CN110583338A - Cultivation method for sweet cherries in south - Google Patents
Cultivation method for sweet cherries in south Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The method includes the steps that 1 cement column is erected every 4m in a row, binding supports (steel pipes or iron wires) are arranged on the cement columns in three layers with the vertical distance of about 0.2m, 0.8m and 1.2m from the ground, the first layer is a single support, the second layer and the third layer are T-shaped frames, tree forms are planted in a high-density mode with the plant row spacing of 0.4m x 4m, about 417 plants per mu are arranged, single plants and double plants in the row are respectively located on two sides of the supports of the first layer, therefore, the plant spacing of the trees on the same side is 0.8m, the plant spacing of the trees on the opposite side is 0.4m, each tree is a main branch, the main branch crosses the supports of the first layer at about 0.2 ~ 0.3.3 m and forms an included angle of ~ 45 degrees with the ground, the main branches are bound with the second supports at an angle of 30 degrees, and the main branches on the sides of the trees after forming are controlled within 2.3 m.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the field of planting of sweet cherries in the south, in particular to a method for cultivating sweet cherries in the south.
Background
Sweet cherry (A) in EuropePrunusaviumL. also known as large cherry, sweet cherry) is a plant of the prunus subgenus of prunus genus of rosaceae. The fruit is bright in color and sweet in taste, is rich in sugar, protein, vitamins, calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium and other elements, particularly the iron element, is positioned at the head of the fruit, and has excellent commodity. In addition, the sweet cherry fruits have short development period and early maturation period, so the pest and disease damage is very little, and the sweet cherry fruits not only have the reputation of 'first branches of hundred fruits', but also are true safety fruits. The sweet cherry has high cultivation benefit and is known as 'golden planting industry' and 'sunward industry'. At present, sweet cherry cultivation in China mainly focuses on the Bohai Bay area in the temperate zone and along the line of the Long sea railway.
The tree form adopted in the traditional sweet cherry planting production is as follows: spindle-Shaped (SA), slender pseudo-hammer (SSA), bionic (KGB), and palisade-shaped (UFO). The tree forms are improved properly at home by the development of foreign sweet cherries. The tree-shaped crowns are large, the fruiting area is large, the single plant yield is high, and the production requirements at that time can be met. But simultaneously, the single plant occupies a large area, the land utilization rate is lower, the forming is slow, the early yield is low, and the labor cost is higher because the crown is high and the picking and other manual operations are not facilitated.
Absorbed by market and economic benefits, the sweet cherry planting is tried in the south of China in the last 80 th century, but no cultivation technical mode and variety corresponding to the climate conditions of our province exist at that time, so that great breakthrough is not made. In recent years, through variety introduction, hybridization and breeding and cultivation mode creation, the scale planting of the sweet cherries is finally realized, the economic benefit is obtained, the first step of north fruit south shifting of the sweet cherries is realized, the south sweet cherries refer to the existing main planting tree form, and the main tree form formed in production has a spindle shape and a small canopy sparse layer shape. However, with the improvement of cultivation techniques, the increase of labor cost, the reduction of land area and the high development of picking industry, the tree shape which is early in formation, low in crown, easy to manage, less in labor and capable of ensuring yield is urgently needed.
The Chinese invention patent application (publication number: CN110115187A, published: 2019.08.13) applied by the applicant discloses a high-density planting method for Chinese cherries, which comprises the following steps of 1) planting cherries at a high density with a row spacing of 2.0 ~ 2.2.2 m multiplied by 0.4 ~ 0.6.6 m, digging drainage ditches on the flat ground, planting the cherries between rows in one mode, wherein the planting is performed on the 2 side of the drainage ditches, an operation road and a picking road are shared among the 2 rows, the planting is performed in the middle position far away from the drainage ditches, the operation road and the picking road are reserved on the 2 side of a tree body, and 2) after the planting, a single trunk is a high-trunk, low-trunk or high-trunk and low-trunk combination to form a plurality of cherry fence walls.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problem of planting of the sweet cherries, the application aims to provide the method for cultivating the sweet cherries in the south, the method is high in land utilization rate, small in labor amount, capable of improving the early yield of the sweet cherries, convenient to pick and particularly suitable for a novel tree form developed in a developed picking industry area.
In order to achieve the above object, the present application adopts the following technical solutions.
A method for cultivating sweet cherries in the south comprises the following steps:
1) setting a cement column in the garden at intervals of 3.5-4.5m, wherein the cement column is divided into three layers with vertical distances of 0.15-0.25m, 0.70-0.90m and 1.1-1.4m from the ground, the first layer is a single support, and the second layer and the third layer are T-shaped supports;
2) the tree form is planted in high density with the row spacing (0.35-0.45) × (3.5-4.5) m, the single plants and the double plants in the row are respectively positioned at two sides of the first layer of bracket, the plant spacing of the trees at the same side is 0.7-0.9m, and the plant spacing of the trees at the different side is 0.35-0.45 m;
3) dwarfing stocks are used for the seedlings for field planting, and southern suitable varieties are used for the varieties; the seedlings for field planting are annual, have the thickness of more than 1cm, the height of 100-150 cm, 3-5 larger lateral roots and no large splitting, tearing and nodule diseases;
4) planting before sprouting in spring or after fallen leaves in autumn, and dotting for field planting according to distance;
5) each tree is a main branch, after the nursery stock survives, the nursery stock is tied and bound to a side support through a first layer of support and a ground at an included angle of 30 degrees ~ degrees at 0.2m ~.3 m opposite to a planting side, buds are carved as early as possible after survival, 10-20cm pinching is reserved after branch development, the top leaf tip faces outwards, the top bud grows along the direction of the leaf tip after half a month, repeated pinching is required along with growth or a plant growth regulator PBO 200-300 times liquid is sprayed on a tree crown for 1-time ~ times to control tip flowering, the branches grow to 1.5-2.0 m in the next year, the branches are tied to a second layer of support, 10-20cm pinching is reserved when a new branch exists, the top leaf tip faces outwards, the top bud grows along the direction of the leaf tip after half a month, the plant growth regulator PBO 200-300 times liquid is required to be sprayed along with growth or a plant growth regulator PBO 200-300 times liquid is sprayed on the tree crown for 1-2 times tip flowering ~ times when a new branch grows to control flowering, the third layer of the branch is required to control flowering, the third layer, the branch growth regulator is sprayed on the third layer of support, the third layer of the third layer, the third layer of the third layer, the.
Preferably, the cultivar is southern compatible 'Jiangnan Red', 'Red Honey', 'Sammafo', 'Brukas', 'Reni', 'Pioneng' or 'Labins'.
Preferably, 2-5 t of organic fertilizer, 300kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 100kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each mu before field planting in the step 4), and the three-element compound fertilizer is uniformly applied, deeply ploughed and leveled; during planting, fertilizer is put on each plant, and root fixing water is thoroughly poured.
Preferably, in the step 3), damaged roots are cut off when the seedlings are planted, the roots with the length of more than 30cm are cut off, and the roots are dipped in slurry containing anti-root-cancer drugs, or the slurry is mixed with 400 times of solution of 2 percent of copper sulfate, 50 percent of carbendazim or 75 percent of thiophanate-methyl for disinfection.
Preferably, the garden is provided with a rain sheltering, sun shading and bird preventing three-body integrated facility, a ceiling is covered in advance in the young fruit period, but the ceiling is covered in advance if the temperature in the flowering period is lower than 0 ℃ or higher than 25 ℃ or continuous overcast and rainy days, a sun shading net is covered after fruit picking, but the sun shading net is covered in advance if the temperature in the color transition period rises too fast to exceed 32 ℃, the light transmittance of the sun shading net is not lower than 50 ~ 55%, a bird preventing net is added before the color transition of the fruits, the shed and the shed are hermetically connected through the bird preventing net, the whole shelf is covered all around to prevent the birds from entering, and the roof film and the sun shading net are removed when the daily average temperature is 25 ℃ after 9 months.
Preferably, the garden is generally ploughed 2 times per year, the harvested fertilizer is applied, and the whole garden is ploughed shallowly to the depth of 8-10 cm; applying base fertilizer, and deeply ploughing the whole garden to the depth of 30-40 cm; carrying out grass growing cultivation or mowing to cover the tree disc in a summer garden; watering is carried out immediately after flowers are bloomed, so that the fruit setting rate can be obviously improved; in the pre-flowering and fruit expansion period, soil is preferably soaked by 50 cm; watering is not suitable when the color of the fruit changes; after the fruits are changed in color and the fruits are harvested, the irrigation needs to be carried out in a small irrigation and slow irrigation mode so as to avoid fruit cracking; and attention is paid to prevention of waterlogging.
Preferably, insect attracting lamps and insect sticking plates are preferably used for insect pests, and high-efficiency low-toxicity residual pesticides such as biological sources and mineral sources are preferably used; cleaning garden in winter, sealing garden with Baume 5 ° lime sulfur mixture, and treating root system during planting to prevent and treat root cancer.
The application also discloses a sweet cherry plantation obtained by adopting the method.
By adopting the technical scheme, the method has the advantages of high land utilization rate, less labor consumption, capability of improving the early yield of the sweet cherries, convenience in picking and particular suitability for the novel tree form developed in developed areas of the picking industry.
Drawings
FIG. 1, planting sweet cherry trees and shaping the sweet cherry trees in the first year.
Fig. 2, a sweet cherry tree-shaped forming overlooking solid picture and a schematic view.
Fig. 3, longitudinal solid diagram and schematic diagram of sweet cherry tree shape formation.
Detailed Description
The number of plants per mu is large, and the occupied area of each plant is small. The row spacing is 4mx0.4m, the spacing between trees on the same side is 0.8m, and about 417 plants are planted per mu. The seedlings are dwarfed stocks, and southern suitable varieties such as 'Jiangnan red', 'Hongmei', 'Sammi', 'Brukes', 'Reni', 'Pioneng' and 'Labins' are used as the varieties. The non-self-pollinated varieties need to be mixed-planted with 3 or more varieties, and are pollinated trees as much as possible. The cold quantity requirement is considered firstly when selecting the variety, and the mature period and the fruit color are considered.
Every 4m found 1 cement post in this application, divide the three-layer to establish with to ground vertical distance on the cement post about 0.2m, 0.8m and 1.2m and tie up support (steel pipe or iron wire), and the first layer is single, and the second floor is T type frame with the third layer. The tree form is planted in a high density of 0.4m 4m by row spacing, about 417 plants are planted per mu, and single plants and double plants in the row are respectively positioned at two sides of the first layer of support, so that the plant spacing of trees on the same side is 0.8m, and the plant spacing of trees on different sides is 0.4 m. Before planting in south, rain sheltering, sun shading and bird preventing facilities are built as much as possible, and a standard conjoined greenhouse, a single steel pipe greenhouse or a simple plastic greenhouse and the like which need to be covered with a roof and are not covered with films on four sides can be selected. Before field planting, applying 2 t-5 t of organic fertilizer, 300kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 100kg of ternary compound fertilizer (nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium =15:15: 15) per mu, uniformly spreading, deep ploughing and leveling. The fertilizer should meet the requirements of NY/T496. The seedling planting method includes that the seedling planting method is characterized in that the seedling planting method is annual, the thickness is more than 1cm, the height is 100-150 cm, 3-5 large lateral roots are adopted, diseases such as large splitting injury, tearing injury and root nodules do not exist, the damaged roots are cut off during planting, roots with the length being more than 30cm are cut off, mud containing registered anti-root-cancer drugs is used for dipping the roots, or 2% of copper sulfate, 50% of carbendazim or 75% of thiophanate-methyl 400 times liquid is added into the mud for disinfection. During planting, fertilizer is put on each plant, and root fixing water is thoroughly poured. Planting before sprouting in spring or after fallen leaves in autumn, and planting at certain distance.
After the seedlings survive, the seedlings pass through a first layer of support and a side support at an included angle of 30 degrees, ~ 45 degrees and an included angle of 30 degrees, namely, ~ degrees, of about 0.2m ~ 0.3.3 m in the opposite direction of a planting side and then are bound with the side support, the seedlings bud as soon as possible after survival, pinching is carried out after the branches grow, the tips of top leaves face outwards, the top buds grow along with the direction of the leaf tips after half a month, repeated pinching is required along with the growth or plant growth regulators PBO 200-300 times of liquid are sprayed on the crowns for 1- ~ 2 times to control the tips to promote flowering, the branches grow to 1.5-2.0 m in the next year and are bound with a support at the 2 nd layer, when new branches exist, repeated pinching is carried out as in the last year, the third year is controlled and bound with a support at the 3 rd, repeated pinching is also required when new tips are sent, and the main branches of the formed trees are controlled within 2.3 m.
The garden adopts a rain-sheltering, sun-shading and bird-preventing three-body integrated facility, can effectively reduce high temperature and high humidity in summer, prevent frost in the flowering phase in early spring, prevent bird damage and fruit cracking in normal times, cover a ceiling in the young fruit phase, but cover the ceiling in advance if the temperature in the flowering phase is lower than 0 ℃ or higher than 25 ℃ or continuous overcast and rainy, cover a sun-shading net after fruit picking, but cover the sun-shading net in advance if the temperature in the actual color-changing phase rises too fast and exceeds 32 ℃, the light transmittance of the sun-shading net is not lower than 50 ~ 55%, add the bird-preventing net before the color of the fruit is changed, hermetically connect the shed and the shed by using the bird-preventing net, cover the whole periphery, prevent the birds from entering, and remove the shed film and the sun-shading net when the average daily temperature is 25 ℃.
Ploughing 2 times every year, applying the harvested fertilizer, and ploughing shallowly in the whole garden to the depth of 8-10 cm. And (4) applying a base fertilizer, and deeply ploughing the whole garden to the depth of 30-40 cm. And (4) carrying out green grass cultivation or mowing grass to cover the tree disc in the summer garden. Watering is carried out immediately after flowers are bloomed, and the fruit setting rate can be obviously improved. In the pre-flowering and fruit expansion period, soil is preferably soaked by 50 cm; watering is not suitable when the color of the fruit changes; after the fruits are changed in color and the fruits are harvested, the irrigation needs to be carried out in a small irrigation mode or a slow irrigation mode so as to avoid fruit cracking. And attention is paid to prevention of waterlogging.
The sweet cherry planting has few plant diseases and insect pests, and the diseases mainly comprise a perforation disease, a leaf spot disease, a brown spot disease, a gummosis disease and a root cancer disease; the insect pests mainly include red-neck longicorn, scarab beetle, large ash weevil, red spider, oriental fruit moth and fruit fly. The method adheres to the policy of 'prevention is main and comprehensive prevention' and reasonably selects agricultural prevention, physical prevention and biological prevention. The method advocates the use of insect-attracting lamps, insect-sticking boards and other measures, preferentially uses high-efficiency low-toxicity residual pesticides such as biological sources and mineral sources, and strictly controls the safety interval, the application amount and the application frequency. The winter garden cleaning is well done, the Baume 5 DEG lime sulphur mixture is used for sealing the garden and the root system is treated during planting to prevent and treat the root cancer.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure, including any person skilled in the art, having the benefit of the present disclosure. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the application. Thus, the present application is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (8)
1. The method for cultivating the sweet cherries in the south is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) setting a cement column in the garden at intervals of 3.5-4.5m, wherein the cement column is divided into three layers with vertical distances of 0.15-0.25m, 0.70-0.90m and 1.1-1.4m from the ground, the first layer is a single support, and the second layer and the third layer are T-shaped supports;
2) the tree form is planted in high density with the row spacing (0.35-0.45) × (3.5-4.5) m, the single plants and the double plants in the row are respectively positioned at two sides of the first layer of bracket, the plant spacing of the trees at the same side is 0.7-0.9m, and the plant spacing of the trees at the different side is 0.35-0.45 m;
3) dwarfing stocks are used for the seedlings for field planting, and southern suitable varieties are used for the varieties; the seedlings for field planting are annual, have the thickness of more than 1cm, the height of 100-150 cm, 3-5 larger lateral roots and no large splitting, tearing and nodule diseases;
4) planting before sprouting in spring or after fallen leaves in autumn, and dotting for field planting according to distance;
5) each tree is a main branch, after the nursery stock survives, the nursery stock is tied and bound to a side support through a first layer of support and a ground at an included angle of 30 degrees ~ degrees at 0.2m ~.3 m opposite to a planting side, buds are carved as early as possible after survival, 10-20cm pinching is reserved after branch development, the top leaf tip faces outwards, the top bud grows along the direction of the leaf tip after half a month, repeated pinching is required along with growth or a plant growth regulator PBO 200-300 times liquid is sprayed on a tree crown for 1-time ~ times to control tip flowering, the branches grow to 1.5-2.0 m in the next year, the branches are tied to a second layer of support, 10-20cm pinching is reserved when a new branch exists, the top leaf tip faces outwards, the top bud grows along the direction of the leaf tip after half a month, the plant growth regulator PBO 200-300 times liquid is required to be sprayed along with growth or a plant growth regulator PBO 200-300 times liquid is sprayed on the tree crown for 1-2 times tip flowering ~ times when a new branch grows to control flowering, the third layer of the branch is required to control flowering, the third layer, the branch growth regulator is sprayed on the third layer of support, the third layer of the third layer, the third layer of the third layer, the.
2. The method for cultivating sweet cherries in the south of claim 1, wherein the variety is suitable for use in the south of 'Jiangnan Red', 'Red Honey', 'Sammatuo', 'Brukas', 'Reni', 'Pioneer' or 'Labins'.
3. The cultivation method of the south sweet cherry, according to claim 1, characterized in that 2t to 5t of organic fertilizer, 300kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and 100kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied to each mu before field planting in step 4), uniformly spread, deeply ploughed and rotated to be flat; during planting, fertilizer is put on each plant, and root fixing water is thoroughly poured.
4. The method for cultivating the southern sweet cherry as claimed in claim 1, wherein the damaged root system is cut off during the field planting of the field planting seedlings in the step 3), the roots with the length of more than 30cm are cut short and dipped in the slurry containing the anti-root-cancer drug, or the slurry is disinfected by adding 400 times of 2% of copper sulfate, 50% of carbendazim or 75% of thiophanate-methyl.
5. The method for cultivating the southern sweet cherry as claimed in claim 1, wherein a facility integrating rain sheltering, sun shading and bird preventing is adopted in a garden, a ceiling is covered in advance in a young fruit period, if the temperature in a flowering period is lower than 0 ℃ or higher than 25 ℃ or continuous overcast and rainy, a sun shading net is covered in advance after fruit picking, if the temperature in a color transition period is too fast to be higher than 32 ℃, the sun shading net needs to be covered in advance, the light transmittance of the sun shading net is not lower than 50 ~ 55%, a bird preventing net is added before fruit color transition, the shed and the shed are connected in a sealing mode through the bird preventing net, the whole frame is covered around to prevent the entry of the bird, and the shed film and the sun shading net are removed when the daily average temperature is 25 ℃ after 9-month middle ten days.
6. The method for cultivating the sweet cherries in the south of the claim 1, wherein the garden is generally ploughed 2 times per year, and the whole garden is shallow ploughed with the depth of 8cm to 10cm in combination with the application of postharvest fertilizer; applying base fertilizer, and deeply ploughing the whole garden to the depth of 30-40 cm; carrying out grass growing cultivation or mowing to cover the tree disc in a summer garden; watering is carried out immediately after flowers are bloomed, so that the fruit setting rate can be obviously improved; in the pre-flowering and fruit expansion period, soil is preferably soaked by 50 cm; watering is not suitable when the color of the fruit changes; after the fruits are changed in color and the fruits are harvested, the irrigation needs to be carried out in a small irrigation and slow irrigation mode so as to avoid fruit cracking; and attention is paid to prevention of waterlogging.
7. The cultivation method of the southern sweet cherry, according to the claim 1, is characterized in that insect pests and diseases are treated by adopting insect luring lamps and insect sticking plates, and high-efficiency low-toxicity residual pesticides such as biological sources and mineral sources are used; cleaning garden in winter, sealing garden with Baume 5 ° lime sulfur mixture, and treating root system during planting to prevent and treat root cancer.
8. A sweet cherry plantation obtained by the method of any one of claims 1 ~ 7.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113317112A (en) * | 2021-07-14 | 2021-08-31 | 北京市林业果树科学研究院 | Cherry tree sector shaping method |
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| CN113317112B (en) * | 2021-07-14 | 2022-08-12 | 北京市林业果树科学研究院 | Cherry tree sector shaping method |
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Application publication date: 20191220 |