CN108617436B - Plant adjusting method for improving commodity melon rate of bitter gourds - Google Patents
Plant adjusting method for improving commodity melon rate of bitter gourds Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
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- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a plant adjusting method for improving the commodity melon rate of bitter gourds, which is characterized in that 1 lateral vine is reserved at each 5-6 node position above a main vine with the interval of 1m to form 1 melon, 3-6 leaves are reserved outwards at the node position of a seated melon to be topped, and all female flowers on the rest lateral vines and the main vine are removed, so that a photosynthetic product is distributed on fruits to the maximum extent, the development of the fruits is guaranteed, and the uniformity and the commodity melon rate of the commodity melons are improved; meanwhile, facility cultivation, vine falling and vine coiling and balanced fertilization are combined, healthy growth of plants is promoted, and the harvesting period is prolonged. By adopting the plant adjusting method to produce the bitter gourds, the commodity melon rate can reach more than 95%, and the harvesting period can reach more than 6 months, so that the aims of high quality, high yield, high efficiency and cost saving are fulfilled.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of bitter gourd cultivation, and particularly relates to a plant adjusting method for improving the commodity melon rate of bitter gourd.
Background
The balsam pear (Momoradica charrantia L.) is rich in nutrition, has Vc content in the crowns of melons and fruits vegetables, has the effects of reducing blood sugar, resisting bacteria, regulating immunity, resisting tumors, viruses and atherosclerosis and the like, and is a high-grade characteristic vegetable used as medicine and food. The natural growth of the balsam pears can generate a large number of lateral vines and leaves, the main lateral vines can bear melons, a plurality of lateral vines (including subsidiary vines and grandsubsidiary vines) are reserved in plant adjustment of a traditional cultivation mode, the leaves of the lateral vines are not removed, only yellow leaves of old leaves at the lower part are removed, and the melons are not removed (China fir and the like, Jiamei' high yield cultivation key technology of the balsam pears in early spring greenhouse, Chinese gardening abstracts, 2017(1) (171) and 172, Song Huan and the like, high-efficiency cultivation technology of the balsam pears in spring early spring in Xinning areas, Chinese vegetables, 2017(5) (93-95), Wangxiangfu and Zhenghongwei, balsam pears and melon plant adjustment technology, farmers are rich and friends, 2010, 6: 30), so that a large number of photosynthetic products are consumed in the growth of the lateral vines and the leaves, too many melons are too many, excessive competition of the photosynthetic products can be caused, a large number of deformed melons can be generated.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of poor uniformity, low commodity melon rate, short harvest period and the like of the commodity melons produced by the bitter gourds at present, the invention provides a plant adjusting method for improving the commodity melon rate of the bitter gourds, so that photosynthetic products are distributed on fruits to the maximum extent, the development of the fruits is guaranteed, and the aims of improving the uniformity and the commodity melon rate of the commodity melons, prolonging the harvest period and increasing benefits are fulfilled.
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a plant adjusting method for improving the commodity melon rate of bitter gourds is characterized in that 1 lateral vine is reserved at each 5-6 node position of a main vine with the interval of more than 1m for forming 1 melon, 3-6 leaves are reserved outwards at the melon-sitting node position for topping, and all female flowers on the rest lateral vines and the main vine are removed; the balsam pear is a strong female balsam pear variety.
Preferably, the strong female variety of momordica charantia is Guinong Ke No. 1, Guinong Ke No. 2, Guinong Ke No. 3, Guinong Ke No. 5, Guinong Ke No. 6, Guinong Ke No. 8 or Guinong Ke No. 9.
Preferably, when the strong female balsam pear varieties are Guinong No. 3, Guinong No. 5 and Guinong No. 6, 3, 5 and 5 leaves are left outside at the node of the seated melon and topped.
The method comprises the following steps:
① selecting strong female fructus Momordicae charantiae and cultivating in a protected cultivation;
② covering with silver black plastic film and drip irrigation;
③ leading vines by using vine hanging ropes, and picking off all lateral vines below 1m of the main vines;
④, after 1 lateral vine is left above 1m of the main vine to sit on 1 melon, 3-6 leaves are left outside at the melon sitting node to be topped;
⑤ removing all female flowers on the main vine and the lateral vines 5-6 above the lateral vines of the seated melons, reserving 1 lateral vine to seat 1 melon, and reserving 3-6 leaves to top at the melon-seated position;
⑥ balanced fertilization;
⑦ collecting mature commercial melon in time;
⑧ when the main vine length is more than 2m, removing the old leaves at the base, lowering the vine hanging rope, and coiling the vine at the base of the plant;
⑨ repeating the steps ⑤ - ⑧ until the plant is aged.
The method further comprises the steps of carrying out artificial supplementary pollination on 2-3 female flowers on the side vines reserved above 1m of the main vines, selecting and reserving 1 melon-shaped upright young melon, and removing the rest young melons.
Preferably, the facility cultivation in step ① is early spring cultivation in a plastic greenhouse or a glass greenhouse.
Preferably, the balanced fertilization of step ⑥ is performed with N: P as total fertilization amount2O5:K2And (4) performing formula fertilization on the bitter gourd in the whole growth period in sections with the O ratio of 1:0.5: 1.2.
Specifically, the step ⑥, balance fertilizing, is to apply 1000-1500 kg/667m of microbial fertilizer in the soil preparation2And the other fertilizers are used for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated application on the water-soluble fertilizer through a drip irrigation pipe every 7 days according to the growth condition of plants.
Preferably, the mature commercial melons in the step ⑦ are 13-16 days after pollination, the bitter gourds sold in local places can be harvested properly at late time, the bitter gourds transported in long distance need to be harvested properly at early time, the bitter gourds transported in winter and spring can be harvested properly at late time, the bitter gourds transported in summer and autumn need to be harvested properly at early time, the bitter gourds with cold chains and circulating at normal temperature need to be harvested properly at late time, and the bitter gourds circulating at normal temperature and circulating at normal temperature need to be harvested properly at early time.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the method, the characteristics that the main vines of the bitter gourds can bear melons and the plants can grow infinitely are utilized, the lateral vines are adopted to bear melons, the spacing between the lateral vines of the melons reserved above 1m of the main vines is accurately controlled to be 5-6 node positions, the leaves of the lateral vines of the melons facing outwards from the node positions are 3-6 leaves, and redundant lateral vines, leaves and female flowers are removed, so that photosynthetic products are distributed on fruits to the maximum extent, the development of the fruits is guaranteed, the plants grow vigorously and do not senilis early, the uniformity and the rate of the commercial melons are improved, and the harvesting period is prolonged; meanwhile, the plant melon bearing part is adjusted to the optimal position of lighting and agricultural operation by means of rain sheltering and heat preservation effects of facility cultivation and a vine falling and coiling method, and healthy growth of the plant is promoted through scientific water and fertilizer management such as balanced fertilization. By adopting the plant adjusting method to produce the bitter gourds, the commodity melon rate can reach more than 95%, and the harvesting period can reach more than 6 months, so that the aims of high quality, high yield, high efficiency and cost saving are fulfilled.
Compared with the existing Chinese patent CN104082022B 'method for cultivating bitter gourd with high efficiency and early maturity', the method adopts the lateral vines to knot the melons, accurately controls the interval between the lateral vines of the melons reserved by more than 1m of the main vines to be 5-6 nodes, leaves of the lateral vines of the melons, which are outward from the nodes of the melons, are 3-6 leaves, and the melons are dredged and coiled, so that the commodity melon rate of finished melons is improved, the harvest period is prolonged, the commodity melon rate can reach more than 95%, and the harvest period can reach more than 6 months; the early-maturing efficient cultivation method of the bitter gourd adopts the main vines to grow the bitter gourd, does not leave the lateral vines, does not dredge the bitter gourd and does not coil the vines, and aims to increase the early-stage yield.
Detailed Description
Example 1 strong female balsam pear varieties Gui nong Ke No. 3, Gui nong Ke No. 5 and Gui nong Ke No. 6 are selected and cultivated in a greenhouse:
(1) preparation of ridge planting
① soil disinfection
Adopting 10% chlorine dioxide soil disinfectant and the like to disinfect soil, laying a drip irrigation pipe and covering a film after soil preparation, and adding 1-2 kg/667m of the drip irrigation pipe2Adding water into the agent for 20t, applying the agent into soil through a drip irrigation pipe, removing the mulching film after 1d, and fertilizing the soil.
② preparation of land
Applying 1000-1500 kg/667m of microbial fertilizer in soil preparation2And 50kg/667m of calcium superphosphate or peanut bran2After being uniformly mixed with soil, the turtle back ridge is formed, and the height of the ridge is 15-20 cm, the width of the ditch is 50cm, the ridge surface is 120cm, drip irrigation pipes are paved, and a silver black mulching film is covered.
(2) Cultivating strong seedlings
Soaking bitter gourd seeds in 3% bleaching water (sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution with 5% of active ingredients) for 10min for seed disinfection, then washing the seeds with clear water, soaking the seeds in the clear water for 6-7 h, then placing the seeds at a constant temperature for germination acceleration at 30 ℃, sowing the Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds in a plug tray, and transplanting the seeds when the seedling age reaches 4 leaves and 1 heart.
(3) Planting
The row spacing is 90cm multiplied by 35cm, and the planting density is 2000-2200 strains/667 m2。
(4) Plant regulation
① leading vines by using vine hanging ropes, and picking off all lateral vines below 1m of the main vines;
②, after 1 lateral vine is left above 1m of the main vine to sit on 1 melon, 3-6 leaves are left outside at the melon sitting node to be topped;
③ removing all female flowers on the main vine and the lateral vines 5-6 above the lateral vines of the seated melons, reserving 1 lateral vine to seat 1 melon, and reserving 3-6 leaves to top at the melon-seated position;
④ artificial supplementary pollination is carried out on 2-3 female flowers on the lateral vines reserved above 1m of the main vines, 1 melon-shaped young melon is selected and reserved, and the rest young melons are picked off.
⑤ when the main vine length is more than 2m, removing the old leaves at the base, lowering the hanging vine rope, and coiling the vine at the base of the plant.
(5) Balanced fertilization
According to the total fertilizing amount of N to P2O5:K2And (4) performing formula fertilization on the bitter gourd in the whole growth period in sections with the O ratio of 1:0.5: 1.2.
The specific operation is as follows: when soil preparation is carried out, 1000-1500 kg/667m of microbial fertilizer is applied2And the other fertilizers are used for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated application on the water-soluble fertilizer through a drip irrigation pipe every 7 days according to the growth condition of plants.
(6) Timely harvesting mature commodity melon
The mature commodity melon is 13-16 days after pollination; bitter gourds which are generally sold locally can be harvested properly at night; bitter gourds transported in a long distance need to be harvested properly and early; harvesting in the cold season in winter and spring at a proper late season, and harvesting in the high temperature season in summer and autumn at a proper early season; bitter gourds with cold chains can be harvested properly at night, and bitter gourds with normal temperature circulation need to be harvested properly at early time.
(7) Comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests
The method is carried out by comprehensively adopting measures such as agricultural control, physical control, biological control, chemical control and the like.
① agricultural control comprises selecting disease-resistant variety, performing crop rotation, cultivating strong seedling, cleaning garden in time, timely pruning and tendrils, removing old leaves and young melon damaged by melon fly, sterilizing, applying fertilizer, and removing field water.
② physical prevention and control, namely hanging 30-40 yellow plates (25 multiplied by 40cm) per mu to trap and kill winged aphids, whiteflies and the like, and covering a silver-gray double-color mulching film to repel aphids.
③ biological control
a. The melon fly sex attractant device is used for trapping and killing melon fly adults, and 3-4 melon fly adults are hung per mu.
b. And applying a microbial fertilizer in combination with a base fertilizer, or spraying a bacillus subtilis water preparation in combination with rooting water after field planting to increase the total amount of beneficial microorganisms in soil of a root zone and prevent diseases.
c. 80-150 g of cotton bollworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus 10 hundred million PIB/g wettable powder is used for preventing and controlling lepidoptera pests such as diaphania cucullata, prodenia litura and the like by spraying water.
④ plant disease resistance induction, spraying plant resistance inducer such as oligosaccharide and benzothiadiazole after planting to induce systemic resistance of plant to pathogenic bacteria and enhance plant disease resistance.
⑤ chemical control
a. And (3) controlling powdery mildew: spraying 1000 times of 5% hexaconazole microemulsion or 2000-3000 times of 43% tebuconazole at the initial stage of disease attack, spraying the front and back surfaces of the leaves once every 7d for 2 times.
b. And (3) controlling the blight: the wilt belongs to soil-borne diseases, diseased plants are removed in time, and the roots are irrigated with 500 times of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder.
c. Preventing and treating lepidoptera pests such as diaphania cucurbitalis, prodenia litura and the like: 2000 times of 50 percent of emamectin benzoate or 1000 times of 4.5 percent of beta-cypermethrin emulsifiable solution for leaf spraying control.
Effects of the implementation
As can be seen from table 1, the optimum number of leaves left for guineaceae No. 3 is 3 leaves, while the optimum number of leaves left for guineaceae No. 5 and guineaceae No. 6 is 5 leaves. The reason is that the leaves of Guinong Keke No. 3 are bigger, and 3 leaves are left after the melon is grown, which is enough to supply the photosynthetic products needed by the growth and development of the young melon; the leaves of Guinong No. 5 and Guinong No. 6 are small, and 5 leaves are needed after the melon is grown to meet the requirement of supplying photosynthetic products needed by the growth and development of young melons. The leaves left with 7 leaves and the leaves left adjusted by the conventional balsam pear plants consume excessive photosynthetic products, and the growth of the leaves and the breeding of the young melons compete for nutrients at the same time, so that the abnormal melon rate is increased, and the yield is reduced. In addition, the plant adjusting method has good ventilation and light transmission effects, vigorous growth of plants, less plant diseases and insect pests, no premature senility and a harvesting period of more than 6 months; in the conventional plant adjusting method, due to the fact that lateral tendrils and leaves are too many in the later stage, plants are mutually shaded, the ventilation and light transmission effects are poor, the plants are weak in growth, serious in pest and disease damage occurrence, the plants are premature in aging, and the harvesting period is only about 3 months. Therefore, compared with the conventional plant adjusting method, the method provided by the invention realizes substantial improvement in the aspects of commodity melon rate and yield, thereby achieving substantial increase in yield value.
TABLE 1 influence of plant regulation method for different balsam pear varieties on commodity melon rate and yield of finished melon
Note: this data was the data from the previous 20d harvest. The treatment method is the plant adjusting method, the lateral vines of the bearing melons are respectively subjected to pinching after 3, 5 and 7 leaves are reserved outwards at the nodes of the bearing melons; CK is a conventional plant regulation method in bitter gourd production, and specifically comprises the following steps: removing lateral vines below 1m of the main vines, reserving the lateral vines above 1m, and enabling the lateral vines to freely grow melons.
Claims (6)
1. A plant adjusting method for improving the commodity melon rate of bitter gourds is characterized in that 1 lateral vine is reserved at each position 5-6 nodes apart from a main vine by more than 1m for forming 1 melon, 3-6 leaves are reserved outwards at the positions where the melon is located for topping, and all female flowers on the rest lateral vines and the main vine are removed; the balsam pear is a strong female balsam pear variety;
the strong female balsam pear varieties are Guinong No. 1, Guinong No. 2, Guinong No. 3, Guinong No. 5, Guinong No. 6, Guinong No. 8 or Guinong No. 9;
when the strong female balsam pear varieties are Guinong No. 3, Guinong No. 5 and Guinong No. 6, 3, 5 and 5 leaves are left outside at the node of the seated melon and topped;
the plant regulation method comprises the following steps:
① selecting strong female fructus Momordicae charantiae and cultivating in a protected cultivation;
② covering with silver black plastic film and drip irrigation;
③ leading vines by using vine hanging ropes, and picking off all lateral vines below 1m of the main vines;
④, after 1 lateral vine is left above 1m of the main vine to sit on 1 melon, 3-6 leaves are left outside at the melon sitting node to be topped;
⑤ removing all female flowers on the main vine and the lateral vines 5-6 above the lateral vines of the seated melons, reserving 1 lateral vine to seat 1 melon, and reserving 3-6 leaves to top at the melon-seated position;
⑥ balanced fertilization;
⑦ collecting mature commercial melon in time;
⑧ when the main vine length is more than 2m, removing the old leaves at the base, lowering the vine hanging rope, and coiling the vine at the base of the plant;
⑨ repeating the steps ⑤ - ⑧ until the plant is aged.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising performing artificial supplementary pollination on 2-3 female flowers on the remaining lateral vines of more than 1m from the main vines, selecting 1 melon-type upright young melon, and removing the rest young melons.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said protected cultivation of step ① is early spring cultivation in a plastic greenhouse or a glass greenhouse.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said balancing of fertilization of step ⑥ is based on total fertilization amount of NpP2O5:K2And (4) performing formula fertilization on the bitter gourd in the whole growth period in sections with the O ratio of 1:0.5: 1.2.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step ⑥ of balanced fertilization comprises applying 1000-1500 kg/667m of microbial fertilizer in soil preparation2And the other fertilizers are used for carrying out water and fertilizer integrated application on the water-soluble fertilizer through a drip irrigation pipe every 7 days according to the growth condition of plants.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the mature commercial melons of step ⑦ are melons 13-16 days after pollination.
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| CN109169043A (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-01-11 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Cultivation method for preventing and treating bitter gourd fusarium wilt |
| CN109429938A (en) * | 2018-12-24 | 2019-03-08 | 重庆市南川区腾春蔬菜专业合作社 | A kind of sponge gourd lifting rope falls climing method |
| CN110999734A (en) * | 2019-12-20 | 2020-04-14 | 江西邦谷农业发展有限公司 | Greenhouse bitter gourd seedling insect-prevention cultivation method |
| CN111727826A (en) * | 2020-07-07 | 2020-10-02 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Cultivation method for reducing occurrence rate of diseases and insect pests of bitter gourds |
| CN116058239A (en) * | 2022-11-23 | 2023-05-05 | 重庆春骄农业有限公司 | Method for pruning and increasing yield of typha gigantea |
| CN116569834B (en) * | 2023-06-25 | 2024-05-24 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Method for improving hybrid seed production yield of balsam pear |
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