有关的生理失调或其症状的方法,该方法包括对需要治疗的人施用有效量的式(I)化合物或其药用盐或溶剂化物,其中R1和R3独立地是氢、-CH3、(a)或(b),其中Ar是被任意取代的苯基;R2选自吡咯烷子基、六亚甲基亚氨基和哌啶子基。

Description

抑制与神经肽Y有关的病症的方法
神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y)是存在于中枢和外周神经系统中的肽。在许多神经元中,该肽与去甲肾上腺素共存,并作为神经递质本身或与去甲肾上腺素协同作用。含神经肽Y的纤维在心脏动脉周围有许多,但也可在呼吸道、消化道、泌尿生殖道周围找到。神经肽Y也存在于大脑,对血压、摄食和不同激素的释放有影响。中枢神经中神经肽Y浓度的改变与精神病的病因有关。
神经肽Y是在10年以前,作为发现羧基末端酰胺化肽的一般筛选方案的一部分,从猪脑中发现、分离和测序的,由于它是从神经组织中分离的,并且在氨基和羧基末端都有酪氨酸,因此被命名为神经肽Y。神经肽Y是胰多肽家族的一员,与胰多肽和肽YY有明显的序列同源性。
神经肽Y和它的肽家族的其他成员的共同特征是有一个四级结构,该四级结构中含有N末端多聚脯氨酸螺旋和两亲的α螺旋,二者以β折叠相连,形成一个发夹样的环,有时被称为胰多肽(PP)折叠。螺旋以疏水相互作用维系在一起。酰胺化的C末端从发夹环伸出。
在发现神经肽之后,它被确定为中枢神经系统中最丰富的肽,并且分布很广,包括皮层、脑干、海马、下丘脑、扁桃体和丘脑,也存在于外周神经系统的交感神经元和肾上腺嗜铬细胞中。
由于神经肽Y贮存于突触颗粒,由电神经兴奋释放,并作用于特异性受体,因此看来它满足神经递质的主要标准。据信神经肽Y依其自身是一种重要的信使,它可能是在脑中作为信使存在,在脑中,神经肽Y强烈地抑制腺苷酸环化酶的活性并诱导细胞内钙水平的增加。中枢内注射神经肽Y会导致血压改变,增加摄食,增加脂肪蓄积,升高血糖和胰岛素,降低运动器(locomotor)活性,降低体温,以及强直性昏厥。
神经肽Y(及其化学相关物)作用于膜受体,这些膜受体依赖于鸟嘌呤核苷,被称为G蛋白受体。G蛋白是膜蛋白的一个家族,其只在结合了三磷酸鸟苷之后才被激活。激活的G蛋白随后激活膜内侧上的放大(amplifier)酶;该酶将前体分子转化为第二信使。
神经肽Y看来与紧密相关的受体家族相互作用。基于不同组织和受体结合神经肽Y和紧密相关的肽YY的不同片段的能力,这些受体一般被分成几个亚型(subtype)。Y1受体亚型看来是主要的血管神经肽Y受体。Y2受体亚型也可存在于血管平滑肌的接点后。尚未被分离的Y3受体亚型看来是神经肽Y特异性的,它不结合肽YY。这些受体可能存在于肾上腺组织、髓质、心和脑干,以及其他地方。(神经肽Y和神经肽Y受体的综述见,例如,C.Wahlestedt和D.Reis,药理学和毒理学年鉴,33:309-352(1993))。
从大量的与神经肽Y过量有关的临床病症的角度来看,开发神经肽Y受体的拮抗剂有助于控制这些临床病症。最早的这样的受体拮抗剂是肽衍生物。这些拮抗剂因其代谢不稳定性而只有有限的药用价值。
从本质上说,本发明提供了一类强力的,非肽类的神经肽Y受体拮抗剂。由于其非肽类的特性,本发明的化合物不具有肽类神经肽Y受体拮抗剂的代谢不稳定性的缺点。
本发明涉及治疗和预防与神经肽Y过量有关的生理失调方法,该方法包括向需要治疗的哺乳动物施用有效量的式I化合物,
Figure A9519570300051
其中R1和R3独立地是氢、-CH3
Figure A9519570300053
其中Ar是被任意取代的苯基;
R2选自吡咯烷子基(pyrrolidino)、六亚甲基亚氨基(hexamethyleneimino)和哌啶子基(piperidino),及其药用盐和溶剂化物。
本发明涉及这样的发现,即特定的化合物2-苯基-3-芳酰基苯并噻吩(苯并噻吩),也就是式I的那些化合物,有助于抑制与神经肽Y过量有关的生理失调。
本发明提供的治疗和预防处理可如下进行:向需要治疗和预防处理的人施用式I化合物或其药用盐或溶剂化物,其剂量可以有效地抑制与神经肽Y过量有关的生理失调及其症状。
术语“抑制”包括其通常被接受的含义,包括阻止、防止、限制以及减缓、终止或回复进行性的、严重的或具后果的症状。对于这些,本方法包括适当的治疗性和/或预防性给药。
雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)是本发明的优选的化合物,它是一种式I化合物的盐酸盐,其中R1和R3是氢,R2是1-哌啶基。
一般地,至少一种式I化合物与通常的赋形剂、稀释剂或载体一起配制并压制成药片,或被配制成酏剂或适于口服或肌肉内或静脉内施用的溶液。该化合物可以透皮施用,可被制成持续释放的剂型等。
本发明方法所用的化合物可根据已建立的方法制备,比如详述于美国专利4,133,814号、4,418,068号和4,380,635号中的,在此引入作为参考。一般地,该方法始自具有6-羟基基团的苯并[b]噻吩和2-(4-羟基苯基)基团。起始化合物被保护、乙酰化、去保护,生成式I化合物。这些化合物的制备实施例由上述美国专利提供。术语“被任意取代的苯基”包括苯基和被C1-C6烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、羟基、硝基、氯、氟或三(氯或氟)甲基一次或二次取代的苯基。
本发明方法所用的化合物与多种有机和无机酸和碱形成药用酸和碱加成盐,包括药物化学领域经常使用的生理可接受盐。这些盐也是本发明的一部分。形成这些盐的的典型无机酸包括氢氯酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、硝酸、硫酸、磷酸、连二磷酸等。也可使用由有机酸,比如脂肪一和二羧酸,苯基取代的链烷酸、羟基链烷酸以及羟基链烷二元酸、芳香酸、脂肪族和芳香族磺酸得到的盐。药用盐包括乙酸盐、苯乙酸盐、三氟乙酸盐、丙烯酸盐、抗坏血酸盐、苯甲酸盐、氯苯甲酸盐、二硝基苯甲酸盐、羟基苯甲酸盐、甲氧基苯甲酸盐、甲基苯甲酸盐、邻乙氧基苯甲酸盐、萘基-2-苯甲酸盐、溴化物、异丁酸盐、苯基丁酸盐、β-羟基丁酸盐、丁炔-1,4-二酸盐、己炔-1,4-二酸盐、癸酸盐、辛酸盐、盐酸盐、肉桂酸盐、柠檬酸盐、甲酸盐、延胡索酸盐、乙醇酸盐、庚酸盐、马尿酸盐、乳酸盐、苹果酸盐、马来酸盐、羟基马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、杏仁酸盐、甲磺酸盐、尼克酸盐、异尼克酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、苯二酸盐、苯三酸盐、磷酸盐、磷酸一氢盐、磷酸二氢盐、偏磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、丙炔酸盐、丙酸盐、苯丙酸盐、水杨酸盐、癸二酸盐、琥珀酸盐、辛二酸盐、硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、焦硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、亚硫酸氢盐、磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对溴苯磺酸盐、氯苯磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、甲磺酸盐、1-萘磺酸盐、2-萘磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐、二甲苯磺酸盐、酒石酸盐等。优选的盐是盐酸盐。
药用酸加成盐典型地由式I化合物与等摩尔或过量的酸反应生成。反应物一般在相容溶剂,如乙醚或苯中结合。盐一般在1小时至10天内从溶液中沉淀出来,并可通过过滤分离,或通过常规方法除去溶剂。
用于生成盐的碱一般包括氢氧化铵,碱和碱土金属氢氧化物,碳酸盐,以及脂肪和伯、仲、叔胺,脂肪二胺。在制备加成盐方面特别有用的碱包括氢氧化铵、碳酸钾、甲胺、二乙胺、次乙基二胺和环己胺。
与它们所来自的化合物相比,药用盐一般具有更强的溶解性,通常更适于制成液体或乳液。
药物制剂可用本领域已知的方法制备。例如,化合物可以与通常的赋形剂、稀释剂或载体一起配制,制成片剂、胶囊、悬剂、粉末等。适于这些制剂的赋形剂、稀释剂和载体的例子包括:填充剂和增量剂,如淀粉、糖、甘露醇和硅酸衍生物;结合剂,如羧甲基纤维素和其他纤维素衍生物,藻酸盐、明胶和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;保湿剂,如甘油;崩解剂,如碳酸钙和碳酸氢钠;缓溶剂,如石蜡;吸收促进剂,如季铵化合物;表面活性剂,如鲸蜡醇,酯;吸附载体,如高岭土和皂土;以及润滑剂,如滑石粉,硬脂酸钙和硬脂酸镁,固体聚乙二醇。
该化合物也可被制成酏剂或适于口服的溶液,或适于胃肠外,如肌肉内、皮下或静脉内,施用的溶液。此外,该化合物也适于制成缓释剂型等。这些制剂可如此构成,使得它们可能在一段时间内,仅在肠道,或优选地在肠道的特定部位,释放活性成分。包衣、外壳和保护性基质可由例如聚合物或蜡制成。
根据本发明,用于抑制与神经肽Y过量有关的生理失调及其症状的式I化合物的具体剂量,应依赖于病症的严重程度,施用途径,以及由主治医师决定的相关因素。一般地,被接受的和有效的日剂量是大约0.1至1000毫克/天,更典型的是大约50至200毫克/天。该剂量被施用给需要治疗的患者每日一次到大约三次,或更多次,以便有效地治疗或预防所述病症或症状。
如同一般是以带有碱性基团(比如吡啶环)的药物的施用一样,通常优选的是施用式I化合物的酸加成盐。为此目的,可使用以下口服剂型。
制剂在以下制剂中,“活性成分”指的是式I化合物。制剂1:明胶胶囊硬明胶胶囊制备如下:成分            数量(毫克/胶囊)活性成分        0.1-1000淀粉,NF        0-650淀粉可流动粉末  0-650350厘斯硅流体   0-15将各成分混合,通过45目(mesh)U.S.筛,填入硬明胶胶囊。雷洛昔芬的特定胶囊制剂的实施例制备如下:制剂2:雷洛昔芬胶囊成分             数量(毫克/胶囊)雷洛昔芬         1淀粉,NF        112淀粉可流动粉末  225.3350厘斯硅流体   1.7制剂3:雷洛昔芬胶囊成分             数量(毫克/胶囊)雷洛昔芬         5淀粉,NF        108淀粉可流动粉末  225.3350厘斯硅流体   1.7制剂4:雷洛昔芬胶囊成分              数量(毫克/胶囊)雷洛昔芬          10淀粉,NF          103淀粉可流动粉末    225.3350厘斯硅流体     1.7制剂5:雷洛昔芬胶囊成分              数量(毫克/胶囊)雷洛昔芬          50淀粉,NF          150淀粉可流动粉末    397350厘斯硅流体     3.0上述特定制剂可依照所提供的合理变化而改变。片剂可由下述成分制备:制剂6:药片成分             数量(毫克/药片)活性成分         0.1-1000微晶纤维素       0-650锻制二氧化硅     0-650硬脂酸           0-15将各成分混合,压成药片。可选地,含有0.1-1000毫克活性成分的药片的组成如下:制剂7:药片成分                        数量(毫克/药片)活性成分                    0.1-1000淀粉                        45微晶纤维素                  35聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(10%水溶液)  4羧甲基纤维素钠              4.5硬脂酸镁                    0.5滑石                        1
将活性成分、淀粉和纤维素通过45目U.S.筛并充分混合。得到的粉末与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮混合,然后通过14目U.S.筛。制得的颗粒在50-60℃下干燥并通过18目U.S.筛。然后将预先通过60目U.S.筛的羧甲基淀粉钠、硬脂酸镁和滑石加到颗粒中,混合后,在压片机中压成药片。
每5毫升剂量含有0.1-1000毫克活性成分的悬液制备如下:
制剂8:悬液成分                       数量(毫克/5毫升)活性成分                   0.1-1000毫克羧甲基纤维素钠             50毫克糖浆                       1.25毫克安息香酸溶液               0.10毫克香味剂                     q.v.色素                       q.v.纯水加至                   5毫升
将活性成分通过45目U.S.筛并与羧甲基纤维素钠和糖浆混合形成调匀的膏体。安息香酸、香味剂和色素是用一些水稀释的,并通过搅拌加入。随后加入足量的水以达到所需的体积。
本发明的化合物与神经肽Y以及紧密相关的神经肽的特异性受体结合。(神经肽Y受体的综述见D.Genlert,生命科学,55:551-562(1994))。神经肽Y和神经肽YY的受体有相当的一致性,而胰多肽看来有其独特的受体。用肽YY可以重复神经肽Y的许多但不是全部作用。
采用交感神经系统标本,基于神经肽Y的13-36片段的亲和性,人们起先认为神经肽Y的受体有两个亚型。虽然它们是神经肽Y的确定的受体,但有证据表明还有其他的受体亚型。最确定的是Y-3受体,它对神经肽Y有应答,对肽YY没有。近来发现的另一受体被描述为结合肽YY时有高亲和性,而对神经肽Y有低的亲和性。虽然神经肽Y的摄食(feeding)应答的药理看来与Y-1受体有关,但认为存在单独的“摄食受体”。Y-1受体是目前唯一的被成功地克隆的。下文将详述已知的神经肽Y受体的资料和它们潜在的生理作用。
Y-1受体
Y-1受体是被最佳地表征的神经肽Y受体。该受体一般地被认为是突触后的,在外周神经中介导神经肽Y的许多已知的作用。开始时,该受体被描述为对神经肽Y的C末端片段,比如13-36片段,有低的亲和性,但是以相同的亲和性与全长神经肽Y和肽YY相互作用。C.Wahlestedt等,调节肽(Regulatory Peptides),13:307-318(1986);C.Wahlestedt等,血管功能中的神经信使(Neuronal Messengers in VascularFunction),231-241(Nobin等编,1987)。以脯氨酸(Pro34)替代第34位氨基酸得到对Y-1受体有特异性的蛋白。E.K.Potter等,欧洲药学杂志,193:15-19(1991)。这个方法被用来确定在不同功能中Y-1受体的作用。该受体被认为在大脑皮层、血管平滑肌细胞和SK-N-MC中以一种抑制性的方式与腺苷酸环化酶偶联。(综述见B.J.McDermott等,心血管研究,27:893-905(1993))。这个作用被百日咳毒素抑制,百日咳毒素可以确定G蛋白偶联的受体的作用。Y-1受体介导猪血管平滑肌细胞和人红白血病细胞内钙的运动。
被克隆的人Y-1受体与水解或腺苷酸环化酶的抑制有关,其依赖于受体在其中表达的细胞的类型。H.Herzog等,美国国家科学院院刊,89:5794-5798(1992)。据报道,当用天然表达Y-1受体的组织标本或细胞系研究时,Y-1受体都与第二信使系统有关。D.Gehlert,引文同上,553页。Y-1受体因此不能仅根据其与某一第二信使有关而被区别开来。
Y-2受体
与Y-1受体一样,该受体亚型是首先用血管标本描述的。从药理上看,Y-2受体与Y-1受体的不同之处在于它对神经肽Y的C末端片段有亲和性。通常采用神经肽Y(13-36)将该受体区分开来,尽管神经肽Y和肽YY的3-36片段可以提高亲和性和选择性。Y.Dumont等,神经科学协会摘要,19:726(1993)。象Y-1受体一样,该受体与腺苷酸环化酶的抑制有关,虽然在一些标本中它可能不对百日咳毒素敏感。人们发现Y-2受体通过选择性地抑制N型钙通道而降低中钙的细胞内水平。与Y-1受体一样,Y-2受体与不同的第二信使有关。
Y-2受体在大脑的不同区域中被发现,包括海马、黑质外侧、丘脑、下丘脑和脑干。在外周中,Y-2在外周神经系统中被发现,包括交感神经元、副交感神经元和感觉神经元。在所有这些组织中,Y-2受体介导神经递质释放的减少。
Y-3受体
该受体是最新确定并且被研究得最少的神经肽Y受体亚型。虽然神经肽Y在这个受体族群中是充分有效的激动剂,但肽YY不太有效。这一药理学上的特性被用来确认这个受体。与Y-3受体有相似药理学特征的受体已用电生理技术在海马的CA3区被确认。该受体可以强化这些神经元对N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸酯(NMDA)的兴奋性应答。F.P.Monnet等,欧洲药学杂志,182:207-208(1990)。
该受体的存在是在大鼠的脑干,特别是在孤束核中,被最明确地确认的。向这个区域施加神经肽Y会导致血压和心率的剂量依赖性降低。脑中的这个区域也明显地受到Y-1和Y-2受体的影响。神经肽Y,可能通过Y-3受体,也抑制乙酰胆碱诱导的儿茶酚胺由肾上腺髓质的释放。C.Wahlestedt等,生命科学,50:PL7-PL14(1992)。
亲肽YY受体
第四种受体被描述为相对神经肽Y而言,更适度地亲近于肽YY。该受体最先描述于大鼠的小肠,对肽YY的亲和性比对神经肽Y高5-10倍。M.Laburthe等,内分泌学,118:1910-1917(1986)。随后,该受体被发现于脂肪细胞和肾近曲小管细胞系中。该受体以抑制性方式同腺苷酸环化酶有关并对百日咳毒素敏感。
在肠内,该受体对液体和电解质的分泌有强烈的抑制作用。该受体位于小囊细胞(crypt cell)中,肠氯化物的分泌被认为是在此处进行的。脂肪细胞中的亲肽YY受体通过依赖环腺苷酸(cAMP)的机制介导脂解的减少。
“摄食受体”
神经肽Y对中枢系统的影响的最早发现之一,是在对大鼠的下丘脑施用该肽后,发现对食物的摄入显著增加。当该肽被注入下丘脑perifornical区时,应答最为明显,B.G.Stanley等,脑研究,604:304-317(1993)。虽然该应答的病理与Y-1受体类似,但神经肽Y的2-36片段比神经肽Y作用得更为强烈。此外,脑室内的神经肽Y(2-36)充分地刺激摄食,但与全长神经肽Y不同的是它不降低体温。F.B.Jolicoeur等,脑研究公报,26:309-311(1991)。
本发明化合物的生物活性是用初始筛选检测法测定的,该检测法可以快速而精确地测定受试化合物与神经肽Y受体的已知位点的结合。用于测定神经肽Y受体拮抗剂的检测法是本领域内熟知的。见,例如,美国专利5,284,839,1994年2月8日公开,在此引入作为参考。或见M.W.Walker等,神经科学杂志,8:2438-2446(1988)。
神经肽Y结合检测
本发明化合物的性能是以它们结合神经肽Y的能力确定的,所用的方案主要如M.W.Walker等所述,引文同上。该检测采用了SK-N-MC细胞系。该细胞系得自纽约的Sloane-Kettering Memorial医院。这些细胞在T-150烧瓶中培养,使用的是补充了5%的胎牛血清的Dulbecco氏基本培养基(MEME)。这些细胞通过刮取而被从烧瓶中人工地转移,成球(pelleted),贮存于-70℃。
用玻璃匀浆器将这些小球重悬于含有2.5mM氯化钙、1mM氯化镁和2mg/L杆菌肽的25mM HEPES(pH7.4)缓冲液中。将含有0.1nM 125I-神经肽YY(2200Ci/mmol)和0.2-0.4毫克蛋白的200微升终体积在室温下温育2小时。
非特异性结合是由在1μM神经肽Y存在的条件下,温育后的组织中剩余的放射性来确定的。在一些实验中,温育混合物中含有不同浓度的化合物。
通过经由玻璃纤维滤器的快速过滤将温育终止,所述滤器预先用3%聚乙烯亚胺浸湿,使用的是96孔收集器(harvester)。滤器用5毫升50mMTris(pH7.4)在4℃下清洗并在60℃下快速干燥。滤器随后用melt-onscintillation sheets处理并对留在滤器上的放射性进行计数。用不同的软件包分析结果,用标准的考马斯蛋白检测试剂测量蛋白浓度,用牛血清白蛋白作为标准。取代                           IC50(μM)R1         R2          R3       Y1CH3      1-哌啶子基     H       ~12H         1-六亚甲基亚   H       ~20
   氨基H         1-哌啶子基     H       ~10H         1-哌啶子基     H       ~10*H         1-吡咯烷子基   H       ~17H         1-吡咯烷子基   H       ~10*
*-盐酸盐
由于式I化合物是有效的神经肽Y受体拮抗剂,因此这些化合物对于治疗多种临床病症都是有效的,这些病症的特征是存在过量的神经肽Y。由此,本发明提供了治疗或预防与神经肽Y过量有关的生理失调的方法,该方法包括对需要治疗的哺乳动物施用有效量的式I化合物或其药用盐,溶剂化物或前药。术语“与神经肽Y过量有关的生理失调”包括与神经肽Y受体的不适当激活有关的失调,不涉及存在于该处中的神经肽Y的真实数量。
这些生理失调可以包括:
与心脏、血管或肾系统有关的失调或疾病,如血管痉挛、心力衰竭、休克、心脏肥大、高血压、心绞痛、心肌梗塞、心跳骤停、心律失常、外周血管疾病,以及肾病,如液体流动不畅、物质转运失常或肾衰竭;
与交感神经活性增加有关的病症,如在冠状动脉以及胃肠道手术之中或之后;
脑部疾病和与中枢神经系统有关的疾病,比如脑血栓、神经退变、癫痫、中风,以及与中风、脑血管痉挛和脑溢血、抑郁、焦虑、精神分裂和痴呆;
与痛觉(pain)或痛感(nociception)有关的的病症;
与胃肠运动和分泌失常有关的疾病,比如不同形式的肠梗阻、尿失禁和Crohn氏病;
饮食摄入失常导致的失调,比如肥胖、厌食、食欲过盛和代谢失调;
与性机能障碍和生殖失调有关的疾病;
与炎症有关的病症或失调;
呼吸疾病,比如气喘和与气喘和支气管缩小有关的病症;以及
与激素释放,比如促黄体生成激素、生长激素、胰岛素和催乳激素失常有关的疾病。

Claims (8)

1.一种抑制与神经肽Y过量有关的生理失调的方法,该方法包括对需要治疗的人施用有效量的下式化合物或其药用盐或溶剂化物,
Figure A9519570300021
其中R1和R3独立地是氢、-CH3Ar,其中Ar是被任意取代的苯基;
R2选自吡咯烷子基、六亚甲基亚氨基和哌啶子基。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中所述化合物是其盐酸盐。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述施用是预防性的。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中所述化合物是
Figure A9519570300024
或其盐酸盐。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中与神经肽Y过量有关的病症是焦虑。
6.权利要求1的方法,其中与神经肽Y过量有关的病症是肥胖。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中与神经肽Y过量有关的病症是抑郁。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中与神经肽Y过量有关的病症是痛觉或痛感。
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HUT76852A (en) 1997-12-29
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US5576337A (en) 1996-11-19
US6562862B1 (en) 2003-05-13
US5504094A (en) 1996-04-02
CN1091598C (zh) 2002-10-02
ZA958800B (en) 1997-04-18
EP0785785A1 (en) 1997-07-30
NO971520D0 (no) 1997-04-03
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FI971635A0 (fi) 1997-04-17
UA46744C2 (uk) 2002-06-17

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