CN112655393A - Simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on soil building - Google Patents
Simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on soil building Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling grafting and breeding method based on soil building, which comprises the steps of stock sowing, stock cultivation, grafting, grafted seedling cultivation and outplanting, and is characterized in that the soil building is used as a matrix for the stock sowing, the stock cultivation and the grafted seedling cultivation; the base soil comprises 0.5-4% of slow release fertilizer by mass, and the particle size of the slow release fertilizer is 1.0-1.5 mm. The method provided by the invention can obviously shorten the period of citrus seedling culture, can also improve the high-quality seedling rate and the survival rate of seedlings, is convenient to transport the seedlings after the seedlings are out of the nursery, does not bend roots or scatter soil, does not need container bags, saves the resource consumption, reduces the production cost, is environment-friendly, and is a new green and environment-friendly technique for citrus seedling culture and breeding.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of citrus breeding, and particularly relates to a simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on soil base.
Background
The citrus is the first fruit in the world, the production quantity of citrus seedlings is about 1.5 hundred million plants every year in China, and huge social, economic and ecological benefits are generated in the production, sale and transportation processes of the citrus seedlings. The citrus seedlings are generally bred in a grafting mode, and at present, two modes of container seedlings and open field seedlings are mainly adopted for breeding the citrus seedlings. The container seedling is obtained by placing prepared nutrient soil matrix in a hard or soft container bag, transplanting the stock seedling therein to grow to a proper size, and grafting the scion variety onto the stock seedling, thereby culturing the seedling growing in the container bag. The open field seedling refers to a seedling which is cultivated and grows on the open field seedling bed by directly planting stock seedlings on the seedling bed without bagging nutrient soil and then grafting scion varieties on the stock seedlings. In actual production practice, the roots of open field seedlings do not carry soil in the transportation and transplanting processes, so that the seedlings have a seedling revival stage after direct field planting, and the growth speed of the plants is low. The virus-free container seedlings of citrus are adopted by the container seedlings, and because the plants do not contain viruses, the growth potential is obviously larger than that of varieties with viruses, so the citrus virus-free container seedlings are widely popularized and applied in China. In the technical specification for breeding citrus container seedlings (DB 50/T486-2012), the specific breeding steps of the citrus virus-free container seedlings are disclosed as follows: collecting stock seeds of good and pure varieties or single strains without quarantine diseases and insect pests, disinfecting the stock seeds, and sowing the stock seeds to a seedbed in 10-11 months, wherein the seedbed nutrient soil is prepared by mixing loess, river sand, peat soil, fertilizers and the like; transplanting the stock sowed in autumn and winter in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, and transplanting the stock sowed in spring in the middle and last ten days of 5 months to 6 months; collecting virus-free scions before grafting, and starting grafting when the height of a stock seedling is more than 35cm and the height of a trunk is 10cm and the thickness of the trunk is about 0.7cm, wherein the grafting method is autumn side grafting or spring cutting grafting; after the grafting survives, the upper stock is cut off, the grafting film is removed, the seedlings can be out of nursery for sale after being cultivated, and the whole seedling cultivation process is carried out in an insect prevention net room or a greenhouse. The open field seedlings are divided into virus-free open field seedlings or non-virus-free open field seedlings according to whether the scion source is a virus-free scion cutting garden or not, and the whole breeding process of the virus-free container seedlings is carried out in a net room or a greenhouse. The difference between the open field seedlings and the container seedlings is that the seedlings grow in the container or on the open field seedling bed, and the seedlings are sold with the container or sold as bare-rooted seedlings without the container and nutrient soil when being outplanted. The bare-rooted seedlings without containers and nutrient soil are generally broken and damaged when leaving the nursery, and after planting, the process that the root systems adapt to the soil and the wound are healed exists, namely, the seedling reviving period exists, the root systems of the seedlings with the soil containers are developed and complete, and the root systems adapt to fast and grow more quickly after planting.
And (4) after the grafted citrus seedlings survive and are cultured to a proper specification, the grafted citrus seedlings can be out of the nursery for field planting. Generally, after a citrus grower purchases citrus seedlings, the open field seedlings are directly pulled out from a seedbed and then bundled for transportation, and the container seedlings are horizontally placed or vertically stacked together with container bags and the citrus seedlings in a transportation carriage for transportation. During field planting, open field seedlings are directly planted at the preset position of the orchard, and the container seedlings take out the citrus seedlings from the container bags and then are planted at the preset position of the orchard. In order to quickly form a garden, reduce the cultivation management cost in the seedling stage, prevent and control weed harm and reduce the threat of yellow dragon disease, the rapid garden forming technology of large seedlings centralized temporary planting cultivation and field planting on mountains with soil is also popularized in production. The following problems still exist in the overall process of production, sale, transportation, planting, management and the like of the current citrus seedlings:
(1) the seedling culture period is longer: taking Hovenia dulcis as an example, sowing seeds in 10 months and outplanting in 12-3 months in the third year which reaches the outplanting specification, wherein the seedling period is generally 27-30 months;
(2) bent roots affect the quality of the seedlings: during the transplanting process of the stock seedlings, roots are bent, and the bending of root systems can influence the growth of the overground part of the tree body;
(3) is not friendly to the environment, and the survival rate of the seedlings is reduced: the container bags are difficult to recycle in the field planting process, the used plastic container bags are aged, stained with mud and dirty and cannot be reused, and purchasers directly discard the container bags after taking the seedlings for field planting, so that the cost is increased and the environment is polluted; meanwhile, the orange seedlings are taken out of the container bag, so that the nutrient soil is scattered, and part of the roots of the seedlings are exposed outside, so that the growth speed and the survival rate of the seedlings are reduced, and the garden forming speed is reduced;
(4) transportation is inconvenient, the cost is higher, and the loss is big: the citrus container seedlings are large in size, irregular in shape and inconvenient to transport; when the container bags are transported by a truck, the container bags are horizontally staggered or piled layer by layer, the specification of the container bags is generally 13cm multiplied by x (35-40 cm), the height of seedlings out of a nursery is generally more than 60cm, branches exist, the transportation is inconvenient, the cost is high, and the loss in the transportation is large.
And (5) building soil to plastically solidify the fiber soil. In the prior art, a Chinese patent (application No. 2015106417817) discloses a plastic fiber culture soil and a preparation method thereof, wherein the plastic fiber culture soil is a plastic curing fiber soil processed by base soil, plant fiber powder, perlite, peat soil and double-component hot-melt bonding composite fibers. In the technical scheme, through adding water and heating, the double-component hot-melt bonding composite fiber, the plant fiber powder, the perlite and other particles are organically bonded to form the fiber soil with a net-shaped three-dimensional structure, and due to the unique physical structure, the fiber soil is good in ventilation and air permeability, strong in water retention performance and beneficial to plant growth. Due to the existence of the hot melt bonding composite fiber, the two-component hot melt bonding composite fiber in the fiber soil is melted, softened and bonded at a certain temperature, so that the fiber soil can be processed into different shapes at will, and is solidified and molded after being cooled and dried. Therefore, the active fiber soil can be made into solidified matrix blocks with various specifications and shapes, and the solidified matrix blocks can be directly placed on a tray without a container for culturing plant growth.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems, the invention provides a simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on soil building, the method can obviously shorten the period of citrus seedling breeding, can also improve the high-quality seedling rate and the survival rate of seedlings, is convenient to transport the seedlings after the seedlings are out of the garden, does not bend roots, scatter soil, does not need container bags, saves the resource consumption, reduces the production cost, is environment-friendly, and is a new green and environment-friendly technique for citrus seedling breeding.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme.
The simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on the base soil comprises the steps of stock sowing, stock cultivation, grafting, grafted seedling cultivation and outplanting, and is characterized in that the base soil is adopted as a matrix for the stock sowing, the stock cultivation and the grafted seedling cultivation;
the method has the advantages that the base soil is used as the base material for the stock seeding, the stock cultivation and the grafting seedling cultivation, the cultivated citrus seedlings can be directly planted and fixed in a field, the method has simple steps, the stock does not need to be specially treated, the culture base material is not scattered, the citrus seedlings after being planted in the field are directly planted in the field together with the base soil, the transportation and fixed planting processes are simple, the cost is low, the roots of the seedlings are not damaged and bent in the whole breeding process, the seedling revival period is avoided after the seedlings are fixed and fixed, and the growth speed is high.
Preferably, the base soil comprises 0.5-4% of slow release fertilizer by mass, and the particle size of the slow release fertilizer is 1.0-1.5 mm; the preparation method of the base soil comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing conventional raw materials such as base soil, plant fiber powder, perlite, peat soil, double-component hot-melt bonding composite fiber and the like with a slow-release fertilizer, and then carrying out heating forming treatment to obtain base soil;
in the prior art, the conventional base soil is plastic curing fiber soil prepared from base soil, plant fiber powder, perlite, peat soil and double-component hot-melt bonding composite fibers; however, in the citrus seedling grafting breeding, multiple breeding stages such as stock sowing, stock breeding and grafting are involved, the requirement on a breeding matrix is high, in the prior art, the base soil only contains raw materials with fertility such as base soil and peat soil, and the requirements on nutrients in different stages in the citrus seedling breeding period are difficult to meet; the inventor tries to improve the existing base soil, namely adding a slow release fertilizer; the porosity and water binding capacity of the key indexes of the base soil are related to the preparation raw materials, and the inventor does not determine whether the pore structure and the water binding capacity of the base soil are influenced after the slow release fertilizer is added; the inventor finds through experiments that after the slow release fertilizer is added into the base soil, the properties of the base soil are not affected, but the granularity of the slow release fertilizer needs to be controlled within a proper range; the experimental result shows that the slow release fertilizer is added into the base soil, so that the continuous fertility of the base soil can be improved, and the absorption efficiency of the tangerine stock seeds to nutrient substances in the base soil can be improved.
Preferably, the preparation raw materials of the base soil also comprise a microbial compound inoculant, and the content of the microbial compound inoculant is 0.01-0.05% by mass; the microbial compound microbial inoculum contains one or more of azotobacter, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis and bacillus megaterium; the microbial compound inoculum is in a powder shape; because high-temperature heating is needed in the preparation process of the base soil, beneficial microorganisms such as those in the soil are lacked in the base soil; based on the consideration, the inventor adds the microbial compound inoculant into the base soil to ensure that the base soil has a microbial environment similar to that of common soil; the microbial compound bacteria agent is added after the soil is laid, heated and molded and cooled to room temperature.
Preferably, the simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on the base soil specifically comprises the following steps:
1) stock seeding
Sterilizing early-harvested mature citrus stock seeds, placing the seeds on a germination accelerating plug tray for accelerating germination, and directly sowing the germinated citrus stock seeds on a soil-spreading matrix;
2) stock cultivation
Transfer the oranges and tangerines stock seed of sowing on the base of building soil to the greenhouse of growing seedlings, under normal atmospheric temperature condition, adopt watering cultivation stage by stage, specifically include:
in the first stage of irrigation culture, a clean water source is adopted for irrigation culture, namely the clean water source is irrigated once every 3-6 days, the irrigation quantity of the clean water source is controlled every time, so that the water content of the soil-building matrix is kept at 20% -30% until the bud seedlings grow to 3-5 cm, and 3 leaves of the bud seedlings are completely green;
in the second stage of irrigation culture, a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are adopted for irrigation in a combined manner, cultivation is carried out for 8-10 months, the specific clean water source is irrigated once every 3-6 days, irrigation of the water-soluble fertilizer is applied once every other time along with the irrigation frequency of the clean water source, namely, only the clean water source is irrigated once, and the clean water source and the water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated next time, and the steps are sequentially carried out; when a clean water source is irrigated or a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated, the irrigation amount of each time is controlled to keep the water content of the soil-spreading matrix at 20% -30%;
because the slow release fertilizer is added into the subsoil used by the invention, during the first stage of irrigation culture, because the sprouts just germinate and the needed nutrition is less, the slow release fertilizer can be slowly released only by irrigating a clean water source; when the bud seedlings continue to grow, the required nutrients are gradually increased, so that water soluble fertilizer needs to be added for irrigation to meet the growth requirement of the bud seedlings; when the conventional soil is adopted as a culture medium, water-soluble fertilizer and clean water sources need to be poured every day, so that the management cost of fertilizer water is high;
3) grafting
4) Grafted seedling cultivation
The grafted seedlings are continuously planted in a soil-base medium without moving and are cultivated and managed in a seedling raising greenhouse, the temperature is controlled to be 25-30 ℃ in the period, the highest temperature in summer does not exceed 35 ℃, and water and fertilizer management and pest control are enhanced;
5) and (5) outplanting.
Preferably, in the step (1), the soil base is an inverted trapezoidal block-shaped soil base with an upper side of 6-8 cm, a lower side of 3-4 cm and a height of 10-12 cm after solidification, and the top surface of the soil base is provided with seeding holes with a diameter and a depth of 0.5-1.5 cm.
Preferably, in the step (1), after the germinated citrus stock seeds are sowed in the sowing holes of the soil-base seedling substrate, scattered soil or common substrate soil is taken to fill and level the sowing holes so as to cover the seeds.
Preferably, in the step (1), the sterilization conditions are as follows: KMnO with the mass concentration of 1.5-3 ‰isadopted4The rootstock seeds are soaked in the solution for 3-5 min, or the rootstock seeds are soaked in NaClO solution with the mass concentration of 0.15% for 15min, or streptomycin with the concentration of 700u/ml is soaked for 3 min; the germination accelerating conditions are as follows: placing the orange stock seeds harvested early into a germination accelerating plug tray, transferring the orange stock seeds into an incubator, and performing dark culture for 3-5 days at 20-30 ℃ under a humid condition.
Preferably, in the step (2), when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is lower than 28 ℃, a clean water source is irrigated once every 5-6 days; and when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, irrigating once every 3-4 days by using a clean water source.
Preferably, in the step (2), the mass concentration of the water-soluble fertilizer is 0.1-0.2%, and the water-soluble fertilizer is prepared by the following method: adding the vegetable cake into water according to the feed liquid mass ratio of 1:9kg/kg for soaking, collecting the leachate, and adding a major element compound fertilizer with the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 2:1:2 to obtain the water-soluble fertilizer.
Preferably, in the step (3), grafting is carried out when the stock is cultivated to a height of more than 25cm of the stock seedling and a thickness of more than 0.5cm at a position of 10cm of the trunk, and the grafting mode is bud grafting.
Preferably, in the step (5), the grafted seedlings are outplanted when the height of the grafted seedlings above the grafting openings of the seedlings is more than 20cm and the thickness of the grafted seedlings 5cm above the grafting openings is more than 0.7 cm.
Preferably, when the citrus seedlings are seedlings with weak growth potential, such as mandarins, ponkan oranges, kumquats and the like, small inverted trapezoidal block-shaped base soil with the side length of 6-7 cm, the lower side length of 3-3.5 cm and the height of 10-11 cm is selected as a base soil; when the citrus seedlings are strong seedlings such as oranges, miscellaneous oranges, pomelos and the like, large inverted trapezoidal block soil with the side length of 7-8 cm, the lower side length of 3.5-4 cm and the height of 11-12 cm is selected as a soil base material.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) no soil scattering, no root bending, no need of container bag, and environmental friendliness. The soil-base matrix has the characteristic of solidification molding and does not need container support. According to the invention, the base soil is always adopted as the breeding matrix in the steps of stock sowing, stock cultivation and grafted seedling cultivation, so that the links of multiple transplants of stock seedlings, grafted seedlings and the like are saved, the cost of artificial transplantation is reduced, bent root seedlings are not generated, the high-quality seedling rate is improved, the base soil is still remained on the root systems of citrus seedlings after the citrus seedlings are out of the nursery, the base soil is not scattered when the citrus seedlings are moved, the citrus seedlings can be directly out of the nursery for setting, even if the citrus seedlings with the base soil are placed in a container for cultivation, the citrus seedlings can be directly taken out of the container during sale, and the container can be recycled; meanwhile, the base material of the base soil is organic matters such as agricultural and forestry straws and the like, has the advantage of being recyclable, is environment-friendly and is beneficial to the resource utilization of wastes.
2) Easy transportation after outplanting and low production cost. The soil-accumulating matrix block adopted by the invention is of an inverted trapezoidal structure with the upper edge of 6-8 cm, the lower edge of 3-4 cm and the height of 10-12 cm, the height of seedlings out of a nursery is generally 20-30 cm, the volume is small, the transportation is convenient, the transportation efficiency is high, and the transportation cost is low. The matrix is not easy to scatter in the transportation process, the root leakage is avoided, the nutrient soil is not lost, and the seedling revival period is avoided after the seedling is carried. At present, the market price of citrus virus-free container seedlings is generally 8-12 yuan, the cost of a soil-base matrix block is about 1-1.2 yuan/piece, and the cost of stock seeds and scions and the labor cost in the processes of grafting and cultivation, the cost of each virus-free matrix seedling cultured by the method is not more than 4 yuan, the breeding cost is far lower than the market price, and the method is matched with the technology of centralized temporary planting and culturing of container seedlings and field planting and rapid garden formation on the mountains with soil.
3) Obviously shortens the period of citrus seedling raising, and improves the high-quality seedling rate and the seedling survival rate. According to the method, the characteristic that citrus stock seeds can be directly sown and germinate without vernalization is utilized, stock seedlings are not transplanted, bent root seedlings are not generated, and the high-quality seedling rate is improved; according to the method, the stock seeds are directly sown on the soil-setting matrix, so that the grafting can be performed in advance, the seedling culture period is shortened, the transportation of the citrus seedlings after the citrus seedlings are out of the nursery is convenient, the transportation and field planting efficiency is high, and the period of citrus seedling culture is greatly shortened. The method improves the conventional soil building, improves the continuous fertility of the soil building under the condition of not greatly changing the inherent characteristics of the soil building by adding the slow-release fertilizer and the microbial agent, is favorable for improving the absorption efficiency of the tangerine stock seeds on nutrient substances in the soil building, reduces the frequency of irrigating water and fertilizer, reduces the management cost, and improves the high-quality seedling rate and the seedling survival rate.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following detailed description, which should be construed as illustrative only, and not limiting the scope of the invention, which is to be given the full breadth of the appended claims, and all changes that can be made by those skilled in the art and which are, therefore, intended to be embraced therein.
Example 1
The orange seedling simple, rapid and efficient grafting breeding method based on the base soil comprises the steps of stock sowing, stock cultivation, grafting, grafted seedling cultivation and outplanting, wherein the base soil is adopted as a matrix for the stock sowing, the stock cultivation and the grafted seedling cultivation; the base soil comprises 0.5-4% of slow release fertilizer by mass, and the particle size of the slow release fertilizer is 1.0-1.5 mm; the preparation method of the base soil comprises the following steps: uniformly mixing conventional raw materials such as base soil, plant fiber powder, perlite, peat soil, double-component hot-melt bonding composite fiber and the like with a slow-release fertilizer, and then carrying out heating forming treatment to obtain base soil;
example 2
The simple, rapid and efficient grafting and breeding method of the citrus seedlings based on the soil base specifically comprises the following steps:
1) stock seeding
Sterilizing early-harvested mature citrus stock seeds, placing the seeds on a germination accelerating plug tray for accelerating germination, and directly sowing the germinated citrus stock seeds on a soil-spreading matrix; wherein the base soil comprises 0.5-4% of slow release fertilizer by mass, and the particle size of the slow release fertilizer is 1.0-1.5 mm;
2) stock cultivation
Transfer to the greenhouse of growing seedlings after the oranges and tangerines stock seed disinfection of will sowing on the base of building soil, under normal atmospheric temperature condition, adopt watering cultivation stage by stage, specifically include:
in the first stage, a clean water source is adopted for irrigation culture, namely the clean water source is irrigated once every 3-6 days, the irrigation amount of the clean water source is controlled every time, so that the water content of the soil-building matrix is kept at 20% -30% until the bud seedlings grow to 3-5 cm, and 3 leaves of the bud seedlings are completely turned green;
in the second stage, a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are combined for irrigation, cultivation is carried out for 8-10 months, the clean water source is irrigated once every 3-6 days, the water-soluble fertilizer is irrigated once every other time along with the irrigation frequency of the clean water source, namely, only the clean water source is irrigated once, and the clean water source and the water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated next time in sequence; when a clean water source is irrigated or a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated, the irrigation amount of each time is controlled to keep the water content of the soil-spreading matrix at 20% -30%;
3) grafting
Grafting is carried out when the stock is cultivated until the stock seedling is more than 25cm and the thickness of the 10cm position of the trunk is more than 0.5cm, wherein the grafting mode is bud grafting;
4) grafted seedling cultivation
The grafted seedlings are continuously planted in a soil-base medium without moving and are cultivated and managed in a seedling raising greenhouse, the temperature is controlled to be 25-30 ℃ in the period, the highest temperature in summer does not exceed 35 ℃, and water and fertilizer management and pest control are enhanced;
5) coming out of nursery
And when the grafted seedling is cultivated until the height above the grafting opening of the seedling is more than 20cm and the thickness of the position 5cm above the grafting opening is more than 0.7cm, outplanting.
Example 3
The simple, rapid and efficient grafting and breeding method of the citrus seedlings based on the soil base specifically comprises the following steps:
1) stock seeding
The method comprises the following steps of (1) taking solidified and molded inverted trapezoidal block-shaped base soil with the side length of 6-8 cm, the lower side length of 3-4 cm and the height of 10-12 cm as a base soil, and arranging seeding holes with the diameter and the depth of 0.5-1.5 cm on the top surface of the base soil; sterilizing early-harvested mature citrus stock seeds, placing the seeds on a germination accelerating plug tray for accelerating germination, directly sowing the germinated citrus stock seeds in sowing holes of a soil base material, filling scattered soil or common base material soil into the sowing holes to cover the seeds, and transferring the seeds to a seedling raising greenhouse for normal-temperature culture;
wherein, the disinfection conditions are as follows: KMnO with the mass concentration of 1.5-3 percent is adopted4The rootstock seeds are soaked in the solution for 3-5 min, or the rootstock seeds are soaked in NaClO solution with the mass concentration of 0.15% for 15min, or streptomycin with the concentration of 700u/ml is soaked for 3 min; the germination accelerating conditions are as follows: placing the orange stock seeds harvested early into a germination accelerating plug tray, transferring the orange stock seeds into an incubator, and performing dark culture for 3-5 days at 20-30 ℃ under a humid condition;
2) stock cultivation
Transfer to the greenhouse of growing seedlings after the oranges and tangerines stock seed disinfection of will sowing on the base of building soil, under normal atmospheric temperature condition, adopt watering cultivation stage by stage, specifically include:
in the first stage of irrigation culture, a clean water source is adopted for irrigation culture, namely the clean water source is irrigated once every 4-6 days, the irrigation quantity of the clean water source is controlled every time, so that the water content of the soil-building matrix is kept at 20% -30% until the bud seedlings grow to 3-5 cm, and 3 leaves of the bud seedlings are completely green;
in the second stage of irrigation culture, a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are adopted for irrigation in a combined manner, cultivation is carried out for 8-10 months, the specific clean water source is irrigated once every 4-6 days, irrigation of the water-soluble fertilizer is applied once every two times along with the irrigation frequency of the clean water source, namely, only the clean water source is irrigated once, and the clean water source and the water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated next time, and the steps are sequentially carried out; when a clean water source is irrigated or a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated, the irrigation amount of each time is controlled to keep the water content of the soil-spreading matrix at 20% -30%;
in the first stage irrigation culture and the second stage irrigation culture, when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is lower than 28 ℃, irrigating once every 5-6 days by using a clean water source; when the temperature in the seedling greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, irrigating once every 3-4 days by using a clean water source; wherein the mass concentration of the water-soluble fertilizer is 0.1-0.2%, and the water-soluble fertilizer is prepared by the following method: adding the vegetable cake into water according to the feed liquid mass ratio of 1:9kg/kg for soaking, collecting the leachate, and adding a major element compound fertilizer with the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 2:1:2 to obtain a water soluble fertilizer;
3) grafting
Grafting is carried out when the stock is cultivated until the stock seedling is more than 25cm and the thickness of the 10cm position of the trunk is more than 0.5cm, wherein the grafting mode is bud grafting;
4) grafted seedling cultivation
The grafted seedlings are continuously planted in a soil-base medium without moving and are cultivated and managed in a seedling raising greenhouse, the temperature is controlled to be 25-30 ℃ in the period, the highest temperature in summer does not exceed 35 ℃, and water and fertilizer management and pest control are enhanced;
6) and (5) outplanting.
Example 4
And (4) screening the granularity of the slow release fertilizer.
1. Raw material formula
Conventional base soil, wherein the formula comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 20% of loess (foundation soil), 20% of straw powder (plant fiber powder), 40% of perlite, 10% of peat soil and 10% of double-component hot-melt adhesive composite;
the improved base soil D comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 18% of loess (base soil), 20% of straw powder (plant fiber powder), 40% of perlite, 10% of peat soil, 10% of double-component hot-melt adhesive compound and 2% of slow-release fertilizer; wherein, the slow release fertilizer which accords with the national standard GB/T23348 is adopted and graded according to different granularities, and the graded slow release fertilizer is respectively 1.00 mm-1.50 mm, 1.50 mm-2.50 mm and 2.50 mm-4.75 mm and is used as the base soil of different groups.
2. Experimental methods
2.1 preparation of base soil
Mixing the above materials according to the above formula, and mixing and filling into an inverted trapezoidal block container with upper side length of 8cm, lower side length of 4cm and height of 12cm, according to the filling density of 0.4g/cm3Filling, adding water to enable the soil to be in a saturated state, heating at the high temperature of 120 ℃ for 30min, cooling to form solidified and molded inverted trapezoidal block base soil, and detecting or recording the soil porosity and water retention of the prepared conventional base soil and base soil D (the particle size of the slow release fertilizer is 1.00-1.50 mm, 1.50-2.50 mm and 2.50-4.75 mm).
2.2 detection method
(1) Determination of soil porosity: soil porosity (%) - (1-soil particle volume/base soil volume) × 100%;
(2) measurement of Water holding Property: soaking 4cm square of subsoil in water for 10min, spreading to dry after fully absorbing water, weighing, recording as W wet, transferring to a 105 ℃ oven for drying to constant weight, transferring to a dryer for cooling to room temperature, weighing, and recording as W dry; water holding capacity (%) - (W wet-W dry)/W wet × 100%.
3. Results of the experiment
TABLE 1 Effect of particle size of Slow Release fertilizers on the base soil characteristics
As can be seen from table 1, when the particle size of the slow release fertilizer is controlled to be 1.00mm to 1.50mm, the particle size of the slow release fertilizer is preferably selected to be 1.00mm to 1.50mm, since the porosity and water retention of the soil will not be affected when the slow release fertilizer is added to a conventional soil-base formula as a raw material.
Example 5
The characteristics of the conventional base soil added with the slow release fertilizer and the influence on the citrus seedling grafting propagation.
1. Raw material formula
The conventional base soil comprises the following components: 20% of loess (foundation soil), 20% of straw powder (plant fiber powder), 40% of perlite, 10% of peat soil and 10% of double-component hot-melt adhesive composite;
the improved base soil A comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 19.5% of loess (foundation soil), 20% of straw powder (plant fiber powder), 40% of perlite, 10% of peat soil, 10% of double-component hot-melt adhesive compound and 0.5% of slow-release fertilizer;
the improved base soil B comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 18% of loess (base soil), 20% of straw powder (plant fiber powder), 40% of perlite, 10% of peat soil, 10% of double-component hot-melt adhesive compound and 2% of slow-release fertilizer;
the improved base soil C comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 16% of loess (base soil), 20% of straw powder (plant fiber powder), 40% of perlite, 10% of peat soil, 10% of double-component hot-melt adhesive compound and 4% of slow-release fertilizer;
the slow release fertilizer meets the national standard GB/T23348, and the particle size range of the slow release fertilizer is 1.0-1.5 mm.
2. Experimental methods
2.1 preparation of base soil
Mixing the above materials according to the above formula, and mixing and filling into an inverted trapezoidal block container with upper side length of 8cm, lower side length of 4cm and height of 12cm, according to the filling density of 0.4g/cm3Filling, adding water to make it in saturated state, heating at 120 deg.C for 30min, cooling to form solidified inverted trapezoidal block, and making the prepared conventional base soil, base soil A, base soil B and base soil C have porosity, water holding capacity and citrus seedlingDetecting or recording the breeding condition of the seeds;
2.2 detection method
(1) The method for measuring the porosity and water retention of the soil is the same as that of example 4;
(2) and (3) breeding the citrus seedlings: conventional base soil, base soil A, base soil B and base soil C are respectively adopted as seedling raising substrates, the steps of the embodiment 3 are all adopted to carry out grafting breeding on citrus seedlings, and the sprouting and seedling forming conditions of the stock seeds, the growth conditions of the seedlings after grafting and the growth conditions of the grafted seedlings in stock cultivation are observed and recorded.
3. Results of the experiment
TABLE 2 characteristics of different groups of base soil and the grafting and breeding conditions of citrus seedlings when the base soil is used as a seedling substrate
As can be seen from table 2, the conventional base soil is not much different from the group base soil a, base soil B and base soil C in the aspects of soil porosity and water holding capacity; under the same irrigation conditions of clean water source and water soluble fertilizer, the germination and seedling conditions of the conventional soil are not obviously different from those of the group soil A, the group soil B and the group soil C, when the breeding period reaches the stock cultivation and grafting stage, because the nutrition required by the growth and development of the stock seedlings and the grafted seedlings is increased at the stage, when the conventional base soil is used as a substrate for cultivation, even if the same water-soluble fertilizer is adopted for irrigation, the requirements of the stock seedlings and the grafted seedlings on nutrients can not be met, so that the conventional soil can grow as long as the conventional soil is built by the group of soil A, soil B and soil C, therefore, the invention adds the slow release fertilizer on the basis of the conventional soil building, optimizes the particle size of the slow release fertilizer, under the condition of not influencing the soil-setting characteristic, the fertility of the soil-setting can be increased, and the growth vigor of seedlings and grafted seedlings in the grafting and breeding of the citrus seedlings can be improved.
Example 6
In the embodiment, the simple, rapid and efficient grafting and breeding method for the citrus seedlings based on the base soil is adopted to carry out batch breeding tests on the citrus seedlings, the tests are located in a scientific research base of a gardening research institute in hibiscus areas of Changsha city, Hunan province, the tests use Hovenia dulcis as a stock and Yuanfeng navel oranges as a scion variety, 200 citrus seedlings are cultivated together, the germination rate, the seedling rate, the grafting survival rate and the like of the stock seeds are counted, and the period of grafting and breeding is recorded in detail.
Grafting and breeding process
1) Stock seeding
Harvesting the colored full trifoliate orange fruits in 2019, 8 months and 27 days, and bringing the full trifoliate orange fruits back to a laboratory; taking out the seeds, placing the seeds on a germination accelerating plug tray for disinfection, and placing the seeds in an incubator for dark culture for 3 days at 25 ℃ under a humid condition for accelerating germination; in 2019, 8 and 31 months, after the germinated citrus stock seeds are sown in the sowing holes of the soil-base seedling-raising matrix, scattered soil or common matrix soil is taken to fill and level the sowing holes so as to cover the seeds; wherein the used soil-building matrix is solidified and molded inverted trapezoidal block soil-building with the upper side of 8cm, the lower side of 4cm and the height of 12 cm; the formula of the base soil comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 18% of loess, 20% of straw powder, 40% of perlite, 10% of peat soil, 10% of double-component hot-melt adhesive composite and 2% of slow-release fertilizer;
2) stock cultivation
Transfer the oranges and tangerines stock seed of sowing on the base of building soil to the greenhouse of growing seedlings, under normal atmospheric temperature condition, adopt watering cultivation stage by stage, specifically include:
in the first stage of irrigation culture, a clean water source is adopted for irrigation culture, namely the clean water source is irrigated once every 3 days, the irrigation amount of the clean water source is controlled every time, so that the water content of the base soil is kept at 20% -30%, the seedlings of the citrus stock seeds grow to 3-5 cm until 9 and 6 months in 2019, and 3 leaves of the seedlings are unfolded and turned green completely;
performing irrigation culture in the second stage, namely irrigating by combining a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer after 2019, 9 and 6 days, and culturing for 8-10 months, wherein the specific clean water source is irrigated once every 4 days, the irrigation of the water-soluble fertilizer is applied once every other time along with the irrigation frequency of the clean water source, namely, only the clean water source is irrigated once, and the clean water source and the water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated next time in sequence; when a clean water source is irrigated or a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated, the irrigation amount of each time is controlled to keep the water content of the soil-spreading matrix at 20% -30%; wherein the mass concentration of the water-soluble fertilizer is 0.1-0.2%, and the water-soluble fertilizer is prepared by the following method: adding the vegetable cake into water according to the feed liquid mass ratio of 1:9kg/kg for soaking, collecting the leachate, and adding a major element compound fertilizer with the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 2:1:2 to obtain a water soluble fertilizer;
3) grafting
Measuring the height of a stock seedling to be more than 25cm and the thickness of a trunk at 10cm to be more than 0.5cm in 1 month in 2020 at 6 months, starting grafting in 2 days in 6 months in 2020, collecting citrus scion buds, and grafting and growing seedlings by adopting a bud grafting mode;
4) grafted seedling cultivation and management
The grafted seedlings are continuously planted in the soil-base medium without moving and are cultivated and managed in a seedling raising greenhouse, the temperature is controlled to be 25-30 ℃ in the period, and water and fertilizer management and pest control are enhanced; checking the survival rate in 16 days 6 months in 2020; 15 days 7 and 7 months in 2020, scions of the grafted survival seedlings begin to grow by sprouting, 20 days 7 and 20 months in 2020, the upper half stock parts of the survival seedlings are cut off, the grafting film is untied, the cultivation tube is continued for 6-9 months, and the formation of branches and leaves is promoted;
5) coming out of nursery
The average height above the graft opening of the seedlings is 20.54cm by 12 and 5 days of 2020, the thickness of the position 5cm above the graft opening is 0.72cm, and the seedlings can reach the outplanting standard and can be outplanted.
Second, data statistics
1) Stock seed germination rate, seedling rate and grafting survival rate
TABLE 3 stock seed germination rate, seedling rate, grafting survival rate
According to the invention, the base soil is always adopted as the breeding matrix in the steps of stock sowing, stock cultivation and grafted seedling cultivation, so that the links of multiple transplants of stock seedlings, grafted seedlings and the like are saved, the cost of artificial transplantation is reduced, bent root seedlings are not generated, and the high-quality seedling rate is improved.
2) Breeding cycle
In the embodiment, the stock seeding is carried out on 27 th 8 th month in 2019, and after the stock cultivation, grafting cultivation and management, seedlings reach the outplanting standard by 5 th 12 th month in 2020, the breeding period is about 16 months, and the seedling period of the conventional method is generally 27-30 months, so that the simple, rapid and efficient grafting breeding method for the citrus seedlings based on the base soil provided by the invention greatly shortens the breeding period of the citrus seedlings.
Claims (10)
1. The simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on the base soil comprises the steps of stock sowing, stock cultivation, grafting, grafted seedling cultivation and outplanting, and is characterized in that the base soil is adopted as a matrix for the stock sowing, the stock cultivation and the grafted seedling cultivation.
2. The simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on base soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the base soil comprises 0.5-4% of slow release fertilizer by mass, and the particle size of the slow release fertilizer is 1.0-1.5 mm.
3. The simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on the base soil as set forth in claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) stock seeding
Sterilizing early-harvested mature citrus stock seeds, placing the seeds on a germination accelerating plug tray for accelerating germination, and directly sowing the germinated citrus stock seeds on a soil-spreading matrix;
2) stock cultivation
Transfer the oranges and tangerines stock seed of sowing on the base of building soil to the greenhouse of growing seedlings, under normal atmospheric temperature condition, adopt watering cultivation stage by stage, specifically include:
in the first stage of irrigation culture, a clean water source is adopted for irrigation culture, namely the clean water source is irrigated once every 3-6 days, the irrigation quantity of the clean water source is controlled every time, so that the water content of the soil-building matrix is kept at 20% -30% until the bud seedlings grow to 3-5 cm, and 3 leaves of the bud seedlings are completely green;
in the second stage of irrigation culture, a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are adopted for irrigation in a combined manner, cultivation is carried out for 8-10 months, the specific clean water source is irrigated once every 3-6 days, irrigation of the water-soluble fertilizer is applied once every other time along with the irrigation frequency of the clean water source, namely, only the clean water source is irrigated once, and the clean water source and the water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated next time, and the steps are sequentially carried out; when a clean water source is irrigated or a clean water source and a water-soluble fertilizer are irrigated, the irrigation amount of each time is controlled to keep the water content of the soil-spreading matrix at 20% -30%;
3) grafting
4) Grafted seedling cultivation
The grafted seedlings are continuously planted in a soil-base medium without moving and are cultivated and managed in a seedling raising greenhouse, the temperature is controlled to be 25-30 ℃ in the period, the highest temperature in summer does not exceed 35 ℃, and water and fertilizer management and pest control are enhanced;
5) and (5) outplanting.
4. The simple, rapid and efficient citrus seed breeding method based on base soil as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (1), the base soil is an inverted trapezoidal block base soil after solidification and forming, the upper side of the base soil is 6-8 cm long, the lower side of the base soil is 3-4 cm long, and the height of the base soil is 10-12 cm, and the top surface of the base soil is provided with seeding holes with the diameter and the depth of 0.5-1.5 cm.
5. The simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on base soil as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (1), after the germinated citrus stock seeds are sowed in the sowing holes of the base soil seedling raising matrix, scattered base soil or common matrix soil is taken to fill and level the sowing holes so as to cover the seeds.
6. The simple, rapid and efficient soil-base citrus seedling breeding method according to claim 3, wherein in the step (1), the disinfection conditions are as follows: KMnO with the mass concentration of 1.5-3 percent is adopted4The rootstock seeds are soaked in the solution for 3-5 min, or the rootstock seeds are soaked in NaClO solution with the mass concentration of 0.15% for 15min, or streptomycin with the concentration of 700u/ml is soaked for 3 min; conditions for accelerating germinationComprises the following steps: placing the orange stock seeds harvested early into a germination accelerating plug tray, transferring the orange stock seeds into an incubator, and performing dark culture for 3-5 days at 20-30 ℃ under a humid condition.
7. The simple, rapid and efficient soil-base-based citrus seedling breeding method according to claim 3, characterized in that in the step (2), when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is lower than 28 ℃, a clean water source is irrigated once every 5-6 days; and when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is higher than 28 ℃, irrigating once every 3-4 days by using a clean water source.
8. The simple, rapid and efficient soil-base-based citrus seed seedling breeding method according to claim 3, characterized in that in the step (2), the mass concentration of the water-soluble fertilizer is 0.1-0.2%, and the water-soluble fertilizer is prepared by the following method: adding the vegetable cake into water according to the feed liquid mass ratio of 1:9kg/kg for soaking, collecting the leachate, and adding a major element compound fertilizer with the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of 2:1:2 to obtain the water-soluble fertilizer.
9. The simple, rapid and efficient citrus seedling breeding method based on the base soil as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the step (3), the grafting is carried out when the stock seedling is cultivated to a height of more than 25cm and a thickness of more than 0.5cm at a position of 10cm of the main stem, and the grafting mode is bud grafting.
10. The simple, rapid and efficient soil-base citrus seed breeding method according to claim 3, wherein in the step (5), the grafted seedling is outplanted when the height of the grafted seedling above the grafting opening of the seedling is more than 20cm and the thickness of the grafted seedling 5cm above the grafting opening is more than 0.7 cm.
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