CN1127571C - 用化学上确定的培养基以工业规模发酵生产有价值的化合物 - Google Patents
用化学上确定的培养基以工业规模发酵生产有价值的化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1127571C CN1127571C CN98802632A CN98802632A CN1127571C CN 1127571 C CN1127571 C CN 1127571C CN 98802632 A CN98802632 A CN 98802632A CN 98802632 A CN98802632 A CN 98802632A CN 1127571 C CN1127571 C CN 1127571C
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- ammonium
- glucose
- fermentation
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- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003053 toxin Substances 0.000 description 1
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- AUALKMYBYGCYNY-UHFFFAOYSA-E triazanium;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate;iron(3+) Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O AUALKMYBYGCYNY-UHFFFAOYSA-E 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明描述了化学上确定的培养基用于以工业规模发酵生产有价值化合物的用途。适于用化学上确定的培养基以工业规模发酵的微生物株系包括真菌、酵母和细菌株系。合适的株系可以作为野生型株系得到或通过诱变处理或DNA转化后的筛选和选择得到。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及发酵领域,即有价值的化合物如初级或次级代谢产物,药物蛋白或肽或工业酶的发酵生产。
发明背景
许多有价值的化合物是以大规模的工业发酵罐发酵生产的,即产生有价值的目的化合物的微生物在10-300m3的发酵罐中在控制的条件下生长。在目前工业规模的发酵工艺中,生产生物通常在复合发酵培养基中发酵。复合培养基应理解为含有复合氮和/或碳源如大豆粉、棉籽粉、玉米浸出液、酵母提取物、酪蛋白水解产物、糖浆等的培养基。
复合培养基的优点在于组成的复合原材料价格低廉、容易得到并且形成完全或接近完全的微生物营养来源,包括碳和氮源以及维生素和矿物质。而且,复合原材料中生物大分子混合物如蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂类等在被微生物消耗前需要被微生物分泌的酶降解。结果,可消耗的小分子在发酵罐中及发酵工艺中均匀分布,由此避免了浓度梯度和混合问题,使这些可消耗的小分子的水平低于抑制浓度。而且,存在于复合培养基中的大分子及有机酸使培养基具有缓冲能力,有利于pH调节。
除了这些优点之外,复合发酵培养基有几个重要的缺点。最重要的是,复合原材料由于季节变化和地理来源差异因而化学组成不确定并且质量不稳定。既然发酵培养基的组成对发酵参数如粘度、热传递和氧传递有重要的影响,那么复合原材料是工艺不稳定性的主要原因。另外,它们干扰了下游工艺并且可能对终产品的质量有不利的影响。例如,当用复合原材料时,发酵培养物,尤其是丝状微生物可能表现降低的滤过性。
复合原材料也可能包含在终产品中或与终产物共分离的无关化合物。重金属,杀虫剂或除草剂是可能在复合原材料中出现的不不合需要的化合物的例子。而且,复合原材料也可能包含或可能导致毒素的形成。
进一步的缺点是在灭菌过程中产生不悦的气味并产生不受欢迎的废液。
尽管存在上述与使用复合培养基相关的缺点,这些培养基对大规模工业发酵工艺仍然是优选的。其中不包含复合原材料的培养基,即化学上确定的培养基还未被考虑用于工业规模发酵工艺的原因很多。一个明显的原因在于与复合培养基使用相关的优点。更重要的是,通常认为用化学上确定的培养基以工业规模发酵得到的产品产率比用包含复合原材料的培养基得到的产品产率低的多。另外,已开发在复合培养基中用于工业过程的高产率微生物株系在化学上确定的培养基中可能不能保持良好表现。在化学上确定的培养基中不令人满意的效果的一个原因可能是在不考虑现有的工业株系在化学上确定的培养基中表现的情况下,对它们进行了多轮诱变和选择。
目前为止,化学上确定的培养基仅仅用于研究目的,即只是用于培养皿和/或摇瓶或在通常不超过约20-40升体积的相对小的发酵规模上应用。参见例如,次级代谢产物如青霉素(Jarvis和Johnson,美国化学协会杂志。69,3010-3017(1947);Stone和Farrell,科学,104,445-446(1946);White等,生物化学年鉴8,303-309(1945)),棒酸(Romero等,应用环境微生物学52,892-897(1986))和红霉素(Bushell等,微生物学143,475-480(1997))的发酵生产。
然而,有关化学上确定的培养基在这样小的研究规模上的用途的研究不提供对有关这些培养基在用于生产目的通常有约20m3或更大体积规模的大量工业发酵过程中应用的领域的技术人员的任何指导。
为了避免与复合培养基的常规配方在现代工业实践中的使用相关的问题,将化学上确定的配方应用于工业规模发酵是有利的。
在此,我们描述了化学上确定的培养基用于工业规模发酵工艺的用途,——与合适的株系结合——可以以经济上有吸引力的产率生产有价值的化合物如初级或次级代谢产物、药物蛋白或肽或工业酶。
发明概述
本发明公开了生产有价值化合物的工业工艺,包括以下步骤:在化学上确定的、基本上由化学上确定的成分组成的发酵培养基中发酵微生物株系及从发酵培养物回收有价值的化合物。
本发明进一步公开了制备和/或改进能够在化学上确定的培养基中以工业规模发酵产生目的有价值化合物的微生物株系的方法,包括以下步骤:
*对适当的亲本株系进行选自物理方法和化学诱变剂的诱变处理和/或DNA转化,
*筛选所得突变体和/或转化子在化学上确定的培养基上的生长表现及其所述的目的有价值化合物的生产水平,
*选择与所述亲本株系相比在化学上确定的培养基上有相似或改进的生长表现和/或改进的所述目的有价值化合物生产水平的突变体和/或转化子。
发明详述
本发明描述了化学上确定的发酵培养基用于合适的微生物株系的工业规模发酵的用途,所述合适的微生物株系能产生有价值的化合物。
在本发明的整个描述中,工业规模的发酵工艺或工业工艺理解为包括在≥10m3,优选地≥25m3,更优选地≥50m3,最优选地≥100m3体积规模上的发酵工艺。
术语“化学上确定的”理解为用来指基本上由化学上确定的组分组成的发酵培养基。基本上由化学上确定的组分组成的发酵培养基包括不包含复合碳和/或氮源,即不包含具有化学上不确定组分的复合原材料的培养基。基本上由化学上确定的组分组成的发酵培养基可进一步包括包含基本上少量的复合碳和/或氮源的培养基,此量定义如下,即它通常不足以维持微生物的生长和或保证足够量生物质的形成。
在此方面,这些复合原材料例如由于包含许多不同化合物,其中包括复合杂聚化合物而具有化学上不确定的组分,而且由于季节变化和地理来源差异而具有可变的组分。在发酵中作用为复合碳和氮源复合原材料的典型例子是大豆粉、棉籽粉、玉米浸出液、酵母提取物、酪蛋白水解产物、糖浆等。
基本上少量的复合碳和/或氮源可以存在于根据本发明所述的化学上确定的培养基中,例如作为主发酵接种物的遗留。主发酵接种物不必要通过在化学上确定的培养基上发酵得到。最通常情况下,通过用于主发酵的化学上确定的培养基中少量复合氮源的存在可检测到接种物的遗留。
在主发酵接种物的发酵工艺中使用复合碳和/或氮源可能是有利的,例如加速生物质的形成,即提高微生物的生长速度和/或利于内pH调节。基于同样的原因,向主发酵的初始阶段添加基本上少量的复合碳和/或氮源如酵母提取物是有利的,尤其对发酵工艺早期加速生物质的形成有利。
可存在于根据本发明所述的化学上确定的培养基中的基本上少量的复合碳和/或氮源限定为存在于化学上确定的培养基中的碳和/或氮源(Kjeldahl氮)总量的最多10%的量,优选地碳和/或氮源总量的最多5%的量,更优选地碳和/或氮源总量的最多1%的量。最优选地,根据本发明所述的化学上确定的培养基中不含复合碳和/或氮源。
应当理解,术语“化学上确定的培养基”用于本发明时,包括在开始发酵过程前向培养基添加了所有必需成分的培养基,而且进一步包含在开始前向培养基添加了部分必需成分而在发酵过程中向培养基添加部分的培养基。
本发明进一步公开了能够在工业规模上将化学上确定的培养基中简单的原材料转变成有经济吸引力数量的有价值的产品的微生物株系。令人惊讶地发现,在工业规模上测定时,微生物株系在化学上确定的培养基中的生产率可与它们在复合培养基中的生产率相比拟,在某些情况下甚至更高。
使用化学上确定的培养基的进一步的优势在于从气相到液相的氧传递和从液相到气相的二氧化碳传递与使用复合培养基相比有很大改进。正如本领域技术人员所知,溶解的氧和溶解的二氧化碳浓度是加大发酵工艺规模的两个重要因素,并且可以确定工业工艺的经济可行性。用化学上确定的培养基得到的改进的质量传递可归因于在这些培养基中没有相当量的促进气泡聚结的化合物。促进聚结的化合物例如可以存在于复合原材料中的某些疏水和/或多聚化合物中。气泡聚结通常导致质量传递系数降低(van’t Riet和Tramper,于:基础生物反应器设计,第236-273页(1991))。
氧传递常常是发酵工艺的限制因素,尤其是在丝状微生物的发酵中。使用根据本发明所述的化学上确定的培养基进行发酵时得到的改进的氧传递能力提供了比诸如功率输入、入口空气的氧富集或发酵罐压力的硬件投资便宜得多的优化生产率方法。
在工业发酵工艺中,丝状微生物象诸如放线菌的丝状细菌或诸如青霉菌或曲霉属的丝状真菌,通常以团粒形态生长。在此方面,复合发酵培养基中存在的蛋白和肽倾向于产生絮状团粒,由于使用复合培养基通常得到高生长速度,这些絮状团粒易分解成具有长且分枝的菌丝的菌丝体。因此,絮状团粒形态一般会导致不希望的高培养物粘度。使用化学上确定的培养基对形态有有利的影响,例如通过形成更坚硬的、在发酵过程中不容易分开的团粒。在这种方法中,使用化学上确定的培养基可以得到丝状发酵培养物粘度的明显降低。既然发酵培养物的低粘度对产物形成是有利的,那么粘度的控制在工业规模的发酵工艺中是极其重要的。
化学上确定的培养基的使用的另一优势在于产物的下游加工。对于某些株系-产品组合,尤其是发酵丝状株系时,通过使用化学上确定的培养基明显地改进了下游加工。
用于本发明工艺的化学上确定的培养基通常应该包含所谓的结构和所谓的催化元素。
结构元素是那些属于微生物高分子组成成分的元素,即氢、氧、碳、氮、磷和硫。结构元素氢、氧、碳、氮通常包含在碳和氮源内。磷和硫通常以磷酸盐和硫酸盐和/或硫代硫酸离子的形式添加。
只要碳和氮源基本上具有化学上确定的特征,用于化学上确定的培养基的碳和氮源的类型不是本发明的关键。
优选地,碳源选自由碳水化合物组成的群体如葡萄糖、乳糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖糊精、淀粉和菊粉、甘油、植物油、碳氢化合物、醇类如甲醇和乙醇、有机酸如乙酸和高级链烷酸。更优选地,碳源选自由葡萄糖、蔗糖和大豆油组成的群体。最优选地,碳源是葡萄糖。应当理解,术语“葡萄糖”包括葡萄糖浆,即以一定量包含葡萄糖寡聚体的葡萄糖组合物。
氮源优选地选自脲、铵、硝酸盐、铵盐如硫酸铵、磷酸铵和硝酸铵,以及氨基酸如谷氨酸和赖氨酸。更优选地,氮源选自由铵,硫酸铵和磷酸铵组成的群体。最优选地,氮源是铵。用铵作氮源的优点在于铵还可以作为pH调节剂。如果硫酸铵和/或磷酸铵用作氮源,可以部分或全部满足微生物对硫和/或磷的需求。
催化元素是那些酶或酶辅因子的组成成分的元素。这些成分例如是镁、铁、铜、钙、锰、锌、钴、钼、硒、钯。
除了这些结构和催化元素以外,应该存在阳离子如钾和钠离子作为平衡离子以调节细胞内pH和渗透性。
可优选地包含于化学上确定的培养基中的化合物是螯合剂如柠檬酸和缓冲剂如磷酸单钾和磷酸二钾、碳酸钙等。当用无外在pH调节的工艺处理时,优选地加入缓冲剂。另外,在发酵过程前和/或发酵过程中,可适量加入消泡剂。
复合培养基中存在的高分子和有机酸在这些培养基中提供缓冲能力。由于化学上确定的培养基中缺乏这些化合物,化学上确定的培养基中的pH调节比复合培养基的pH调节更困难。本发明表明其中根据培养物中的pH变化适量加入酸或碱的pH调节保证了化学上确定的工业规模工艺中的适当pH模式。
维生素是指一组对微生物正常代谢必需的并与结构无关的有机化合物。已知微生物合成它们所需维生素的能力有很大差异。应该向不能合成所述维生素的微生物的发酵培养基添加维生素。通常,酵母或细菌或某些低等真菌如毛霉菌目的化学上确定的发酵培养基可能补充一种或多种维生素。高等真菌常常不需要维生素。
维生素选自硫胺素、核黄素、吡哆醛、烟酸或烟酰胺、泛酸、氰钴胺素、叶酸、生物素、硫辛酸、嘌呤、吡啶、肌醇、胆固醇和氯高铁血红素。
结构和催化元素及选择性地维生素对于微生物生长,即生物质形成是必需的。
添加到化学上确定的培养基中的必需化合物,即结构和催化元素及选择性地维生素的量主要取决于发酵工艺中要形成的生物质的量。每升培养物中要形成的生物质的量差异很大,通常约10-150g。通常,产生低于约10g/l生物质量的发酵在工业上不适用。
另外,确定的培养基的每种成分的最佳量及哪种化合物是必需的,哪种不是必需的取决于在确定的培养基中用于发酵的微生物类型、要形成的生物质的量和产品。由此化学上确定的培养基的使用可以方便地允许每种培养基成分的浓度独立于其它成分而改变,通过这种方法促进培养基组成成分的优化。
为了产品形成,可能有必要向化学上确定的培养基中补充其它化合物和/或将已存在于化学上确定的培养基中的某些化合物的浓度提高到高于微生物生长所需水平。所述化合物的功能可能是诱导和/或增强微生物产生所需化合物或作为所需化合物的前体。
向化学上确定的培养基补充的和/或以增加量添加的化合物的例子是:增加量的硫酸盐以生产β-内酰胺化合物;增加量的含氮化合物以生产氨基酸,尤其是碱性氨基酸;苯乙酸用于青霉素G的生产;苯氧乙酸用于青霉素V的生产;己二酸用于乙二酰-7-ADCA和乙二酰-7-ACA的生产;丙酸用于红霉素的生产。
在根据本发明所述的工业发酵工艺中,添加到化学上确定的培养基中的碳源总量每升培养基中的碳量可以是10-200g碳/l,优选地20-200g碳/l。
添加到化学上确定的培养基中的氮源总量可以是0.5-50g氮/l,优选地1-25g氮/l,其中N指Kjeldahl氮。
发酵中碳源与氮源的比率变化相当大,其中碳源与氮源的最佳比率的一个决定因素是将要形成的产物的元素组成。
使用表1所列的浓度范围作为标准添加微生物生长所需其它化合物如磷酸、硫酸或微量元素。这些额外的化合物的浓度范围对于不同的微生物,即真菌、酵母和细菌是不同的。
维生素的浓度通常在0.1(生物素)-500(肌醇)mg/l范围内。
通常,微生物生长必需的培养基成分的量可根据发酵中所用的碳源的量来确定,因为形成的生物质的量主要由所用的碳源的量决定。表1各种微生物生长必需的除碳源和氮源以外的培养基成分的典型浓度范围(g/l)
1所需磷酸盐的基础量将是生物质干重的0.5-1%。以相对小的规模批量工艺,需要额外的磷酸盐用于pH调节。2通过滴定加入适量硫酸盐如K+和Na+。3可用氯化物(部分)取代硫酸盐作为微量元素的平衡离子,反之亦然。4对于某些微量元素,下限难以确定,对它们的需求可通过它们在其它培养基成分中的存在来满足,如硫酸亚铁、水、少量酵母提取物等。5根据K>NH4>Na的优先顺序,以钾、铵和/或钠盐添加磷酸盐和硫酸盐。
真菌 | 酵母 | 细菌(放线菌) | |
PO4 1.5SO4 2.5 | 1-20 | ||
MgSO4·7aq3CaCl2·2aq3FeSO4·7aq3ZnSO4·7aq3MnSO4·1aq3CuSO4·5aq4CoSO4·7aq3.4Na2MoO4·2aq4H3BO3·2aq4KI4 | 0.5-100.01-0.10.1-1.00.0005-0.10.0005-0.1≤0.005≤0.01≤0.0005≤0.005 | 0.5-20.1-10.1-0.50.002-10.002-10.001-0.01≤0.010.001-0.0050.001-0.005≤0.002 | 0.5-20.05-0.50.1-0.50.002-0.10.002-0.10.001-0.01≤0.010.001-0.0050.001-0.0Q5≤0.002 |
根据本发明所述的使用化学上确定的培养基的工业发酵工艺可以分批、重复分批、补料分批、重复补料分批或连续发酵工艺的方式进行。
在分批工艺中,在发酵过程开始前将所有的培养基组分作为整体直接添加到培养基中。
在重复分批工艺中,培养物的部分收集伴随着完全培养基的部分补充出现,优选地重复几次。
在补料分批工艺中,在发酵过程开始前将包括一种或多种结构和/或催化元素的化合物部分添加到培养基中或不添加任何成分,或者在发酵过程中,分别添加包括一种或多种结构和/或催化元素的全部或其余部分化合物。所选的补加化合物可以彼此同时或分开补充到发酵工艺中。
尤其在其中包括一种或多种结构元素的化合物补料将原始发酵培养基稀释两倍或两倍以上的发酵过程中,补料除结构元素以外,可进一步包含催化元素和其它培养基成分。
在重复补料分批或连续发酵工艺中,发酵过程中额外加入完全起始培养基。起始培养基可与结构元素补料同时或分开加入。在重复补料分批工艺中,在有规则的时间间隔取出包含生物质的部分发酵培养物,而在连续工艺中,连续取出部分发酵培养物。于是用与取出的发酵培养物的量相当的部分新鲜培养基补充发酵工艺。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,应用了补料分批或重复补料分批发酵工艺,其中将碳源和/或氮源和/或磷酸盐补充到发酵工艺中。在更优选的实施方案中,将碳源和氮源补充到发酵工艺中。最优选地,补充碳源和/或氮源及磷酸盐。在这方面,优选的碳源是葡萄糖,优选的氮源是铵和/或铵盐。
补料分批工艺的使用使得碳源和氮源的用量比分批工艺所用的高很多。具体地,补料分批工艺中所用的碳源和氮源的量至少比分批工艺所用的最高量高至少两倍。这又导致补料分批工艺中形成的生物质的量高很多。
本发明的另一方面涉及发酵培养物下游加工的优化。发酵过程结束后,可以使用为目的有价值化合物发展的标准技术,从发酵培养物选择性地回收有价值的产物。由此将要采用的相关的下游加工技术取决于有价值产物的性质和细胞定位。首先,用例如离心或过滤从发酵流体分离生物质。然后如果有价值的产物在微生物细胞中积累或与其结合,则从生物质回收有价值的化合物。否则,如果有价值的化合物从微生物细胞分泌出来,则从发酵流体回收有价值的产物。
化学上确定的培养基在目的有价值化合物的工业发酵生产中的使用给下游加工带来很多便利,因为副产品比使用复合培养基时少的多。另外,因为没有不希望的副产品与目的化合物共分离,产品的质量得到改进。
在本发明的另一方面,鉴定了适于用化学上确定的培养基工业发酵的微生物株系。
适于用化学上确定的培养基工业发酵的合适微生物株系可以是任何产生目的有价值化合物的野生型株系,只要所述的野生型株系在化学上确定的发酵培养基上有良好生长表现。另外,适于用化学上确定的培养基工业规模发酵的适当微生物株系通过对亲本株系进行传统诱变处理或重组DNA转化来制备和/或改进,前提是所得到的突变体和/或转化的微生物株系在化学上确定的培养基上有良好生长表现。因此,所得到的突变体或转化的株系与亲本株系相比在化学上确定的培养基上是否会具有改进或相似的生长表现,取决于亲本株系在化学上确定的培养基上的生长表现。
如果所述株系在化学上确定的培养基上具有特定的生长速度(μ),即≥0.05h-1,优选地≥0.1h-1,更优选地≥0.2h-1,最优选地≥0.4h-1,则此微生物株系理解为在化学上确定的培养基上有良好生长表现。通过该株系在化学上确定的培养基上相对小规模的发酵,即摇瓶培养和/或10L台式发酵来分析微生物株系在化学上确定的培养基上的生长表现。优选在所述生长表现的分析中包括带有pH、温度和氧浓度调控的10L台式发酵。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,通过对目的亲本株系进行使用物理方法如紫外线照射或适当化学诱变剂如N-甲基-N’-硝基-N-亚硝基胍或甲基磺酸乙酯的传统诱变处理以得到或改进能够在化学上确定的培养基上发酵的微生物株系。在本发明的另一实施方案中,通过对目的亲本株系进行重组DNA技术处理,由此用一个或多个目的功能基因转化亲本株系以得到或改进能够在化学上确定的培养基上发酵的微生物株系。
总的来说,本发明设想对两组目的亲本株系进行传统诱变和/或DNA转化。在本发明的一个实施方案中,目的亲本株系选自在化学上确定的培养基中具有良好生长表现,但需要改进其目的化合物生产水平的一组株系。在本发明的另一实施方案中,目的亲本株系选自目的化合物生产水平高,但在化学上确定的培养基中生长表现相对不好的一组株系。具有小于约0.05h-1的特定生长速度的微生物株系理解为在化学上确定的培养基上生长表现相对不好。
传统诱变处理及DNA转化这两种处理后接着筛选所得突变体或转化子在化学上确定的培养基上的生长表现及其目的化合物生产水平。选择与亲本株系相比在化学上确定的培养基上具有良好生长表现和/或改进的目的化合物生产水平的突变株系或转化子。
应当注意,某些微生物株系,特别是已经过大量诱变处理以改进生产水平的工业株系可能在化学上确定的培养基中表现不好或根本不生长。突变株系如此坏的生长表现或不生长可能是由于从来没有把在化学上确定的培养基中的生长作为择选合适突变体的标准。例如,诱变的株系可能有导致未知的生长需求的突变(未知营养缺陷型突变)。
适于使用化学上确定的培养基工业发酵的微生物株系包括丝状和非丝状株系。例如,适于化学上确定的培养基工业发酵的微生物株系包括真菌株系如曲霉属、青霉属或毛霉菌目,酵母株系如酵母属、毕赤酵母属、Phaffia或克鲁维酵母菌属株系和细菌株系如放线菌。根据本发明所述的化学上确定的培养基的使用对丝状微生物的工业发酵特别有利。
根据本发明所述的使用化学上确定的培养基的工艺适于工业规模发酵生产任何有价值的目的化合物,包括初级或次级代谢产物、药物蛋白或肽或工业用酶。优选的有价值化合物是次级代谢产物如抗生素或β-内酰胺化合物,特别是β-内酰胺抗生素。
株系-产品组合的例子包括黑曲霉如黑曲霉CBS 513.88用于生产淀粉葡萄糖苷酶,米曲霉用于生产a-淀粉酶,土曲霉例如土曲霉CBS 456.95用于生产洛代他丁,高山被孢霉用于生产花生四烯酸或含有花生四烯酸的脂类,米黑毛霉用于生产蛋白酶,产黄青霉例如产黄青霉CBS 455.95或其它适当株系用于生产β-内酰胺化合物(青霉素G或V),带小棒链霉菌如带小棒链霉菌ATCC 27064用于生产棒酸,Pichia ciferrii例如p.ciferrii NRRL Y-1031 F-60-10用于生产四乙酰植物鞘氨醇,Phaffiarhodozyma如P.rhodozyma CBS 6938用于生产虾青素,红色糖多孢菌用于生产红霉素,乳酸克鲁维酵母用于生产乳糖酶,纳塔尔链霉菌用于生产游霉素。
本发明也设想用一个或多个目的功能基因转化的微生物株系的使用导致可过量表达已由该株系合成的产物的转化株系,或导致形成的株系表达该株系不天然表达的产物。
由此选择哪种株系用于转化是熟练技术人员的选择,只要所述选择的株系在化学上确定的培养基上有良好生长表现。例如,可选择已经过一次或多次诱变处理的株系进行转化。选择性地,可选择非诱变或野生型株系。除了目的化合物表达水平的分析,应该分析用一个或多个目的功能基因转化所选株系后得到的转化子在化学上确定的培养基上的生长表现。
产生该株系天然不合成的产物的重组株系的例子是:
*浅青紫链霉菌,例如浅青紫链霉菌TK21,包含使葡萄糖异构酶表达的表达盒,编码葡萄糖异构酶的基因来自例如密苏里游动放线菌;
*产黄青霉,例如产黄青霉CBS 455.95,包含一个或多个使expandase,选择性地羟化酶和/或乙酰转移酶表达的表达盒,编码expandase,羟化酶和乙酰转移酶来自例如Acremonium chrysogenum或带小棒链霉菌,使得可以用己二酸(见EP532341)或3-羧甲基硫代丙酸(见WO95/04148)作为侧链前体合成头孢霉素化合物如7-ADCA或7-ACA,
*黑曲霉,例如黑曲霉CBS513.88,包含使人的乳铁蛋白(见WO93/22348)或牛凝乳酶表达的表达盒。
*乳酸克鲁维酵母,包含使牛凝乳酶或磷脂酶A2,胰岛素或重组人白蛋白表达的表达盒。
过量表达已由该株系合成的酶的重组株系的例子为:
*黑曲霉,例如黑曲霉CBS 513.88,包含使植酸酶(见EP420358)或木聚糖内切酶I(见EP463706)过量表达的表达盒。
本发明通过使用化学上确定的培养基用重组链霉菌属菌株生产葡萄糖异构酶的工业规模发酵工艺,并且通过与复合培养基相比化学上确定的培养基用于大规模青霉素发酵的有利用途,举例说明本发明。
其它例子涉及化学上确定的培养基,它可用于测定目的株系在这样的培养基上小规模培养时的生长表现和生产力,以鉴定适于在化学上确定的培养基中以工业规模发酵生产有价值化合物的微生物株系。
附图简述
图1是pWGx.GIT的轮廓。
图2是发酵过程中生产的总葡萄糖异构酶的发展。
实施例1 使用浅青紫链霉菌工业生产葡萄糖异构酶生产葡萄糖异构酶的链霉菌属菌株的构建
密苏里游动放线菌的葡萄糖异构酶基因最初以5.0kb的DNA片段克隆在大肠杆菌K12株系JM101中。
发现5.0kb片段内部的1.7kb的片段代表了密苏里游动放线菌葡萄糖异构酶全部编码序列及其上游调控区域(也见Amore和Hollenberg(1989),核酸研究17,7515)。
通过将编码葡萄糖异构酶蛋白253位赖氨酸的葡萄糖异构酶基因三联体AAG改变为编码精氨酸的CGG,得到表现加强热稳定性的葡萄糖异构酶突变体(Quax等,(1991),生物/技术
9,738-742)。
为克隆入链霉菌属,pIJ486(Ward等,(1986),Mol.Gen.Genet.203,468-478)用作载体。将编码葡萄糖异构酶的1737bp密苏里游动放线菌DNA片段与pIJ486的PstI大片段连接。得到的质粒称为pWGx.GIT,它基本包括了质粒pIJ101的复制区,硫链丝菌肽抗性基因以及编码GIT的密苏里游动放线菌DNA片段。图1给出了pWGx.GIT的模式图。
通过用质粒pWGx.GIT转化浅青紫链霉菌TK21株系(Hopwood等,1985,链霉菌属的遗传操作:实验室手册,The John Innes Foundation,Norwich,英国)构建合成葡萄糖异构酶的株系。葡萄糖异构酶的工业生产
通过挑选硫链丝菌肽抗性克隆并在100ml摇瓶中的20ml含硫链丝菌肽(50mg/ml)的胰胨豆胨培养液中于30℃、280rpm摇动培养40-48小时,制备如实施例1中所述构建的生产菌株的工作细胞库。
将相当于1ml工作细胞库(新鲜的或于-80℃作为冷冻菌丝体贮存的)的菌丝体接种在500ml摇瓶的100ml接种物培养基中,此培养基包含16g/L Bacto蛋白胨(Difco 0123/01),4g/L Bacto豆胨(Difco0436/01),20g/L酪蛋白水解产物(Merk 2239),10g/L磷酸二钾·3水(Merk,分析试剂),16.5g/L葡萄糖·1水,0.6g/L大豆油和50mg/L硫链丝菌肽。灭菌前用氢氧化钠和/或硫酸将培养基的pH调节至7.0。葡萄糖和硫链丝菌肽在灭菌后单独加入,硫链丝菌肽以50g/L的浓度溶解于DMSO中并经过0.2μm的Nalgene滤纸过滤除菌。培养物在培养摇床中于30℃、280rpm生长24小时。
将50ml生长完全的培养物转移到6L第二相接种物培养基中,此培养基与前述培养基组分相似,但是葡萄糖浓度加倍(33g/L葡萄糖·1水),含有额外的消泡剂(SAG5693,0.6g/L;来自Basildon公司的硅氧烷消泡剂),并且无硫链丝菌肽。葡萄糖以50%的溶液单独灭菌在培养基灭菌(60分钟,121℃)后加入。培养物在用带有4个直径2mm孔的喷嘴以840L无菌空气/小时通风的灭菌气柱中于22℃培养36小时。选择性地,此步骤可在摇瓶中(例如在2L带挡板的锥形瓶的12×500ml培养基中)用相似的接种比率并在280rpm在轨道摇动培养箱中进行。
将生长完全的培养物无菌转移至包含有4.5m3接种物培养基的接种物发酵罐中,培养基中含有16.3kg柠檬酸·1水、70.8g硫酸亚铁·7水、109g硫酸锌·7水、109g硫酸锰·7水、32.7g二氯化钴·6水、5.45g钼酸二钠·2水、5.45g硼酸、5.45g硫酸铜·5水、10.9kg硫酸二铵、10.9kg硫酸镁·7水、463g氯化钙·2水、1090g大豆油、21.8kg磷酸一钾、139kg葡萄糖·1水和5.9g酵母提取物(啤酒酵母,Kjeldahl氮占干重的10%)。按照下述方法制备培养基:将除葡萄糖以外的所有组分按上述顺序加到约2700L自来水中。用氢氧化钠和/或磷酸将pH调节至4.5,培养基于122℃灭菌60分钟。葡萄糖在单独的容器中于1000升pH4.5的水中于122℃灭菌60分钟。等两部分都冷却下来后,将葡萄糖无菌转移到接种物容器中。将两部分混合后,用铵调节pH至7.0,用灭菌水将体积调节到4.5m3。发酵温度控制在30℃,发酵罐以0.5-1.0vvm通风,而pH用气体铵保持在7.0+/-0.1,超压保持在1.3-1.4巴。如果需要,用以3∶1比例混合的大豆油和硅氧烷消泡剂如SAG693的灭菌混合物控制泡沫。氧浓度通过调节搅拌速度(0.5-3Kw/m3)保持在空气饱和度的25%以上。在所有葡萄糖消耗掉(正如所有以前的生长相)且氧摄入速度超过30mmol/l培养物体积之前,将培养物转移至主发酵。
主发酵培养基含有245.1kg柠檬酸·1水、1062g硫酸亚铁·7水、1634g硫酸锌·7水、1634g硫酸锰·7水、490g二氯化钴·6水、82g钼酸二钠·2水、82g硼酸、82g硫酸铜·5水、163.4kg硫酸二铵、163.4kg硫酸镁·7水、6.94kg氯化钙·2水、16.3kg大豆油、327kg磷酸一钾、880kg啤酒酵母提取物(Kjeldahl-N占干重的10%)和556kg葡萄糖·1水。培养基按上述制备用于接种物发酵(葡萄糖单独灭菌)。葡萄糖可用糖浆DE-95代替。在用铵调节pH至7.5后,培养基接种前的体积为65m3。
葡萄糖补料以葡萄糖·1H2O或以>90-DE-糖浆葡萄糖等价物按275-550g葡萄糖/L补料溶液制备。用磷酸溶液将pH调节至4.5-5.0。灭菌用热激或过滤装置或分批(122℃,45分钟)或连续进行。
主发酵控制在30℃+/-0.5和pH7.0+/-0.1(用铵和磷酸控制pH)。空气流设置为0.5-1.0vvm,优选地0.7vvm,超压为0.5-1.5巴,发酵罐用Rushton蜗轮以0.5-3Kw/m3的强度搅拌使在搅拌器高底部测量的氧浓度不低于0.2mmol/L葡萄糖补料在氧摄入速率出现突然降低、溶解的氧浓度升高且pH从6.9升至7.1时开始。此时培养物中的氧浓度应该为<<0.2g/L。
最初的葡萄糖补料速度相当于93kg葡萄糖/小时,到补料开始64小时时线性增加至186kg/h。补料100小时后为186kg/小时,到补料约200小时时,补料速度增加至298kg葡萄糖/小时。
在发酵的第一个100小时中,通过以5.5kg/小时或选择性地每8个小时45kg添加灭菌的大豆油以控制泡沫。如果需要,用以3∶1比例混合的大豆油和硅氧烷消泡剂如SAG471(来自Basildon的硅氧烷消泡剂)的混合物进一步控制泡沫。
每12小时测定一次,使铵浓度保持在750-1500mg/L之间,并且一旦水平降至1000mg/L以下,就以相当于500mg铵/L的比例添加灭菌的硫酸铵。
培养物滤液中的磷酸浓度应该通过以相当于500mg/L的比例添加灭菌磷酸单钾保持在500mg PO4/L以上。
葡萄糖异构酶的产量可以在蛋白从培养物回收和纯化后,根据本领域蛋白测定方法或在应用于稳定培养物样品的酶学分析方法中得到测定。通过称2g培养物并加入5ml包含12g/L三-羟甲基氨基甲烷和2.4g/LCoCl2·6水的稳定溶液,然后于73℃加热30分钟,使培养物样品稳定。冷却后,0.42ml稳定的样品与0.8ml葡萄糖溶液(包含27.25g/LTris/HCl缓冲液pH8.2,葡萄糖67.56g/L,MgCl2·6H2O,22.33g/LNa2-EDTA·2H2O和5mg/L Triton X-100)并于60℃温育。活性通过测量葡萄糖转化为果糖的速率而得到测定,并以GU/g表示(1 GU是每分钟形成1μmol果糖所需的酶量)。用比活性12单位/mg蛋白,每kg培养物中的蛋白量可以得到测定。
在图2中,表示了生产的总酶量。
正如此实施例中所表明的,一轮补料分批生产可制备850kg酶。
实施例2 青霉素V的生产
将产黄青霉CBS 455.95(或优选地在如下述的配方中通过突变和高生产率选择从Wisconsin 54.1255衍生的另一合适菌株)的分生孢子以10E5-10E6分生孢子/ml接种于生产培养基中,此生产培养基含有(g/l):葡萄糖·H2O,5;乳糖·H2O,80;(NH4)2CO3,4.5;(NH4)2SO4,1.1;Na2SO4,2.9;KH2PO4,5.2; K2HPO4·3H2O,4.8;微量元素溶液(柠檬酸·H2O,150;FeSO4·7H2O,15;MgSO4·7H2O,150;H3BO3,0.0075;CuSO4·5H2O,0.24;CoSO4·7H2O,0.375;ZnSO4·7H2O,1.5;MnSO4·H2O,2.28;CaCl2·2H2O,0.99),10(ml/l);10%苯氧乙酸钾溶液,pH7,75(ml/l);灭菌前pH6.5。
培养物在轨道摇床中于25℃以280rpm培养144-168小时。在发酵结束时,通过离心或过滤除去菌丝体并定量,用本领域熟知的HPLC方法分析培养基中形成的青霉素。
实施例3 用复合和确定的培养基大规模青霉素发酵
根据实施例2中所述,通过在确定的培养基上突变、选择,优选产黄青霉Wisconsin 54.1255在化学上确定的培养基上的生长和青霉素合成。根据Hersbach等所述(工业抗生素的生物技术,第45-140页,MarcelDekker Inc.,1984,表4,培养基B,含有培养基A中所述的盐),以60m3的规模用含有50kg/m3玉米浆固体复合培养基进行补料分批发酵。与其平行,在实施例2中给出的确定的培养基中进行发酵,其中由于这些补料分批发酵的高细胞密度特征而剂量加倍,同时省去了乳糖和ureum。向发酵罐中补充葡萄糖使葡萄糖的浓度保持在2g/L以下从而避免葡萄糖抑制。向发酵罐中补充铵、硫酸二铵和苯乙酸以调节pH并将铵、硫酸二铵和苯乙酸的浓度控制在希望的范围内(Hersbach 1984)。
因为氧传递是决定工业发酵工艺经济可行性的重要参数,所以通过测定每一步骤中氧传递的程度来分析上述发酵工艺的情况。
在发酵工艺中得到的氧传递的良好量度标准是一个系统中内测定的相对KLa值。KLa定义为氧传递系数并根据van’t Riet和Tramper(生物反应器设计基础,Marcel Dekker Inc.(1991)第236-273页)计算。
在发酵的主要部分,发现计算为KLa值的氧传递能力在化学上确定的培养基中比复合培养基中高10-20%。
实施例47-ADCA的生产
对实施例2中所述的工艺进行了调整:如EP532341所述,用其中提供带有IPNS启动子的Expandase编码区域的expandase表达盒转化产黄青霉CBS 455.95(或优选地在如下述的配方中通过突变和高生产率选择从Wisconsin 54.1255衍生的另一合适菌株),并用10%的己二酸钾溶液代替苯氧乙酸,用包含400ml 10%己二酸钾溶液,pH5.5的改良的上述培养基代替苯氧乙酸(灭菌前培养基的pH是5.5而不是6.5)。
随后,基本上按照WO95/04148的实施例4或5中所述的酶促去乙酰化方法将得到的乙二酰-7-ADCA转化成7-ADCA。
实施例5洛伐他丁的生产
将土曲霉CBS 456.95菌株(或优选地在任一如下所述的配方中通过突变和高生产率选择由其衍生的菌株)的分生孢子以10E5-10E6分生孢子/ml接种于生产培养基中,此生产培养基包含(g/l):葡萄糖,40;CH3COONH4,2.2;Na2SO4,4;KH2PO4,3.6;K2HPO4·3H2O,35.1;微量元素溶液(见上,实施例2),10(ml/l)。
培养物在轨道摇床中于28℃以220rpm培养114-168小时。在发酵结束时,通过离心或过滤除去菌丝体并定量,用本领域熟知的HPLC方法分析培养基中形成的洛伐他丁。
实施例6棒酸的生产
将带小棒链霉菌菌株ATCC 27064或其突变体接种于由下列物质组成的预培养物培养基中(g/l):(NH4)2SO4,2.75;KH2PO4,0.5;MgSO4·7H2O,0.5;CaCl2·2H2O,0.01;3-(N-吗啉代)丙磺酸,21;甘油,19.9;琥珀酸钠,5.5;微量元素溶液(ZnSO4·7H2O,2.8;柠檬酸铁铵,2.7;CuSO4·5H2O,0.125;MnSO4·H2O,1;CoCl2·6H2O,0.1;Na2B4O7·10H2O,0.16;Na2MoO4·2H2O,0.054),0.06(ml/l)。
培养物在轨道摇床中于28℃以220rpm培养48-72小时并用于接种20倍体积的生产培养基,此生产培养基包含(g/l):(NH4)2SO4,2;天冬酰胺,4;KH2PO4,1.5;MgSO4·7H2O,0.5;CaCl2·2H2O,0.01;3-(N-吗啉代)丙磺酸,21;甘油,19.9;琥珀酸钠,5.5;微量元素溶液(见上),0.06(ml/l);FeSO4·7H2O,0.5;MnCl2·4H2O,0.1;ZnSO4·7H2O,0.1.
培养优选地继续在含50ml培养体积的500ml有挡板的锥形瓶中持续144小时。在发酵结束时,通过离心或过滤除去菌丝体并定量,用本领域熟知的HPLC方法分析滤液。
实施例7 淀粉葡糖苷酶的生产
将黑曲霉CBS 513.88或其突变体以105-106分生孢子/ml浓度接种在由下列物质组成的萌发培养基中(g/l):K2HPO4·3H2O,0.75;KH2PO4,6.6;柠檬酸三钠·3H2O,5.3;柠檬酸·H2O,0.45;葡萄糖·H2O,25;(NH4)2SO4,8;NaCl,0.5;MgSO4·7H2O,0.5;FeSO4·7H2O,0.1;ZnSO4·7H2O,0.05;CaCl2,0.005;CuSO4·5H2O,0.0025;MnSO4·4H2O,0.0005;H3BO3,0.0005;Na2MoO4·2H2O,0.0005;EDTA,0.13;Tween 80,3。如果需要,可以加入50μg/ml精氨酸或脯氨酸促进发芽。
培养物在轨道摇床中于33℃以295rpm培养48-72小时并用于接种10-20倍体积的包含下列物质的生产培养基(g/l):KH2PO4,1-5;NaH2PO4·H2O,0.5;柠檬酸三钠·3H2O,53;柠檬酸·H2O,4.05;葡萄糖多聚体70;(NH4)2SO4,8;(NaCl,MgSO4·7H2O,FeSO4·7H2O,;ZnSO4·7H2O,CaCl2,CuSO4·5H2O,MnSO4·4H2O,H3BO3,Na2MoO4·2H2O,HDTA)与发芽培养基相同。
培养优选地继续在含100ml培养基的500ml有挡板的锥形瓶中持续96小时。在发酵结束时,通过离心或过滤除去菌丝体并定量,分析滤液的淀粉葡糖苷酶活性。
实施例8虾青素的生产
将Phaffia rhodozyma CBS 6938或其突变体接种在预培养基中,此培养基含有(g/l):酵母提取物,10;蛋白胨,20;葡萄糖,20。
此培养物于20℃在轨道摇床上100ml有挡板的锥形瓶中以275rpm培养72小时。
然后用1ml预培养物接种100ml生产培养基,此培养基含有(g/l):葡萄糖,30;NH4Cl,4.83;MgSO4·7H2O,0.88;NaCl,0.06;CaCl2·6H2O,0.15;微量元素溶液(0.4N的H2SO4中含柠檬酸·H2O,50;(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O,90;ZnSO4·7H2O,16.7;CuSO4·5H2O,2.5;MnO4·4H2O,2;H3BO3,2;Na2MoO4·2H2O,2;KI,0.5),0.3(ml/l);维生素溶液(0.07N的H2SO4中含肌醇,40;烟酸,2;D-泛酸钙,2;维生素B1,2;对-氨基苯甲酸,1.2;维生素B6,0.2;生物素0.008)1-5ml;多聚酸,0.04;KH2PO4,1;邻苯二甲酸氢钾,20(灭菌前pH5.4)。
培养优选地继续在500ml有挡板的锥形瓶中持续96小时。在发酵结束时,通过溶剂抽提并测定抽提物在470-490nm处的光密度确定生物质(已定量)中虾青素的含量。
实施例9花生四烯酸的生产
无菌打开一只于-80℃保存的高山被孢霉菌株ATCC 16266悬浮液的1ml小瓶,内含物用于接种500ml生产培养基中,此培养基含有(g/l):葡萄糖,70;酵母提取物,0.5;NH4NO3,3.0;KH2PO4,7.2;MgSO4·7H2O,1.5;微量元素溶液(0.4N的H2SO4中含柠檬酸·H2O,50;(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O,90;ZnSO4·7H2O,16.7;CuSO4·5H2O,2.5;MnSO4·4H2O,2;H3BO3,2;Na2MoO4·2H2O,2;KI,0.5),0.3(ml/l);(灭菌前pH7.0)。
培养物在2 L有挡板的锥形瓶中在轨道摇床上于25℃以250rpm培养72小时。在发酵结束时,经离心、冷冻干燥和溶剂抽提后,用本领域熟知的GC方法测定生物质中花生四烯酸的含量。
实施例10红霉素的生产
将红色糖多孢霉NRRL 2338株或其突变体(优选地在如下述的配方中选择高生产率)接种在预培养基中,此培养基含有(g/l):可溶性淀粉,15;NaCl,5;大豆粉,15;CaCO3,10;酵母提取物,5;玉米浸出液固体,5;CoCl2·6H2O,670μl 1g/l溶液。
培养物在100ml没有挡板的摇瓶中在摇动培养箱中于32-34℃以250RPM培养3天。
将0.4ml培养物接种于25ml灭菌的生产培养基中,此培养基含有(g/l):柠檬酸·H2O,2;(NH4)2SO4,2;MgSO4·7H2O,2;GaCl2·2H2O,0.085;KH2PO4,0.25;HEPES(=N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-N’-(2-乙磺酸)),5;葡萄糖,1.5;可溶性淀粉,20;豆油,0.4;微量元素溶液(250ml蒸馏水中含的克数:柠檬酸·H2O,62.5;FeSO4·7H2O,0.8215;CuSO4·5H2O,0.0625;CoCl2·6H2O,0.375;H3BO3,0.0625;ZnSO4·7H2O,L 25;MnSO4·H2O,1.25;Na2MoO4·2H2O,0.0625),3.6ml/l。pH=7.0。向每一培养瓶中加入0.25ml正丙醇。
培养物在100ml有挡板的摇瓶中在摇动培养箱中于32-34℃以300RPM培养5天。在发酵结束时,将培养物离心并对生物质定量。用本领域已知的HPLC方法测定上清中红霉素的含量。
实施例11β-胡萝卜素的生产
将三孢布拉霉CBS130.59孢子悬浮液用于接种500ml无挡板的摇瓶中的114ml预培养基(酵母提取物10g/l,胃蛋白胨20g/l,葡萄糖20g/l)。预培养物在旋转摇床上于26℃以250rpm培养42小时。生物质通过过滤收集并用100ml灭菌去离子水洗三次以除去预培养基的成分。随后,生物质通过搅拌匀浆直到只剩下小的片段并重悬于40ml去离子水中。
在500ml带挡板的摇瓶中以100ml小份制备生产培养基。生产培养基的成分如下(g/l):葡萄糖,40;天冬酰胺一水合物,2;KH2PO4,0.5;MgSO4·7H2O,0.25。另外加入含下列组合物的微量元素溶液(g/l)(0.3ml/l):柠檬酸·H2O,50;(NH4)2 Fe(SO4)2·6H2O,90;ZnSO4·7H2O,16.7;CuSO4·5H2O,2.5;MnSO4·4H2O,2;H3BO3,2;Na2MoO4·2H2O,2;KI,0.5;于0.4N的H2SO4中。灭菌前将培养基的pH调节至6.2。烧瓶于120℃灭菌20分钟,灭菌后加入0.05ml 1mg/ml的溶于去离子水中的盐酸硫胺素(过滤除菌)。
将上述制备的0.5-10ml片段化的菌丝体悬浮液接种到生产培养基中。培养物在旋转摇床上培养139小时(250rpm;26℃)。真菌生物质通过过滤收集并用去离子水洗涤以去除培养基成分并进行定量。
通过丙酮抽提并在分光光度计中于450nm测定丙酮组分的消光以确定产生的β-胡萝卜素的量。
Claims (14)
1.一种生产β-内酰胺的方法,包括以下步骤:
*在化学上确定的发酵培养基中以工业规模发酵产β-内酰胺微生物株系,其中化学上确定的培养基的化学上确定的成分包括选自由碳水化合物组成的群体的碳源、醇类、有机酸,以及选自脲、铵、硝酸盐、铵盐以及氨基酸的氮源,并且
*从发酵培养物回收β-内酰胺。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中化学上确定的培养基包含最多10%的总量的复合碳和/或氮源。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中所述碳源选自葡萄糖、乳糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖糊精、淀粉和菊粉、甘油、植物油、和/或碳氢化合物;醇类选自甲醇和乙醇;有机酸选自乙酸和高级链烷酸;铵盐选自硫酸铵、磷酸铵和硝酸铵;氨基酸选自谷氨酸和赖氨酸。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中的碳源是葡萄糖,氮源是铵和/或铵盐。
5.权利要求1-4中的任意一项的方法,其中发酵方法通过分批、重复分批、补料分批、重复补料分批或连续发酵方法进行。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中发酵通过补料分批方法进行。
7.权利要求6的方法,其中将碳源和/或氮源添加到发酵过程中。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中碳源是葡萄糖,氮源是铵和/或铵盐。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中的微生物株系是酵母。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中的微生物株系是丝状微生物株系。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中的丝状微生物株系是真菌。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中的真菌是曲霉属菌株。
13.权利要求11的方法,其中的真菌是青霉属菌株。
14.权利要求13的方法,其中的真菌是产黄青霉。
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