CN108566862B - Rapid broadleaf transformation method for degraded pine forest of sea island in east China sea - Google Patents
Rapid broadleaf transformation method for degraded pine forest of sea island in east China sea Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The invention discloses a rapid broadleaf transformation method for an east-sea island degraded pine forest, which mainly adopts continuous cleaning and tending of pine woods and manual updating of broadleaf trees to realize broadleaf transformation and recovery of the degraded pine forest in the pine forest damaged by island pine wilt disease. The method adopts the zonal potential species as the functional target to build the group species, hygienically cut and foster, replant the potential tree species, foster the young forest, regulate and control the density, manage the forest stand and other technical methods, can effectively improve the forest stand structure, the tree species composition and the number of dominant trees of the degraded pine forest, and obviously promote the succession of the forest tending to the zonal apical pole community. The method improves the stand-alone conditions of the forest, the quality of forest communities and the economic and ecological benefits, and has wide application prospect in the reconstruction of the degraded forest of the island.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a broadleaf transformation technology of degraded forest, in particular to a rapid broadleaf transformation method of degraded pine forest of sea-island in east China.
Background
The ecological environment of the island protection forest in the east China sea area is fragile and difficult to afforest. In the last 20 years, the Pinus island Pinus (Pinus massoniana) forest and the Pinus thunbergii forest suffered from topout disasters due to the major outbreak of bursaphelenchus xylophilus disease, and most of the Pinus island pine forest has completely degenerated. At present, how to reverse the degradation trend of degraded masson pine and black pine protection forests to ensure that the ecological protection benefit of the island forest is uninterrupted becomes a difficult point for the current island protection forest operation.
The traditional forestry theory and forest culture and management technology are adopted, so that the recovery is slow, the forest structure is single, the updating is difficult, and the benefit is low. Accordingly, forestry workers are continually developing various effective, practical, and operationally robust methods. The prior art includes the following methods:
1) the general method is that the whole trees in the pine forest are firstly subjected to sanitary cutting, clearing and nurturing, and then the mountain is sealed for nurturing, and the trees are naturally recovered, but due to the variability and fragility of the sea island environment and the scarcity of the mother trees of the evergreen broad-leaved dominant tree species, after the mountain is sealed, the diseases and the pests are erupted again, the trees are damaged, a large number of positively depreciated species invade, less local broad-leaved value-added species exist, the trees are wastefully planted, and the recovery is slow.
2) After sanitary felling tending is adopted in degenerated pine, small block-shaped or strip-shaped supplementary planting and tending methods are adopted on open spaces of forest lands, and due to improper selection of tree species and ineffective tending measures, a large amount of yang broadleaf pioneer tree species invade, so that the supplementary planting saplings are low in storage rate, slow in growth, difficult to update, large in investment and poor in effect.
Therefore, two key factors for restricting the reconstruction and recovery of the degraded pine after the damage of the pine wilt disease exist, namely, the shortage of sufficient proper growth potential tree species in the pine community succession stage; and the second is lack of a set of scientific system operation technology. Therefore, the research and development of a scientific operation technology of the island forest, which applies nature given endowments and organically combines the natural law with technical advantages, in the degenerated pine forest is urgent.
The Schima superba is one of the dominant species of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the eastern subtropics of China and is also the main dominant species of the evergreen broad-leaved forest region in the eastern subtropics of China. Due to the characteristics of toughness, compactness, corrosion resistance, strong adaptability to artificial planting, fast growth, early maturing, strong updating capability and relatively shade-resistant young trees, the wood-lotus wood is distributed in various provinces and cities in the south of Yangtze river basin in China, and is ideal broad-leaved high-quality timber, protective tree species and mixed-cross tree species in the south of China.
Evergreen broad-leaved forests in subtropical zones of forest vegetation in islands in the east of China, castanopsis sclerophylla (castanopsis seyrei) in mountains and mountains of Zhejiang province and schima superba forest zones. In the process of succession of the evergreen broad-leaved vegetation, the wood lotus can naturally invade the community in the early stage of the succession early, can develop to the later stage of the succession, and plays a unique role in strong adaptability, early fructification, large quantity, quick recovery and good growth in succession development of the evergreen broad-leaved forest community. It is not only a potential tree species in island mountainous regions in southeast region, but also a precious wood tree species. However, long-term research shows that the schima superba has no natural distribution in east islands of China. This may be either a long-term human intervention that causes its population to disappear, or a separation of the east island from the continent that the schima superba does not spread to the island area. Under the situation, how to utilize the dominant ecological strategy of the schima superba, a technical method for researching and developing the schima superba in the broadleaf transformation of the island degraded pine forest can solve the problem of broadleaf transformation of the island degraded pine forest.
The Russian compound fertilizer 'Akang' is a common compound fertilizer in the market, and the N, the P and the K are 16 percent, 16 percent and 16 percent respectively.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects of the prior art and provide a rapid broadleaf transformation method for degraded pine forest of the sea island of the east China sea
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention designs a rapid broadleaf transformation method of degraded pine forest of the east sea island, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, according to the typical, fragile and persistent characteristics of sea island pine wilt damage to masson pine forest and black pine forest, the conditions of the pine forest in the field are integrated, firstly, two field type areas of a hillside and a ridge are divided, and a forest area and a thinning area are divided in the two areas according to the canopy density of young middle forest of pine; judging the density of the pine forest in the forest-existing region and the sparse region according to the standard that the canopy density is greater than 0.4, wherein the forest-existing region is the sparse region; the canopy density is less than or equal to 0.4, and the area is a thinning area;
secondly, determining target tree species by combining forest management targets according to potential vegetation and community succession rules in different areas divided in the first step; sanitary felling, thinning and tending are carried out on the pine forest, and pine epidemic trees, wind falling, head folding and fading trees are removed comprehensively; completely removing the pine plague residues for outward transportation; cleaning the shrubs, the bamboos, the vines and the grasses, covering residues in the forest, and naturally rotting; broad-leaved saplings are prevented from being damaged as much as possible during tending and transportation; pruning the reserved broad-leaved young trees to promote the growth of main tips;
thirdly, land preparation and supplementary planting are carried out on the sparse forest area divided in the first step in a blocky or bulk mode, and evergreen broad-leaved tree seedlings such as schima superba and the like are subjected to land preparation and supplementary planting in an irregular strip mode in the forest area; digging holes and preparing soil after cleaning and tending degraded pine forest in 12 months, wherein the specification of the cultivating holes is 0.5m multiplied by 0.35m, the top soil is filled to the bottom, the core soil is upward, the row spacing of block or bulk soil preparation is 2.8m multiplied by 2.6m, the row spacing of strip soil preparation is 1.2m away from the plant, the row spacing is changeable according to the quantity of reserved pine plants, and the row spacing is about 2.8m multiplied by 2.6 m; replanting in late 3 months, wherein the seedling adopts 1-2 years bare-rooted seedling or container seedling which is cultivated locally or in adjacent areas, is robust, has obvious apical dominance, high lignification degree and has no diseases and insect pests;
step four, replanting nursery stocks, loosening the soil and replanting shrubs and weeds which newly grow within the range of 1.0m around the newly planted nursery stocks in the last 5 th and last 9 th days after planting the nursery stocks for 3 years continuously; after pine epidemic trees are cleaned, the seriously damaged or drained young trees are completely removed at the root piles which are about 3cm higher from the ground surface, so that the sprout branches are favorably updated; the measure of tending the young forest when the height of newly planted seedlings is 2m is that in late 2 months, after the periphery of the plant is subjected to irrigation and grass removal, a semicircular shallow trench is also dug above the plant, the depth is 5cm, about 30g of Russian aldrin compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, soil is restored after the application, and the fertilizer is continuously applied for 3 years;
step five, comprehensively managing the forest stand, and continuously removing pine epidemic trees, wind falling trees and bent trees in the arbor layer; selecting excellent wood individuals which are live, strong in vitality, straight in dry type, full and free of damage to tree bodies as prepared target trees; in the updating layer and the herbaceous layer, artificially replanting the seedlings with updated trees, regulating the stand density, and replanting the seedlings with more updated seedlings under the canopy on the open ground once in the middle and late 3 months to strengthen the seedling cultivation; preventing forest diseases and insect pests and forest fire; establishing a forest monitoring sample plot and a forest resource file; the forest monitoring sample is establishedThe projection area of the ground sample is 400m23 in number, and establishing a comparison; the selection standard of the density-controlled replanting seedlings is that the height of the seedlings is more than or equal to 0.4m, and the seedlings are robust, have plump terminal buds, high lignification degree and strong vitality; the measure for regulating and controlling the density and replanting the seedlings is to transplant the seedlings with soil as much as possible, trim branches and leaves of the seedlings after seedling lifting, dredge 1/3 leaves, plant the seedlings on the gap ground cleared by the pine and epidemic wood in the later period, and water the seedlings after planting; and repeating the young forest tending measures in the fourth step, and adjusting the density of the forest stand to be uniformly distributed.
The beneficial effects obtained by the invention are as follows: through technologies such as pine epidemic trees, wind falling, sanitary felling and thinning of folded trees, removal of shrubs, weed tending, artificial replanting of potential tree seedlings, tending of young plants, timely regulation of forest stand density, forest stand management and the like, the composition of forest stand tree species, forest stand structure and land conditions are improved, and rapid recovery growth and development of tree species of ground evergreen broad-leaved dominant purpose tree species, namely, lotus, are remarkably promoted to enable the rapid leaf widening of the degraded coniferous forest; the method improves forest stand quality, updating capability, economic benefit and ecological protection function of forest reconstruction, and has wide application prospect in island and mountain land degraded coniferous forest reconstruction in southeast region of China.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
The implementation place is located on the coastal hillside and the ridge of Putuoshan purple bamboo forest in Zhoushan of Zhejiang, the altitude is 50m, the slope faces southeast, and the slope is less than or equal to 15 degrees. The early stage is the middle aged forest, pure forest, canopy density of 0.7, and suffers from pine wood nematode disease and insect pest in 2005.
Reconstructing degraded masson pine forest and black pine forest of Zhoushan island into sanitary felling tending with schima superba as target group seed;
determining modified tree species according to a potential plant community succession rule, and selecting zonal broad-leaved trees such as schillchunbergii and photinia serrulata as target tree species; sanitary felling and thinning are carried out on pine forest in winter of 2007, withered wood, wind fall, folded wood, shrub vine and weeds which are harmed by pine wood nematodes are completely removed, the sanitary condition and the illumination condition of forest stand are improved, and the trunk and branches of pine wood are completely cleared; putting part of shrubs and weed residues in the forest, and naturally decomposing and rotting; during cleaning and transportation, damages to the updated broad-leaved seedlings and young trees are avoided as much as possible; pruning the reserved broad-leaved young trees to promote the growth of the main tips.
Replanting potential tree species;
digging holes and preparing soil in the open space of the forest stand for tending the degenerated pine forest from 3 middle ten days to 4 months in 2008; the specification of the reclamation holes is 0.5m multiplied by 0.3m, the row spacing of the blocky land preparation is 2.6m multiplied by 2.8m, the row spacing of the strip land preparation utilizes the gap of the pine tree fell as much as possible, generally 3m multiplied by 2.8m, and the strip land preparation is replanted under the canopy 1m away from the pine tree plant; the nursery stock adopts near area to cultivate strong, high lignification degree, no disease and pest damage 1 year growth bare root seedling.
Replanting saplings for tending;
removing new bushes and weeds growing within 1.5m around the newly planted nursery stock in late 2008 and early 9 months respectively, and continuously tending for three years; soil at the root of the plant is built into a small steamed bun shape when loosening soil, tending and mowing each time so as to facilitate the growth of the root system of the nursery stock; the damage to the saplings during the cleaning and transportation of the late pine epidemic trees is prevented strictly; repairing the whole plant of the damaged sapling which is dried and can be 3cm higher than the ground root to facilitate germination; pruning is needed when the damage is light, the growth of the main tip is kept, and the growth of the trunk of the sapling is promoted.
Regulating and controlling forest stand density;
when the height of the young trees is about 3m, carrying out irrigation removal, grass clearing and nurturing on the periphery of the plants at intervals of 2 years and 1 time, and continuously carrying out three times to promote the tree height and crown width growth of the young trees and early fructification; after 8 years of additional planting, in the forest crown, the land where broad-leaved dominant tree species seedlings are naturally updated is opened with a semicircular shallow trench and the depth is 5cm for the robust seedlings with good growth and the tree height of about 0.5m, then 30g of Russian-produced Akakabang compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, and soil is covered after the application; promoting the growth of saplings.
Managing forest stands;
implementing continuous comprehensive management on forest stands, timely removing pine epidemic trees, wind falls and folding trees, and protecting replanted seedlings and young trees; cultivating the trees subjected to the first supplementary planting by using a rod material, and selecting individuals which are prepared for growth, strong, straight and straight in dry shape, full, vigorous in growth and free of tree body damage as target trees; the occurrence of forest diseases and insect pests and forest fire is prevented, and the artificial interference and damage are strictly forbidden; establishing forest dynamic monitoring sample plots, selecting 3 sample plots with the size of 20m multiplied by 20m in a typical transformation recovery forest stand in 8 months in 2017, establishing 1 comparison sample plot, and establishing a forest resource file.
Has the beneficial effects that;
in the field with the same conditions and forest ages of the pinus massoniana forest and the same cleaning and tending measures of pine wood nematode disease trees, indexes such as unit density, breast diameter, tree height, crown width, accumulation amount, updated seedling density and tree height of forest stand arbor layers in a transformation area (10 years after replanting) and a control area (only cleaning pine trees and sealing measures) are investigated in 2017 and 9 months. The result shows that the indexes of the trees in the arbor layer of the reconstruction area are obviously larger than those in the contrast area, and the indexes of the saplings in the updating layer are also superior to those in the contrast area. The density of the broad-leaved tree species mainly comprising the schima superba in the arbor layer of the reconstruction area is obviously reduced due to the density of the masson pine after the pine epidemic trees are removed, and the average breast diameter, the tree height and the accumulated amount of the trees per hectare are respectively 13.9cm, 9.9cm and 132.1m3The product is improved by 7.5 percent, 43 percent and 21.5 percent respectively compared with the traditional operation; in the renovation layer of the transformation area, because the yang depreciated species are removed by artificial nurturing, the density is also reduced, but the average diameter at breast height and the tree height of the reserved broad-leaved saplings mainly comprising the wood lotus respectively reach 3.3cm and 3.9cm, which are 94 percent and 92 percent higher than those of the traditional operation; the relative abundance of the schima superba seedlings in the herbaceous layer of the reconstruction area reaches 14.1 percent, the schima superba seedlings occupy the top of the updated seedlings, and the traditional operation mainly comprises the species of bermuda grass, rice grass, glochidion pubescens, elaeagnus pungens and the like. This demonstrates that the present technology not only significantly promotes the growth of trees, but that schima superba has quickly become the main colonizing tree species for the forest stand.
Table 1 compares the effect of two operating methods in a degraded pine forest;
TABLE 1 comparison of the results of two business transformation methods
Note: the density of the arbor layer and the updating layer is the plant tree per hectare; the herbaceous layer has multiple degrees.
Claims (1)
1. A rapid broadleaf transformation method for degraded pine forest of sea-island in east China is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, according to the typical, fragile and persistent characteristics of sea island pine wilt damage to masson pine forest and black pine forest, the conditions of the pine forest in the field are integrated, firstly, two field type areas of a hillside and a ridge are divided, and a forest area and a thinning area are divided in the two areas according to the canopy density of young middle forest of pine; judging the density of the pine forest in the forest-existing region and the sparse region according to the standard that the canopy density is greater than 0.4, wherein the forest-existing region is the sparse region; the canopy density is less than or equal to 0.4, and the area is a thinning area;
step two, determining functional population tree species according to potential vegetation and community succession rules and by combining forest management targets in different areas divided in the step one; sanitary felling, thinning and tending are carried out on the pine forest, and pine epidemic trees, wind falling, head folding and fading trees are removed comprehensively; completely removing the pine plague residues for outward transportation; cleaning the shrubs, the bamboos, the vines and the grasses, covering residues in the forest, and naturally rotting; broad-leaved saplings are prevented from being damaged as much as possible during tending and transportation; pruning the reserved broad-leaved young trees to promote the growth of main tips;
thirdly, land preparation and supplementary planting are carried out on the sparse forest area divided in the first step in a blocky or bulk mode, and evergreen broad-leaved tree seedlings such as schima superba and the like are subjected to land preparation and supplementary planting in an irregular strip mode in the forest area; digging holes and preparing soil after cleaning and tending degraded pine forest in 12 months, wherein the specification of the cultivating holes is 0.5m multiplied by 0.35m, the top soil is filled to the bottom, the core soil is upward, the row spacing of block or bulk soil preparation is 2.8m multiplied by 2.6m, the row spacing of strip soil preparation is 1.2m away from the plant, the row spacing can be adjusted according to the quantity of reserved pine plants, and the row spacing is 2.8m multiplied by 2.6 m; replanting in late 3 months, wherein the seedling adopts 1-2 years bare-rooted seedling or container seedling which is cultivated locally or in adjacent areas, is robust, has obvious apical dominance, high lignification degree and has no diseases and insect pests;
step four, replanting nursery stocks, loosening the soil and replanting shrubs and weeds which newly grow within the range of 1.0m around the newly planted nursery stocks in the last 5 th and last 9 th days after planting the nursery stocks for 3 years continuously; the method comprises the following steps of (1) completely trimming the seriously damaged or drained young trees in the cleaning and transportation process of the pine epidemic trees at the root piles with the height of about 3cm from the ground so as to facilitate the updating of sprouts; the measure of tending the young forest when the height of newly planted seedlings is 2m is that in late 2 months, after the periphery of the plant is subjected to irrigation and grass removal, a semicircular shallow trench is also dug above the plant, the depth is 5cm, about 30g of Russian aldrin compound fertilizer is applied to each plant, soil is restored after the application, and the fertilizer is continuously applied for 3 years;
step five, comprehensively managing the forest stand, and continuously removing pine epidemic trees, wind falling trees and bent trees in the arbor layer; selecting excellent wood individuals which are live, strong in vitality, straight in dry type, full and free of damage to tree bodies as prepared target trees; in the updating layer and the herbaceous layer, artificially replanting the seedlings with updated trees, regulating the stand density, and replanting the seedlings with more updated seedlings under the canopy on the open ground once in the middle and late 3 months to strengthen the seedling cultivation; preventing forest diseases and insect pests and forest fire; establishing a forest monitoring sample plot and a forest resource file; the projected area of the sample plot for establishing the forest monitoring sample plot is 400m23 in number, and establishing a comparison; the selection standard of the density-controlled replanting seedlings is that the height of the seedlings is more than or equal to 0.4m, and the seedlings are robust, have plump terminal buds, high lignification degree and strong vitality; the measure for regulating and controlling the density and replanting the seedlings is to transplant the seedlings with soil as much as possible, trim branches and leaves of the seedlings after seedling lifting, dredge 1/3 leaves, plant the seedlings on the gap ground cleared by the pine and epidemic wood in the later period, and water the seedlings after planting; and repeating the young forest tending measures in the fourth step, and adjusting the density of the forest stand to be uniformly distributed.
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| CN102934601A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-02-20 | 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所 | Method for transforming artificial young forest of western Sichuan subalpine low-efficiency picea asperata |
| CN105474938A (en) * | 2014-12-08 | 2016-04-13 | 平顶山学院 | Restoration method of degraded ecosystem in hilly areas of Funiu Mountain in Western Henan Province |
| CN106234136A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-21 | 宁波海逸园林工程有限公司 | A kind of restoration of the ecosystem Tending methods of high density Diplopterygium glaucum (Thunb ex Houtt) Nakai degeneration evergreen broadleaf forest |
| CN106386320A (en) * | 2016-05-09 | 2017-02-15 | 宁波海逸园林工程有限公司 | Early-wood-promoting cultivation method for schima superba forest |
| CN107593246A (en) * | 2017-11-06 | 2018-01-19 | 河北省林业科学研究院 | The method for promoting serious degeneration Pinus tabulaeformis stand to recover |
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2018
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN102934601A (en) * | 2012-12-07 | 2013-02-20 | 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所 | Method for transforming artificial young forest of western Sichuan subalpine low-efficiency picea asperata |
| CN105474938A (en) * | 2014-12-08 | 2016-04-13 | 平顶山学院 | Restoration method of degraded ecosystem in hilly areas of Funiu Mountain in Western Henan Province |
| CN106386320A (en) * | 2016-05-09 | 2017-02-15 | 宁波海逸园林工程有限公司 | Early-wood-promoting cultivation method for schima superba forest |
| CN106234136A (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2016-12-21 | 宁波海逸园林工程有限公司 | A kind of restoration of the ecosystem Tending methods of high density Diplopterygium glaucum (Thunb ex Houtt) Nakai degeneration evergreen broadleaf forest |
| CN107593246A (en) * | 2017-11-06 | 2018-01-19 | 河北省林业科学研究院 | The method for promoting serious degeneration Pinus tabulaeformis stand to recover |
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| 针叶林阔叶化改造技术;徐高福;《造林与经营》;20110115;第11-13页 * |
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