CN108684467A - A kind of corn planting method based on wheat stalk returning - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of corn planting method based on wheat stalk returning, the method includes:(1) getting wheat stalk;(2) part in the wheat stalk that is obtained is crushed and sheds covering earth's surface;(3) to impose crush after the soil of stalk impose base manure;(4) corn seeding is carried out;(5) before broadcasting rear seedling, careless pest control is carried out;(6) it in the jointing stage of corn to toy trumpet mouth phase, carries out nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes.Inventor carries out constantly verification to the method for corn planting by nearly 10 years field trials on different experiments field and improves, the result shows that the present invention can ensure during straw-returning, the yield of corn is unaffected, even improve yield, the method of the present invention can solve most of crop smothering insect pest during corn planting, provide stable volume increase.

Description

A kind of corn planting method based on wheat stalk returning

Technical field

The invention belongs to technical field of agriculture, and in particular to a kind of arable farming and farming technology, which can be effective Improve soil texture and physicochemical character, conserves water and soil, it is positive to promoting agricultural sustainable development to have the function of.

Background technology

Anhui Province's wheat/corn planting area soil category Shajiang black soil, the type soil be as general as " drought, flood, it is stiff, It is thin ", the normal growth of crop is seriously affected, causes soil production efficiency relatively low.Straw-returning is mainly by improving soil physical chemistry Character improves the soil organism to realize the improving effect to soil.Stalk is the byproduct of agricultural production, resourceful, It is the important organic fertilizer resource of agricultural production the next item up.Wheat stalk returning technology is exactly that wheat stalk by mechanical crushing or is cut After broken, be directly sprinkling upon earth's surface ploughed deeply by machinery or rotary plow deeply revolve, a kind of agricultural measures that stalk is manured into soil.With biography The methods of cultivation of system are compared, wheat stalk full dose crush covering direct returning to farmland under the conditions of corn machine direct seeding technique eliminate cut stalk, Transport removes the processes such as root, this new agricultural technology is generally received by the masses at present.Wheat stalk returning can obviously increase soil Fertility improves soil texture;Agricultural production efficiency is significantly improved, is reduced labor intensity, labour cost is saved, it is dirty to reduce environment Dye improves farmland ambient enviroment, has pushed rural area and agriculture Green Sustainable to a certain extent.

Research data shows in recent years, and in China Huang-Huai-Hai southern areas, wheat stalk full dose crushes covering direct returning to farmland Under the conditions of corn machine direct seeding technique be gradually promoted and popularize, but due to part peasant to this technology grasp it is not comprehensive enough, Occur some problems in extension process and produces some negative effects.Although improving straw mulching can improve soil organic matter, Have the low-producing trend of drop in a short time, and there are many drawbacks, such as improving straw mulching can be to budding, emergence and seedling Growth generates inhibiting effect, is mainly shown as that germination percentage reduction, seeding stage are postponed, growth of seedling slows down.

Invention content

In order to solve these problems, inventor be directed to soil bad character and barrier factors, take corresponding physics and Chemical measure increases the topsoil soils content of organic matter by adjusting all kinds of fertilizer of application, improves soil physical chemistry and biology Matter is increase soil fertility, and crop yield is increased.And Jing Guo last decade field location test (Test site is Mengcheng County agricultural Portion East China Crop cultivation observation experiment station), it is proposed that sandy loess wheat stalk full dose of the invention crushes Corn machine live broadcasting method under the conditions of covering direct returning to farmland.

Specifically, the present invention provides a kind of corn planting method based on wheat stalk returning, it is characterised in that:It is described Method includes the following steps:

(1) getting wheat stalk;

(2) part in the wheat stalk that is obtained is crushed and sheds covering earth's surface;

(3) to impose crush after the soil of stalk impose base manure;

(4) corn seeding is carried out;

(5) before broadcasting rear seedling, careless pest control is carried out;

(6) it in the jointing stage of corn to toy trumpet mouth phase, carries out nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes,

Wherein, the step of careless pest control of the step (5) includes:

(1) before broadcasting rear seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48% beautiful grass The herbicides such as spirit, 50% Acetochlor, closing weeding is carried out after being watered;Or in the 48% beautiful grass spirit of corn visible 3~5 leaf phase of leaf Or 4% the herbicide after seedling such as beautiful agriculture happy, bud is defended, nicosulfuron, atrazine be watered after the directed spraying on corn inter-row weed;

(2) seedling stage insect pest:Pay attention to judging that cutworm, thrips, a situation arises for mythimna separata insect pest after emergence, if finding above-mentioned worm Evil, is prevented as follows:

Cutworm prevents:Field weeds are removed, worm's ovum and larva are eliminated;It was found that hazard symptoms, use " 2.5% per acre Metrifonate powder " 2kg~2.5kg sprinklings, or prevented with " 90% metrifonate " 800 times~1000 times liquid sprayings;

Thrips prevents with seedling stage leafeating insect:The sprinkling of " 50% phoxim " 1500 times of liquid, 100 milliliters per acre, with phoxim, Decis spraying prevention seedling stage leafeating insect, it is simultaneous to control maize virus disease;

Armyworm control:It is prevented before three ages, with " 10% cypermethrin " or " 4.5% effective cypermethrin " 1200 - 1500 times of liquid are sprayed again;

(3) the middle and later periods prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control:The lobus cardiacus phase prevents corn borer and loses lobus cardiacus with " 3% phoxim granule ", and ear period is beautiful Rice snout moth's larva prevention 500 times~800 times liquid of 50-80% " DDVP " missible oil fill filigrees or with " 90% metrifonate " 800 times~1000 Times liquid sprays fruit ear.

(4) the later stage prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control:Prevention corn leaf aphids using 50% ward off aphid mist, and 8g~10g or 10% imidacloprid be per acre per acre 10g~15g is watered 45kg, is prevented using spraying;Corn Stalk Rot is prevented using 600 times of " can kill " liquid, with " 20% powder becomes rusty Rather " 1200 times of liquid spray control rust;Curving cascade is prevented using 50% Bravo, 50% carbendazim, 70% methyl support The liquid spraying of 500 times of cloth Tianjin.

Preferably, wheat stalk qualification chopping length≤15cm in the step (2), stalk crushing length qualification rate >= 85%, rate≤20%, straw scattering draught unevenness≤20% are cut in crop residue cover rate >=40%, leakage.

Preferably, corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm in the step (4), seed manure impose on 3cm below seed~ 5cm, suppression of soil is tight, ensures seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%.

Preferably, the seeding corn kind includes:Grand flat 206, step on sea 605, Zheng Dan 958, first jade 335, middle list 909, Calabash shell serving as a dipper jade 35 dredges single 20, big section 702, Shandong list 981, middle section 4, peace agriculture 9.

Preferably, the method further includes being appropriately determined corn maturation time, is received based on the correct maturation time of corn It obtains.

On the other hand, corn machine is straight under the conditions of a kind of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland of present invention offer Broadcasting method, it is characterised in that:The method includes following step:

(1) getting wheat stalk, stubble height≤25cm in harvesting process;

(2) wheat stalk obtained is crushed using stalk disintegrating apparatus and uniformly sheds covering earth's surface;

(3) judge whether stubble height is more than object height, if mechanical stubble-cleaning is carried out more than object height, under otherwise entering One step;

(4) to impose crush after the soil of stalk impose base manure based on nitrogenous fertilizer;

(5) corn seeding is carried out, soil moisture in the soil value after planting, is being judged and " cover-head is judged whether to based on soil moisture in the soil value The teeming of water " makes soil moisture content reach the 75%-85% of field capacity;

(6) after planting or before and after jointing, interlacing trench digging, take out it is male before 10 days, it is 20 days latter, keep field capacity to exist 75%~80%, water deficient interlacing watering, field has ponding to drain in time.

(7) before broadcasting rear seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48% beautiful grass The herbicides such as spirit, 50% Acetochlor, closing weeding is carried out after being watered;

(8) it in the jointing stage of corn to toy trumpet mouth phase, carries out nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes, fertilising uses mechanical side deep placement, in big loudspeaker The mouth phase carries out second of nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes.

In another preferred implementation, corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm, seed-fertilizer applying in the step (5) 3cm~5cm below seed, suppression of soil is tight, ensures seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%.

The wheat stalk of the present invention crushes what mulching and returning was realized in:Using combine harvester, (installation stalk crushes Device) stalk is crushed while harvesting wheat after shed and be covered in earth's surface, or select the machinery being applicable in will after harvest wheat Wheat Straw is shed after crushing and is covered in earth's surface.

The present invention proposes " density is anti-down, is attacked after preceding suppression " maize high-yield culture technique route, and anti-down density refers to increasing Density prevents from lodging;It refers to reducing base fertilizer to be attacked after preceding suppression, prevents basal internode long, and fringe position is excessively high, and plant center of gravity is higher, weight It applies jointing fertilizer and typhon mouth fertilizer increases chlorophyll content so as to improve functional leaf photosynthetic performance, improve grain number per spike and grain weight. " compact high yield resistance to close anti-fall improved seeds+wheat stalk full dose mechanical crushing sheds mulching and returning+are when losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil for Demonstration And Extension Patch stubble simple grain machine live streaming+balance formula fertilising and sufficient base manure attack stalk fertilizer, promote ear manuer and increase the reasonable Operational of Nitrogen Among+pest and disease damage of granulated fertilizer The yield-increasing technology pattern of Unifying control+complete ripeness mechanical harvest ".

Corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm in the present invention, seed manure impose on 3cm~5cm below seed, and suppression of soil is tight Real, seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%, field is without broadcast leakage, and the edge of a field is without replay.

The present invention uses no-tillage and direct-seeding corn technology, using soil measurement formula balance fertilizing, before wheat stalk total crop return It puts based on nitrogen fertilizer application, coordinates a certain number of phosphorus potash fertilizers, and add appropriate micro- fertilizer, nitrogen phosphoris and potassium fertilizer ratio 25:10:10.It applies Fertile method is taken to be carried out by several times by stages, such as using the fertilization mode of disposable bottom application, it is necessary to select sustained slow-release fertilizer.

The present invention considers fertilizer application period and dose in production, it is proposed that balance formula fertilising and sufficient base manure attack stalk fertilizer, promote Ear manuer and increasing granulated fertilizer, to prevent crops Huang seedling, nurturing staff, and then improve strong sprout rate.

Wide adaptation range of the present invention, every have that irrigation conditions, prepartion of land, plot are larger, moderate rainfall wheat is beautiful Rice yielding two crops a year area, is especially useful in the Shajiang black soil of China Huang-Huai-Hai on the ground.

The method of the present invention can improve the operation quality of straw-returning, increase dose, by carrying out irrigation etc., contribute to Straw decomposition, to improve emergence rate and promote growth of seedling.Sandy loess wheat stalk full dose according to the present invention Corn machine direct seeding technique under the conditions of covering direct returning to farmland is crushed, to improving agricultural production yield, promoting agricultural sustainable development tool Play the role of positive.

Live broadcasting method using the present invention will not only reduce the production of current planted corn compared to existing returning to the field situation Amount, or appropriate promotion is brought to yield.Moreover, after returning to the field 2-3, the quality in soil can be significantly improved.

The live broadcasting method of the present invention, can improve soil physical chemistry and biological characteristics, increase soil fertility, and produce are made in increase Amount can be such that the reduction of topsoil soils unit weight, water content improves.

The live broadcasting method of the present invention can be such that Soil Carbon Stock increases.So that topsoil soils porosity is increased, soil can be made Carbon pool management index (CPMI) improves.

Description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is harvesting wheat, stalk crushes, installation cuts scattering mechanism and uniformly sheds the schematic diagram of operation;

Fig. 2 is the flow diagram of the pictorial diagram and no-till maize of No-tillage Maize Planter;

Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram that wheat stalk crushes stubble-cleaning operation;

Fig. 4 is the operation schematic diagram that corn is broadcast live in the no-tillage patch stubble simple grain machine of wheat stalk full dose mulching and returning.

Specific implementation mode

In conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, and the experimental method in following embodiments is as without especially Illustrate, is conventional method.

Wheat stalk full dose prepares before crushing covering direct returning to farmland Mechanization Technique operation

(1) field preparation and the requirement to crop

The road for leading to farm work, the barrier on bridge are checked and removed before operation, and the barrier that cannot be removed adds With mark.

When carrying out wheat stalk returning do mechanization operation, the moisture content of wheat stalk should be 10%~25% or so.Occur The stalk of serious pest and disease damage cannot carry out direct returning to farmland.

(2) manipulator is required

Manipulator should be by professional operation technical training, and can be on duty after obtaining related qualification.Manipulator must before operation After must reading over, grasping the basic operation principle of equipment, adjustment, use and general troubleshooting method, then press operation instruction Book practical operation.

(3) equipment prepares and checks adjustment

Mulching and returning Mechanization Technique is crushed using wheat stalk, the combining for installing straw millstone additional need to be prepared Machine, and the combined machine with no-tillage and fertilization and sowing of corn tool for rear stubble sowing needs.Combine harvester and straw chopping apparatus technology State is intact.

Tractor startup is smoothly steady, stops working thoroughly reliable.

Tractor engine, hydraulic system are not allow for oil leak, leak, gas leakage;Hydraulic control system and steering are answered Flexibly, without catching phenomenon;Hydraulic system should clean, and each manipulation, regulating mechanism answer light and flexible, elastic appropriateness.At stalk crushing Each regulating mechanism of the machinery such as reason should ensure that it is easy to operate, it is flexible adjustment, reliable.Each component adjustable range should be able to reach defined pole Extreme position.The tool apron and blade of stalk leaves disintegrating-processing machine tool, should be without deformed damaged and shortage.The installation direction of mechanical gimbals is just Really, length of fit is enough.Check the rate of tension of adjustment V-type band.After straw chopping and returning processing machinery is connect with tractor, it should adjust Transverse direction, vertical equity and the operation height for the stubble left of complete machine tool:The left and right brace for adjusting tractor mounnted frame, makes machine or so At level;The pull-up pole length for adjusting tractor mounnted frame makes it longitudinally close to level.Filling engine oil, diesel oil, cold as required But water, lubricating oil.Mount it is appropriate after, dry run 5min~8min confirms that each position is worked well, can just put into operation.It is mating Each component technology of seeding machineries such as combined machine with no-tillage and fertilization and sowing of corn it is in good condition.

Embodiment 1

Step 1, wheat stalk crush mulching and returning do mechanization operation.

Start install additional straw chopping tossed device combine harvester, while getting wheat, carry out chopping shed it is small Wheat Straw operation (such as Fig. 1).

Machinery answers low speed to drive into the crop field edge of a field to start operation, and speed is advisable with II grade, can under the premise of not influencing quality Properly increase operating speed.

Wheat Straw crushes mulching and returning Mechanization Technique quality index:Stubble height≤25cm, the chopping of wheat stalk qualification Length≤15cm, stalk crush length qualification rate >=85%, crop residue cover rate >=40%, and rate≤20% is cut in leakage, and straw scattering draught is not The uniformity≤20%.Corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm, seed manure impose on 3cm~5cm below seed, and suppression of soil is tight, Seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%, field is without broadcast leakage, and the edge of a field is without replay.

Step 2, corn machine live streaming.

(1) the resistance to close anti-fall improved seeds of compact high yield are selected

According to Anhui Province sandy loess summer corn main producing region natural ecological condition, select high and stable yield good, resistance to close The strong superior corn kind of lodging resistance.Such as grand flat 206, it steps on sea 605, Zheng Dan 958, first jade 335, middle list 909, calabash shell serving as a dipper jade 35, dredge list 20, the kinds such as big section 702, Shandong list 981, middle section 4, peace agriculture 9

(2) seed quality and seed pelleting are improved

On the basis of selecting improved seeds, high quality seed is selected, especially requires percentage of seedgermination >=95% (minimum also to answer Reach 92% or more), while being necessary for capsuled seed.

(3) straw full dose mechanical crushing throwing returning

When harvesting wheat, high-power is selected to crush and cut the combined wheat harvester of polishing apparatus with stalk, wheat toothing is high Degree≤25cm, wheat stalk crush length≤15cm, and the wheat stalk after crushing will be shed uniformly, should not be at ridge or heap in heaps It puts.If stalk amount is excessive or toothing is too high and straw scattering draught is uneven, stubble-cleaning must be carried out with stubble-cleaning machinery before broadcasting, then It sows again (such as Fig. 2).

(4) sowing is concentrated when losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil

Adhere to that " summer sowing is without early, the sooner the better;Catch an early word, prominent one is robbed word " principle.Preceding stubble harvesting wheat Summer corn is sowed when losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil as early as possible afterwards, sowing is concentrated before striving June 15 to reduce bud flood and nurturing staff.If soil moisture in the soil Feelings are insufficient, broadcast summer corn to rob and also can first sow, teeming " cover-head water " in time after broadcasting.

(5) rational close planting, patch stubble simple grain machine live streaming

Length is crushed according to plot flatness, stalk and sheds the uniformity and machine power 2~4 row simple grain planters of selection Patch stubble sowing is carried out, line-spacings, spacing in the rows 24cm~26cm, 4500 plants~5000 plants/acre plantations (such as Fig. 3) are waited using 60 centimetres.Really Seeding quality is protected, ensures 3~5 centimetres of depth of planting and uniformity.Density of reserved seedlings should ensure that at 4500 plants or so per acre, resistance to close The good kind planting density of property can properly increase.With density, the amount of broadcasting, the seed grain number of sowing should stay Miao Mi than determining surely Degree increases by 15% or so.

Step 3, foot fertilising material, chemical fertilizer mechanical deep fertilizing.

Using soil measurement formula balance fertilizing, under the premise of wheat stalk total crop return based on nitrogen fertilizer application, coordinate a fixed number The phosphorus potash fertilizer of amount, and add appropriate micro- fertilizer.Seed manure will be separated with seed, be prevented " burning kind ".

Fertilizer application requirement:Under the conditions of the fertility straw directly returning to field of medium soil, 600kg/ mus of corn productions are realized The dose of amount is:Purity nitrogen 16-18kg, P₂O₅ 6-8kg,K₂O 6-8kg.Fertilizing method is taken to carry out by several times by stages.

(1) base manure:Using 50 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer (N-P-K=15-15-15) and 10 kilograms or so of urea or (N-P- 50 kilograms of K=25-10-10 high nitrogen), it selects no-tillage fertilizing and seeding machine to be separated simultaneously with seed in sowing and buries simultaneously.

(2) top dressing:After planting 25d~30d, i.e. jointing stage impose 10 kilograms or so of urea, machine per acre to the toy trumpet mouth phase Tool side deep placement (10 centimetres or so of depth);Boot stage i.e. after planting 45d or so, applies urea 10kg~15kg, or after planting 40d~45d, i.e. typhon mouth phase apply urea 15kg~20kg;Flower period can add urea 5~10 in right amount according to plant growing way Kilogram or so.Such as use the fertilization mode of disposable bottom application, it is necessary to select sustained slow-release fertilizer.

Step 4, water management requirement:Drought and waterlogging is prevented, in time the row of filling

The insemination and emergence phase will ensure good soil moisture content.Soil moisture content is insufficient when such as sowing, the timely teeming " illiteracy after broadcasting Head water " ensures that one broadcasts full stand.Since damage or crop failure caused by waterlogging, stain evil easily occur for seedling stage, field Yao Gou should be dredged, enclose ditch, furrow ditch, accomplish " three Ditch " is mating, prevents seedling stage flood stain.If storm water will drain in time, anti-bud flood and seedling flood.Booting and filling stage needs moisture The amount of asking is big, and meeting drought should irrigate in time.

After planting or before and after jointing, interlacing trench digging, in case irrigation and drainage, preferential defense seedling stage stain evil, when watering, utilizes row The irrigation ditch interlacing that inside begins to rehearse is watered;Male preceding 10d, rear 20d are taken out, field capacity should be kept 75%~80%, water deficient will be every Row watering;Field has ponding to drain in time.

Sowing and strong sprout under the conditions of step 5, straw-returning.Corn uses no-tillage and direct-seeding technology, ensures that sowing is uniform, seed level Unanimously, it does not replay, not broadcast leakage;In the ranks distance and depth of planting need to be adjusted according to crop varieties, planting density.And this hair Bright to have promoted " three are adhered to " and " five suitable sowings " nurturing staff technology first, this technology is to realize that maize sprout-promoting, drought resisting are protected The key technology of seedling, the strong big fringe of stalk and later stage anti-early ageing.Adhere to straw chopping and returning, applying organic manure and uses sufficient base manure;It is hard Hold that high-power machinery essence amount is even to be broadcast and five suitable (suitable moisture in the soil, optimum period, appropriate, suitable formula, suitable deep) sowing;Adhere to that seed pelleting or medicament are mixed Kind soil chemicals treatment." three are adhered to " is to realize that seedling is complete, full stand, the uniform robust seedling of seedling, it is ensured that maize sprout-promoting and realizes that strengthen stalk big The essential technique (such as Fig. 3) of fringe.

Speed corruption is preserved soil moisture and irrigated under the conditions of step 6, straw-returning.It to water in due course after broadcasting, soil moisture content is made to reach field Between the 75%-85% of water-holding capacity avoid straw-returning to crop emergence and late growth to accelerate soil to sink reality and straw decomposition Influence.

Maize field crop smothering integrated control under the conditions of step 7, straw-returning.

Prevention and control of weeds:Before broadcasting rear seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48% The herbicides such as beautiful grass spirit, 50% Acetochlor, to carrying out closing weeding after water.It also can be in 48% jade of corn visible 3~5 leaf phase of leaf The herbicide after seedling such as careless spirit or 4% beautiful agriculture happy, bud is defended, nicosulfuron, atrazine are sprayed to being oriented on corn inter-row weed after water Mist.Accomplish not respray, not drain spray, and pay attention to drug safety, prevents herbicide damage.

Step 8, complete ripeness harvest

Into after September part, bracteal leaf of corn turns yellow successively, and seed top is gradually hardened, and many peasant households take for maturation, just Start to harvest.Actually it is only the beginning of maturation at this time, or so half a month is also needed from real maturation.Corn appropriate evening receives, and can make Remaining nutrient continues to convey into seed in stalk, gives full play to afterripening, increases yield, improves quality, improving quality. It is a yield-increasing technology that need not increase any input that corn complete ripeness, which harvests technology,.Corn after pollination 40 days to before complete ripeness, It receives 1 day every night, 5 kilograms of corns can be increased production per acre.It postpones ten days and receiving, it is per acre to buy hundred jin of grains more.

(1) strictly holds the full ripe mark of corn

There are two the mark of corn kernel physiological maturity is main, first, seed base portion black layer occurs;Second is that seed milk-line disappears It loses.30 days or so after corn pollination, the endosperm tissue at the top of seed starts to harden, and one is formed laterally with lower part succulence endosperm fraction Boundary layer, that is, milk-line.50 days or so after pollination, fruit ear lower part seed milk-line disappears, and moisture content of kernels drops to 30% or less.Corn Full ripe stage blade turns yellow, and fruit ear bract is dried, is fluffy, white.Seed is integrally hardened, and the intrinsic grain shape of this kind is presented And color;Corn kernel milk-line disappears.Corn ear is broken from centre disconnected, sees the boundary line either with or without yellow-white among seed, if There is corn to be in dough stage, if without full ripe stage is only;There is black layer in corn kernel.After corn kernel is taken off, seed bottom Bennet remove, if there is black layer, indicate ripe.Full ripe stage harvest is general to increase production 10% or so.

(2) summer corns complete ripeness water content in harvest

Huainan, along Huaihe River area summer corn generally in late September complete ripeness, northern territory summer corn will generally arrive October by the end of September First corn ability full maturity.Therefore 40~45 days harvests harvested for 55 days after pollination after changing customary corn pollination.Together When to widely popularize mechanical harvest and straw chopping and returning integrated technique.

1. after manually breaking fringe harvest, then stalk machinery returning to the field utilizes straw counters-field set using manually corncob is taken Directly by straw chopping and returning.This technology is more mature, lacks harvest stubble-cleaning machinery area and generally uses.

2. mechanical harvesting or threshing, stalk crushes combining fruit ear harvest and straw chopping and returning integration of operation, once Complete harvesting, fruit cluster delivering, header, straw chopping and returning flow chart.No matter adopting which kind of harvesting approach will be according to corn Situations such as lodging degree, the sag of planting density and corncob, minimum knot fringe height, is carried out mechanical debugging, is made with sharp field Industry.Line-spacings, minimum 35 centimetres of the knot fringe height such as corn combine harvest is adapted to, lodge Cheng Du <5%, the sagging Shuai &lt of fruit ear; 15% plot operation.Corn kernel moisture content is higher (30%~40%) when China's Huang-Huai-Hai most area harvest, corn The operations such as harvesting, header and straw-returning are only completed in harvest machinery operation, not direct threshing.China's harvest corn optimum period, is because of product Kind, date of seeding and area and it is different, mostly in wax ripeness latter stage.It if being done directly threshing operations, need to postpone harvest time, make corn de- in field Water is to water content 25% or so.Corn mechanical harvest requires grain loss rate≤2%, fruit ear loss late≤3%, seed damage rate ≤ 1%, bract walnut hulling rate >=85%, fruit ear percentage of impurity≤3%;The height for the stubble left (type with straw-returning operation)≤10 lis Rice, returning to the field straw chopping qualification rate >=85%.

3. drying in time, fruit ear and seed after the harvest corn that prevents from going mouldy will be dried or be divulged information in time after focusing on threshing ground Precipitation, what the smaller stacking in place was relatively concentrated overturned 1 time every several days, prevents from sealing heap and go mouldy.

Fringe is store:Wall can be done with iron wire, brick, sorghum, plank, be covered with thin iron, asbestos shingle, build up permanent granary.

Grain storage:Before seed puts in storage, using gravity-flow ventilation and natural low temperature, Grain water is down within 14%.

3. straw chopping and returning technical parameter and technical essential

(1) stalk crushes Wheat Straw and crushes mulching and returning Mechanization Technique quality index:Stubble height≤25cm, Wheat Straw Stalk qualification shreds length≤15cm, and stalk crushes length qualification rate >=85%, crop residue cover rate >=40%, and rate≤20% is cut in leakage, Straw scattering draught unevenness≤20%.Corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm, seed manure impose on 3cm~5cm below seed, earthing Suppression is tight, and seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%, field is without broadcast leakage, and the edge of a field is without replay.

(2) irrigate and fit soil moisture content and rain condition after broadcasting and irrigate one time, supplement irrigation promote stalk rot and seed and soil contiguity to prevent Only Drought at seedling stage.

(3) cultivation fertilizing method is taken carries out by several times by stages.It suppresses or sprays after broadcasting, moisture in the soil is mended in furrow irrigation;Promote capsuled seed and Dressing seed technology, timely anti-subterranean pest-insect and seedling stage pest;Cauline leaf is eliminated after straw mulching and returning wants timely seedling.It is sowing Afterwards or before and after jointing, interlacing trench digging, in case irrigation and drainage, preferential defense seedling stage stain evil, when watering, utilizes the irrigation ditch interlacing that begins to rehearse in row Watering;Male preceding 10d, rear 20d are taken out, field capacity should be kept 75%~80%, water deficient wants interlacing to water;There is product in field Water will drain in time.

The kind and selection of time of fertilising are particularly important, must be based on nitrogenous fertilizer, this is because the straw of preceding crop Nitrogen in stalk decomposition and consumption soil, can prevent succession crop weak seedling and Huang Miao based on nitrogenous fertilizer.

Embodiment 2

Basic steps in the present embodiment are similar to Example 1, simple here to introduce, unless otherwise specified, this step Operating process is with reference to embodiment 1.

Step 1, using install additional straw chopping tossed device combine harvester, while getting wheat carry out wheat throwing Spread operation.

Step 2 is broadcast live seed using corn machine.

Step 3, foot fertilising material, chemical fertilizer mechanical deep fertilizing.

Sowing and strong sprout under the conditions of step 4, straw-returning.

Speed corruption is preserved soil moisture and irrigated under the conditions of step 5, straw-returning.

Maize field crop smothering pest integrative is prevented under the conditions of step 6, straw-returning.

(1) prevention and control of weeds:Before broadcasting rear seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or The herbicides such as 48% beautiful careless spirit, 50% Acetochlor, to carrying out closing weeding after water.Also it can be used in corn visible 3~5 leaf phase of leaf The herbicide after seedling such as 48% beautiful grass spirit or 4% beautiful agriculture happy, bud is defended, nicosulfuron, atrazine to after water on corn inter-row weed Directed spraying.Accomplish not respray, not drain spray, and pay attention to drug safety, prevents herbicide damage.

(2) seedling stage insect pest:It is noted that the insect pests such as cutworm, thrips, mythimna separata occur after emergence.

(3) cutworm prevents:Field weeds are removed, worm's ovum and larva are eliminated;It was found that hazard symptoms, are used per acre " 2.5% metrifonate powder " 2kg~2.5kg sprays, or is prevented with " 90% metrifonate " 800 times~1000 times liquid sprayings.

(4) thrips prevents with seedling stage leafeating insect:" 50% phoxim " 1500 times of liquid sprinklings, 100 milliliters per acre.With pungent sulphur The sprayings such as phosphorus, decis prevent seedling stage leafeating insect, simultaneous to control maize virus disease.

(5) armyworm control:Control effect is good before three ages, with " 10% cypermethrin " or " 4.5% effective cypermethrin " 1200 times of -1500 times of liquid sprayings.

(6) the middle and later periods prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control:Lobus cardiacus phase prevention corn borer loses lobus cardiacus, ear period corn with " 3% phoxim granule " Snout moth's larva prevention 500 times~800 times liquid of 50-80% " DDVP " missible oil fill filigrees or with 800 times~1000 times of " 90% metrifonate " Liquid sprays fruit ear.

(7) the later stage prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control:Prevention corn leaf aphids can ward off aphid mist with 50%, and 8g~10g or 10% imidacloprid be per acre per acre 10g~15g is to water 45kg spraying preventions.Corn Stalk Rots are prevented with 600 times of " can kill " liquid, with 1200 times of " 20% triadimefon " Liquid sprays control rust.Prevention curving cascade can use 50% Bravo, 50% carbendazim, 500 times of 70% thiophanate methyl Liquid is sprayed.

(8) Unifying control pest and disease damage

According to " environment protective plant protecting ", the requirement of " harmonious ecology ", " quickness and high efficiency ", demonstration piece is carried out using existing utility condition Pest and disease monitoring is forecast, actively develops prevention.Select capsuled seed prevention subterranean pest-insect and sprout term disease;Before broadcasting rear seedling, in conjunction with Soil closes weeding and sprays insecticidal ovicide, broadcasts sprinkling Rynaxypyr or pyrethroids class, organic phosphates medicament before rear seedling, kills The residual pest hidden in the wheat stubbles such as 2 committee noctuid insect, small brown rice planthopper, thrips, frit fly on wheat stubble.Subterranean pest-insect is seriously Block spreads fertilizer over the fields watering prevention after phoxim or chlopyrifos pesticide-clay mixture in seed furrow.After the corn toy trumpet mouth phase, the typhon mouth phase The happiness of organic-biological pesticide wide (Rynaxypyr suspending agent) spraying prevention corn borer is used before;After loose powder, using hot mist The pest and disease damages such as pesticide application technology integrated control later stage fringe aphid, fringe snout moth's larva, rust, leaf spot.Spray matrine, pymetrozine, chlopyrifos etc. Prevent the insect pests such as fringe aphid, fringe snout moth's larva;Spray Prochloraz, Tebuconazole prevention corn tikka class disease.

Embodiment 3

Huang-Huai-Hai, especially Anhui Province, a main underproduction factor of summer corn are that the water drainage problem in rainy season. In order to drain flooded fields, the present invention is drained after corn seed by the way of interlacing trench digging.The purpose of water drainage is to ensure current year Yield, but drain flooded fields while can bring a long-range problem, be exactly soil erosion, present kind of landlord generally primarily focuses on Current production, and soil erosion is ignored.This soil erosion occurs especially in slope, area especially with heavy rainfall Slope, corn planting is smooth in order to ensure draining, it is many using along slope at the planting patterns on ridge.This planting patterns water drainage It is easy, but soil erosion is easy to cause since flow is excessively smooth.Present planting patterns, the cleaning of corn bottom weeds Thoroughly, the soil of vegetation protection does not generate being largely lost for water and soil easily after by rain drop erosion.

In order to solve the problems, such as this soil erosion in hillside fields, the application has been put forward for the first time oblique opens longitudinal furrow+ditch at ridge+interlacing Open the comprehensive solution of traverse furrow in interior indentation stalk+bottom.

In the present embodiment, to stalk shed and planting process is adjusted.Specifically, first, in straw scattering draught When, reserved part wheat stalk, it is highly preferred that reserved part autumn the previous year harvest maize straw (have many areas due to Condition of storage and ability are limited, and stalk is difficult to retain to summer corn when planting, this to use wheat stalk), maize straw Blade is coarse to be more advantageous to shield soil.

When corn planting, using along the oblique planting patterns at ridge in hillside fields, i.e., in planting process, direction and the gradient side on ridge To forming an angle, such as 30-80 degree, the selection of the angle is empirically determined based on annual precipitation.After plantation, Or in planting process, longitudinal furrow is opened in interlacing, and stalk is shed along longitudinal furrow direction in longitudinal furrow, by V-type pressure roller to vertical after shedding Ditch is compacted.What stalk here crushed that size is greater than normal straw-returning sheds size, is advisable with 4-6 cuns.

Bottom end in hillside fields, on ridge, head excavates transverse drain ditch, keeps certain slope, transverse drain ditch is wider than longitudinal drainage Ditch, it is conditional that ditch inside is compacted using machinery, further prevent soil erosion.

When the fore-and-aft distance in hillside fields is larger (when referring to that slope is longer from top of the slope to bottom of slope), every a distance, adjustment The trend on ridge so that ridge above slope and between the ridge of lower section it is reciprocal in zigzag.This can ensure the same of water content When, in the case where rainwater is excessive, avoid lodging due to large area caused by ponding and water impact.If in addition, using Z-shaped Shape cloth ridge, then transverse drain ditch is also in accordingly zigzag, and deeper traverse furrow is exactly to drain difficult when preventing rainfall larger and design 's.

We have carried out 3 years contrast experiments in two parts of the plot of Mengcheng County respectively, in first piece of experimental plot On, applicant according to embodiment 1 planting patterns.On second piece of experimental plot, using the planting patterns of the present embodiment.

Then, after corn planting, contain sand in rainy season respectively drains the furrow flowed out on two pieces of experimental plots Amount is tested, and 3 years test results, which compare, to be found, using the planting patterns of the present embodiment, silt content is than implementing in flow 1 low 25-50% of example.

Moreover, applicant has been surprisingly found that, using the planting patterns of the present embodiment, the growth of weeds is also inhibited, because This, it is possible to reduce the usage amount of herbicide.Actually straw-returning technology is ineffective to corn growth at returning to the field initial stage, because This, existing returning to the field mode can just lead to the underproduction, therefore, also unfavorable to weed growth, and in the present embodiment, it is thrown at furrow Stalk is spread, and is compacted, at the furrow for leading to most easy growth of weeds, weeds are more not easy to grow.

Preliminary analysis, why the present embodiment water and soil maintains effect so good, using only stalk especially size straw Stalk covering furrow is that on the one hand, on the one hand oblique cloth ridge, especially Z-shaped cloth ridge are also that zigzag cloth ridge virtually slows down water Eroding velocity is flowed, silt content is thereby reduced.

The planting patterns of the present embodiment is still in conceptual phase, and for big farming household, can this planting patterns push away Water and soil conservation rate extensively is depended not only on, additionally depends on cost-effectiveness.

Although the principle of the present invention is described in detail above in conjunction with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, this field skill Art personnel are it should be understood that above-described embodiment is only the explanation to the exemplary implementation of the present invention, not to present invention packet Restriction containing range.Details in embodiment is simultaneously not meant to limit the scope of the invention, without departing substantially from the present invention spirit and In the case of range, any equivalent transformation, simple replacement based on technical solution of the present invention etc. obviously changes, and all falls within Within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. a kind of corn planting method based on wheat stalk returning, it is characterised in that:The method is done harm to efficient grass-and-insect painting Control effect, the method includes following step:

(1) getting wheat stalk;

(2) part in the wheat stalk that is obtained is crushed and sheds covering earth's surface;

(3) to impose crush after the soil of stalk impose base manure;

(4) corn seeding is carried out;

(5) before broadcasting rear seedling, careless pest control is carried out;

(6) it in the jointing stage of corn to toy trumpet mouth phase, carries out nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes,

Wherein, the step of careless pest control of the step (5) includes:

(1) before broadcasting rear seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48% beautiful grass spirit, The herbicides such as 50% Acetochlor carry out closing weeding after being watered;Or in the 48% beautiful grass spirit of corn visible 3~5 leaf phase of leaf or The directed spraying on corn inter-row weed after the herbicide after seedling such as 4% beautiful agriculture happy, bud is defended, nicosulfuron, atrazine are watered;

(2) seedling stage insect pest:Pay attention to judging that cutworm, thrips, a situation arises for mythimna separata insect pest after emergence, if finding above-mentioned insect pest, into The following prevention of row:

Cutworm prevents:Field weeds are removed, worm's ovum and larva are eliminated;It was found that hazard symptoms, use " 2.5% enemy hundred per acre Worm powder " 2kg~2.5kg sprinklings, or prevented with " 90% metrifonate " 800 times~1000 times liquid sprayings;

Thrips prevents with seedling stage leafeating insect:" 50% phoxim " 1500 times of liquid sprinklings, 100 milliliters per acre, with phoxim, bromine cyanogen Pyrethroids spraying prevention seedling stage leafeating insect, it is simultaneous to control maize virus disease;

Armyworm control:It is prevented before three ages, with 1200 times of " 10% cypermethrin " or " 4.5% effective cypermethrin "- 1500 times of liquid are sprayed;

(3) the middle and later periods prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control:Lobus cardiacus phase prevention corn borer loses lobus cardiacus, ear period corn borer with " 3% phoxim granule " Prevention 500 times~800 times liquid of 50-80% " DDVP " missible oil fill filigrees or with " 90% metrifonate " 800 times~1000 times liquid Spray fruit ear.

(4) the later stage prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control:Prevention corn leaf aphids ward off aphid mist 8g~10g or 10% imidacloprid 10g per acre per acre using 50% ~15g is watered 45kg, is prevented using spraying;Corn Stalk Rot is prevented using 600 times of " can kill " liquid, with " 20% triadimefon " 1200 times of liquid spray control rust;Curving cascade is prevented using 50% Bravo, 50% carbendazim, 70% thiophanate methyl 500 times of liquid sprayings.

2. the corn planting method according to claim 1 based on wheat stalk returning, which is characterized in that in the step (2) wheat stalk qualification shreds length≤15cm in, and stalk crushes length qualification rate >=85%, crop residue cover rate >=40%, leakage Cut rate≤20%, straw scattering draught unevenness≤20%.

3. the corn planting method according to claim 1 based on wheat stalk returning, which is characterized in that in the step (4) corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm in, seed manure impose on 3cm~5cm below seed, and suppression of soil is tight, ensure seed Percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%.

4. the corn planting method according to claim 1 based on wheat stalk returning, which is characterized in that the sowing is beautiful Rice kind include:Grand flat 206, it steps on sea 605, Zheng Dan 958, first jade 335, middle list 909, calabash shell serving as a dipper jade 35, dredge single 20, big section 702, Lu Dan 981, middle section 4, peace agriculture 9.

5. the corn planting method according to claim 1 based on wheat stalk returning, which is characterized in that the method is also Including being appropriately determined corn maturation time, harvested based on the correct maturation time of corn.