CN112335001A - 陶瓷材料、压敏电阻以及制造该陶瓷材料和压敏电阻的方法 - Google Patents

陶瓷材料、压敏电阻以及制造该陶瓷材料和压敏电阻的方法 Download PDF

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CN112335001A
CN112335001A CN201980044925.7A CN201980044925A CN112335001A CN 112335001 A CN112335001 A CN 112335001A CN 201980044925 A CN201980044925 A CN 201980044925A CN 112335001 A CN112335001 A CN 112335001A
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ceramic
ceramic material
varistor
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CN112335001B (zh
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H·格林比希勒
A·比格尔迈斯特
M·霍夫斯泰特
T·法伊希廷格
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TDK Corp
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Abstract

本发明中提供了一种陶瓷材料,其包含ZnO作为主要成分并含有添加物和掺杂物,所述添加物包含至少一种含有金属元素的化合物,其中所述金属元素选自Bi、Y、Cr、Co、Mn、Ni、Sb,所述掺杂物包含至少一种含有金属阳离子的化合物,所述金属阳离子选自Al3+、B3+、Ba2+、Si4+。此外提供了用于制造所述陶瓷材料的方法和用于制造包括陶瓷体的压敏电阻的方法,所述陶瓷体含有所述陶瓷材料。

Description

陶瓷材料、压敏电阻以及制造该陶瓷材料和压敏电阻的方法
本发明涉及陶瓷材料和压敏电阻,所述压敏电阻包括由经烧结的陶瓷材料制成的陶瓷体。此外,其涉及用于制造陶瓷材料的方法和用于制造压敏电阻的方法。
基于ZnO陶瓷的单片和多层压敏电阻是用于防止过压的广泛使用的部件。由于对这种部件在性能和微型化领域中的要求不断提高,因此需要不断提高比压敏电阻电压(diespezifische Varistorspannung)(≥ 1000 V/mm)。特别是在多层压敏电阻的领域中,如此可以在相同的活性体积下实现更多的活性层,这又增加了活性面积,从而可以导出更高的电流。另外,在相同的层厚度下,可以实现多层压敏电阻的更高的截止电压(Einsatzspannung),例如在230 V的电源电压范围内。此外,比压敏电阻电压的提高导致为获得给定的截止电压所需的更小的层厚度。
由于比压敏电阻电压随压敏电阻的触点之间ZnO晶粒的串联连接的(seriellgeschalteter)晶界的数量的增加而增加,因此在给定体积中提高比压敏电阻电压的一种可能性在于,减小ZnO晶粒的尺寸,从而增加给定体积中串联连接的晶界的数量。
由DE 199 15 661 A1已知一种多层压敏电阻,其中在该压敏电阻的陶瓷体中ZnO晶粒的平均粒度在包括0.9μm至3.0μm的范围内,并且其具有≥1000 V/mm的比压敏电阻电压。由于所用添加物的量相对较大,其允许在相对低的温度(850-900℃)下烧结该陶瓷体,因此难以限制烧结期间ZnO晶粒的晶粒生长,并且提高了出现非活性次要相、尤其是Bi2O3的可能性。
由DE 10 2016 104 990 A1已知一种用于制造单片压敏电阻的方法,该单片压敏电阻包括陶瓷体,其中使用较少量的添加物(基于100mol%的ZnO计,≤5%)用于制造陶瓷体。由此限制了晶粒生长并减少了非活性次要相的出现。如此获得的压敏电阻的比压敏电阻电压仅为最大640 V/mm。
考虑到上述内容,本发明的目的在于提供一种陶瓷材料,该陶瓷材料改善了烧结期间晶粒生长的限制,并且其中减少了非活性次要相的出现。此外,意在提供比压敏电阻电压≥1000 V/mm的压敏电阻。进一步的目的是提供用于制造所述陶瓷材料的方法和用于制造所述压敏电阻的方法。
根据本发明,这些目的通过具有权利要求1的组成的陶瓷材料得以实现。 在另外的权利要求中可以获悉用于制造所述陶瓷材料的方法和用于制造含有由具有权利要求1的组成的陶瓷材料构成的陶瓷体的压敏电阻的方法。
根据本发明,提供了一种陶瓷材料,其含有作为主要成分的ZnO和添加剂,所述添加剂包含至少一种添加物和至少一种掺杂物。所述添加物包含含有金属元素的化合物,所述金属元素选自Bi、Sb、Y、Co、Cr、Mn和Ni。所述掺杂物包含含有金属阳离子的化合物,所述金属阳离子选自Al3+、B3+、Si4+和Ba2+。对于以下给出的添加的金属元素和金属阳离子的量的比例适用的是,a相当于作为Bi2O3计算的Bi的量的比例,b相当于作为Y2O3计算的Y的量的比例,c相当于作为Al2O3计算的Al的量的比例,d相当于作为BaO计算的Ba的量的比例,e相当于作为B2O3计算的B的量的比例,f相当于作为SiO2计算的Si的量的比例,g相当于作为NiO计算的Ni的量的比例,h相当于作为Co3O4计算的Co的量的比例,i相当于作为Cr2O3计算的Cr的量的比例,j相当于作为Sb2O3计算的Sb的量的比例,k对应作为Mn3O4计算的Mn的量的比例,且所提及的量的比例基于100 mol%ZnO计,其中:
0.1 Mol-% ≤ a ≤ 0.99 Mol-%
0.5 Mol-% ≤ b ≤ 3.0 Mol-%
0 Mol-% ≤ c < 0.1 Mol-%
0 Mol-% ≤ d < 0.1 Mol-%
0 Mol-% ≤ e < 0.1 Mol-%
0 Mol-% ≤ f < 0.1 Mol-%
0.7 Mol-% ≤ g ≤ 1.5 Mol-%
0.3 Mol-% ≤ h ≤ 0.8 Mol-%
0.0 Mol-% ≤ i ≤ 0.3 Mol-%
1.1 Mol-% ≤ j ≤ 1.9 Mol-%
0.2 Mol-% ≤ k ≤ 0.4 Mol-%。
添加到主要成分ZnO中的添加物可以包含至少一种含金属的化合物,所述含金属的化合物选自金属氧化物、金属碳酸盐、金属乙酸盐、金属硝酸盐及其混合物。
此外,所述添加物中的至少一种可以选自Bi2O3、Sb2O3、Co3O4、Mn3O4、NiO、Cr2O3、Y2O3
添加到主要成分ZnO中的掺杂物可以包含至少一种选自金属氮化物、金属硝酸盐、金属乙酸盐、金属氢氧化物、金属氧化物及其混合物的化合物。此外,该掺杂物可以作为水溶液来添加。
需要所述添加物和掺杂物,以限制烧结期间的晶粒生长并改善特定的压敏电阻性能,如压敏电阻的高温功率损耗、漏电流和/或I/V曲线的非线性。
此外,通过推荐的添加物和掺杂物可以降低陶瓷材料的烧结温度。
由此产生仅1010℃的根据本发明的陶瓷材料的最高烧结温度。通过较低的能量耗费能够快速且成本有利地制造压敏电阻。此外,由此产生的节能在环境保护方面也是有利的。较低的烧结温度还降低了挥发性起始化合物在烧结期间蒸发或升华并且该材料的陶瓷组成强烈贫化的风险。
此外,根据本发明,提供了一种用于制造陶瓷材料的方法,其中将第一部分的添加物与水混合并研磨。然后以水溶性形式添加掺杂物,以确保掺杂物的均匀分布。 将主要组分ZnO添加到如此产生的第一悬浮液中,并继续研磨直至达到所需的平均粒度。
在第二步骤中,制备胶体悬浮液,所述胶体悬浮液含有至少一种另外的选自所述添加物的化合物,其中首先制备该添加物的溶液,在搅拌下借助于沉淀剂通过沉淀将其转化为胶体悬浮液。
在下一步骤中,将胶体悬浮液与含有第一部分的添加物、掺杂物和主要组分ZnO的第一悬浮液混合。由该混合物制备均匀的所得悬浮液后,将其干燥、筛分并在烘箱中除去挥发性成分,以获得陶瓷材料。
根据本发明的至少一个另外的实施方案,用于制备胶体悬浮液的溶液可以含有选自所述添加物的含钇的化合物,借助于沉淀剂使其析出。通过将该胶体悬浮液添加到含有第一部分的添加物、掺杂物和ZnO的第一悬浮液中,钇可以最佳地分布在细磨的ZnO晶粒周围并由此有效地限制烧结期间ZnO晶粒的生长,这导致每一给定体积中大量的ZnO晶粒并因此产生经烧结的陶瓷材料的高体积效率。
由于通过钇的最佳分布已经实现了非常好的烧结期间晶粒生长的限制,因此可以减少同样旨在起到限制烧结期间的晶粒生长作用的添加物的量。 由于这些添加物易于在ZnO晶粒之间形成非活性的次要相并由此不利影响压敏电阻性能,因此这些添加物的比例的降低引起压敏电阻特性(如比压敏电阻电压)的改善。
此外,提供了用于制造压敏电阻的方法。 在此,制造含有根据前述实施方式之一制造的陶瓷材料的陶瓷体。在此,使所述陶瓷体成型并在最高1010℃下烧结。 将电极层施加在经烧结的陶瓷体上以使它们接触。
根据本发明,此外提供用于制造单片压敏电阻的方法。该压敏电阻含有陶瓷体,该陶瓷体由根据前述实施方式之一制造的陶瓷材料构成。为了形成陶瓷体,制备由根据前述制造方式之一制造的陶瓷材料、水和有机粘合剂组成的陶瓷物料。将所述陶瓷物料干燥并筛分,以获得颗粒。将所述颗粒压制、脱脂并烧结,以形成陶瓷体。平面磨削如此获得的陶瓷体的表面并提供金属触点。这可以通过将含金属的糊剂施加在经平面磨削的表面上,然后将其烧入陶瓷体中来进行。
根据本发明,此外提供用于制造多层压敏电阻的方法,所述多层压敏电阻含有陶瓷体,该陶瓷体由根据前述实施方式之一制造的陶瓷材料构成。为了形成呈多层结构的陶瓷体,将根据前述制造方式之一制造的陶瓷材料加工成生坯薄膜,以下称为陶瓷薄膜。为此,将陶瓷材料悬浮在溶剂中并提供用于薄膜拉伸的辅助装置/试剂(Hilfsmitteln)。然后用合适的方法拉伸薄膜,然后印制以金属内部电极。然后将所需数量的这种经印制的薄膜堆叠并在堆叠中压制。由该经压制的薄膜叠层冲裁所需的生坯面积或数量的部件,然后脱脂并在最高1010℃下烧结。为了接触内部电极,可以将含金属的糊剂施加在经烧结的部件上并烧入。
下面借助于制造实施例和相关附图更详细地描述本发明。
图1示出了单片压敏电阻的制造实施例的俯视图(A)和侧视图(B),该单片压敏电阻含有具有圆柱形形状的陶瓷体。
图2以示意性横截面示出了含有陶瓷体的多层压敏电阻的实施方式。
图3示出了由根据本发明的陶瓷材料制造的陶瓷的实施方式的微观结构的照片。
在图中,相同的元件,相似或明显相同的元件具有相同的附图标记。这些图和图中的尺寸比例不是按真实比例的。
图1示出了单片压敏电阻的实施方式的俯视图(A)和侧视图(B),该单片压敏电阻含有由根据本发明的陶瓷材料制造的具有圆柱形形状的陶瓷体1。为了制造陶瓷材料,首先由第一部分的添加物和掺杂物制备悬浮液。为此,称入下属元素的氧化物或其他可转化为氧化物的合适的起始化合物:Bi (0.58 Mol-%,作为Bi2O3计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计)、Cr(0.0 Mol-% ≤ Cr ≤ 0.3 Mol-%,作为Cr2O3计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计)、Co (0.3 Mol-%≤ Co ≤ 0.8 Mol-%,作为Co3O4计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计)、Mn (0.2 Mol-% ≤ Mn ≤0.4 Mol-%,作为Mn3O4计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计)、Ni (0.7 Mol-% ≤ Ni ≤ 1.5 Mol-%,作为NiO计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计)和Sb (1.1 Mol-% ≤ Sb ≤ 1.9 Mol-%,作为Sb3O2计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计),与水混合并借助于具有ZrO2研磨体的卧式搅拌球磨机研磨。然后以水溶性形式加入掺杂物Al (0 Mol-% ≤ Al < 0.1 Mol-%,作为Al2O3计算,基于100Mol-% ZnO计)、Ba (0 Mol-% ≤ Ba < 0.1 Mol-%,作为BaO计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计)、B(0 Mol-% ≤ B < 0.1 Mol-%,作为B2O3计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计)和Si (0 Mol-% ≤ Si< 0.1 Mol-%,作为SiO2计算,基于100 Mol-% ZnO计)。然后将主要组分ZnO,例如作为粉末,搅入第一悬浮液中,并继续研磨,直到达到d(50%)<0.7μm的平均粒径。
在第二步骤中,制备了乙酸钇水溶液,其含有1.03mol%的钇(作为Y2O3计算,基于100mol%ZnO计)。 溶液中所含的钇在搅拌下借助于过量的碳酸铵作为氢氧化钇析出,从而形成胶体悬浮液。 为了使该反应进行完全,在添加沉淀剂之后将胶体悬浮液继续搅拌30min。
然后将含有第一部分的添加物、掺杂物和主要组分ZnO的第一悬浮液与该胶体悬浮液混合,并根据转子-定子原理借助于均化器将其转化30 min,成为均匀的所得悬浮液。
如此获得的所得悬浮液借助于合适的方法,例如喷雾干燥,干燥,筛分并在500℃的烘箱中除去挥发性成分如铵残留物和乙酸盐残留物,从而获得陶瓷材料。
为了制造陶瓷体1,将陶瓷材料与水和有机粘合剂混合,然后干燥。 用筛网孔径为180μm的筛子筛分经干燥的物料,以获得可自由流动和可压制的颗粒,将其在实验室压机上压制成直径为15.5mm且厚度为1.3mm的圆柱体。该压制的圆柱体在脱碳炉中在450℃下除去临时粘合剂,然后在1010℃下烧结3小时。
将经烧结的部件平面磨削至0.35mm的厚度。在经平面磨削的表面上在中心印制以银糊剂,然后将其在750℃下烧入陶瓷体中,以制成压敏电阻的外部触点2。如此获得的单片压敏电阻显示出1528 V/mm的高比压敏电阻电压。
图2以示意性横截面示出了多层压敏电阻的实施方式,该多层压敏电阻的陶瓷体10由根据本发明的陶瓷材料制成,其中该陶瓷材料以与图1下描述的相同的方式来制造。为了制造多层压敏电阻的陶瓷体10,在第一步中将陶瓷材料加工成陶瓷薄膜。为此,将陶瓷材料悬浮在溶剂中并提供用于薄膜拉伸的辅助装置/试剂。借助于刮刀方法,在实验室拉伸机上如此制造陶瓷薄膜,从而在烧结后达到47μm的层厚度。然后,为了制造多层压敏电阻的第一和第二内部电极20和30,给该陶瓷薄膜印制以Ag/Pd内部电极金属镀层。在另一步骤中,将多个陶瓷薄膜重叠堆叠,从而获得第一和第二内部电极20和30的交替序列。压紧所制造的薄膜堆叠,并冲压出构造形式1210的部件。然后将该部件脱脂并在1010℃下烧结。为了将第一和第二内部电极20和30连接至外部电极20'和30',将经烧结的部件以端面侧浸入Ag糊剂中并烧入,由此可以接触该部件。现在,第一内部电极20与外部电极20′连接,第二内部电极30与外部电极30′连接。如此获得的压敏电阻具有1468 V/mm的比压敏电阻电压。
图3示出了由根据本发明的陶瓷材料制造的陶瓷体(例如根据参考图1描述的方法制造的陶瓷体)的实施方式的微观结构的照片。
在该微观结构中可以区分出三个相。ZnO晶粒B是主要成分。此外,出现钇和铋富集相A和锑富集相C。通过添加作为胶体溶液的钇组分,在致密烧结的陶瓷中产生了钇和铋富集相A的非常均匀的分布,由此均匀有效地限制了ZnO的晶粒生长。ZnO晶粒B的平均粒度明显地表明了这一点,该平均粒度在1 µm至3 µm的范围。通过少量的添加物结合以钇和铋富集相A和锑富集相C的均匀分布,确保了根据本发明的陶瓷体中各个ZnO晶粒B之间的良好接触。这导致含有根据上述方法之一制造的陶瓷材料的陶瓷体的体积效率的改善,由此能够在给定的截止电压下使用更小的压敏电阻,或者在相同的活性体积下实现更高的截止电压。由此,该由新型陶瓷材料构成的陶瓷体满足了进一步微型化压敏电阻并提高其性能的要求。
附图标记列表
1 单片压敏电阻的陶瓷体
2 单片压敏电阻的外部触点
10 多层压敏电阻的陶瓷体
20 多层压敏电阻的第一内部电极
30 多层压敏电阻的第二内部电极
20´ 外部电极,与第一内部电极连接
30´ 外部电极,与第二内部电极连接
A 钇和铋富集相
B ZnO晶粒
C 锑富集尖晶石相

Claims (15)

1.用于制造压敏电阻的陶瓷材料,其包含:
- ZnO作为主要成分
和添加剂:
- 添加物,其包含至少一种含有金属元素的化合物,其中所述金属元素选自Bi、Y、Cr、Co、Mn、Ni、Sb,
- 掺杂物,其包含至少一种含有金属阳离子的化合物,所述金属阳离子选自Al3+、B3+、Ba2+、Si4+
其中a相当于作为Bi2O3计算的Bi的量的比例,b相当于作为Y2O3计算的Y的量的比例,c相当于作为Al2O3计算的Al的量的比例,d相当于作为BaO计算的Ba的量的比例,e相当于作为B2O3计算的B的量的比例,f相当于作为SiO2计算的Si的量的比例,g相当于作为NiO计算的Ni的量的比例,h相当于作为Co3O4计算的Co的量的比例,i相当于作为Cr2O3计算的Cr的量的比例,j相当于作为Sb2O3计算的Sb的量的比例,k对应作为Mn3O4计算的Mn的量的比例,且所提及的量的比例基于100 mol%ZnO计,其中:
0.1 Mol-% ≤ a ≤ 0.99 Mol-%
0.5 Mol-% ≤ b ≤ 3.0 Mol-%
0 Mol-% ≤ c < 0.1 Mol-%
0 Mol-% ≤ d < 0.1 Mol-%
0 Mol-% ≤ e < 0.1 Mol-%
0 Mol-% ≤ f < 0.1 Mol-%
0.7 Mol-% ≤ g ≤ 1.5 Mol-%
0.3 Mol-% ≤ h ≤ 0.8 Mol-%
0.0 Mol-% ≤ i ≤ 0.3 Mol-%
1.1 Mol-% ≤ j ≤ 1.9 Mol-%
0.2 Mol-% ≤ k ≤ 0.4 Mol-%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷材料,其中所述添加物中的至少一种选自金属氧化物、金属碳酸盐、金属乙酸盐、金属硝酸盐及其混合物。
3.根据权利要求1或2中任一项所述的陶瓷材料,其中所述添加物中的至少一种选自Bi2O3、Sb2O3、Co3O4、Mn3O4、NiO、Cr2O3、Y2O3
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的陶瓷材料,其中所述掺杂物中的至少一种选自金属氮化物、金属硝酸盐、金属乙酸盐、金属氢氧化物、金属氧化物及其混合物。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的陶瓷材料,其具有最高1010 ℃的烧结温度。
6.用于制造根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷材料的方法,具有以下制造步骤:
a) 制备第一悬浮液,所述第一悬浮液含有第一部分的添加物和掺杂物,
b) 向在步骤a)中制备的第一悬浮液中添加ZnO,
c)制备胶体悬浮液,所述胶体悬浮液含有至少一种另外的选自所述添加物的化合物,
d) 将在步骤a)和b)中制备的悬浮液与步骤c)的胶体悬浮液混合,
e) 干燥所得悬浮液,以形成陶瓷材料
f) 从所述陶瓷材料中烧尽挥发性成分。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用于制造陶瓷材料的方法,其中为了制备步骤c)的胶体悬浮液,将至少一种添加物的化合物作为溶液预先置入,然后借助于沉淀剂通过沉淀转化为胶体悬浮液。
8.压敏电阻,其包括陶瓷体,所述陶瓷体含有经烧结的根据前述权利要求1-7中任一项制备的陶瓷材料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的压敏电阻,其具有≥1000 V/mm的比压敏电阻电压。
10.用于制造根据权利要求8或9中任一项所述的压敏电阻的方法,所述压敏电阻含有陶瓷体(1),所述方法包括以下的制造步骤:
a) 由根据权利要求6或7中任一项制造的陶瓷材料成型并烧结陶瓷体(1),其中所述陶瓷材料的烧结在最高1010℃下进行,
b) 在经烧结的陶瓷体(1)上施加外部触点(2),
c) 将外部触点(2)烧入陶瓷体(1)中。
11.根据权利要求10所述的用于制造压敏电阻的方法,其中陶瓷体1的形成包括以下步骤:
a) 由根据权利要求6或7中任一项制造的陶瓷材料制造颗粒,
b) 压制所述颗粒,
c) 烧尽有机粘合剂,
d) 将经压制的颗粒烧结成陶瓷体(1),
e) 平面磨削经烧结的陶瓷体(1)。
12.根据权利要求11所述的用于制造压敏电阻的方法,其中所述颗粒的制造包括以下步骤:
a) 通过将根据权利要求6或7制造的陶瓷材料与水和有机粘合剂混合形成陶瓷物料,
b) 干燥所述陶瓷物料,
c) 筛分经干燥的陶瓷物料。
13.用于制造根据权利要求8或9中任一项所述的压敏电阻的方法,包括以下步骤:
a) 将根据权利要求6至7中任一项制造的陶瓷材料加工成陶瓷薄膜,
b) 给所述陶瓷薄膜印制以第一和第二内部电极(20,30),
c) 重叠堆叠多个陶瓷薄膜,
d) 压紧堆叠的陶瓷薄膜,
e) 由压紧的堆叠的陶瓷薄膜冲裁陶瓷部件,
f) 使陶瓷部件脱脂,
g) 在最高1010℃下烧结所述陶瓷部件,
h) 在陶瓷部件上施加外部电极(20’,30’)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的用于制造压敏电阻的方法,其中所述陶瓷薄膜的制造包括以下步骤:
a) 将根据权利要求6至7中任一项制造的陶瓷材料悬浮在溶剂中,
b) 引入用于薄膜拉伸的辅助装置/试剂
c) 拉伸陶瓷薄膜。
15.根据权利要求13或14中任一项所述的用于制造压敏电阻的方法,其中施加金属作为所述第一和第二内部电极(20,30),所述金属选自Ag、Pd或两种元素的合金。
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