CN101904260A - Planting mode suitable for stereoscopic fruit and vegetable crops - Google Patents
Planting mode suitable for stereoscopic fruit and vegetable crops Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a melon-cotton stereoscopic intercropping method suitable for planting melons in open field. The method comprises the following steps of: applying a high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer after soil is moist in spring, ploughing the soil, and forming a trapezoidal high ridge with the upper opening width of 70 to 80 centimeters; controlling the ridge interval to be 1.2 meters, controlling the ridge depth to be 30 to 40 centimeters, covering the trapezoidal high ridge by using a film with the width of 1.58 meters, pressing the mulching film against the surface and two sides of the ridge, and firmly burying the bottom of the film; and holing and planting at the positions 10 centimeters away from the two sides of the ridge surface, building an A-frame on the two sides of the high ridge, binding horizontal and vertical wooden poles and iron wires on the A-frame, dragging the melon stems to the A-frame for stereoscopic growth, pruning single stems, controlling the fruit setting nodes in 8 to 12 nodes, preventing powdery mildew by using high-efficiency low-toxicity germicide, and controlling the number of plants per acre to be about 1,800. The method solves the problems of the contradictions in the aspects of water, the fertilizer, illumination and the like during the common growth period of the melon and the cotton. The planting mode has the advantages of improving land use rate, producing high-quality safe agricultural products and having wide demonstration effect and high application value.
Description
Invention field
The present invention relates to a kind of spatial planting technology of fruits and vegetables, specifically, the present invention relates to a kind of cropping pattern technical field of suitable three-dimensional open country fruit crop.
Background technology
The traditional mode of production mode of muskmelon is that the open country trench digging crawls to plant, mu is planted plant and is counted the 650-700 strain, the purpose that adopts this method is to solve the contradiction of irrigating with disease, avoided muskmelon plant direct contact water except that root because utilize trench digging to irrigate, reduce the humidity of plants stems, leaf growing environment, thereby alleviated the disease occurrence degree.But the open country muskmelon between breeding time regular rainfall meeting increase the humidity and the temperature of plant environment of living in, and the plant growth of crawling makes stem, leaf and melon furrow soil moisture be difficult for scattering and disappearing, cause that diseases such as powdery mildew and downy mildew are popular, the control difficulty, produce impaired.
In the existing muskmelon cropping pattern, because the muskmelon plant is not in contact with the ground, the illumination that plant is accepted is more sufficient, and the ventilation and penetrating light improvement of terms alleviates the muskmelon disease.The bactericide consumption of control disease reduces significantly, and the harm and the harmful effect of farming district ecotope reduced greatly, and the edible safety of Hami melon product improves.
In China rural area, the problem of having a large population and a few land is very outstanding at present, and in plant husbandry at present constituted, grain, cotton and woods really were topmost three parts.For addressing this problem, improve output, the interplanting multiple cropping of crop is very general, the extensive use in zones of different of various cropping patterns such as grain-watermelon-cotton, grain-vegetables and grain-cotton.Domestic for the interplanting Study on Technology much adopted vertical cultivation, as watermelon-cotton-Chinese cabbage spatial planting technology, corn and vegetable three-dimensional planting pattern, the three-dimensional interplanting technique of cotton rice dish etc., but its core is to utilize the characteristics of some crops such as stand cultivation such as muskmelon, dish, solve farming people from district few contradictions of ploughing more, increase the actual cultivated area in soil, improve the plantation income.
Have a large population and a few land in Xinjiang, be fit to the area of crop replay, interplanting multiple cropping mode is based on wheat-corn-corn.Advantage is to take into account grain and the stock keeping demand to feed, and shortcoming is that planting benefit is low, and the planting benefit that improves the interplanting pattern is the problem that attracts people's attention always.The planting patterns combination that muskmelon open country solid growth pattern comprises multiple muskmelon and other crops takes into account crop yield and planting benefit, improves the arable land practical efficiency, can satisfy the requirement that presses for raising plantation earning-related benefit because of having a large population and a few land.
Summary of the invention
For overcoming the deficiencies in the prior art part, the invention provides and a kind ofly make full use of the fertile resource of place and warm light aqueous vapor, improve land utilization rate, produce the planting patterns of a kind of suitable open country muskmelon of the agricultural product of high-quality and safety.
The present invention is on the existent technique basis, and the ecosystem characterization different separately according to various Different Crop based on multiple ecological Coordinated Interaction, set up the number cover and be suitable for the full stand solid growth of open country muskmelon pattern.
The technical scheme of the full stand solid growth of a kind of suitable open country muskmelon pattern that the present invention specifically provides: execute the high-quality fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed and add 70 kilograms of diammonium phosphate for 4000 kilograms for every mu after spring soil and the moisture in the soil, after soil is turned over, play wide 70-80 suitable for reading centimetre trapezoidal high ridge, 120 centimetres of distance between the ridges, the dark 30-40 of furrow centimetre, cover trapezoidal high ridge with 140 centimetres of wide films, mulch film and ridge face and both sides are adjacent to sturdy, bury reality at the bottom of the film; 10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, ridge, take along the high ridge both sides A-frame, bondage anyhow rod and iron wire on A-frame, draw three-dimensional growth to the tripod with muskmelon is climing, adopt single climing training, the joint position 8-12 that bears fruit saves, use high-efficiency low-toxicity bactericidal agent for preventing and treating powdery mildew and downy mildew, mu is planted about several 1800 strains of plant.
Further, the present invention specifically provides three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of the muskmelon-cotton of two kinds of suitable open country muskmelon plantations and the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of winter wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon, by crop height collocation and field management, solve during muskmelon and other crop symbiosis contradiction at aspects such as water, fertilizer and illumination.Suitable kind of concrete method for planting can adopt following dual mode:
One, the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of muskmelon-cotton
1, reserve muskmelon interplanting row: after broadcasting cotton plot and moisture in the soil in advance spring, stay one 260 centimetres interplanting row between per two to three 140 centimetres of wide films, fertilising is turned over.
2, cotton planting management: the above ground temperature of 5cm begins sowing when reaching more than 12 ℃.Mechanical planting, film is wide 140 centimetres, a film 4 row cottons, the strain of keeping a full stand of seedings of line-spacing 30-60-30 centimetre wide-narrow row planting, spacing in the rows 7cm, mu is counted 14000-16000, high-density planting; Sowing depth 2-3cm, thinning during cotton 2-3 sheet true leaf, final singling; Carry out 5 chemically grown regulation and control with mepiquat chloride vegetative period, pinched before July 10; Cotton was poured water for the first time at the beginning of 6 months, trench digging fertilising before pouring water, and mu is executed urea 20kg, and irrigation quantity is less, and a water has been put and can have been irritated two water in back 15 days, and irrigation quantity is bigger, and the later stage needs aqueous condition to pour water according to the cotton growing way in conjunction with muskmelon, and irrigation frequency is advisable for 1 time; Nitrogen phosphorus cooperates; Heavy dressing base manure; Execute seed manure in right amount; Heavy dressing flower bell fertilizer.
3, ridging built: gone trapezoidal high ridge suitable for reading wide 70-80 centimetre reserving; Cover trapezoidal high ridge with 140 centimetres of wide films, mulch film and ridge face and both sides are adjacent to sturdy, bury reality at the bottom of the film; Along the high ridge both sides at interval 250-300 centimetre imbed diameter 10cm left and right sides waddy, be barricaded as A-frame, about about 180 centimetres from the ridge face to the tripod overhead height, bondage anyhow rod and iron wire on A-frame.
4, muskmelon kind planting management: ripe or middle-late ripening variety in selecting for use, April 20 is sowing later on.10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, high ridge ridge; Adopt single climing training, stay the master climing, with climing climbing frame growth on traction batten or rope, the 8-12 joint seat melon tied up of melon.Watering time and number of times use high-efficiency low-toxicity bactericidal agent for preventing and treating powdery mildew and downy mildew with cotton.
Two, the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of winter wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon
1, reserve muskmelon interplanting row: during the winter sowing wheat, staying a cover to broadcast capable mode by per 24 row wheats, to reserve width be 200 centimetres muskmelon interplanting row.
2, winter wheat kind planting management: begin to water the last ten-days period in August and broadcast preceding water, close plow after the moisture in the soil before mu execute farmyard manure 3000kg, phosphate fertilizer 25-30kg, nitrogenous fertilizer 10kg, sow wholely.Before watering first water, mu spreads fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer 20kg, spreads fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer 10kg before two water.
3, ridging built: after the wheat one hydration moisture in the soil, broadcast the row fertilising, play trapezoidal high ridge suitable for reading wide 70-80 centimetre then at reservation muskmelon cover; Cover trapezoidal high ridge with 140 centimetres of wide films, mulch film and ridge face and both sides are adjacent to sturdy, bury reality at the bottom of the film; Along the high ridge both sides at interval 250-300 centimetre imbed diameter 10cm left and right sides waddy, be barricaded as A-frame, from the ridge face to the about 180m of tripod overhead height about, bondage anyhow rod and iron wire on A-frame.
4, muskmelon kind planting management: ripe or late variety in selecting for use, sowing after April 20.10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, high ridge ridge; Adopt single climing training, stay the master climing, with climing climbing frame growth on traction batten or rope, the 8-12 joint seat melon tied up of melon.
5, replay growth of watermelon management: after the wheat harvesting, rake a kind of farm tools field piece of turning over is widened intensification with the muskmelon furrow, ferti-seeding.Ripe or late variety in selecting for use adopts three climing trainings, and the phase of bearing fruit in time topdresses, and fruit expanding period is prevented and treated fusarium wilt and powdery mildew.
One of principle that the intercropping of crop is most important is on interplanting crop plant type, " one high and one low ", " one fat and one thin ".It is the collocation of long-stalked crops and short-stalked crop; The crop collocation of the compact branches and leaves longitudinal development of the crop of with luxuriant foliage and spreading branches in leafy profusion crosswise development and plant type to form good ventilation and penetrating light condition and compound population, just can be received best the effect of increasing income.The present invention is following and is meeting on the basic principle basis of crop interplanting intercropping, the muskmelon plant is bigger, in the interplanting row, adopt 180 centimetres of high stands, the upwards growth of guiding plant had both made full use of the growing space, did not fight for the growing space with wheat, cotton and watermelon again, because wheat and cotton growth height have only 70-100 centimetre, watermelon crawls to grow, and the spatial distribution of Different Crop is reasonable in the intercropping colony, and good basis has been laid in the formation of crop yield and quality.
Adopt technology well known in the art among the present invention: the GB4285 chemistry security uses standard; The reasonable usage criteria of GB/T8321 (all parts) agricultural chemicals; DB65/2577-1997 Hami melon hybrid seed grade scale; The conventional seed grading standard of GB4862-84 Hami melon; NY5010 pollution-free food vegetables home environment condition; NY5074 pollution-free food muskmelon; GB5084-92 " agricultural irrigation water quality standard "; DBN6531/T101-2003.
GB 4285 chemistry securities use standard; The reasonable usage criteria of GB/T8321 agricultural chemicals; DB65/T 2577-1997 Hami melon hybrid seed grade scale; The conventional seed grading standard of GB 4862-84 Hami melon; NY 5010 pollution-free food vegetables home environment conditions; NY 5074 pollution-free food muskmelons; GB 5084-92 agricultural irrigation water quality standard.
By implementing the concrete summary of the invention of the present invention, can reach following effect:
1, cultivated land utilization rate height.Tradition open country trench digging planting patterns muskmelon mu kind plant is counted the 650-700 strain, according to the different per mu yields of kind between 1500-3000kg.The full stand solid growth of open country muskmelon pattern mu standard species plant is counted the 1700-1750 strain, and mu plantation amount is equivalent to 2.5 times of traditional planting patterns (650-700 strain), and promptly the actual area that utilizes in every mu of arable land is 2.5 mu; Under the three-dimensional interplanting cropping pattern of muskmelon-cotton, general cotton is taken up an area of 0.7 mu, only 0.3 mu of interplanting muskmelon floor space, but 0.3 mu of muskmelon kind plant number reaches strain more than 500, is equivalent to the plantation amount of 0.7 mu of traditional open country plantation.Every mu of actual area that utilizes in ground reaches 1.4 mu; The actual area that utilizes in the three-dimensional every mu of ground of interplanting cropping pattern of wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon reaches 2.1 mu.Above-mentioned several plantation and interplanting pattern, the arable land practical efficiency improves greatly.
2, the unit are quantum of output significantly increases.The full stand solid growth of open country muskmelon pattern is because mu area kind plant number increases, and per mu yield reaches the 6000-8000 kilogram; Under the three-dimensional interplanting cropping pattern of muskmelon-cotton, cotton per mu yield and conventional cotton planting per mu yield remain basically stable, 0.3 mu of muskmelon output 1000-2000 kilogram.Two kinds of plantation mode effect of increasing production are good, and the unit are quantum of output significantly increases.
3, the muskmelon disease alleviates, because of the bactericide amount of application reduces, and the every mu of 80-100 unit that saves production cost.
Description of drawings
Figure 1 shows that the full stand solid growth of open country muskmelon model process figure.
Figure 2 shows that the three-dimensional interplanting cropping pattern of muskmelon-cotton flow chart.
Figure 3 shows that the three-dimensional interplanting cropping pattern of winter wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon flow chart.
Embodiment
Below, for embodiment the present invention is described, still, the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
All reagent selected for use among the present invention and instrument all are well known selecting for use, but do not limit enforcement of the present invention, and other reagent more well known in the art and equipment are all applicable to the enforcement of the following embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment one: the full stand solid growth of open country muskmelon mode
Further describe referring to accompanying drawing 1 in conjunction with following embodiment combination:
1, wholely: for well, the ground crop rotation phase of planting melon, previous crops was advisable with beans or cereal crops more than 5 years with fallow land or abandoned land in the melon patch, and melon ground forbids to plant Curcurbitaceae, pulse family, solanaceous crops on every side.
The melon patch was preferably lied prostrate before year and is ploughed and autumn ploughing, ploughed the degree of depth more than 25 centimetres, and carried out winter irrigation in order to pressure alkali and vegetable soil, and can eliminate weeds and the insect that survives the winter.
2, basal dressing: execute the high-quality fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed for every mu and add diammonium phosphate 30-40 kilogram for 3000 kilograms, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields.
3, play high ridge: after soil is turned over, play wide 70-80 suitable for reading centimetre trapezoidal high ridge.The ridge face is straight, both sides gradient unanimity, 120 centimetres of two distance between the ridges, the dark 30-40 of furrow centimetre.
4, overlay film: cover trapezoidal high ridge with 140 centimetres of wide films, mulch film and ridge face and both sides are adjacent to sturdy, bury reality at the bottom of the film.
5, irrigation before seeding: poured water in 5-7 days before the sowing, water must water foot, irrigate before broadcasting.
6, sowing: under the situation that ambient temperature suits, sowing on 15-May 10 April.Soaked seed 2 hours with 200 times of formalin solutions, the abundant rinsing of seed is clean after soaking with clear water.10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, ridge, and spacing in the rows 37-40 centimetre, sowing depth 2.5-3 centimetre.
7, built: imbed 10 centimetres of left and right sides waddys of diameter for 250-300 centimetre along interval, high ridge both sides, be barricaded as A-frame, about about 180 centimetres from the ridge face to the tripod overhead height, between two stands, imbed a secondary support of doing supplemental support again.Take cross bar in the frame bottom both sides far from ridge face 20 centimeters and A-frame top, respectively draw No. 14 iron wires together in face both sides, distance ridge 120 centimeters.Wooden cross bar and iron wire will firmly be strapped on the A-frame.After cross bar and iron wire fix, hang climing with traction by perpendicular batten in bondage jail of every strain.
8, setting joint position and stay melon: for match of OK a karaoke club storehouse and the microscler fruit melon variety of some other big fruit shape, the joint position of bearing fruit can be controlled at the 8-9 joint, allows melon body contact ridge face, can effectively prevent the distortion of fruit shape.General kind is beared fruit and is saved position 9-12 joint.Reservation is beared fruit the lateral bine of joint position when sending, and stays two leaf pinching in order to the seat melon, when young fruit grows to the egg size, and one of them well-grown of selecting and remain, the fruit that curcumbitate is rectified is extractd all the other and is reserved fruit lateral bine and young melons.
9, prune and tie up climing: adopt single climing training, stay main climingly, in time extract and remove the lateral bine of reserving the joint position of bearing fruit under all up and down.When the melon seedling grows to 5-6 sheet true leaf, climing the tying up of melon drawn on batten or the rope with plastic ties.Later on melon overgrow long in time tie up climing.
10, decide fruit and hang melon: hang melon early behind the fixed fruit, method is to tie down carpopodium with plastic ties when fruit grows to the 1kg left and right sides, afterwards plastic ties is tied up on iron wire.Or entangle fruit with the plastics string bag, and twine and hang firmly, with fall arrest.
11, rich water quality management: after planting restrained the growth of seedlings 40-45 days, and do not water.First water will irrigate, and waters once every 10-15 days later on, notices that fruit expanding period can not lack of water, can not flood the ridge when watering, and forbids to pour water in 10-15 days before gathering.
Can topdress 1-3 time to fruit expanding period in the muskmelon back of emerging.Topdress for the first time before watering first water, impose 15 kilograms of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizers, if the base fertilizer abundance, fertilising this time can be saved.Topdress for the second time and carry out, use 20 kilograms of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizers for every mu in fruit expanding period.Topdress for the third time before last water of fructescence, every mu imposes 10 kilograms of left and right sides potash fertilizer, and the melon fruit sugar is effective for increasing.Fertilizing method be melon ridge face down either side 20 centimeters dig spread manuer in holes into, earthing waters subsequently.
12, the extermination of disease and insect pest: the muskmelon disease control meets the regulation of GB4285 and GB/T8321, controlling powdery mildew: 32.5% alkene azoles alcohol, and 1200 times of liquid of good fortune alkene azoles, 4000 times of sprayings of 40% nitrile bacterium azoles wetting powder alternately spray.
The downy mildew control: 72% white epidemic disease must restrain 600 times of liquid of wetting powder, and 72% Du Pont gram reveals 600 times of liquid of wetting powder, 50% dimethomorph. and 800 times of liquid of mancozeb wettable powder alternately spray.
90 kilograms of mu spraying liquids, 5-7 days spray medicines once.Behind the disease epidemic period rain, the field water preceding or water after all in time spray medicine control.The use that can be mixed of above-mentioned medicament.
Aphid prevents: when the aphid spot film takes place, center aphid strain is added 5 times in water with 40% omethoate emulsifiable solution, smear 10 centimetres of basal part of stem.
Embodiment two: the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of muskmelon-cotton
Further describe referring to accompanying drawing 2 in conjunction with following embodiment combination:
1, cotton is broadcast preceding preparation: plant the cotton plot autumn turn over, winter irrigation, in spring thaw close moisture in the soil after, mu is executed 3 tons of farmyard manures, 40 kilograms of diammonium phosphate, 20 kilograms in urea plows after evenly spreading fertilizer over the fields, and the degree of depth of plowing is more than 25 centimetres, put in order ground with combined soil preparing machine after plowing, require neat, flat, loose, broken, clean, moisture in the soil wholely.
2, play high ridge: after broadcasting cotton plot and moisture in the soil in advance spring, stay one 260 centimetres interplanting row between per two to three 140 centimetres of wide films, rise and be above the ground level 30 centimetres, wide 80 centimetres trapezoidal high ridge suitable for reading covers high ridge with 140 centimetres wide films.
Begin sowing when 3, the following ground temperature of sowing cotton seed time: 5cm reaches more than 12 ℃.
4, sowing cotton seed specification requirement: mechanical planting, film is wide 140 centimetres, a film 4 row, line-spacing 30-60-30 centimetre wide-narrow row planting, spacing in the rows 7cm, the mu sowing quantity: the 14000-16000 high-density planting is counted in the strain of keeping a full stand of seedings of 4-6 kilogram, mu.During sowing, random inspection hole rate and seeding quantity, sowing depth 2-3cm guarantees to broadcast full stand.
5, cotton field management:
Broadcast the back and emerged in 8-15 days, in time look into seedling and reseed, manually program request as rainy weather, in time be broken the alkali shell; When cotton grows 2-3 sheet true leaf, beginning thinning, final singling, selecting and remain strain strong sprout in every cave, meets the next door, hole and can stay 2 strains; After the final singling, can spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100-150g/ mu or spray foliage fertilizer 5g/ mu such as treasured, grow 5 true leaves after, spray mepiquat chloride 0.5g/ mu for the first time, the first pouring water for the first time 3-5 days, carry out the chemical control second time, spray mepiquat chloride 1g/ mu.After pouring water, intertill, change accent simultaneously for the third time, spray mepiquat chloride 1.5g/ mu.Behind cotton two water, carry out the 4th time and change accent,, spray mepiquat chloride 2-3g/ mu, after cotton is pinched (before July 10), carry out the 5th time and change accent, spray mepiquat chloride 3-5g/ mu according to the cotton growing way according to the cotton growing way; Water and fertilizer management: cotton was poured water for the first time at the beginning of 6 months, trench digging fertilising before pouring water, mu is executed urea 20kg, irrigation quantity is less, one water has been put and can have been irritated two water in back 15 days, and irrigation quantity is bigger, and the later stage needs aqueous condition to pour water according to the cotton growing way in conjunction with muskmelon, irrigation frequency is advisable fertilization principle 1 time: (1) nitrogen phosphorus cooperates; (2) heavy dressing base manure; (3) execute seed manure in right amount; (4) heavy dressing flower bell fertilizer; Weeding was in time pinched before July 10.Blooming the knot bell phase can not fertilizer deficiency, to reduce fruit abscission rate.In time gather behind the blow-of-cottons.
6, cotton diseases and insect pests control: main disease is withered, the verticillium wilt of cotton, to put prevention first, mainly is to select disease-resistant variety, rational deployment, crop rotation, the rotation of crops.Insect pest mainly is: cutworm, cotton sandfly worm, can insert the poplar branch luring moth with the black light lamp trapping or by the end of June in the adult stage at the beginning of-7 months; Cotten aphid: use the flolimat stem brush; Two spotted spider mite, cotton spider mites:, select the chemical insecticide control for use according to different situations.
7, muskmelon sowing time: suitable after April 20 as soil moisture content, can sowing before and after ten days in may.
8, melon variety is selected: ripe or middle later-maturing and large type kind in selecting for use, should not select early-maturing variety for use.
9, muskmelon sowing: soaked seed 2 hours with 200 times of formalin solutions, the abundant rinsing of seed is clean after soaking with clear water.10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, high ridge ridge, sowing depth 2.5-3 centimetre.
10, built: 2.5-3m imbeds diameter 10cm left and right sides waddy at interval along the high ridge both sides, is barricaded as triangle and walks frame (about about 180 centimetres from the ridge face to the tripod overhead height), imbeds a secondary support of making supplemental support between two stands again.Take cross bar in the frame bottom both sides far from face 20cm place, ridge and A-frame top, respectively draw No. 14 iron wires together in face both sides, distance ridge 120 centimeters.Wooden cross bar and iron wire will firmly be strapped on the A-frame.After cross bar and iron wire fix, hang climing with traction by perpendicular batten in bondage jail of every strain.
11, muskmelon is pruned and is tied up climing: adopt single climing training, stay main climing.When the melon seedling grows to 5-6 sheet true leaf, tie up on traction batten or rope melon is climing with plastic ties, later on melon overgrow long in time tie up climing.
12, the muskmelon setting saves the position and stays melon: when general kind 10-12 joint lateral bine sends, stay two leaf pinching in order to the seat melon, the seat melon saves the above side shoot in position and also all extracts.OK a karaoke club storehouse plug can stay fruit at the 8-9 joint, to prevent the fruit distortion.When young fruit grows to the egg size, one of them well-grown of selecting and remain, the fruit that curcumbitate is rectified is extractd all the other lateral bines and young melon and is beared fruit above all lateral bines in joint position.
13, hang melon: hang melon early behind the fixed fruit, method is to tie down carpopodium with plastic ties when fruit grows to the 1kg left and right sides, then plastic ties is tied up on iron wire.Or entangle fruit with the plastics string bag, and twine and hang firmly, with fall arrest.
14, muskmelon rich water quality management: muskmelon is emerged back the first two water and cotton with watering, and waters the preceding every strain muskmelon of first water spread manuer in holes 20g nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer.Be to guarantee that muskmelon needs water and irrigation, water behind two water high ridge both sides shallow ridges added and be deep to 30 centimetres, dig a sublateral canal in field piece one side in addition and link to each other, prepare against and water separately to muskmelon with melon ridge two lateral sulcus.Noting behind the fixed fruit can't lack of water, and the water surface can't cover melon ridge face during irrigation.Before gathering, muskmelon forbade to pour water in 10-15 days.
15, muskmelon disease control: the muskmelon disease control meets the regulation of GB4285 and GB/T8321, and phytophthora root rot control is with 70% fenaminosulf or 500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder, every 7 days filling roots once, totally twice, 250ml is irritated in every strain at every turn; Controlling powdery mildew is with 32.5% alkene azoles alcohol or 1200 times of liquid of good fortune alkene azoles, or 2500-3000 times of liquid of 12.5% nitrile bacterium azoles missible oil begins to carry out foliage spray in their early stage, mu spraying liquid 40-60kg, and 5-7 days spray medicines are once; Downy mildew is prevented and treated available 72% white epidemic disease must restrain 600 times of liquid of wetting powder, or 600 times of liquid of 72% Du Pont gram dew wetting powder, or 50% dimethomorph. and 800 times of liquid of mancozeb wettable powder begin to carry out foliage-spray in their early stage.Mu spraying liquid 40-60kg, 5-7 days spray medicines once.
Virus disease control one is when finding diseased plant in the melon patch, in time to pull out and bury, the 2nd, when indivedual plant are found aphid in the melon patch, add 5 times in water with 40% omethoate emulsifiable solution, and smear plants stems base portion 10cm and kill aphid;
16, muskmelon is gathered: gather with the 8-9 maturation for the muskmelon of long-distance outward transport listing and be advisable, the muskmelon of closely selling is advisable to gather more than 9 maturations on the spot, and the fruit of gathering stays " T " font carpopodium fresh to show.Before and after July 20 fruit harvesting phase.
Embodiment three: the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon
Further describe referring to accompanying drawing 3 in conjunction with following embodiment combination:
1, wheat cultivation: begin to water the last ten-days period in August and broadcast preceding water, close plow after the moisture in the soil before mu execute farmyard manure 3000kg, phosphate fertilizer 25-30kg, nitrogenous fertilizer 10kg, plough back machinery is sowed wholely.Date of seeding September 15 to October 5.According to the date of seeding difference, mu seeding quantity 15-18kg.
2, reserve the interplanting row: during the winter sowing wheat, staying a cover to broadcast capable mode by per 24 row wheats, to reserve width be 200 centimetres interplanting row.
3, wheat management in spring: before spring, wheat watered first water, mu spread fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer 20kg, spreads fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer 10kg before two water.
4, interplanting row fertilising: after the wheat one hydration moisture in the soil, by fertilizing amount 1, the 500kg sheep excrement that becomes thoroughly decomposed adds the 25kg nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, and two meters covers that fertilizer evenly are sprinkled upon reservation are broadcast in the ranks, turn over.
5, play high ridge: after cover is broadcast row and turned over, rise suitable for reading widely 70 centimetres, be higher than the trapezoidal high ridge of about 15 centimetres of ridges.The ridge face is straight, both sides gradient unanimity.
6, overlay film: cover ridge face and both sides with 140 centimetres wide films, mulch film affair and ridge face and both sides are adjacent to sturdy, bury reality at the bottom of the film.
7, muskmelon sowing time: before and after April 20.
8, melon variety is selected: ripe or later-maturing and large type kind in selecting for use.Easily take off the kind of handle and also can select, but will in time gather.
9, muskmelon sowing: soaked seed 2 hours with 200 times of formalin solutions, the abundant rinsing of seed is clean after soaking with clear water.10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, ridge, sowing depth 2.5-3 centimetre.
10, built: imbed 10 centimetres of left and right sides waddys of diameter for 250-300 centimetre along interval, high ridge both sides, be barricaded as A-frame, about about 180 centimetres from the ridge face to the tripod overhead height, between two stands, imbed a secondary support of making supplemental support again.Take cross bar in the frame bottom both sides far from ridge face 20 centimeters and A-frame top, respectively draw No. 14 iron wires together in face both sides, distance ridge 120 centimeters.Wooden cross bar and iron wire will firmly be strapped on the A-frame.After cross bar and iron wire fix, hang climing with traction by the perpendicular batten of bondage of every strain.
11, muskmelon is pruned and is tied up climing: adopt single climing training, stay the master climing, timely beating except that 10 joints following (containing 10 saves) lateral bine.When the melon seedling grows to 5-6 sheet true leaf, climing the tying up of melon drawn on the batten with plastic ties.Later on melon overgrow long in time tie up climing.
When 12, the muskmelon setting saves the position and stays melon: 10-12 joint lateral bine to send, stay two leaf pinching in order to the seat melon, a seat melon joint above side shoot is also all extractd.When young fruit grows to the egg size, one of them well-grown of selecting and remain, the fruit that curcumbitate is rectified is extractd all the other lateral bines and young melon and is beared fruit above all lateral bines in joint position.
13, hang melon: hang melon early behind the fixed fruit, method is to tie down carpopodium with plastic ties when fruit grows to the 1kg left and right sides, afterwards plastic ties is tied up on iron wire.Or entangle fruit with the plastics string bag, and twine and hang firmly, with fall arrest.
14, muskmelon rich water quality management: after muskmelon is emerged, water 1-2 time with the wheat irrigation.Noting behind the fixed fruit can't lack of water, and when irrigating with wheat and corn, the water surface can't cover melon ridge face.For the growth of control cauline leaf, prevent dehiscent fruit, forbade to pour water in 7-10 days before gathering.
Muskmelon is stretched climing preceding and fixed fruit back fruit expanding period, imposes 4kg urea before watering and adds 4kg composite fertilizer.
15, muskmelon disease control: the muskmelon disease control meets the regulation of GB4285 and GB/T8321, and phytophthora root rot control obtains 500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder with 70% fenaminosulf, irritates root once every 7 days, and totally twice, 250 milliliters of every strain fillings; Controlling powdery mildew is with 32.5% alkene azoles alcohol or 1200 times of liquid of good fortune alkene azoles, or 200-300 times of liquid of 50% sulphur suspending agent, or 1500-2000 times of liquid foliage-spray of triadimefon missible oil; The downy mildew control is revealed 600 times of liquid of wetting powder with 72% Du Pont gram, or 72% white epidemic disease must restrain 600 times of liquid of wetting powder, or 500 times of liquid of 70% second phosphorus mancozeb wettable powder, or 64% Sandofan 400-500 times liquid foliage-spray, 60 kilograms of mu spraying liquids, 5-7 days spray medicines once
16, muskmelon is gathered: gather with the 8-9 maturation for the muskmelon of long-distance outward transport listing and be advisable, the muskmelon of closely selling is advisable to gather more than 9 maturations on the spot, and the fruit of gathering stays " T " font carpopodium fresh to show.
17, the whole ground of replay watermelon, basal dressing, open the melon ditch: after the wheat harvesting, turn over and harrow a kind of farm tools field piece, the muskmelon furrow is widened intensification, form dark about 50 centimetres, wide 100 centimetres common melon ditch suitable for reading is beaten before the ditch by become thoroughly decomposed 2000 kilograms of fertilizers of every mu of high-quality, add diammonium phosphate and mix for 20 kilograms, apply a side melon ditch.If the fertilizer deficiency, every mu can be affixed by 150 kilograms of dregs of fat, leveling sowing band.
18, covering with plastic film: the transparent mulch film with 70 centimetres wide covers, and method is to leave earlier on 15-20 centimetre the furrow bank at the distance exit or entrance of a clitch to bury the film groove, repaves film then.Require the mulch film close proximity to ground, flatten, compress, compacting, mulch film daylighting face will reach 40-45cm.
19, variety of watermelon is selected: in ripe or later-maturing and large shape kind.
20, watermelon sowing: with 200 times of formalin (formaldehyde) soaked with liquid 2 hours, use the clear water rinsing clean again before seed is broadcast.40-45 centimetre of sowing spacing in the rows.
21, watermelon management
Thinning, final singling: the melon seedling grows to a leaf and removes a young plant between every cave wholeheartedly the time, stays two strains.The melon seedling grows to three leaves and stays a strain to be good for seedling in every cave wholeheartedly the time; Whole climing: as to adopt three climing trainings: as to stretch the climing initial stage melon seedling, except that the reservation master is climing, keep two healthy and strong lateral bines that the plant base portion sends again, beat and remove all the other lateral bines; Topdress: behind watermelon growing to 6 true leaf, and after young melon was occupied stably, engaging waters topdressed.Before watering, dig the cave apart from bank 20 centimeters and topdress in the melon ditch, every mu applies the 5-8 kg urea; Water: watermelon is emerged the back to early August, waters once about 15 days, and should prolong relatively the interval of watering after mid-August.
22, watermelon disease control: the dead seedling that replay watermelon disease causes based on fusarium wilt.The method of preventing and treating fusarium wilt is except that attention choosing ground noted earlier and seed disinfection, their early stage can be irritated 400-500 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder or 60% aijuntong 400-500 times liquid irrigating root at the diseased plant root, every strain is irritated 0.25 kilogram, irritates once every 7-10 days, irritates altogether three times.
23, gather: gather and should or carry out at dusk after dew in the morning is done, use the scissors clip, stay T-shaped carpopodium, fresh to show.
Embodiment four:
Reference example one to three, the present invention adopts three-dimensional interplanting cultivation pattern can effectively solve during the crop symbiosis contradiction at aspects such as water supply, illumination and ventilations.
In the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of winter wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon, during muskmelon and the wheat symbiosis (the first tenday period of a month in the last ten-days period in April to June), the cultivation management requirement of growing and can adapt to wheat of muskmelon.Because muskmelon adopts stand cultivation, and wheat plant is shorter relatively, in that there is not contradiction in the two aspect illumination and the ventilation.Aspect irrigation, generally require muskmelon to emerge the back for strengthening the resistance in the plant development process, should give the restraining the growth of seedlings of certain hour (about 40 days), but for guaranteeing the normal development and the results of wheat, wheat need carry out 2 times and irrigate.Because the onset condition of muskmelon plant is restricted under the stand cultivation condition, thereby growth and resistance that muskmelon is accepted to irrigate muskmelon with wheat influence little.
In the three-dimensional interplanting cultivation mode of winter wheat-muskmelon-watermelon, behind the harvest corn, the high ridge both sides of muskmelon repair melon ditch plantation replay watermelon, and lie prone the not competition of growing space of ground growth pattern and muskmelon of the crawling of watermelon is irrigated synchronously, applies fertilizer and does not disturb mutually.
In the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of muskmelon-cotton, the muskmelon plant is growth upwards, and with cotton contention growing space, the needs of muskmelon growth result have not been satisfied in 3 irrigations between cotton development stage simultaneously, and fertilising is not disturbed mutually.
Embodiment five:
The relation that muskmelon in the three-dimensional interplanting cultivation pattern that provides stays fruit joint position and fruit commodity rate further is provided in the present invention.
Table 1: three-dimensional interplanting melon fruit joint position and fruit weight
As can be seen from the above table, bear fruit the joint position between the 11-16 joint, the weight average of melon fruit can reach the commodity rate level, the following and above fruit of the 17 joints generation deformity less than normal or easy of 11 joints, and commodity rate is low.General large-scale fruit muskmelon stand cultivation, deformity easily takes place than open country general mode plantation muskmelon in fruit, and according to the water and fertilizer management process trace, whether in solid interplanting pattern, whether the following melon fruit of 16 joints is lopsided, early stage main in time relevant with water supply.To the middle and later periods, whether in time the supply of moisture and fertility all has much relations with the abnormal rate of fruit at fruit development.
In the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon, supply under the guaranteed prerequisite at liquid manure, muskmelon bear fruit the joint position with the 11-15 joint all can, neat for guaranteeing maturing stage one fruit marketability of making peace, setting joint position is best with the 11-13 joint.In the production practical application, different with the fruit type according to kind, the joint position of bearing fruit can suitably be adjusted.
Embodiment six:
The sick worm of muskmelon is investigated in the three-dimensional interplanting cultivation pattern that the further argumentation of the present invention provides, and proves the superiority that the invention provides cropping pattern with this.
In solid interplanting pattern, in the symbiosis process of muskmelon growth early stage and wheat, be lodged in natural enemy on the wheat and insect for the generation of muskmelon insect pest with cause harm direct influence is arranged.And during the growth later stage and watermelon or cotton symbiosis of muskmelon, on the occasion of muskmelon disease occurrence in peak period, phytophthora root rot, powdery mildew and downy mildew are to influence the principal element that muskmelon obtains high yield and good harvest.The vertical cultivation mode of muskmelon is different with common outdoor cropping, and the generation of between insect pest and disease and the situation that causes harm there are differences certainly.We investigate the situation occurred of its damage by disease and insect, and compare with the sick worm and the situation occurred of conventional open country plantation muskmelon.
Table 2: three-dimensional interplanting muskmelon and conventional open country muskmelon insect survey table
June 1 was caught 2 of spiders, 72 of wingless aphids, 148 of alatae, 6 of leafhopper altogether at 5 of wheatlands of interplanting.Ladybug is not caught.According to the wheatland site observation, ladybug quantity sharply reduced May 26, and ladybug migrates in a large number to other crops, this moment, muskmelon was grown to the male flower opening, spider lives away from home more on the muskmelon plant, and aphid begins on wheat a large amount of breedings and lives away from home, but on the muskmelon plant negligible amounts.
5 of wheatlands of interplanting on June 10 are caught 72 of wingless aphids, 148 of alatae, 2 of ladybug larvas altogether.Look in conjunction with three-dimensional interplanting muskmelon and conventional open country muskmelon benefit, insect sentiment, under two kinds of plantation modes, the aphid quantity that be lodged on the muskmelon plant this moment has bigger increase, explanation has begun to the migration of crops such as muskmelon near the wheat harvest aphid, and investigation simultaneously shows that the harm of muskmelon plant aphid spot film makes first appearance.Ladybug and Chrysopa negligible amounts on this moment muskmelon plant, spider is still the main natural enemy on the muskmelon.
The investigation result on June 24 shows that the spider conduct is lodged in the main natural enemy on the muskmelon, the quantity quite stable, and finding during investigation often has several to tens of the residual bodies of alatae around the spider individuality.The same period, ladybug quantity increased, and the quantity of Chrysopa and Chrysopa ovum heightens, and aphid quantity also increases greatly, had formed spot film harm.
From the result of three investigation, to compare with solid interplanting muskmelon and conventional open country plantation muskmelon, spider that the two is lived away from home and aphid quantity difference are little, but the quantity of ladybug three-dimensional interplanting muskmelon on conventional open country plantation muskmelon is many slightly.
Embodiment seven:
The present invention further by three-dimensional interplanting muskmelon and conventional open country muskmelon downy mildew and the investigation of the powdery mildew state of an illness, proves the superiority that the invention provides cropping pattern with this.
Table 3: three-dimensional interplanting muskmelon and the conventional open country muskmelon downy mildew and the powdery mildew state of an illness
| Disease | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | Disease index |
| Interplanting downy mildew | 39 | 97 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 13.24 | |
| The interplanting powdery mildew | 137 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1.85 |
| Open country downy mildew | 19 | 74 | 41 | 15 | 1 | 26.57 | |
| The open country powdery mildew | 21 | 70 | 28 | 15 | 10 | 6 | 26.15 |
July 14, melon powdery mildew and downy mildew state of an illness application form showed, the downy mildew of three-dimensional interplanting muskmelon and powdery mildew disease index (being respectively 13.24 and 1.85) are far below conventional open country muskmelon downy mildew and powdery mildew disease index (being respectively 26.57 and 26.15).In addition, according to field investigation on June 28, downy mildew and the harm of powdery mildew point have appearred in conventional open country muskmelon land for growing field crops, but three-dimensional interplanting muskmelon is not found leaf diseases as yet, illustrates that three-dimensional interplanting mode has better action for the control of muskmelon disease.
Field investigation is the result tentatively illustrate, under solid interplanting pattern, initial time and development degree from the disease generation, three-dimensional interplanting pattern has good effect for the generation and the development that suppress the main disease of muskmelon, and this effect provides good ventilation and penetrating light condition owing to vertical cultivation for the muskmelon process of growth.
Embodiment eight:
By the foregoing description, the full stand solid growth of suitable open country muskmelon provided by the invention pattern, the unit are quantum of output significantly increases.The full stand solid growth of open country muskmelon pattern increases because of a mu area kind plant number, output per hectare 67, and 000-105,000kg, per mu yield reaches the 6000-8000 kilogram, and is higher by 42 than conventional open country plantation output, 000-60,000kg; Under the three-dimensional interplanting cropping pattern of muskmelon-cotton, per hectare is produced muskmelon 20,500-37, and 000kg produces unginned cotton 3,200kg, cotton per mu yield and conventional cotton planting per mu yield remain basically stable, 0.3 mu of muskmelon output 1000-2000 kilogram.The three-dimensional interplanting cropping pattern of wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon per hectare yield wheat 5 about 400kg, produces muskmelon 15,000 to 22, and 500kg produces watermelon 45,000kg.Three kinds of plantation mode effect of increasing production are good, and the unit are quantum of output significantly increases, and the melon fruit commodity rate reaches about 80%, and product of various crops and quality and general planting are suitable.
Claims (3)
1. the full stand solid growth of suitable open country muskmelon mode, it is characterized in that, in the concrete kind method for planting, after spring and moisture in the soil, execute the high-quality fertilizer that becomes thoroughly decomposed and add 70 kilograms of diammonium phosphate for 4000 kilograms for every mu, after soil is turned over, play wide 70-80 suitable for reading centimetre trapezoidal high ridge; 1.2 meters of distance between the ridges, the dark 30-40 of furrow centimetre, cover trapezoidal high ridge with 1.58 meters wide films, mulch film and ridge face and both sides are adjacent to sturdy, bury reality at the bottom of the film; 10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, ridge, take along the high ridge both sides A-frame, bondage anyhow rod and iron wire on A-frame, draw three-dimensional growth to the tripod with muskmelon is climing, adopt single climing training, the joint position 8-12 that bears fruit saves, use high-efficiency low-toxicity bactericidal agent for preventing and treating powdery mildew, mu is planted about several 1800 strains of plant.
2. the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of muskmelon-cotton of a suitable open country muskmelon plantation is arranged in pairs or groups and field management by the crop height, it is characterized in that concrete planting patterns is as follows:
(1) reserve muskmelon interplanting row: after broadcasting cotton plot and moisture in the soil in advance spring, stay one 2.6 meters interplanting row between per two to three 158 centimetres of wide films, fertilising is turned over;
(2) cotton planting management: the above ground temperature of 5cm begins sowing when reaching more than 12 ℃; Mechanical planting, film is wide 158 centimetres, a film 4 row cottons, the strain of keeping a full stand of seedings of line-spacing 30-60-30 centimetre wide-narrow row planting, spacing in the rows 7cm, mu is counted 14000-16000, high-density planting; Sowing depth 2-3cm, thinning during cotton 2-3 sheet true leaf, final singling; Carry out 5 chemically grown regulation and control with mepiquat chloride vegetative period, pinched before July 10; Cotton pouring water at the beginning of 6 months for the first time, trench digging fertilising before pouring water, mu is executed urea 20kg, and irrigation quantity is less, and a water has been put and can have been irritated two water in back 15 days, and irrigation quantity is bigger, and the later stage needs aqueous condition to pour water according to the cotton growing way in conjunction with muskmelon, and irrigation frequency is advisable for 1 time; Nitrogen phosphorus cooperates; Heavy dressing base manure; Execute seed manure in right amount; Heavy dressing flower bell fertilizer;
(3) ridging built: gone trapezoidal high ridge suitable for reading wide 70-80 centimetre reserving; Cover trapezoidal high ridge with 1.58 meters wide films, mulch film and ridge face and both sides are adjacent to sturdy, bury reality at the bottom of the film; At interval 2.5-3m imbeds diameter 10cm left and right sides waddy along the high ridge both sides, is barricaded as A-frame, from the ridge face to the about 1.8m of tripod overhead height about, bondage anyhow rod and iron wire on A-frame;
(4) muskmelon kind planting management: ripe or middle-late ripening variety in selecting for use, April 20 is sowing later on, and 10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, high ridge ridge; Adopt single climing training, stay the master climing, with climing climbing frame growth on traction batten or rope, the 8-12 joint seat melon tied up of melon; Watering time and number of times use high-efficiency low-toxicity bactericidal agent for preventing and treating powdery mildew with cotton.
3. the three-dimensional interplanting planting patterns of wheat-muskmelon-replay watermelon of a suitable open country muskmelon plantation is arranged in pairs or groups and field management by the crop height, it is characterized in that concrete planting patterns is as follows:
(1) reserve muskmelon interplanting row: during the winter sowing wheat, staying a cover to broadcast capable mode by per 24 row wheats, to reserve width be 2 meters muskmelon interplanting row;
(2) wheat planting management: begin to water the last ten-days period in August and broadcast preceding water, close plow after the moisture in the soil before mu execute farmyard manure 3000kg, phosphate fertilizer 25-30kg, nitrogenous fertilizer 10kg, sow wholely; Before watering first water, mu spreads fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer 20kg, spreads fertilizer over the fields nitrogenous fertilizer 10kg before two water;
(3) ridging built: after the wheat one hydration moisture in the soil, broadcast fertilising, play trapezoidal high ridge suitable for reading wide 70-80 centimetre then at reservation muskmelon cover; Cover trapezoidal high ridge with 1.58 meters wide films, mulch film and ridge face and both sides are adjacent to sturdy, bury reality at the bottom of the film; At interval 2.5-3m imbeds diameter 10cm left and right sides waddy along the high ridge both sides, is barricaded as A-frame, from the ridge face to the about 1.8m of tripod overhead height about, bondage anyhow rod and iron wire on A-frame;
(4) muskmelon kind planting management: ripe or late variety in selecting for use, sowing after April 20,10 centimeters are beaten the bunch planting kind in face both sides, high ridge ridge; Adopt single climing training, stay the master climing, with climing climbing frame growth on traction batten or rope, the 8-12 joint seat melon tied up of melon;
(5) replay growth of watermelon management: after the wheat harvesting, rake a kind of farm tools field piece of turning over is widened intensification with the muskmelon furrow, ferti-seeding; Ripe or late variety in selecting for use adopts three climing trainings, and the phase of bearing fruit in time topdresses, and fruit expanding period is prevented and treated fusarium wilt and powdery mildew.
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| CN112450009A (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2021-03-09 | 石首市天字号瓜蔬土地股份专业合作社 | Planting method for interplanting watermelons and melons |
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