CN110447483B

CN110447483B - High-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting small fruit type watermelons and bitter gourds in early spring

Info

Publication number: CN110447483B
Application number: CN201910597183.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王宇楠; 穆志新; 郭尚; 李萌; 雷梦林; 王海燕; 黄蕊
Original assignee: INSTITUTE OF CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES SHANXI ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Current assignee: INSTITUTE OF CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES SHANXI ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
Priority date: 2019-07-04
Filing date: 2019-07-04
Publication date: 2021-08-17
Anticipated expiration: 2039-07-04
Also published as: CN110447483A

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting, in particular to a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting small fruit watermelons and bitter gourds in early spring, wherein the small fruit watermelons and the bitter gourds are simultaneously planted in the early spring in a greenhouse, and the improvement of the three-vine watermelon one-plant bitter gourds at reasonable intervals, the small fruit watermelon double-vine hanging and pruning technology, the bitter gourds at the fruiting period, the three-vine hanging and pruning technology, the small fruit watermelon vine cutting and regenerating technology and the like is realized, so that the aim of harvesting the bitter gourds after the small fruit watermelons are harvested in the early spring greenhouse is fulfilled, the idle time of the greenhouse is shortened, the soil utilization rate is improved, and the yield of the greenhouse in unit area is increased.

Description

High-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting small fruit type watermelons and bitter gourds in early spring

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting, in particular to a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelons and bitter gourds in small fruits in early spring.

Background

Interplanting is a method for planting different crops on the same land according to a certain row spacing or planting spacing and the width proportion of occupied land. The method can fully utilize space and resources, adjust field structure, and carry out layering and time-sharing utilization on sunlight so as to improve the utilization efficiency of light energy and further improve the yield per unit area.

At present, when many farmers plant small fruit watermelons in a greenhouse in early spring, the watermelons are only planted, the utilization rate of the greenhouse is not high, and the patent numbers are as follows: CN105340536A discloses a cultivation method for interplanting watermelons and vegetables, wherein the vegetables are cultivated in proper places 15 days before the watermelons are ripe, the vegetable seedlings are cultivated immediately after the watermelons are harvested, the field is kept moist, and the vegetables can be harvested after the watermelons are ripe. However, the method only aims at field watermelon and green leaf vegetables, and does not describe the types of small-fruit watermelon and other vegetables. For example: the patent numbers are: the invention patent of CN106888788A discloses a method for three-dimensional interplanting of mini watermelons and melons. The method comprises the steps of planting the melons in the middle of the ridge surface, planting the mini watermelons on one side of the ridge surface at a distance of 70-80cm from rows of the melons, and enabling the planting distance of the mini watermelons to be 50-60 cm. In the growing process, the small watermelons are divided into single vines and whole branches, three vines of the melons are divided into whole branches, and the sun vines bear the melons. The method ensures that the total yield and the total value of the watermelon and the melon are higher, but the method only aims at the watermelon and the melon, the fruit ripening time is concentrated, and the watermelon and the melon are piled when being on the market, so that the continuous ripening and the continuous harvesting can not be realized.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting small-fruit watermelons and bitter gourds in early spring, which is characterized in that the bitter gourds can be harvested after the small-fruit watermelons in the early spring greenhouse are harvested through improvement in the aspects of refined seedling raising, reasonable interval planting of three-plant watermelon one bitter gourds, double-vine hanging and pruning of the small-fruit watermelons, vine hanging and pruning of the three vines in the fruit bearing period of the bitter gourds, vine cutting and regeneration of the small-fruit watermelons and the like, so that the idle time of the greenhouse is shortened, the soil utilization rate is improved, and the yield per unit area of the greenhouse is increased.

In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:

the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting the small fruit type watermelons and the bitter gourds in early spring comprises the following contents:

(1) arranging stubble gaps: planting early spring stubbles of small-fruited watermelons and bitter gourds in a sunlight greenhouse, indoor seedling raising of the small-fruited watermelons and the bitter gourds in the last 2 months, and field planting at certain intervals in the last 3 months; harvesting small fruit type watermelon in the first and middle ten days of 5 months, and pulling seedling in the last ten days of 5 months; the balsam pear grows upright in the late 5 th month ten days; collecting the balsam pear in late 6-7 months; hanging the vines of early-stage small-fruit watermelons, climbing the vines of the bitter gourds, immediately hanging the vines of the bitter gourds after harvesting and pulling the seedlings of the watermelons, then flowering the bitter gourds, bearing fruits and sequentially harvesting;

(2) variety selection: selecting a variety with early maturity, strong disease resistance, high yield, high quality and strong regeneration capacity for the small-fruit watermelon; selecting a variety with heat resistance, strong disease resistance, high quality and high yield from the balsam pear;

(3) seedling raising, which comprises the following steps:

s1, preparing a seedbed: selecting a region with constant temperature of 20-25 ℃ in a greenhouse as a seedbed, digging down for 15cm, and requiring a flat bottom surface with the length and width determined by the seedling number; adopting a black seedling pot with the diameter of 8cm multiplied by 8cm to grow seedlings, and arranging a seedling substrate in the seedling pot, wherein the distance between the seedling substrate and the pot opening is about 2 cm;

s2, seed treatment: firstly, respectively soaking small fruit type watermelon seeds and bitter gourd seeds in 500 times of potassium permanganate solution for 8-12min, so that the seeds can be sterilized, germs on the surfaces of seed shells can be eliminated, and diseases of plants in seedling stage can be reduced; taking out and cleaning, soaking in 50-60 deg.C water, stirring to room temperature, and sterilizing the seeds again to reduce diseases; soaking the seeds in water at room temperature for 4-5h to achieve the purpose of full imbibition and water absorption of the seeds so as to promote the germination of the seeds; fishing out the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds, wrapping the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds by wet cloth or wet towels to keep the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds moist, and wrapping the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds by plastic bags to prevent the water from being diffused too fast at a high temperature and waiting for germination; the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds are placed in an environment with the temperature of 28-30 ℃ and can germinate generally within about 24 hours. Turning over the seeds once every 2-3 hours, and slightly cleaning mucus and towels on the surfaces of the seeds to prevent bacteria from breeding; closely observing the germination condition of the seeds, and cutting the seeds until the seeds can not germinate too long and the seeds are white; otherwise, the bud is too long, and the bud tip is easy to break off during sowing;

s3, sowing: the seedbed is watered thoroughly one day before sowing, seeds with better 'white exposure' are selected, the seeds are flatly sown in the middle of the seedling raising pot with the sprouts facing downwards so as to be beneficial to downward root-pricking of the seeds, and then fine and wet soil with the thickness of 1cm is covered on the surface of the seeds, so that the seedling emergence of the seeds is influenced due to the too thick soil covering, and the seeds are out of the soil with shells due to the too thin soil covering. After sowing, covering the surface of the seedbed with a mulching film with a proper width so as to improve the ground temperature and promote the germination of the seedbed; the sowing positions of watermelon and balsam pear are clearly distinguished during sowing so as to prevent disorder;

s4, seedling management: after sowing, closely paying attention to the seedling emergence condition of the seedlings, and uncovering the mulching film after 70% of the seedlings come out of the soil to prevent the seedlings from yellowing and lodging; in early spring, when the temperature is lower, cold protection and warm keeping are required, and a small arched shed can be erected above the seedbed if necessary, so that the temperature around the seedbed is increased, and the growth of seedlings is facilitated; but the temperature is kept low at night when the illumination is sufficient in the daytime so as to prevent the seedlings from growing into high-foot seedlings; during the period, the soil surface is kept moist, when the soil surface is dry, a spraying pot is used for spraying a proper amount of water to keep moist, a water pipe is not used for watering to prevent the seedling from being washed down, and when the seedling is found to have damping-off or other diseases, the seedling is pulled out in time and is deeply buried outside the greenhouse to avoid infecting other seedlings; the small fruit type watermelon seedlings can be planted after growing 2-3 true leaves and the hypocotyl is thick; the height of the balsam pear seedlings is 15-20cm, and the balsam pear seedlings can be planted when 4-5 main leaves are planted; the seedling emergence time of the small fruit watermelon and the balsam pear after sowing is similar, and generally 30 to 40 days are needed.

(4) Land preparation and field planting, comprising the following steps:

s1, land preparation and ridging: cleaning sundries such as plastic bags, large stones and the like in the greenhouse out of the greenhouse, beating large soil blocks into pieces to facilitate the growth and fertilization of plant root systems after field planting, and deeply turning over soil within 50cm to facilitate the loosening of soil quality, and root binding of the root systems downwards; small high ridges are formed in the greenhouse from north to south, the ridge height is 20cm, the operation row is 90-110cm, and the planting row is 80-90 cm; two vine hanging iron wires are erected at the corresponding positions above the ridges along the direction of the ridges; watering by adopting a drip irrigation tape under a film, paving the drip irrigation tape along the planting rows, and arranging two drip irrigation tapes per ridge;

s2, planting: during field planting, the plant spacing is 40cm, two lines of field planting are carried out on each ridge, the field planting position is arranged on the shoulder part in a small-height ridge, and 1 balsam pear is field-planted every 3 watermelons by adopting a quincunx field planting mode; this not only achieves reasonable close planting; the balsam pear can be lifted in time after the first-batch watermelon is harvested, and the balsam pear can bear the watermelon after the first-batch watermelon is slightly seedling-revived; after the middle watermelon vine is cut and regenerated, the watermelon can be produced again after about 20 days; watering thoroughly in time after field planting of each ridge, covering with a mulching film with a proper width after underwater infiltration, digging holes at the positions of seedlings, digging out the mulching film from the seedlings, and sealing edges around the seedlings with fine soil to reduce soil moisture evaporation;

(5) field management, comprising the following contents:

a. temperature and illumination management: the temperature in early spring is low, the heat preservation quilt or the grass curtain of the greenhouse is rolled up after the sun rises in the morning, and the greenhouse is put down before the sun falls on the mountain in the afternoon, so that the high temperature in the greenhouse can be kept, and proper light supplement is needed in rainy and snowy days; keeping the temperature in the greenhouse to be higher for one week after planting, keeping the temperature at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 16-18 ℃ at night, so that the seedlings can be rooted as soon as possible, the seedling reviving time is shortened, and the growth of the seedlings is promoted; after the seedling is delayed, the temperature in the greenhouse is gradually reduced, and the temperature is kept normal: the temperature is 22-25 ℃ in the daytime and 15-18 ℃ at night, and the plants are prevented from being greedy and late-maturing during vegetative growth; during the period of blooming and fruit setting, the temperature in the shed is properly increased, which is beneficial to pollination and melon bearing. After the watermelon pulls seedlings and cuts tendrils for regeneration, the air port of the greenhouse can be opened along with the rise of the air temperature;

b. and (3) fertilizer and water management: watering is not carried out after sufficient bottom soil moisture is produced by the water for the field planting and the seedling watering, so that the root of the seedling is pricked and the squat seedling is promoted; watering once when the seedlings start to throw tendrils to promote the growth of the melon seedlings;

firstly, small fruit type watermelons: after 80% of young fruits sit, watering once again to promote the watermelon to expand; then the ground is kept wet; in the melon expanding period, 10 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed with water; watering can not be carried out 7 days before harvesting to prevent the fruit from cracking; after the vine is cut and regenerated, 10kg of high-quality compound fertilizer is applied with water to promote the regeneration of new vines;

② bitter gourd: the fertile water and the watermelon are synchronous during coiling the balsam pear and tendril; after the balsam pears are hung on the vines, the plants begin to grow vigorously, after the first batch of melons are seated, watering is carried out to facilitate fruit expansion, and then, the water is mixed with rich water generated after the watermelon vines are cut, so that the soil surface is kept moist but no water is accumulated in the fruiting period; topdressing for 3-4 times, and applying high-quality compound fertilizer 20 kg/mu with water each time;

c. plant adjustment:

firstly, small fruit type watermelons: when the seedlings grow to 4-5 leaves, heading is carried out to promote lateral vines to occur, when the lateral vines grow to 30cm, vine hanging is carried out, and a main vine and a strong lateral vine are left to hang vines; the vines grow, the vine heads are not coiled on the vine hanging lines any longer or are bent outwards to grow, the vines are hung around the vines when the growth points are pressed to be as long as possible in time, and the growth points are cut off; when the fruit is seated and grows to the size of the egg, 4-6 leaves are left above the fruit for topping; generally, the growing point is pinched to be in a water stain shape, so as to facilitate the backflow of nutrients and accelerate the fruit ripening;

② bitter gourd: after planting, bitter gourds generally do not need to be treated. The balsam pear seedlings are in the lower layer of the small-fruit watermelon and are subjected to weak illumination, and the plants of the balsam pear seedlings grow slowly; when the stems and tendrils of the balsam pears grow, the stems and tendrils are timely coiled at the bottom of the plants, and if female flowers occur occasionally, the stems and tendrils can be removed or not processed; when male flowers appear, the flowers are removed in time so as to prevent pollen from falling onto female flowers of watermelons, otherwise, the sugar content of fruits is reduced after pollination; after pulling seedlings of watermelons, lifting the bitter gourds without breaking growing points, trimming the vines after the vines are lifted, completely removing lateral vines below 1m of a main vine, keeping two strong lateral vines at the middle upper part to bear fruits together with the main vine, and timely cleaning old leaves at the bottom of a plant so as to keep ventilation and light transmission, reduce the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests and prolong the harvesting period; the balsam pear climbs the vines before the watermelon seedlings are pulled, and the balsam pear can be hung after the watermelon seedlings are pulled;

d. artificial pollination and melon retention

Firstly, small fruit type watermelons: the small fruit type watermelon is a semiJapanese flower, and after a female is seen, pollination is carried out in time at 7-10 am to facilitate fruit setting, namely, a strong male flower is picked off, petals are removed, pollen is uniformly coated on the stigmas of the female flower, and the pollination date is marked on the female flower after pollination so as to facilitate the timely check of whether the fruit is mature or not in the future; the maturation period of the general early-maturing small-fruit watermelon is about 26 days; if the main vine leaves the melons but does not leave root melons, and the lateral vines have female flowers opening and are close to the node positions simultaneously with the main vine, 2 melons can be left; when the watermelon fruit grows to about 1kg, the vine is lifted in time to prevent the watermelon from being too heavy and breaking the fruit stem;

② bitter gourd: the balsam pear is a semiJapanese flower, and is pollinated 7-10 am after the female, so as to facilitate fruit setting; the balsam pear can continuously bloom, pollinate and retain the melon when the female flower is opened, take off the male flower, remove the petal, and then uniformly coat the pollen of the male flower on the stigma of the female flower;

(6) seedling pulling: after the small watermelon is harvested and before the balsam pear is lifted, one watermelon plant in the middle is reserved, two watermelons at two sides close to the balsam pear are pulled to clean the watermelon plant, and the balsam pear is not damaged;

(7) watermelon vine cutting regeneration technology: cutting off the retained watermelon plant in the middle from a position which is about 30cm away from the ground, and spraying 1000 times of chlorothalonil aqueous emulsion to sterilize the plant so as to remove plant diseases and insect pests left by the watermelon without damaging the balsam pear; after cutting, the water is irrigated and the organic fertilizer is applied with the water, 2-4 new adventitious buds can be generated from the base part in 3-5 days, and then new tendrils are grown. When the vines grow to 30cm, selecting two melon vines with strong and similar growth vigor for vine hanging, carrying out plant adjustment in the vine hanging and field management of (5), then carrying out flowering pollination, and carrying out pollination and artificial pollination and melon remaining operation; one vine bears the melon, the other vine provides nutrition, and the melon is not remained; the vine cutting regeneration is best carried out once, and is particularly beneficial to clearing gardens in greenhouses with diseases and insect pests when first melons are grown;

(8) harvesting: the early-maturing small fruit type watermelons can be matured and harvested after being pushed 25-28 days later on the pollination drop; the balsam pear is mainly edible tender melon, and can be harvested 12-15 days after blooming.

Further, during seed treatment in the seedling raising step, the balsam pear seeds are lightly cracked by nail clippers to peck the balsam pear seeds before germination after soaking so as to facilitate germination of the balsam pear seeds and avoid knocking and damaging the parts in the seed skins.

Further, the seedling culture substrate is prepared by uniformly mixing garden soil, turf, vermiculite and perlite according to the proportion of 5:2:1: 2; appropriate amount of rooting powder and chlorothalonil may be added to facilitate rooting of seedling and prevent diseases and pests.

Furthermore, in the seedling raising step, the seedling management should pay attention to cold protection and warm keeping after seeding, and a small arched shed is erected above the seedbed if necessary.

Further, in the seedling stage management in the seedling raising step, fertilization is generally not required, and monopotassium phosphate with the concentration of 0.2% can be sprayed on the surfaces of the leaves of the seedlings by using a spray can if necessary.

Furthermore, when the balsam pear climbs the tendrils, the female flowers or the male flowers should be removed when the flowers are opened, so as to prevent the powder from being mixed on the watermelon.

Further, in the step of land preparation and field planting, the fertilizer is applied as follows: applying high-quality decomposed cow dung 5m per mu³40kg of compound fertilizer, 40kg of potassium sulfate and cake150kg of fertilizer, 1kg of boric fertilizer, 1kg of zinc fertilizer and 1kg of chlorothalonil.

Furthermore, in the step of managing the fertilizer and water, watering can be synchronous with vine extending water for cutting vine regeneration watermelons after the first batch of melons are seated after vine hanging of the bitter gourds.

Furthermore, the tumor-shaped and strip-shaped particles of the balsam pear bodies are expanded and raised, and the fruits are fresh green, namely, the fruits are fully grown and can be harvested; the balsam pear is collected every 2-3 days in the morning, and the base part of the melon stalk is cut off by scissors.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention provides a high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting small fruit type watermelons and bitter gourds in early spring, which is used for simultaneously planting the small fruit type watermelons and the bitter gourds in the early spring, and has the beneficial effects that: firstly, the small-fruit watermelon double-vine hanging vine and the bitter gourd three-vine hanging vine are vertically grown through a vine hanging cultivation technology, so that the number of plants in unit area is increased, the soil fertility of a greenhouse is saved, sufficient growth fruiting space of the plants can be ensured, ventilation and light transmission among the plants are realized, the occurrence of field diseases and insect pests is reduced, and the yield and the quality of fruits are improved; second, through fine seedling raising, strong seedlings of small-fruit watermelons and bitter gourds can be cultivated, the occurrence of field diseases and insect pests is reduced, the later-stage growth and development of plants are facilitated, the usage amount of pesticides is reduced, and high-quality and harmless vegetable production is realized; thirdly, through an interplanting mode of three watermelons and one balsam pear, reasonable arrangement of planting intervals is realized, and the three watermelons and the balsam pear are not interfered with each other during interplanting, namely, small watermelon grows in a larger space in the early period, and balsam pear plants can have a sufficient growing space in the later period; after pulling the watermelon seedlings, carrying out vine cutting regeneration treatment on the reserved watermelon plants, reserving double vines, hanging the vines and pruning, realizing secondary watermelon bearing of watermelon spiders, improving greenhouse income and providing enough space for growth of the bitter gourds; fifthly, planting the small watermelons and the bitter gourds simultaneously, pulling seedlings of the small watermelon and then hanging vines of the bitter gourds immediately, and enabling the bitter gourds to start to grow after the seedlings of the bitter gourds are slowed down for several days; can realize continuous harvest of greenhouse vegetables and improve the utilization rate of greenhouse soil.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of plum blossom type permanent planting;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a small high ridge planting position and a vine hanging iron wire position;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of planting three watermelon-one bitter gourd;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the positional relationship among the bitter gourds, the secondary watermelon and the seedling-pulling watermelon.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a seedbed area;

fig. 6 is a schematic view of colonization.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

the arrangement of crops for rotation can not only realize the early harvest of the small fruit watermelon and increase the income of farmers; and the time waste caused by planting the bitter gourds after pulling the watermelon seedlings can be avoided, so that the bitter gourds are harvested in advance, the land capacity is saved, and the idle time of the greenhouse is shortened. After the small-fruit watermelon is cut and regenerated, the harvest yield of one batch of watermelon can be increased, and therefore the benefit of the whole greenhouse is improved.

(2) Variety selection: selecting a variety with early maturity, strong disease resistance, high yield, high quality and strong regeneration capacity for the small-fruit watermelon; the following are common: jingxiu, Jingwang, Hongdaiyu, Huangjing I and other excellent varieties. Selecting a variety with heat resistance, strong disease resistance, high quality and high yield from the balsam pear; the following are common: nongyou No. 1, Xiang balsam pear No. 1, Xiafeng and other super-fine varieties.

(3) Seedling raising, which comprises the following steps:

s1, preparing a seedbed: selecting a region with constant temperature of 20-25 ℃ in a greenhouse as a seedbed, digging down for 15cm, and requiring a flat bottom surface with the length and width determined by the seedling number; adopting a black seedling pot with the diameter of 8cm multiplied by 8cm to grow seedlings, and arranging a seedling substrate in the seedling pot, wherein the distance between the seedling substrate and the pot opening is about 2 cm; the seedling raising substrate is prepared by uniformly mixing garden soil, turf, vermiculite and perlite according to the ratio of 5:2:1:2, wherein the garden soil is required to have no large clods and impurities so as to prevent the growth of seedlings from being influenced; appropriate amount of rooting powder and chlorothalonil can be added to prevent the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests and facilitate the rooting of seedlings;

s2, seed treatment: firstly, respectively soaking small fruit type watermelon seeds and bitter gourd seeds in 500 times of potassium permanganate solution for 8-12min, so that the seeds can be sterilized, germs on the surfaces of seed shells can be eliminated, and diseases of plants in seedling stage can be reduced; taking out and cleaning, soaking in 50-60 deg.C water, stirring to room temperature, and sterilizing the seeds again to reduce diseases; soaking the seeds in water at room temperature for 4-5h to achieve the purpose of full imbibition and water absorption of the seeds so as to promote the germination of the seeds; fishing out the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds, wrapping the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds by wet cloth or wet towels to keep the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds moist, and wrapping the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds by plastic bags to prevent the water from being diffused too fast at a high temperature and waiting for germination; the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds are placed in an environment with the temperature of 28-30 ℃ and can germinate generally within about 24 hours. Turning over the seeds once every 2-3 hours, and slightly cleaning mucus and towels on the surfaces of the seeds to prevent bacteria from breeding; closely observing the germination condition of the seeds, and cutting the seeds until the seeds can not germinate too long and the seeds are white; otherwise, the bud is too long, and the bud tip is easy to break off during sowing; using nail clippers to crack the balsam pear seeds lightly before germination after soaking to facilitate germination and avoid knocking and damaging the seed skin;

s3, sowing: in the seedling raising step, the seedbed is thoroughly watered one day before seeding, seeds with better 'white exposure' are selected, the seed buds are placed flatly downwards and sowed in the middle of the seedling raising pot, so that the seeds can be rooted downwards, fine and wet soil with the thickness of 1cm is covered on the surface of the seedling raising pot, the seedling emergence of the seeds can be influenced due to too thick soil covering, and the soil covering is too thin, so that the seeds can be taken out of the seedling with the shell. After sowing, covering the surface of the seedbed with a mulching film with a proper width so as to improve the ground temperature and promote the germination of the seedbed; the sowing positions of watermelon and balsam pear are clearly distinguished during sowing so as to prevent disorder;

s4, seedling management: after sowing, closely paying attention to the seedling emergence condition of the seedlings, and uncovering the mulching film after 70% of the seedlings come out of the soil to prevent the seedlings from yellowing and lodging; in early spring, when the temperature is lower, cold protection and warm keeping are required, and a small arched shed can be erected above the seedbed if necessary, so that the temperature around the seedbed is increased, and the growth of seedlings is facilitated; but the temperature is kept low at night when the illumination is sufficient in the daytime so as to prevent the seedlings from growing into high-foot seedlings; during the period, the soil surface is kept moist, when the soil surface is dry, a spraying pot is used for spraying a proper amount of water to keep moist, a water pipe is not used for watering to prevent the seedling from being washed down, and when the seedling is found to have damping-off or other diseases, the seedling is pulled out in time and is deeply buried outside the greenhouse to avoid infecting other seedlings; the small fruit type watermelon seedlings can be planted after growing 2-3 true leaves and the hypocotyl is thick; the height of the balsam pear seedlings is 15-20cm, and the balsam pear seedlings can be planted when 4-5 main leaves are planted; the seedling emergence time of the small fruit watermelon and the balsam pear after sowing is similar, and generally 30 to 40 days are needed. The fertilizer is not needed in the seedling stage generally, and the fertilizer can be sprayed on the leaf surfaces when necessary, namely: spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate with concentration of 0.1% onto the surface of seedling leaf with a spray can to promote the growth of seedling.

(4) Land preparation and field planting, comprising the following steps:

s1, land preparation and ridging: cleaning sundries such as plastic bags, large stones and the like in the greenhouse out of the greenhouse, beating large soil blocks into pieces to facilitate the growth and fertilization of plant root systems after field planting, and deeply turning over soil within 50cm to facilitate the loosening of soil quality, and root binding of the root systems downwards; small high ridges are formed in the greenhouse from north to south, the ridge height is 20cm, the operation row is 90-110cm, and the planting row is 80-90 cm; two vine hanging iron wires are erected at the corresponding positions above the ridges along the direction of the ridges; watering by adopting a drip irrigation tape under a film, paving the drip irrigation tape along the planting rows, and arranging two drip irrigation tapes per ridge; what is needed isThe fertilizer is applied by applying high-quality decomposed cow dung 5m per mu³40kg of compound fertilizer, 40kg of potassium sulfate, 150kg of cake fertilizer, 1kg of boron fertilizer, 1kg of zinc fertilizer and 1kg of chlorothalonil;

s2, planting: during field planting, the plant spacing is 40cm, two lines are field-planted in each ridge, the field-planting position is at the shoulder part in the small-height ridge as shown in fig. 2, a quincunx field-planting mode is adopted as shown in fig. 1, and 1 balsam pear is field-planted every 3 watermelons as shown in fig. 3; the reasonable close planting is realized, and the illumination is not influenced mutually; the balsam pear can be lifted in time after the first-batch watermelon is harvested, and the balsam pear can bear the watermelon after the first-batch watermelon is slightly seedling-revived; after the middle watermelon vine is cut and regenerated, the watermelon can be produced again after about 20 days; watering thoroughly in time after field planting of each ridge, covering with a mulching film with a proper width after underwater infiltration, digging holes at the positions of seedlings, digging out the mulching film from the seedlings, and sealing edges around the seedlings with fine soil to reduce soil moisture evaporation;

(5) field management, comprising the following contents:

a. temperature and illumination management: the temperature in early spring is low, the heat preservation quilt or the grass curtain of the greenhouse is rolled up after the sun rises in the morning, and the greenhouse is put down before the sun falls on the mountain in the afternoon, so that the high temperature in the greenhouse can be kept, and proper light supplement is needed in rainy and snowy days; keeping the temperature in the greenhouse to be higher for one week after planting, keeping the temperature at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 16-18 ℃ at night, so that the seedlings can be rooted as soon as possible, the seedling reviving time is shortened, and the growth of the seedlings is promoted; after the seedling is delayed, the temperature in the greenhouse is gradually reduced, and the temperature is kept normal: the temperature is 22-25 ℃ in the daytime and 15-18 ℃ at night, and the plants are prevented from being greedy and late-maturing during vegetative growth; during the period of blooming and fruit setting, the temperature in the shed is properly increased, which is beneficial to pollination and melon bearing. Along with the rise of the air temperature, the air port of the greenhouse can be opened;

② bitter gourd: the fertile water and the watermelon are synchronous during coiling the balsam pear and tendril; after the balsam pears are hung on the vines, the plants begin to grow vigorously, watering is carried out after the first batch of the balsam pears are seated to facilitate fruit expansion, and the soil surface is kept moist but no water is accumulated in the fruiting period; topdressing for 3-4 times, and applying high-quality compound fertilizer 20 kg/mu with water each time;

c. plant adjustment:

d. artificial pollination and melon retention

(6) seedling pulling: after the small-fruit watermelon is harvested and before the balsam pear is lifted, a watermelon plant in the middle is reserved, two watermelons at two sides close to the balsam pear are pulled to clean the plant, the balsam pear is not damaged, as shown in figure 4, A in the figure is the balsam pear, B is the watermelon for secondary melon bearing, and C1 and C2 are the watermelons pulled to pull seedlings;

(8) harvesting: the early-maturing small-fruit watermelon can be matured and harvested after being pushed 25-28 days after the pollination hangtag time; the balsam pear is mainly edible tender melon, and can be harvested 12-15 days after blooming; the tumor-shaped and strip-shaped particles of the balsam pear bodies are expanded and raised, and the fruits are fresh green, namely, the fruits are fully grown and can be harvested; the balsam pear is collected every 2-3 days in the morning, and the base part of the melon stalk is cut off by scissors.

The following stepsThe area of the North China is 667m²Taking a sunlight greenhouse as an example, the operation steps of the invention are briefly described as follows:

1. arrangement of crops for rotation

The small fruit watermelon and the balsam pear are cultivated in advance in sunlight greenhouse spring, are simultaneously sown in seedling pots in 2 months and 5 days, and are fixedly planted in small high ridges in 3 months and 10 days; harvesting the small-fruit watermelons at 11 days in 5 months, and performing seedling pulling and vine cutting treatment at 20 days in 5 months to 21 days in 5 months; after the new vine of the watermelon grows out, female pollination is realized in 6 months and 6 days, and the second batch of watermelon is harvested in the beginning of 7 months. Hanging the vines of the balsam pears at 22 days in 5 months to 24 days in 5 months, and beginning to bloom the balsam pears at 29 days in 5 months, so that pollination can be carried out; and (4) beginning in 6 months and 12 days, harvesting the bitter gourds until the seedlings are pulled.

TABLE 1 crop arrangement

2. Variety selection

Fruit shape watermelon

Selecting early-maturing, strong disease resistance, high yield, high quality and strong regeneration capacity varieties, such as: jingxiu and Jingwang.

② balsam pear

Selecting heat-resistant, strong disease-resistant, high-quality and high-yield varieties, such as: farmer friend No. 1 and Xiang balsam pear No. 1.

1200 watermelon field planting strains, wherein 600 strains of Jingxiu and 600 strains of Jing appendix are adopted; 400 bitter gourd plants are planted, wherein 200 of Nongyou No. 1 and 200 of Xiang bitter gourd No. 1 are planted. The seedling quantity is slightly more because of certain loss during the seedling culture; the germination rates of watermelon seeds and bitter gourd seeds are generally 85%, so that 850 grains of Jingxiu seeds, Jing appendant seeds, Nongyou No. 1 seeds and Hunan bitter gourd seeds are respectively 300 grains during germination acceleration.

TABLE 2 number of seedlings grown

3. Seedling raising

(1) Seedbed preparation

Selecting a region with constant temperature of 20-25 deg.C as seedbed, digging down for 15cm, and making the bottom surface flat, the length of 5.3m, and the width of 2.4 m.

Uniformly mixing garden soil, turf, vermiculite and perlite according to the proportion of 5:2:1:2, and adding a proper amount of rooting powder and chlorothalonil, wherein the garden soil is required to have no large soil blocks and impurities.

The substrate is arranged in a black seedling pot with the diameter of 8cm multiplied by 8cm for seedling culture, and the distance between the substrate and the opening of the seedling pot is about 2 cm.

The sowing positions of watermelon and balsam pear are clearly distinguished to prevent disorder. The seedling pots are placed in order, the specific placement area is as shown in figure 5, the length of a long side a of the seedbed is 5.3m, 66 rows of seedling pots are placed, the length of a wide side b of the seedbed is 2.4m, and 30 rows of seedling pots are placed; in the figure, 24 × 30 seeds are planted in the area A, 24 × 30 seeds are planted in the area B, 9 × 30 seeds are planted in the area C, and 9 × 30 seeds are planted in the area D, namely Hunan balsam pear No. 1.

(2) Seed treatment

Respectively soaking small fruit type watermelon seeds and bitter gourd seeds in 500 times of potassium permanganate solution for 12min, taking out, cleaning, soaking in 50-60 deg.C water, and stirring to room temperature; soaking the seeds in water at room temperature for 5h to make the seeds swell and absorb water.

Taking out the small watermelon seed and the balsam pear seed, lightly cracking the balsam pear seed with nail clippers, and paying attention to avoid knocking and damaging the inner part of the seed skin. Wrapping with wet cloth or wet towel, wrapping with plastic bag, and placing the small fruit type watermelon seed and bitter gourd seed in 30 deg.C environment for 22 hr for germination. Turning over every 3 hours, and slightly cleaning mucus on the surfaces of the seeds and the towels; and closely observing the germination condition of the seeds, and only obtaining the seeds with white color.

(3) Seeding

One day before sowing, the seedbed is watered thoroughly, seeds with better white exposure are selected, the seeds are flatly sown in the middle of a seedling pot with the sprouts facing downwards, and then fine wet soil with the thickness of 1cm is covered on the surface of the seedlings. After sowing, covering the surface of the seedbed with a mulching film with a proper width, and distinguishing the sowing positions of watermelon and balsam pear to prevent disorder when sowing.

(4) Management of seedling stage

After sowing, the seedling emergence condition should be closely concerned, and when 70% of seedlings come out of the ground, the mulching film is uncovered. Erecting a small arched shed above the seedbed; the sufficient illumination is guaranteed in the daytime, and the temperature is properly reduced at night. When the soil surface is dry, a watering can is used for spraying water lightly. Seedlings with damping-off or other diseases should be removed in time and buried deeply outside the greenhouse.

After 35 days, the small-fruit watermelon seedlings grow to 2-3 true leaves and the hypocotyls are thick and strong, and then field planting can be carried out; the height of balsam pear seedlings is about 20cm, and the balsam pear seedlings can be planted when 4-5 main leaves are planted.

3. Planting

(1) Soil preparation and ridging

Sundries, large stones and the like in the greenhouse are cleaned out of the greenhouse, and the large soil blocks are crushed.

Applying high-quality decomposed cow dung 5m per mu³40kg of compound fertilizer, 40kg of potassium sulfate, 150kg of cake fertilizer, 1kg of boron fertilizer, 1kg of zinc fertilizer and 1kg of chlorothalonil.

And deeply ploughing 50cm of soil. A small high ridge with the height of 20cm is arranged in the greenhouse from north to south, the operation row is 110cm, and the planting row is 90 cm. Two vine hanging iron wires are erected at the corresponding positions above the ridge along the direction of the ridge. Watering by adopting a drip irrigation tape mode under the film, paving the drip irrigation tape along the planting rows, and arranging two drip irrigation tapes per ridge.

(2) Planting

During field planting, the plant spacing is 40cm, two lines are field-planted in each ridge, as shown in fig. 2, the field-planting position is arranged on the inner shoulder part of a small high ridge, as shown in fig. 1, a quincunx field-planting mode is adopted, as shown in fig. 3, 1 balsam pear is field-planted in every 3 watermelons, as shown in the drawing, D is a watermelon, and E is a balsam pear;

watering thoroughly in time after field planting of each ridge, covering with mulching film with proper width after underwater infiltration, digging holes at the positions of seedlings, digging out the mulching film from the seedlings, and sealing edges around the seedlings with fine soil.

During planting, half area of the greenhouse is planted with 'Jingxiu + Nongyou No. 1', half area of the greenhouse is planted with 'Jingxian + Xianggua No. 1', as shown in FIG. 6, Jingxiu and Nongyou No. 1 are planted in E area, and Jingxian and Xianggua No. 1 are planted in F area

4. Management of field

(1) Temperature and light management

The temperature is lower in early spring, the heat preservation quilt of the greenhouse is rolled up after the sun rises in the morning, the quilt is put down before the sun falls down in the afternoon, and appropriate light supplement is needed in rainy and snowy days.

After planting, the temperature in the greenhouse is kept higher for one week, 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 16-18 ℃ at night.

After the seedling is delayed, the temperature in the greenhouse is gradually reduced, and the temperature is kept normal: at 22-25 ℃ in the daytime and 15-18 ℃ at night, the temperature in the shed is properly increased during flowering and fruit setting, and pollination and melon bearing are facilitated.

As the air temperature rises, the greenhouse tuyere can be opened.

(2) Management of fertilizer and water

Watering is not carried out after sufficient bottom soil moisture is produced by the water for the field planting and the seedling watering, so that the root of the seedling is pricked and the squat seedling is promoted; watering once when the seedlings start to throw tendrils to promote the growth of the melon seedlings;

fruit shape watermelon

After the watermelon is pollinated, after most young fruits are seated, water is poured once to promote the watermelon to expand. And then keeping the ground wet.

In the melon expanding period, 10 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate is applied along with water. Watering can not be carried out 7 days before harvesting to prevent the fruit from cracking.

After the watermelon vine is cut and regenerated, 10kg of high-quality compound fertilizer is applied with water to promote the regeneration of new vines.

② balsam pear

The fertilizer water is not specially treated during coiling the balsam pear and the watermelon, and the fertilizer water and the watermelon can be synchronously treated.

After the balsam pear is hung on the vine, the plant begins to grow vigorously, and after the first batch of watermelon is seated, watering is carried out, and watering is carried out at the position synchronous with vine extending water for cutting vine regeneration watermelon.

The soil surface is often kept wet during the fruiting period, but water accumulation is not allowed.

The watermelon vine cutting regeneration is combined, the additional fertilizer can be applied for 3-4 times, 20 kg/mu of high-quality compound fertilizer is applied by flushing each time, and the time for applying fertilizer and watering is adjusted as far as possible to achieve the synchronization with the watermelon.

(3) Plant regulation

Fruit shape watermelon

When the seedlings grow to 4-5 leaves, heading is carried out to promote lateral vines to occur, when the lateral vines grow to 30cm, vine hanging is carried out, and a main vine and a strong lateral vine are left to hang vines; the vines grow, the vine heads are not coiled on the vine hanging lines any longer or are bent outwards to grow, the vines are hung around the vines when the growth points are pressed to be as long as possible in time, and the growth points are cut off;

when the fruit is seated and grows to the size of the egg, 5 leaves are left above the fruit for topping; generally, the growing point is kneaded to be water-soaked.

② balsam pear

After planting, bitter gourds generally do not need to be treated.

When the stems and tendrils of the balsam pears grow, the stems and tendrils are timely coiled at the bottom of the plants, and if female flowers occur occasionally, the stems and tendrils can be removed or not processed; when male flowers appear, the male flowers are removed in time; after the watermelon is pulled, the balsam pear is lifted.

After the bitter gourds are lifted, pruning is carried out on the bitter gourds, lateral vines below 1m of the main vines are completely removed, two strong lateral vines at the middle upper parts are reserved to bear fruits together with the main vines, and old leaves at the bottoms of plants are cleaned; the balsam pear climbs the vines before the watermelon seedlings are pulled, and the balsam pear can be hung after the watermelon seedlings are pulled.

(4) Artificial pollination and melon retention

Fruit shape watermelon

The small fruit type watermelon is a semiJapanese flower, and after a female is seen, pollination is carried out in time at 7-10 am, namely, a strong male flower is picked off, petals are removed, pollen is uniformly coated on the stigmas of the female flower, and the pollination date is marked on the female flower after pollination; the maturation period of the general early-maturing small-fruit watermelon is about 26 days; if the main vine leaves the melons but does not leave root melons, and the lateral vines have female flowers opening and are close to the node positions simultaneously with the main vine, 2 melons can be left; when the watermelon fruit grows to about 1kg, the vine is lifted in time;

② balsam pear

The balsam pear is a semiJapanese flower, and is pollinated 7-10 am after the female; the balsam pear can continuously bloom, pollinate when female flowers are open, retain the melon, take off male flowers, remove petals, and uniformly coat pollen of the male flowers on the stigma of the female flowers;

5. seedling pulling device

After the small-fruit watermelon is harvested and before the balsam pear is lifted, one watermelon plant in the middle is reserved, two watermelons at two sides close to the balsam pear are pulled to clean the plant, the balsam pear is not damaged, as shown in figure 4, A is the balsam pear, B is the watermelon for secondary melon bearing, and C1 and C2 are the watermelons pulled to pull seedlings.

6. Watermelon vine cutting regeneration technology

The reserved watermelon plant in the middle is cut off from a position which is about 30cm away from the base, 1000 times of chlorothalonil aqueous emulsion is sprayed on the watermelon plant to sterilize the plant, so that plant diseases and insect pests left by the watermelon are eliminated, and the balsam pear is not damaged.

After cutting, the water is irrigated and the organic fertilizer is applied with the water, 2-4 new adventitious buds can be generated from the base part after 4 days, and then new tendrils are grown. When the vines grow to 30cm, selecting two melon vines with strong and similar growth vigor for vine hanging, carrying out plant adjustment in the vine hanging and field management of (5), then carrying out flowering pollination, and carrying out pollination and artificial pollination and melon remaining operation; one vine bears the melon, the other vine provides nutrition, and the melon is not remained; the vine cutting regeneration is best carried out once, and is particularly beneficial to clearing gardens in greenhouses with diseases and insect pests when first melons are grown;

7. harvesting

Watermelon

The early-maturing small fruit type watermelons can be matured and harvested after being pushed for 26 days on the pollination drop.

② balsam pear

The balsam pear is mainly edible tender melon and can be harvested 12 days after blooming.

The harvesting standard is as follows: the tumor-shaped and strip-shaped particles of the balsam pear bodies are expanded and raised, and the fruits are fresh green and can be harvested after being fully grown. The balsam pear is generally collected once in the morning for 2 to 3 days, and the base part of the melon stalk is cut off by scissors.

8. Economic benefits

As can be seen from the table 3, the early-spring high-yield cultivation mode for interplanting the small fruit watermelon and the bitter gourd has considerable economic benefit in field planting, can reasonably utilize the soil and the space of a sunlight greenhouse, and increases the income of farmers.

TABLE 3 high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting small fruit type watermelons and bitter gourds in early spring

Although only the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention within the knowledge of those skilled in the art, and all changes are encompassed in the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting small fruit type watermelons and bitter gourds in early spring is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

(1) arranging stubble gaps: planting early spring stubbles of small-fruited watermelons and bitter gourds in a sunlight greenhouse, indoor seedling raising of the small-fruited watermelons and the bitter gourds in the last 2 months, and field planting at certain intervals in the last 3 months; harvesting small fruit type watermelon in the first and middle ten days of 5 months, and pulling seedling in the last ten days of 5 months; the balsam pear is hung in the late 5 months, and the melon is harvested in the early 6 months to the late 7 months;

(3) seedling raising, which comprises the following steps:

s1, preparing a seedbed: selecting a region with constant temperature of 20-25 ℃ in a greenhouse, digging 15cm downwards, and making a seedbed with a flat bottom surface; adopting a black seedling pot with the diameter of 8cm multiplied by 8cm to grow seedlings, and arranging a seedling substrate in the seedling pot, wherein the distance between the seedling substrate and the pot opening is 2 cm;

s2, seed treatment: respectively soaking small fruit type watermelon seeds and bitter gourd seeds in 500 times of potassium permanganate solution for 8-12min, fishing out, cleaning, soaking in 50-60 deg.C water while stirring to room temperature, soaking the seeds in room temperature water for 4-5h, fishing out the small fruit type watermelon seeds and bitter gourd seeds, wrapping with wet cloth or wet towel, wrapping with plastic bag, and waiting for germination; placing the small-fruit watermelon seeds and the bitter gourd seeds in an environment of 28-30 ℃ until the seeds are exposed to the white, opening the wet towel to turn over once every 2-3 hours, slightly cleaning mucus on the surfaces of the seeds and the wet towel, and closely observing the germination condition of the seeds, wherein the seeds cannot be germinated for too long time;

s3, sowing: watering the seedbed thoroughly one day before sowing, selecting better seeds with white color in S2, planting the watermelon and the balsam pear in different regions, flatly placing the seeds with the buds facing downwards and sowing the seeds in the middle of a seedling pot, covering fine wet soil with the thickness of 1cm on the surface of the seedlings, and covering the surface of the seedbed with a mulching film after sowing;

s4, seedling management: after sowing, closely paying attention to the seedling emergence condition of the seedlings, and uncovering the mulching film after 70% of the seedlings come out of the soil; keeping the temperature lower at night when the illumination is sufficient in daytime, keeping the soil surface moist during the day, and spraying water to the moist soil surface by using a spray can when the soil surface is dry; seedlings with damping-off or other diseases are timely pulled out and deeply buried outside the greenhouse; the small fruit type watermelon seedlings can be planted after growing 2-3 true leaves and the hypocotyl is thick; the height of the balsam pear seedlings is 15-20cm, and the balsam pear seedlings can be planted when 4-5 main leaves are planted;

(4) land preparation and field planting, comprising the following steps:

s1, land preparation and ridging: cleaning the plastic bags and the large stone sundries in the greenhouse out of the greenhouse, beating the large soil blocks into pieces, applying fertilizer, and deeply ploughing the soil within 50 cm; small high ridges are formed in the greenhouse from north to south, the ridge height is 20cm, the operation row is 90-110cm, and the planting row is 80-90 cm; two vine hanging iron wires are erected at the corresponding positions above the ridges along the direction of the ridges; watering by adopting a drip irrigation tape under a film, paving the drip irrigation tape along the planting rows, and arranging two drip irrigation tapes per ridge;

s2, planting: during field planting, the plant spacing is 40cm, two lines of field planting are carried out on each ridge, the field planting position is arranged on the shoulder part in a small-height ridge, and 1 balsam pear is field-planted every 3 watermelons by adopting a quincunx field planting mode; watering thoroughly in time after planting each ridge, covering with a mulching film after underwater infiltration, digging holes at the positions of the seedlings, digging out the mulching film from the seedlings, and sealing edges around the seedlings with fine soil to reduce soil moisture evaporation;

(5) field management, comprising the following contents:

a. temperature and illumination management: the heat preservation quilt or the grass curtain is rolled up after the sun rises in the morning, and is put down before the sun falls into a mountain in the afternoon, and the greenhouse is supplemented with light in rainy and snowy days; keeping the temperature in the greenhouse to be higher for one week after planting, keeping the temperature at 25-28 ℃ in the daytime and 16-18 ℃ at night; after seedling slowing, gradually reducing the indoor temperature, keeping the temperature at 22-25 ℃ in the daytime and 15-18 ℃ at night; properly raising the temperature in the shed during the flowering and fruit setting periods; opening a greenhouse air port along with the rising of the air temperature after the watermelon pulls seedlings and cuts tendrils for regeneration;

b. and (3) fertilizer and water management: watering is not carried out after sufficient bottom soil moisture is built by planting watering and seedling watering is carried out once when the seedlings start to swing tendrils;

firstly, small fruit type watermelons: after 80% of young fruits are seated, watering once again, and keeping the ground wet; in the melon expanding period, 10 kg/mu of monopotassium phosphate is sprayed with water; watering can not be carried out 7 days before harvesting; after the vine is cut and regenerated, 10kg of high-quality compound fertilizer is flushed with water;

② bitter gourd: the fertile water and the watermelon are synchronous during coiling the balsam pear and tendril; after the balsam pears are hung on the vines, the plants begin to grow vigorously, watering is carried out after the first batch of melons are seated, and then, the plants are matched with rich water generated after the watermelons cut the vines for regeneration, so that the soil surface is kept moist but no water is accumulated in the fruiting period; topdressing for 3-4 times, and applying high-quality compound fertilizer 20 kg/mu with water each time;

c. plant adjustment:

firstly, small fruit type watermelons: when the seedlings grow to 4-5 leaves, topping the seedlings to promote lateral vines to occur, and when the lateral vines grow to 30cm, hanging the vines, and reserving a main vine and a strong lateral vine to hang the vines; the vines grow, and when the vine heads are not coiled on the vine hanging lines any more or are bent outwards to grow, the vines are hung around the vines when the vine heads are punched at the later growth points in time; when the fruit is seated and grows to the size of the egg, 4-6 leaves are left above the fruit, and the growing point is pinched to be water-soaked for topping;

② bitter gourd: after field planting, when the stems and tendrils of the balsam pears grow, the stems and tendrils are timely coiled at the bottom of the plants, and when female flowers appear, the stems and tendrils are removed or not processed; when male flowers appear, the male flowers are removed in time; after pulling the watermelon seedlings, lifting the bitter gourds without breaking growing points, trimming the vines after the vines are lifted, completely removing lateral vines below 1m of main vines, keeping two strong lateral vines at the middle upper parts to bear fruits together with the main vines, simultaneously timely cleaning old leaves at the bottoms of plants, enabling the bitter gourds to climb the vines before pulling the watermelon seedlings, and after pulling the watermelon seedlings, lifting the bitter gourds;

d. artificial pollination and melon retention

Firstly, small fruit type watermelons: after the small watermelon is female, timely pollinating at 7-10 am, namely picking up robust male flowers, removing petals, uniformly coating pollen on the heads of female flowers, and marking the pollination date on the female flowers after pollination; reserving 2 melons on the main vine, but not reserving root melons on the main vine, and reserving 2 melons on the lateral vine if female flowers open and the node positions are close to each other simultaneously with the main vine; when the watermelon fruit grows to 1kg, the vine is lifted in time;

② bitter gourd: pollinating balsam pear at 7-10 am after the balsam pear is in the female; picking up male flowers, removing petals, and uniformly coating pollen of the male flowers on the stigma of the female flowers;

(6) seedling pulling: after the small watermelon is harvested and before the balsam pear is lifted, one watermelon plant in the middle is reserved, two watermelons at two sides close to the balsam pear are pulled to clean the plant;

(7) watermelon vine cutting regeneration technology: cutting off the retained watermelon plant in the middle at a position 30cm away from the ground, and spraying 1000 times of chlorothalonil aqueous emulsion to the watermelon plant for plant disinfection; after cutting, watering and applying organic fertilizer along with water, when the vines grow to 30cm, selecting two melon vines with strong and close growth vigor for vine hanging, and the vine hanging is the same as the plant adjusting method in field management (5); artificial pollination is carried out after the flowers are bloomed, and the pollination is the same as the artificial pollination and the melon remaining operation; one vine bears the melon, the other vine provides nutrition, and the melon is not remained;

2. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelon and bitter gourd in early spring small fruit type according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: during seed treatment in the seedling raising step, the balsam pear seeds are lightly cracked by nail clippers to peck the balsam pear seeds before germination acceleration after soaking.

3. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelon and bitter gourd in early spring small fruit type according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the seedling culture substrate is prepared by uniformly mixing garden soil, grass peat, vermiculite and perlite according to the proportion of 5:2:1: 2; adding proper amount of rooting powder and chlorothalonil.

4. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelon and bitter gourd in early spring small fruit type according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the seedling raising step, a small arched shed is erected above a seedbed after seeding in seedling management.

5. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelon and bitter gourd in early spring small fruit type according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the seedling raising step, the seedling management generally does not need fertilization, and monopotassium phosphate with the concentration of 0.2% is sprayed on the surfaces of the leaves of the seedlings by a spray can when necessary.

6. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelon and bitter gourd in early spring small fruit type according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: when the balsam pear climbs the tendrils, female flowers or male flowers are removed when the flowers are opened.

7. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelon and bitter gourd in early spring small fruit type according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the step of land preparation and field planting, the fertilizer is applied as follows: and applying high-quality decomposed cow dung with the length of 5m to each mu of the fruit trees, 40kg of compound fertilizer, 40kg of potassium sulfate, 150kg of cake fertilizer, 1kg of boron fertilizer, 1kg of zinc fertilizer and 1kg of chlorothalonil.

8. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelon and bitter gourd in early spring small fruit type according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the step of managing the rich water, after the first batch of melons are seated after the balsam pears hang vines, watering is synchronous with the vine extending water for cutting vines to regenerate the watermelons.

9. The high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation method for interplanting watermelon and balsam pear in small fruits in early spring according to claim 1, wherein the harvest standard of the balsam pear is as follows: the tumor-shaped and strip-shaped particles of the balsam pear bodies are expanded and raised, and the fruits are fresh green, namely, the fruits are fully grown and can be harvested; the balsam pear is collected every 2-3 days in the morning, and the base part of the melon stalk is cut off by scissors.