CN106982640B - A kind of sandy loess wheat stalk crushes corn machine live broadcasting method under returning to the field - Google Patents
A kind of sandy loess wheat stalk crushes corn machine live broadcasting method under returning to the field Download PDFInfo
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- CN106982640B CN106982640B CN201710372555.2A CN201710372555A CN106982640B CN 106982640 B CN106982640 B CN 106982640B CN 201710372555 A CN201710372555 A CN 201710372555A CN 106982640 B CN106982640 B CN 106982640B
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides corn machine live broadcasting method under the conditions of a kind of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland, the described method includes：Getting wheat stalk；The wheat stalk obtained is crushed using stalk disintegrating apparatus and uniformly sheds covering earth's surface；To impose crush after the soil of stalk impose base manure based on nitrogenous fertilizer；Carry out corn seeding；After planting or before and after jointing, interlacing is ditched；With herbicides such as the beautiful careless spirit of 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48%, 50% Acetochlors, closing weeding is carried out after being watered；It in jointing stage to the toy trumpet mouth phase of corn, carries out nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes, carrying out second of nitrogenous fertilizer in the typhon mouth phase imposes.Inventor carries out constantly verification to the method for the present invention by nearly 10 years field trials on different experiments field and improves, the result shows that the present invention can ensure during straw-returning, the yield of corn is unaffected, yield is even improved, solves the problems, such as that the returning to the field initial production that peasant most worries declines.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of agriculture, and in particular to a kind of arable farming and farming technology, which can be effective
Improve soil texture and physicochemical character, conserve water and soil, it is positive to agricultural sustainable development is promoted to play an important role of.
Background technology
Anhui Province's wheat/corn planting area soil category Shajiang black soil, the type soil be as general as " drought, flood, it is stiff,
It is thin ", the normal growth of crop is seriously affected, causes soil production efficiency relatively low.Straw-returning is mainly by improving soil physical chemistry
Character improves the soil organism to realize the improving effect to soil.Stalk is the byproduct of agricultural production, resourceful,
It is the important organic fertilizer resource of agricultural production the next item up.Wheat stalk returning technology is exactly that wheat stalk by mechanical crushing or is cut
After broken, be directly sprinkling upon earth's surface ploughed deeply by machinery or rotary plow deeply revolve, a kind of agricultural measures that stalk is manured into soil.With biography
The methods of cultivation of system are compared, wheat stalk full dose crush covering direct returning to farmland under the conditions of corn machine direct seeding technique eliminate cut stalk,
Transport, except processes such as roots, this new agricultural technology is generally received by the masses at present.Wheat stalk returning can substantially increase soil
Fertility improves soil texture；Agricultural production efficiency is significantly improved, is reduced labor intensity, saves labour cost, it is dirty to reduce environment
Dye improves farmland ambient enviroment, has promoted rural area and agriculture Green Sustainable to a certain extent.
Research data shows in recent years, and in China Huang-Huai-Hai southern areas, wheat stalk full dose crushes covering direct returning to farmland
Under the conditions of corn machine direct seeding technique be progressively promoted and popularize, but due to part peasant to this technology grasp it is not comprehensive enough,
Occur some problems in extension process and generate some negative effects.Although improving straw mulching can improve soil organic matter,
There is the low-producing trend of drop in a short time, and can be to budding, emergence and seedling there are many drawbacks, such as improving straw mulching
Growth generates inhibitory action, is mainly shown as germination percentage reduction, and the seeding stage postpones, and growth of seedling slows down.
The content of the invention
In order to solve these problems, inventor be directed to soil bad character and barrier factors, take corresponding physics and
Chemical measure by adjusting all kinds of fertilizer of application, increases the topsoil soils content of organic matter, improves soil physical chemistry and biology
Matter is increase soil fertility, and increases crop yield.And Jing Guo last decade field location test (Test site is Mengcheng County agricultural Portion East China Crop cultivation observation experiment station), it is proposed that sandy loess wheat stalk full dose of the invention crushes
Corn machine live broadcasting method under the conditions of covering direct returning to farmland.
Specifically, corn machine is straight under the conditions of the present invention provides a kind of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland
Broadcasting method, it is characterised in that：The described method includes following step：
(1) getting wheat stalk, stubble height≤25cm in harvesting process；
(2) wheat stalk obtained is crushed using stalk disintegrating apparatus and uniformly sheds covering earth's surface；
(3) judge whether stubble height is more than object height, if mechanical stubble-cleaning is carried out more than object height, under otherwise entering
One step；
(4) to impose crush after the soil of stalk impose base manure based on nitrogenous fertilizer；
(5) corn seeding is carried out, soil moisture in the soil value after planting, is being judged and " cover-head is judged whether to based on soil moisture in the soil value
The teeming of water " makes soil moisture content reach the 75%-85% of field capacity；
(6) after planting or before and after jointing, interlacing trench digging, take out it is male before 10 days, it is 20 days latter, field capacity is kept to exist
75%~80%, water deficient interlacing watering, field has ponding to want timely draining.
(7) broadcast rear before seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48% beautiful grass
The herbicides such as spirit, 50% Acetochlor, closing weeding is carried out after being watered；
(8) in jointing stage to the toy trumpet mouth phase of corn, progress nitrogenous fertilizer imposes, and fertilising is using mechanical side deep placement, in big loudspeaker
The mouth phase carries out second of nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes.
In a kind of preferred implementation, the step (1), (2) are completed simultaneously, including：Start and install straw chopping throwing additional
The combine harvester of device is spilt, while getting wheat, chopping is carried out and sheds wheat stalk operation.
In another preferred implementation, the qualified chopping length≤15cm of wheat stalk, stalk in the step (2)
Length qualification rate >=85%, crop residue cover rate >=40% are crushed, rate≤20%, straw scattering draught unevenness≤20% are cut in leakage.
In another preferred implementation, corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm, seed-fertilizer applying in the step (5)
3cm~5cm below seed, suppression of soil is tight, ensures seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%.
In another preferred implementation, the seeding corn kind includes：Grand flat 206, step on sea 605, Zheng Dan 958,
First jade 335, middle list 909, calabash shell serving as a dipper jade 35, dredge single 20, big section 702, Shandong single 981, middle section 4, peace agriculture 9.
In another preferred implementation, the method, which further includes, carries out cutworm prevention：Field weeds are removed,
Eliminate worm's ovum and larva；It was found that hazard symptoms, are sprayed or with " 2.5% metrifonate powder " 2kg~2.5kg with " 90% opposes hundred per acre
800 times~1000 times liquid spraying preventions of worm ".
In another preferred implementation, corn maturation time is appropriately determined, is carried out based on the correct maturation time of corn
Harvest.
The wheat stalk of the present invention crushes what mulching and returning was realized in：Using combine harvester, (installation stalk crushes
Device) stalk is crushed while wheat is harvested after shed be covered in earth's surface or harvest wheat after select be applicable in machinery will
Wheat Straw is shed after crushing and is covered in earth's surface.
The present invention proposes " density is anti-down, is attacked after preceding suppression " maize high-yield culture technique route, and density is anti-down to be referred to increase
Density prevents from lodging；It is attacked after preceding suppression and refers to reduce base fertilizer, prevent that basal internode is long, fringe position is excessively high, and plant center of gravity is higher, weight
Jointing fertilizer and typhon mouth fertilizer are applied, so as to improve functional leaf photosynthetic performance, increases chlorophyll content, improves grain number per spike and grain weight.
" compact high yield resistance to close anti-fall improved seeds+wheat stalk full dose mechanical crushing sheds mulching and returning+are when losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil for Demonstration And Extension
Patch stubble simple grain machine live streaming+balance formula fertilising and sufficient base manure attack stalk fertilizer, promote ear manuer and increase the reasonable Operational of Nitrogen Among+pest and disease damage of granulated fertilizer
The yield-increasing technology pattern of Unifying control+complete ripeness mechanical harvest ".
Corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm in the present invention, seed manure impose on 3cm~5cm below seed, and suppression of soil is tight
Real, seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%, field is without broadcast leakage, and the edge of a field is without replay.
The present invention is using no-tillage and direct-seeding corn technology, using soil measurement formula balance fertilizing, before wheat stalk total crop return
It puts based on nitrogen fertilizer application, coordinates a certain number of phosphorus potash fertilizers, and add appropriate micro- fertilizer, nitrogen phosphoris and potassium fertilizer ratio 25：10：10.It applies
Fertile method is taken to be carried out by several times by stages, such as using the fertilization mode of disposable bottom application, it is necessary to select sustained slow-release fertilizer.
The present invention considers fertilizer application period and dose in production, it is proposed that balance formula fertilising and sufficient base manure attack stalk fertilizer, promote
Ear manuer and increasing granulated fertilizer, so as to prevent crops Huang seedling, nurturing staff, and then improve strong sprout rate.
Wide adaptation range of the present invention, every have that irrigation conditions, prepartion of land, plot are larger, moderate rainfall wheat is beautiful
Rice yielding two crops a year area, is especially useful in the Shajiang black soil of China Huang-Huai-Hai on the ground.
The method of the present invention can improve the operation quality of straw-returning, increase dose, by carrying out irrigation etc., contribute to
Straw decomposition, so as to improve emergence rate and promote growth of seedling.Sandy loess wheat stalk full dose according to the present invention
Corn machine direct seeding technique under the conditions of crushing covering direct returning to farmland, to improving agricultural production yield, promoting agricultural sustainable development tool
Play the role of positive.
Live broadcasting method using the present invention compared to existing returning to the field situation, will not only reduce the current production for planting corn
It measures or appropriate promotion is brought to yield.Moreover, after returning to the field 2-3, the quality in soil can be significantly improved.
The live broadcasting method of the present invention, can improve soil physical chemistry and biological characteristics, increase soil fertility, and produce are made in increase
Amount, can make the reduction of topsoil soils unit weight, and water content improves.
The live broadcasting method of the present invention can increase Soil Carbon Stock.Increase topsoil soils porosity, soil can be made
Carbon pool management index (CPMI) improves.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is harvesting wheat, stalk crushes, installation cuts scattering mechanism and uniformly sheds the schematic diagram of operation；
Fig. 2 is the pictorial diagram of No-tillage Maize Planter and the flow diagram of no-till maize；
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram that wheat stalk crushes stubble-cleaning operation；
Fig. 4 is the operation schematic diagram that corn is broadcast live in the no-tillage patch stubble simple grain machine of wheat stalk full dose mulching and returning.
Specific embodiment
In conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, and the experimental method in following embodiments is as without especially
Illustrate, be conventional method.
Wheat stalk full dose prepares before crushing covering direct returning to farmland Mechanization Technique operation
(1) field preparation and the requirement to crop
The road for leading to farm work, the barrier on bridge are checked and removed before operation, it is impossible to which the barrier of removing adds
With mark.
When carrying out wheat stalk returning do mechanization operation, the moisture content of wheat stalk should be 10%~25% or so.Occur
The stalk of serious pest and disease damage cannot carry out direct returning to farmland.
(2) manipulator is required
Manipulator should be by professional operation technical training, and can be on duty after obtaining related qualification.Manipulator must before operation
After must reading over, grasping the basic operation principle of equipment, adjustment, use and general troubleshooting method, then by operation instruction
Book practical operation.
(3) equipment prepares and checks adjustment
Mulching and returning Mechanization Technique is crushed using wheat stalk, need to prepare to install the combining of straw millstone additional
Machine, and the combined machine with no-tillage and fertilization and sowing of corn tool needed for the sowing of rear stubble.Combine harvester and straw chopping apparatus technology
State is intact.
Tractor startup is smoothly steady, stops working thoroughly reliable.
Tractor engine, hydraulic system are not allow for oil leak, leak, gas leakage；Hydraulic control system and steering should
Flexibly, without catching phenomenon；Hydraulic system should clean, and each manipulation, adjusting mechanism answer light and flexible, elastic appropriateness.At stalk crushing
Each adjusting mechanism of the machinery such as reason should ensure that it is easy to operate, it is flexible adjustment, reliable.Each component adjustable range should be able to reach defined pole
Extreme position.The tool apron and blade of stalk leaves disintegrating-processing machine tool, should be without deformed damaged and shortage.The installation direction of mechanical gimbals is just
Really, length of fit is enough.Check the rate of tension of adjustment V-type band.After straw chopping and returning processing machinery is connected with tractor, it should adjust
Transverse direction, vertical equity and the operation height for the stubble left of complete machine tool：The left and right brace of tractor mounnted frame is adjusted, makes machine or so
Into level；The pull-up pole length of tractor mounnted frame is adjusted, makes it longitudinally close to level.Filling engine oil, diesel oil, cold on request
But water, lubricating oil.Mount it is appropriate after, dry run 5min~8min confirms that each position is worked well, can just put into operation.It is mating
Each component technology of seeding machineries such as combined machine with no-tillage and fertilization and sowing of corn it is in good condition.
Embodiment 1
Step 1, wheat stalk crush mulching and returning do mechanization operation.
Start install additional straw chopping tossed device combine harvester, while getting wheat, carry out chopping shed it is small
Wheat Straw operation (such as Fig. 1).
Machinery answers low speed to drive into the crop field edge of a field to start operation, and speed is advisable with II grade, can on the premise of quality is not influenced
Properly increase operating speed.
Wheat Straw crushes mulching and returning Mechanization Technique quality index：Stubble height≤25cm, the qualified chopping of wheat stalk
Length≤15cm, stalk crush length qualification rate >=85%, crop residue cover rate >=40%, and rate≤20% is cut in leakage, and straw scattering draught is not
The uniformity≤20%.Corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm, seed manure impose on 3cm~5cm below seed, and suppression of soil is tight,
Seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%, field is without broadcast leakage, and the edge of a field is without replay.
Step 2, corn machine live streaming.
(1) the resistance to close anti-fall improved seeds of compact high yield are selected
According to Anhui Province sandy loess summer corn main producing region natural ecological condition, select high and stable yield good, resistance to close
The strong superior corn kind of lodging resistance.Such as grand flat 206, step on sea 605, Zheng Dan 958, first jade 335, middle list 909, calabash shell serving as a dipper jade 35, dredge list
20th, the kinds such as big section 702, Shandong list 981, middle section 4, peace agriculture 9
(2) seed quality and seed pelleting are improved
On the basis of improved seeds are selected, high quality seed is selected, particularly requires percentage of seedgermination >=95% (minimum also
Reach more than 92%), while it is necessary for capsuled seed.
(3) straw full dose mechanical crushing throwing returning
During harvesting wheat, high-power is selected to crush and cut the combined wheat harvester of polishing apparatus with stalk, wheat toothing is high
Degree≤25cm, wheat stalk crush length≤15cm, and the wheat stalk after crushing will be shed uniformly, should not be into ridge or heap in heaps
It puts.If stalk amount is excessive or toothing is too high and straw scattering draught is uneven, stubble-cleaning must be carried out with stubble-cleaning machinery before broadcasting, then
It sows again (such as Fig. 2).
(4) sowing is concentrated when losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil
Adhere to that " summer sowing is without early, the sooner the better；Catch an early word, prominent one is robbed word " principle.Preceding stubble harvesting wheat
Summer corn is sowed when losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil as early as possible afterwards, sowing is concentrated before striving June 15 to reduce bud flood and nurturing staff.If soil moisture in the soil
Feelings deficiency, broadcasts summer corn and also can first sow to rob, teeming " cover-head water " in time after broadcasting.
(5) rational close planting, the machine live streaming of patch stubble simple grain
Length is crushed according to plot flatness, stalk and sheds the uniformity and machine power 2~4 row simple grain planters of selection
Patch stubble sowing is carried out, line-spacings, spacing in the rows 24cm~26cm, 4500 plants~5000 plants/acre plantations (such as Fig. 3) are waited using 60 centimetres.Really
Seeding quality is protected, ensures 3~5 centimetres of depth of planting and uniformity.Density of reserved seedlings should ensure that at 4500 plants or so per acre, resistance to close
The good kind planting density of property can properly increase.With density, the amount of broadcasting, the seed grain number of sowing should stay Miao Mi than determining surely
Degree increases by 15% or so.
Step 3, foot fertilising material, chemical fertilizer mechanical deep fertilizing.
Using soil measurement formula balance fertilizing, under the premise of wheat stalk total crop return based on nitrogen fertilizer application, coordinate a fixed number
The phosphorus potash fertilizer of amount, and add appropriate micro- fertilizer.Seed manure will be separated with seed, be prevented " burning kind ".
Fertilizer application requirement:Under the conditions of the fertility straw directly returning to field of medium soil, 600kg/ mus of corn productions are realized
The dose of amount is：Purity nitrogen 16-18kg, P2O5 6-8kg、K2O 6-8kg.Fertilizing method is taken to carry out by several times by stages.
(1) base manure：Using 50 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer (N-P-K=15-15-15) and 10 kilograms or so of urea or (N-P-
50 kilograms of K=25-10-10 high nitrogen), no-tillage fertilizing and seeding machine is selected to be separated simultaneously with seed in sowing and is buried simultaneously.
(2) top dressing：After planting 25d~30d, i.e. jointing stage impose 10 kilograms or so of urea, machine per acre to the toy trumpet mouth phase
Tool side deep placement (10 centimetres or so of depth)；Boot stage i.e. after planting 45d or so, applies urea 10kg~15kg or after planting
40d~45d, i.e. typhon mouth phase apply urea 15kg~20kg；Flower period can add urea 5~10 in right amount according to plant growing way
Kilogram or so.Such as use the fertilization mode of disposable bottom application, it is necessary to select sustained slow-release fertilizer.
Step 4, water management requirement：Prevent drought and waterlogging, in time the row of filling
The insemination and emergence phase will ensure good soil moisture content.Soil moisture content deficiency when such as sowing, the timely teeming " illiteracy after broadcasting
Head water " ensures that one broadcasts full stand.Since damage or crop failure caused by waterlogging, stain evil easily occur for seedling stage, field Yao Gou should be dredged, enclose ditch, furrow ditch, accomplish " three
Ditch " is mating, prevents seedling stage flood stain.In case of storm water wants timely draining, anti-bud flood and seedling flood.Booting and filling stage needs moisture
The amount of asking is big, and meeting drought should irrigate in time.
After planting or before and after jointing, interlacing trench digging, in case irrigation and drainage, preferential defense seedling stage stain evil, when watering, utilizes row
The irrigation ditch interlacing that inside begins to rehearse is watered；Male preceding 10d, rear 20d are taken out, field capacity should be kept 75%~80%, water deficient will be every
Row watering；Field has ponding to want timely draining.
Sowing and strong sprout under the conditions of step 5, straw-returning.Corn uses no-tillage and direct-seeding technology, ensures that sowing is uniform, seed level
Unanimously, do not replay, not broadcast leakage；In the ranks distance and depth of planting need to be adjusted according to crop varieties, planting density.And this hair
Bright to have promoted " three are adhered to " and " five suitable sowings " nurturing staff technology first, this technology is to realize that maize sprout-promoting, drought resisting are protected
The key technology of seedling, the strong big fringe of stalk and later stage anti-early ageing.Adhere to straw chopping and returning, applying organic manure and use sufficient base manure；It is hard
Hold that high-power machinery essence amount is even to be broadcast and five suitable (suitable moisture in the soil, optimum period, appropriate, suitable formula, suitable deep) sowing；Adhere to that seed pelleting or medicament are mixed
Kind soil chemicals treatment." three are adhered to " is to realize that seedling is complete, full stand, the uniform robust seedling of seedling, it is ensured that maize sprout-promoting and realizes that strong stalk is big
The essential technique (such as Fig. 3) of fringe.
Speed corruption is preserved soil moisture and irrigated under the conditions of step 6, straw-returning.It to water in due course after broadcasting, soil moisture content is made to reach field
Between water-holding capacity 75%-85%, soil to be accelerated to sink reality and straw decomposition, avoid straw-returning to crop emergence and late growth
Influence.
Maize field crop smothering integrated control under the conditions of step 7, straw-returning.
Prevention and control of weeds:Broadcast rear before seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48%
The herbicides such as beautiful grass spirit, 50% Acetochlor, to carrying out closing weeding after water.It also can be beautiful with 48% in corn visible 3~5 leaf phase of leaf
The herbicide after seedling such as careless spirit or 4% beautiful agriculture happy, bud is defended, nicosulfuron, atrazine are sprayed to being oriented after water on corn inter-row weed
Mist.Accomplish not respray, not drain spray, and pay attention to drug safety, prevent herbicide damage.
Step 8, complete ripeness harvest
Into after September part, bracteal leaf of corn turns yellow successively, and seed top is gradually hardened, and many peasant households take for maturation, just
Start to harvest.It is only at this time actually ripe beginning, first quarter moon or so is also needed from real maturation.Corn appropriate evening receives, and can make
Remaining nutrient continues to convey into seed in stalk, gives full play to afterripening, increases yield, improves quality, improving quality.
Corn complete ripeness harvest technology is a yield-increasing technology that need not increase any input.Corn after pollination 40 days to before complete ripeness,
It receives 1 day every night, 5 kilograms of corns can be increased production per acre.It postpones ten days and receiving, it is per acre to buy hundred jin of grains more.
(1) strictly holds the full ripe mark of corn
There are two the mark of corn kernel physiological maturity is main, first, seed base portion black layer occurs；Second is that seed milk-line disappears
It loses.30 days or so after corn pollination, the endosperm tissue at the top of seed starts to harden, and one is formed laterally with lower part succulence endosperm fraction
Boundary layer, that is, milk-line.50 days or so after pollination, fruit ear lower part seed milk-line disappears, and moisture content of kernels drops to less than 30%.Corn
Full ripe stage blade turns yellow, and fruit ear bract is dried, is fluffy, white.Seed is integrally hardened, and the intrinsic grain type of this kind is presented
And color；Corn kernel milk-line disappears.Corn ear is broken from centre disconnected, seen either with or without the boundary line of yellow-white among seed, if
There is corn to be in dough stage, if nothing is only full ripe stage；There is black layer in corn kernel.After corn kernel is taken off, seed bottom
Bennet remove, if there is black layer, represent ripe.The general volume increase 10% or so of full ripe stage harvest.
(2) summer corns complete ripeness water content in harvest
Huainan, along Huaihe River area summer corn generally in late September complete ripeness, northern territory summer corn will generally arrive October by the end of September
First corn ability full maturity.Therefore 40~45 days harvests harvested for 55 days after pollination after changing customary corn pollination.Together
When to widely popularize mechanical harvest and straw chopping and returning integrated technique.
1. after manually breaking fringe harvest, then stalk machinery returning to the field utilizes straw counters-field set using manually corncob is taken
Directly by straw chopping and returning.This technology is more mature, lacks harvest stubble-cleaning machinery area and generally uses.
2. mechanical harvesting or threshing, stalk crushes combining fruit ear harvest and straw chopping and returning integration of operation, once
Complete harvesting, fruit cluster delivering, header, straw chopping and returning flow chart.No matter adopting which kind of harvesting approach will be according to corn
Situations such as lodging degree, the sag of planting density and corncob, minimum knot fringe height, mechanical debugging is carried out, is made with sharp field
Industry.Corn combine harvest, which is adapted to, waits line-spacings, minimum 35 centimetres of knot fringe height, lodging degree<5%th, the sagging rate of fruit ear<
15% plot operation.Corn kernel moisture content is higher (30%~40%) during China's Huang-Huai-Hai most area harvest, corn
The operations such as harvesting, header and straw-returning are only completed in harvest machinery operation, not direct threshing.China's harvest corn optimum period, is because of product
Kind, date of seeding and area and it is different, mostly in wax ripeness latter stage.If being done directly threshing operations, it need to postpone harvest time, corn is allowed to be taken off in field
Water is to water content 25% or so.Corn mechanical harvest requirement grain loss rate≤2%, fruit ear loss late≤3%, seed damage rate
≤ 1%, bract walnut hulling rate >=85%, fruit ear percentage of impurity≤3%；The height for the stubble left (type with straw-returning operation)≤10 lis
Rice, returning to the field straw chopping qualification rate >=85%.
3. drying in time, fruit ear and seed after the harvest corn that prevents from going mouldy will be dried or divulged information in time after focusing on threshing ground
Precipitation, what the smaller stacking in place was relatively concentrated overturned 1 time every several days, prevented that sealing heap goes mouldy.
Fringe is store：Wall can be done with iron wire, brick, sorghum, plank, be covered with thin iron, asbestos shingle, build up permanent granary.
Grain storage：Before seed puts in storage, using gravity-flow ventilation and natural low temperature, Grain water is down within 14%.
3. straw chopping and returning technical parameter and technical essential
(1) stalk crushes Wheat Straw and crushes mulching and returning Mechanization Technique quality index:Stubble height≤25cm, Wheat Straw
The qualified chopping length≤15cm of stalk, stalk crush length qualification rate >=85%, crop residue cover rate >=40%, and rate≤20% is cut in leakage,
Straw scattering draught unevenness≤20%.Corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm, seed manure impose on 3cm~5cm below seed, earthing
Suppression is tight, and seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%, field is without broadcast leakage, and the edge of a field is without replay.
(2) irrigate and fit soil moisture content and rain condition after broadcasting and irrigate one time, supplement irrigation promote stalk rot with seed and soil touch to prevent
Only Drought at seedling stage.
(3) cultivation fertilizing method is taken carries out by several times by stages.It suppresses or sprays after broadcasting, moisture in the soil is mended in furrow irrigation；Promote capsuled seed and
Dressing seed technology, timely anti-subterranean pest-insect and seedling stage pest；Cauline leaf is eliminated after straw mulching and returning wants timely seedling.It is sowing
Afterwards or before and after jointing, interlacing trench digging, in case irrigation and drainage, preferential defense seedling stage stain evil, when watering, utilizes the irrigation ditch interlacing that begins to rehearse in row
Watering；Male preceding 10d, rear 20d are taken out, should keeping field capacity, water deficient want interlacing watering 75%~80%；There is product in field
Water wants timely draining.
The kind and selection of time of fertilising are particularly important, must be based on nitrogenous fertilizer, this is because the straw of preceding crop
Nitrogen in stalk decomposition and consumption soil, can prevent succession crop weak seedling and Huang Miao based on nitrogenous fertilizer.
Embodiment 2
Basic steps in the present embodiment are similar to Example 1, simple here to introduce, unless otherwise specified, this step
Operating process is with reference to embodiment 1.
Step 1, using the combine harvester for installing straw chopping tossed device additional, wheat throwing is carried out while getting wheat
Spread operation.
Step 2 is broadcast live seed using corn machine.
Step 3, foot fertilising material, chemical fertilizer mechanical deep fertilizing.
Sowing and strong sprout under the conditions of step 4, straw-returning.
Speed corruption is preserved soil moisture and irrigated under the conditions of step 5, straw-returning.
Maize field crop smothering pest integrative is prevented under the conditions of step 6, straw-returning.
(1) prevention and control of weeds：Broadcast rear before seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or
The herbicides such as 48% beautiful careless spirit, 50% Acetochlor, to carrying out closing weeding after water.Also can be used in corn visible 3~5 leaf phase of leaf
The herbicide after seedling such as 48% beautiful grass spirit or 4% beautiful agriculture happy, bud is defended, nicosulfuron, atrazine to after water on corn inter-row weed
Directed spraying.Accomplish not respray, not drain spray, and pay attention to drug safety, prevent herbicide damage.
(2) seedling stage insect pest：It is noted that the insect pests such as cutworm, thrips, mythimna separata occur after emergence.
(3) cutworm prevents：Field weeds are removed, eliminate worm's ovum and larva；It was found that hazard symptoms, are used per acre
" 2.5% metrifonate powder " 2kg~2.5kg is sprayed or prevented with " 90% metrifonate " 800 times~1000 times liquid sprayings.
(4) thrips prevents with seedling stage leafeating insect：" 50% phoxim " 1500 times of liquid sprinklings, 100 milliliters per acre.With pungent sulphur
The sprayings such as phosphorus, decis prevent seedling stage leafeating insect, simultaneous to control maize virus disease.
(5) armyworm control：Control effect is good before three ages, with " 10% cypermethrin " or " 4.5% effective cypermethrin "
1200 times of -1500 times of liquid sprayings.
(6) the middle and later periods prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control：Lobus cardiacus phase prevention corn borer loses lobus cardiacus, ear period corn with " 3% phoxim granule "
Snout moth's larva prevention fills filigrees or with 800 times~1000 times of " 90% metrifonate " with 500 times~800 times liquid of 50-80% " DDVP " missible oil
Liquid sprays fruit ear.
(7) the later stage prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control：Prevention corn leaf aphids can ward off aphid mist with 50%, and 8g~10g or 10% imidacloprid be per acre per acre
10g~15g sprays to water 45kg and prevents.Corn Stalk Rots are prevented with 600 times of " can kill " liquid, with 1200 times of " 20% triadimefon "
Liquid sprays control rust.Prevention curving cascade can use 50% Bravo, 50% carbendazim, 500 times of 70% thiophanate methyl
Liquid is sprayed.
(8) Unifying control pest and disease damage
According to " environment protective plant protecting ", the requirement of " harmonious ecology ", " quickness and high efficiency ", demonstration piece is carried out using existing utility condition
Pest and disease monitoring is forecast, actively develops prevention.Select capsuled seed prevention subterranean pest-insect and sprout term disease；Rear before seedling is broadcast, with reference to
Soil closing weeding sprinkling insecticidal ovicide, broadcasts rear before seedling sprinkling Rynaxypyr or chrysanthemum esters, organic phosphates medicament, kills
The residual pest hidden in the wheat stubbles such as 2 committee noctuid insect, small brown rice planthopper, thrips, frit fly on wheat stubble.Subterranean pest-insect is seriously
Block spreads fertilizer over the fields watering prevention after phoxim or chlopyrifos pesticide-clay mixture in seed furrow.After the corn toy trumpet mouth phase, the typhon mouth phase
Before with the happiness of organic-biological pesticide wide (Rynaxypyr suspending agent) spraying prevention corn borer；After loose powder, using hot mist
The pest and disease damages such as pesticide application technology integrated control later stage fringe aphid, fringe snout moth's larva, rust, leaf spot.Spray matrine, pymetrozine, chlopyrifos etc.
Prevent the insect pests such as fringe aphid, fringe snout moth's larva；Spray Prochloraz, Tebuconazole prevention corn tikka class disease.
Embodiment 3
Huang-Huai-Hai, especially Anhui Province, a main underproduction factor of summer corn are that the water drainage problem in rainy season.
In order to drain flooded fields, the present invention carries out draining after corn seed by the way of interlacing trench digging.The purpose of water drainage is to ensure then
Yield, but drain flooded fields while can bring a long-range problem, be exactly soil erosion, present kind of landlord generally primarily focuses on
Current production, and soil erosion is ignored.This soil erosion occurs especially in slope, area especially with heavy rainfall
Slope, corn planting is in order to ensure that draining is smooth, many planting patterns using along slope into ridge.This planting patterns water drainage
Easily, but since current are excessively smooth it is easy to cause soil erosion.Present planting patterns, the cleaning of corn bottom weeds
Thoroughly, the soil of no vegetation protection easily generates a large amount of losses of water and soil after rain drop erosion is subject to.
In order to solve the problems, such as this soil erosion in hillside fields, the application has been put forward for the first time oblique opens longitudinal furrow+ditch into ridge+interlacing
Open the comprehensive solution of traverse furrow in interior press-in stalk+bottom.
In the present embodiment, to stalk shed and planting process is adjusted.Specifically, first, in straw scattering draught
When, reserved part wheat stalk, it is highly preferred that reserved part autumn the previous year harvest maize straw (have many areas due to
Condition of storage and ability are limited, stalk be difficult to retain to summer corn plant when, it is this to use wheat stalk), maize straw
Blade is coarse to be more advantageous to shield soil.
During corn planting, using along the oblique planting patterns into ridge in hillside fields, i.e., in planting process, direction and the gradient side on ridge
To forming an angle, such as 30-80 degree, the selection of the angle is empirically determined based on annual precipitation.After plantation,
Or in planting process, longitudinal furrow is opened in interlacing, and stalk is shed along longitudinal furrow direction in longitudinal furrow, by V-type pressure roller to vertical after shedding
Ditch is compacted.What stalk here crushed that size is greater than normal straw-returning sheds size, is advisable with 4-6 cuns.
In the bottom in hillside fields, on ridge, head excavates transverse drain ditch, keeps certain slope, transverse drain ditch is wider than longitudinal drainage
Ditch, it is conditional that ditch inside is compacted using machinery, further prevent erosion.
When the fore-and-aft distance in hillside fields is larger (when referring to that slope is longer from top of the slope to bottom of slope), every a distance, adjustment
The trend on ridge so that ridge above slope and between the ridge of lower section it is reciprocal in zigzag.This can ensure the same of water content
When, in the case where rainwater is excessive, avoid lodging due to large area caused by ponding and water impact.If in addition, using Z-shaped
Shape cloth ridge, then transverse drain ditch is also accordingly in zigzag, and deeper traverse furrow is exactly to prevent that draining is difficult and designs when rainfall is larger
's.
We have carried out the contrast experiment of 3 years in two parts of the plot of Mengcheng County respectively, in first piece of experimental plot
On, applicant according to embodiment 1 planting patterns.On second piece of experimental plot, using the planting patterns of the present embodiment.
Then, after corn planting, in rainy season respectively to the furrow draining flowed out on two pieces of experimental plots in containing sand
Amount is tested, and the test result of 3 years, which compares, to be found, using the planting patterns of the present embodiment, silt content is than implementing in current
1 low 25-50% of example.
Moreover, applicant has been surprisingly found that, using the planting patterns of the present embodiment, the growth of weeds is also inhibited, because
This, it is possible to reduce the usage amount of herbicide.Actually straw-returning technology at returning to the field initial stage is ineffective to corn growth, because
This, existing returning to the field mode can just cause the underproduction, therefore, also unfavorable to weed growth, and in the present embodiment, it is thrown at furrow
Stalk is spread, and is compacted, at the furrow for causing most easy growth of weeds, weeds are more not easy to grow.
Preliminary analysis, why the present embodiment water and soil maintains effect so good, using only stalk especially size straw
Stalk covering furrow is that on the one hand, on the one hand oblique cloth ridge, especially Z-shaped cloth ridge are also that zigzag cloth ridge virtually slows down water
Eroding velocity is flowed, thereby reduces silt content.
The planting patterns of the present embodiment is still in conceptual phase, and for big farming household, can this planting patterns push away
Water and soil conservation rate extensively is depended not only on, additionally depends on cost benefit.
Although the principle of the present invention is described in detail above in conjunction with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, this field skill
Art personnel are it should be understood that above-described embodiment is only the explanation to the exemplary implementation of the present invention, not to present invention bag
Restriction containing scope.Details in embodiment is simultaneously not meant to limit the scope of the invention, in the spirit without departing substantially from the present invention and
In the case of scope, any equivalent transformation based on technical solution of the present invention, simple replacement etc. obviously change, and all fall within
Within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of corn machine live broadcasting method under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland, it is characterised in that：Institute
The method of stating comprises the following steps：
(1) getting wheat stalk, stubble height≤25cm in harvesting process；
(2) wheat stalk obtained is crushed using stalk disintegrating apparatus and uniformly sheds covering earth's surface；
(3) judge whether stubble height is more than object height, if mechanical stubble-cleaning is carried out more than object height, otherwise into next
Step；
(4) to impose crush after the soil of stalk impose base manure based on nitrogenous fertilizer；
(5) corn seeding is carried out, soil moisture in the soil value after planting, is being judged and is being judged whether to " cover-head water " based on soil moisture in the soil value
Teeming makes soil moisture content reach the 75%-85% of field capacity；
(6) after planting or before and after jointing, interlacing trench digging, take out it is male before 10 days, it is 20 days latter, keep field capacity 75%~
80%, water deficient interlacing watering, field has ponding to want timely draining；
(7) broadcast rear before seedling, soil moisture content suitable for when or after having poured " cover-head water ", with 40% atrazine plus acetochlar or 48% beautiful grass spirit,
50% Acetochlor herbicide carries out closing weeding after being watered；
(8) in jointing stage to the toy trumpet mouth phase of corn, progress nitrogenous fertilizer imposes, and fertilising is using mechanical side deep placement, in typhon mouth
Phase carries out second of nitrogenous fertilizer and imposes,
Wherein, during corn seeding, it is pressed into using oblique open into ridge+interlacing in longitudinal furrow+ditch by the way of stalk+bottom opens traverse furrow, it should
Mode includes：
First, in straw scattering draught, reserved part wheat stalk,
During corn planting, direction and the gradient direction on ridge form an angle, and after plantation or in planting process, interlacing is opened
Longitudinal furrow sheds stalk in longitudinal furrow along longitudinal furrow direction, and the longitudinal furrow after shedding is compacted by V-type pressure roller, and stalk crushes ruler
It is very little be greater than normal straw-returning shed size,
In the bottom in hillside fields, on ridge, head excavates transverse drain ditch, and transverse drain ditch is wider than longitudinal drainage ditch, and ditch inside is carried out
Compacting.
2. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1
Method, which is characterized in that the step (1), (2) are completed simultaneously, including：Start the combining for installing straw chopping tossed device additional
Machine while getting wheat, carries out chopping and sheds wheat stalk operation.
3. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1
Method, which is characterized in that the qualified chopping length≤15cm of wheat stalk in the step (2), stalk crushing length qualification rate >=
85%, rate≤20%, straw scattering draught unevenness≤20% are cut in crop residue cover rate >=40%, leakage.
4. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1
Method, which is characterized in that corn seeding depth 2.5cm~4.5cm in the step (5), seed manure impose on 3cm below seed~
5cm, suppression of soil is tight, ensures seed percentage of damage≤0.5%, hole rate≤3%.
5. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1
Method, which is characterized in that the seeding corn kind includes：Grand flat 206, sea 605, first Zheng Dan 958, jade 335, middle list 909, calabash shell serving as a dipper are stepped on
Jade 35 dredges single 20, big section 702, Shandong list 981, middle section 4, peace agriculture 9.
6. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1
Method, which is characterized in that the method, which further includes, carries out cutworm prevention：Field weeds are removed, eliminate worm's ovum and larva；Hair
Existing hazard symptoms are sprayed with " 2.5% metrifonate powder " 2kg~2.5kg or per acre with 800 times~1000 times of " 90% metrifonate "
Liquid spraying prevention.
7. corn machine live streaming side under the conditions of sandy loess Wheat stalk-covering direct returning to farmland according to claim 1
Method, which is characterized in that be appropriately determined corn maturation time, harvested based on the correct maturation time of corn.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201810403608.7A CN108684467A (en) | 2017-05-24 | 2017-05-24 | A kind of corn planting method based on wheat stalk returning |
| CN201710372555.2A CN106982640B (en) | 2017-05-24 | 2017-05-24 | A kind of sandy loess wheat stalk crushes corn machine live broadcasting method under returning to the field |
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| CN201710372555.2A CN106982640B (en) | 2017-05-24 | 2017-05-24 | A kind of sandy loess wheat stalk crushes corn machine live broadcasting method under returning to the field |
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| CN108496717B (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2020-01-24 | 安徽省农业科学院烟草研究所 | Cultivation method for returning all smashed straws to summer corn in black soil area of sand ginger |
| CN108575165A (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2018-09-28 | 安徽农业大学 | The band-like clear even broadcasting method of straw of corn under a kind of wheat high-stubble returning total stalks into fields |
| CN109122118B (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2020-09-01 | 江苏沿江地区农业科学研究所 | Rice and wheat high stubble remaining linear stubble cleaning wide and narrow row cultivation method |
| CN108990459B (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2022-01-28 | 安徽农业大学 | Direct returning-to-field decay promoting method suitable for rice stubble wheat straws in Huaihe region |
| CN108863495A (en) * | 2018-09-28 | 2018-11-23 | 周口市农业科学院 | Shajiang black meadow soil area glutinous corn formulation fertilizer and use technology |
| CN110915343B (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2022-10-11 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Corn straw shallow-pressing covering-belt rotary tillage method for returning all straws to field |
| CN113115690A (en) * | 2020-01-11 | 2021-07-16 | 吴冠军 | Corn straw full-coverage original ridge no-tillage seeding method |
| CN111264545A (en) * | 2020-03-11 | 2020-06-12 | 江苏克胜集团股份有限公司 | Composition for preventing and treating aphids, insecticide and application |
| CN111528012A (en) * | 2020-06-01 | 2020-08-14 | 河南科技学院 | Simplified corn lodging-resistant cultivation method |
| CN112056037A (en) * | 2020-09-15 | 2020-12-11 | 吉林省农业科学院 | Cultivation method for returning all corn straws to field |
| CN112056038A (en) * | 2020-09-15 | 2020-12-11 | 吉林省农业科学院 | Protective farming method for returning corn straw to field partially |
| CN112889604A (en) * | 2021-01-18 | 2021-06-04 | 山西省农业科学院小麦研究所 | Whole straw covering and soil moisture preserving planting method for dry-land corn in leisure period |
| CN113273343A (en) * | 2021-04-19 | 2021-08-20 | 贵州省山地农业机械研究所 | Method for improving soil quality by returning straw to field |
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| CN1774983A (en) * | 2005-12-12 | 2006-05-24 | 山东省农业科学院作物研究所 | Wheat-corn ridge-culture zero-tillage direct-sowing cultivating method |
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| CN106550697A (en) * | 2015-09-28 | 2017-04-05 | 韩浩良 | A kind of new method of summer corn no-tillage and direct-seeding |
| CN105660097B (en) * | 2016-01-11 | 2018-06-05 | 山东农业大学 | A kind of light moderate saline-alkali soil summer corn control salt method for increasing in the Huanghe delta |
| CN105917930B (en) * | 2016-05-10 | 2018-12-25 | 淮安市农业技术推广中心 | Corn full stand strengthens strain cultural method |
| CN106385854A (en) * | 2016-09-26 | 2017-02-15 | 山东农业大学 | A whole-year high yield and high efficiency overall planning cultivation method for wheat and maize |
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| CN1774983A (en) * | 2005-12-12 | 2006-05-24 | 山东省农业科学院作物研究所 | Wheat-corn ridge-culture zero-tillage direct-sowing cultivating method |
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