CN110337980B - A near-natural management method for low-efficiency plantation of Masson pine in low-mountain and hilly areas - Google Patents
A near-natural management method for low-efficiency plantation of Masson pine in low-mountain and hilly areas Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低山丘陵区马尾松低效人工林近自然经营方法，包括以下步骤：S10、确定林分种类；第一类林分：需要调整林木生长空间和促进林木生长的林分；第二类林分：需要调整组成、密度或结构的林分；S20、根据林分种类选择抚育方式；第一类林分采用目标树经营与抚育间伐进行改造；第二类林分采用抚育间伐或林窗式采伐进行改造；S30、根据抚育方式选择抚育时间进行抚育；目标树经营在幼龄林郁闭至成熟林采伐前进行；抚育采伐和林窗式采伐全年均可进行。本发明采用近自然经营的方法对低效林进行改造，其改造潜力巨大生态效益良好；我国大面积的低效林状况将会因近自然经营得到很好的改良，有助于促进我国森林的可持续经营和推动林业的可持续发展。
The invention discloses a near-nature management method for low-efficiency plantation of Masson pine in low-mountain and hilly areas. ;The second type of stand: the stand that needs to be adjusted in composition, density or structure; S20, select the tending method according to the type of the stand; Thinning or gap-type logging is carried out for transformation; S30, the tending time is selected according to the tending method; the target tree management is carried out before the young forest canopy is closed to the mature forest; the tending and gap-type logging can be carried out throughout the year. The invention adopts the method of near-nature management to transform the low-efficiency forest, which has huge transformation potential and good ecological benefits; the low-efficiency forest condition of a large area in my country will be well improved due to the near-nature management, which helps to promote the development of forests in my country. Sustainable management and promotion of sustainable forestry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of forest ecological restoration, in particular to a near-natural management method for a low-efficiency manmade forest of masson pine in a hilly area.
Background
The cachexia caused by the interference and destruction of the ecosystem by human factors becomes a prominent major problem facing the world nowadays, and is generally concerned by countries in the world, and the recovery and reconstruction theory of the degraded ecosystem and the application technology thereof are paid more attention by people. The low-efficiency forest is one of them. The low-efficiency forest refers to a forest which is disturbed and damaged by strong natural and non-natural factors, the function of a forest stand system is in a reverse development trend, the system components are deficient, the forest grows slowly, the quality is poor, the total coverage of vegetation is low, the soil structure under the forest is seriously eroded, and finally the water and soil retention function is poor, the whole forest stand ecological system almost loses the self-recovery capability, and the protection benefit is poor or the economic benefit is low.
In order to improve the ecological benefit and the economic benefit of the forest and fully exert various functions of the forest, the combination of domestic and foreign practices shows that the near-natural forest management is the best method for solving the problem.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide a near-natural management method for low-efficiency manmade pinus massoniana forests in low-mountain and hilly areas, which is used for reconstructing the low-efficiency forests, and has great reconstruction potential and good ecological benefit; the condition of large-area low-efficiency forests in China can be well improved due to near-natural operation, the sustainable operation of forests in China is promoted, and the sustainable development of forestry is promoted. In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a near-natural management method for a low-efficiency manmade forest of masson pine in a low mountain and hilly area comprises the following steps:
s10, determining the forest stand type; the first kind of forest is a stand which needs to adjust the growth space of the forest and promote the growth of the forest, and the second kind of forest is a stand which needs to adjust the composition, density or structure;
s20, selecting a tending mode according to the forest stand type; the first type of forest stand is modified by adopting target tree management and tending intermediate cutting, and the second type of forest stand is modified by adopting tending intermediate cutting or forest window type cutting;
s30, selecting tending time according to the tending mode for tending; wherein, the target tree operation is carried out before the young forest is closed to the mature forest for cutting, and the tending cutting and the forest window type cutting can be carried out all the year round.
Preferably, in step S20, the tending using the tending thinning includes the steps of:
s201, determining thinning strength; determining thinning strength according to the standing conditions, the initial planting density and the forest stand conditions;
s202, selecting and marking cut-down trees; the accuracy rate of tree selection and felling is required to reach more than 98%. The labeling should be carried out in the season of flourishing branches and leaves.
Preferably, in step S20, the tending by using the target tree management includes the following steps:
s21, determining the density of the target tree;
s22, selecting a target tree;
s23, marking trees;
and S24, controlling the ultra-strong felling.
Preferably, in the step S21, the target tree density is 100-400 trees/ha. Specifically, if the target tree is a middle-aged forest, has good site conditions or is a commercial forest, the density of the target tree can be increased to 200-; if the target tree is a near mature stand, a stand with poor conditions or a public welfare forest, the target tree density can be reduced to 100-.
Preferably, in step S22, the selection of the target tree is performed according to the principle of selecting the target tree and the criteria of the target tree. The principle of selecting the target tree is as follows: 1. avoiding the edges of the forest road, the material collecting road and the forest edge; 2. relatively evenly distributed in small shifts; 3. multiple views and multiple comparisons; 4. relativity principle (stronger vitality, straight and straight vertical bar, good dry shape and health). The criteria for the target tree are: 1. the tree species has better material quality and higher economic value; 2. the trunk is straight, the taper degree is small, and the trunk cannot be a bifurcate tree; 3. the height of the lower part of the trunk or the trunk with only thin branches reaches more than 6 meters; 4. the crown of the tree is well developed (conifer is conical), the crown width is 25% -35% of the height of the tree, and the crown is not deviated; 5. the plants grow vigorously and have thin branches; 6. no damage caused by biological or non-biological factors, such as treetops, keloids, plant diseases and insect pests, etc.
Preferably, in step S23, the step of marking the tree includes the following steps:
s231, judging a forest stand growth stage and corresponding business activities; defining the long-term development target of forest types, clearing forest species and knowing forest stand quality and distribution conditions;
s232, marking a target tree, logging and ecological target number; wherein, the ecological target tree marking is carried out after the broad-leaved trees in the coniferous forest reach the target tree standard.
Preferably, in step S24, the controlling of the over-intensity felling includes the following steps:
s241, calculating the number of felled plants;
s242, determining the distance between the target trees; determining the distance between the target trees according to the calculated number of the harvested plants;
s243, calculating the accumulation difference of the felling trees; when the trees are marked to 80% of the area of the whole small shift, calculating the difference between the marked logging accumulation and the designed logging accumulation;
s245, accumulation adjustment; stopping marking when the marked logging accumulation exceeds the designed logging accumulation, and adjusting the marked logging; and when the marked felling accumulation does not reach the designed felling accumulation, adjusting the distance between the target trees according to the difference between the marked felling accumulation and the designed felling accumulation.
Preferably, in the step S20, the tending by forest-style felling includes the following steps:
s25, determining a forest gap; determining the shape of the forest gap to be an ellipse, designing the forest gap area according to an ellipse area formula S ═ pi · L · W/4, and determining the center of the forest gap; wherein L is the longest axis in the north-south direction, W is the longest axis in the east-west direction, and the intersection point is taken as the central point.
S26, determining edge wood; measuring the south-north longest axis and the east-west longest axis of the forest gap horizontally and vertically by using a tape, marking trees with four vertexes by using paint, respectively marking along the lines of the four vertexes according to the shape of an ellipse, and circling out the edge trees of the forest gap;
s27, soil preparation; before spring rain of 3-4 months comes, fish scale pits are arranged in a forest window from top to bottom along contour lines, planting holes are dug by adopting the specification of 50cm multiplied by 40cm (length multiplied by width multiplied by depth), and the fish scale pits are arranged in a 'pin' shape. When digging holes, the surface soil and the raw soil are respectively piled. In the field with a thinner soil layer, a hilling method is adopted to be beneficial to the healthy growth of the nursery stocks; applying farmyard manure in each planting hole, wherein each plant is piled with 2.5-3.0 kg;
s28, afforesting; adopting local broad-leaved tree species to plant nursery stocks in the forest windows; the seedling (or cutting seedling, tissue culture seedling) of 2-3 years is required to be robust, the root system is complete, no plant diseases and insect pests exist, and no pathogenic bacteria are carried. The cultivation period is mainly Cinnamomum camphora or Cinnamomum camphora, and the cultivation is performed in autumn. The plants are close-planted at the initial planting stage, and the row spacing is 1m multiplied by 1.5 m.
Before planting, the damaged root of the seedling should be trimmed. The trimmed nursery stock is dipped into 1 to 2 percent of slurry of growth hormone for root, thus being beneficial to the generation of new roots after planting. During planting, the organic fertilizer and the surface soil are uniformly mixed and filled to be 20-30cm away from the ground, then the root system of the seedling is spread and placed in the pit, and finally the mixed soil is scattered on the root.
Generally, the root neck of the seedling marked on the nursery land is parallel to the ground or about 2cm lower than the ground, if the seedling is planted too deeply, the germination is slow, the seedling recovering period is long, and the growth vigor is weak.
After planting, watering once to permeate water, immediately covering with a mulching film, and tightly sealing with soil. In particularly dry places, water needs to be supplemented properly. Trimming the tree tray in time in spring to accommodate rainwater.
After the young trees germinate and spread leaves, the survival condition is checked, and if dead seedlings are found, the young trees are timely supplemented.
S29, forest stand management; after planting the seedlings for 1 year, properly removing or cutting off the lateral branches of the pinus massoniana facing the blocks at the periphery of the forest window according to the growth condition of the seedlings in the forest window; according to the growth vigor of the nursery stocks, the forest stand density is controlled in modes of separating plants, removing the plants and the like, and the growth of the nursery stocks is promoted; the operations of grazing and firewood collecting are forbidden to prevent from trampling and damaging.
Preferably, the marking of the felling trees comprises marking competitive trees, marking inter-felling trees and marking poor trees; marking competitive wood: marking 1-2 competitive trees with substantial influence on the target tree by one plant of the target tree, wherein if the crown of the plant of the target tree is not as close as 2/3 of the crown of the target tree, the plant of the target tree has no substantial influence on the target tree, and therefore the plant of the target tree is not marked as the competitive tree; inter-marker logging: marking inter-cutting trees at places with overlarge forest stand density of the artificial forest; marking a difference tree: marking and felling the difference trees with useful values;
the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method adopts a near-natural management method to reform the low-efficiency forest, and has great reformation potential and good ecological benefit; the condition of large-area low-efficiency forests in China can be well improved due to near-natural operation, the sustainable operation of forests in China is promoted, and the sustainable development of forestry is promoted.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a reference table of the number of labels of a target tree in a masson pine forest region in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a reference table of the windows cutting areas in the masson pine forest area in example 4 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following provides a detailed description of embodiments of the invention.
Example 1:
a near-natural management method for a low-efficiency manmade forest of masson pine in a low mountain and hilly area comprises the following steps:
s10, determining the forest stand type; first-class forest stand: forest stands which need to adjust the growth space of the trees and promote the growth of the trees; a second type of forest stand: forest stands whose composition, density or structure need to be adjusted;
s20, selecting a tending mode according to the forest stand type; the first kind of forest stand is reformed by adopting target tree management and tending intermediate cutting; the second kind of forest stand is reformed by tending intermediate cutting or forest window type cutting;
s30, selecting tending time according to the tending mode for tending; the target tree operation is carried out before the young forest is closed to the mature forest for felling; tending and cutting and window type cutting can be carried out all the year round.
Example 2:
in this embodiment, in addition to embodiment 1, in step S20, the tending is performed by the tending thinning. In step S20, before performing a tending operation by a tending operation, the method further includes:
s201, determining thinning strength; determining thinning strength according to the standing conditions, the initial planting density and the forest stand conditions;
s202, selecting and marking cut-down trees; the accuracy rate of tree selection and felling is required to reach more than 98%. The labeling should be carried out in the season of flourishing branches and leaves.
Example 3:
in this embodiment, on the basis of embodiment 1, in the step S20, the tending by using the target tree management includes the following steps:
s21, determining the density of the target tree; as shown in FIG. 1, the target tree density was 100-400 trees/ha. Specifically, if the target tree is a middle-aged forest, has good site conditions or is a commercial forest, the density of the target tree can be increased to 200-; if the target tree is a near mature stand, a stand with poor conditions or a public welfare forest, the target tree density can be reduced to 100-.
S22, selecting a target tree; and when the target tree is selected, selecting according to the target tree selecting principle and the target tree standard. The principle of selecting the target tree is as follows: 1. avoiding the edges of the forest road, the material collecting road and the forest edge; 2. relatively evenly distributed in small shifts; 3. multiple views and multiple comparisons; 4. relativity principle (stronger vitality, straight and straight vertical bar, good dry shape and health). The criteria for the target tree are: 1. the tree species has better material quality and higher economic value; 2. the trunk is straight, the taper degree is small, and the trunk cannot be a bifurcate tree; 3. the height of the lower part of the trunk or the trunk with only thin branches reaches more than 6 meters; 4. the crown of the tree is well developed (conifer is conical), the crown width is 25% -35% of the height of the tree, and the crown is not deviated; 5. the plants grow vigorously and have thin branches; 6. no damage caused by biological or non-biological factors, such as treetops, keloids, plant diseases and insect pests, etc.
S23, marking trees; the tree marking method comprises the following steps:
s231, judging a forest stand growth stage and corresponding business activities; defining the long-term development target of forest types, clearing forest species and knowing forest stand quality and distribution conditions; organizing 2-3 people into a small group for training; then, performing a step on the forest stand in a small shift, clearing the forest species, and knowing the quality and the distribution condition of the forest stand; judging the growth stage and corresponding operation activities of the forest stand; defining a long-term development target of a forest type;
s232, marking a target tree, logging and ecological target number; manually marking the number of targets, the number of felled trees and the number of ecological targets, wherein the marks can be in different forms, so that the tree species can be conveniently distinguished in the later period; wherein marking the felling trees comprises marking competitive trees, marking inter-tree felling trees and marking difference trees; marking competitive wood: marking 1-2 competitive trees with substantial influence on the target tree by one plant of the target tree, wherein if the crown of the plant of the target tree is not as close as 2/3 of the crown of the target tree, the plant of the target tree has no substantial influence on the target tree, and therefore the plant of the target tree is not marked as the competitive tree; inter-marker logging: marking inter-cutting trees at places with overlarge forest stand density of the artificial forest; marking a difference tree: marking and felling the difference trees with useful values; marking an ecological target tree; and marking the ecological target trees when the broad-leaved trees in the coniferous forest reach the target tree standard.
And S24, controlling the ultra-strong felling. The control of the super-intensive harvesting comprises the following steps:
s241, calculating the number of felled plants; calculating the number of harvested plants of a small shift according to the designed harvesting strength;
s242, determining the distance between the target trees; determining the distance between the target trees according to the calculated number of the harvested plants;
s243, calculating the accumulation difference of the felling trees; when the trees are marked to 80% of the area of the whole small shift, calculating the difference between the marked logging accumulation and the designed logging accumulation;
s245, accumulation adjustment; stopping marking when the marked logging accumulation exceeds the designed logging accumulation, and adjusting the marked logging; and when the marked felling accumulation does not reach the designed felling accumulation, adjusting the distance between the target trees according to the difference between the marked felling accumulation and the designed felling accumulation.
Example 4:
in this embodiment, based on embodiment 1, in the step S20, the tending by forest-style felling includes the following steps:
s25, determining a forest gap; determining the shape of the forest gap to be an ellipse, designing the forest gap area according to an ellipse area formula S ═ pi · L · W/4 and determining the center of the forest gap as shown in FIG. 2; wherein L is the longest axis in the north-south direction, W is the longest axis in the east-west direction, and the intersection point is taken as the central point.
S26, determining edge wood; measuring the south-north longest axis and the east-west longest axis of the forest gap horizontally and vertically by using a tape, marking trees with four vertexes by using paint, respectively marking along the lines of the four vertexes according to the shape of an ellipse, and circling out the edge trees of the forest gap;
s27, soil preparation; before spring rain of 3-4 months comes, fish scale pits are arranged in a forest window from top to bottom along contour lines, planting holes are dug by adopting the specification of 50cm multiplied by 40cm (length multiplied by width multiplied by depth), and the fish scale pits are arranged in a 'pin' shape. When digging holes, the surface soil and the raw soil are respectively piled. In the field with a thinner soil layer, a hilling method is adopted to be beneficial to the healthy growth of the nursery stocks; applying farmyard manure in each planting hole, wherein each plant is piled with 2.5-3.0 kg;
s28, afforesting; adopting local broad-leaved tree species to plant nursery stocks in the forest windows; the seedling (or cutting seedling, tissue culture seedling) of 2-3 years is required to be robust, the root system is complete, no plant diseases and insect pests exist, and no pathogenic bacteria are carried. The cultivation period is mainly Cinnamomum camphora or Cinnamomum camphora, and the cultivation is performed in autumn. The plants are close-planted at the initial planting stage, and the row spacing is 1m multiplied by 1.5 m.
Before planting, the damaged root of the seedling should be trimmed. The trimmed nursery stock is dipped into 1 to 2 percent of slurry of growth hormone for root, thus being beneficial to the generation of new roots after planting. During planting, the organic fertilizer and the surface soil are uniformly mixed and filled to be 20-30cm away from the ground, then the root system of the seedling is spread and placed in the pit, and finally the mixed soil is scattered on the root.
Generally, the root neck of the seedling marked on the nursery land is parallel to the ground or about 2cm lower than the ground, if the seedling is planted too deeply, the germination is slow, the seedling recovering period is long, and the growth vigor is weak.
After planting, watering once to permeate water, immediately covering with a mulching film, and tightly sealing with soil. In particularly dry places, water needs to be supplemented properly. Trimming the tree tray in time in spring to accommodate rainwater.
After the young trees germinate and spread leaves, the survival condition is checked, and if dead seedlings are found, the young trees are timely supplemented.
S29, forest stand management; after planting the seedlings for 1 year, properly removing or cutting off the lateral branches of the pinus massoniana facing the blocks at the periphery of the forest window according to the growth condition of the seedlings in the forest window; according to the growth vigor of the nursery stocks, the forest stand density is controlled in modes of separating plants, removing the plants and the like, and the growth of the nursery stocks is promoted; the operations of grazing and firewood collecting are forbidden to prevent from trampling and damaging.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express the specific embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A near-natural management method for low-efficiency manmade forests of masson pine in low-mountain and hilly areas is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s10, determining the forest stand type; the first kind of forest is a stand which needs to adjust the growth space of the forest and promote the growth of the forest, and the second kind of forest is a stand which needs to adjust the composition, density or structure;
s20, selecting a tending mode according to the forest stand type; the first type of forest stand is modified by adopting target tree management and tending intermediate cutting, and the second type of forest stand is modified by adopting tending intermediate cutting or forest window type cutting;
s30, selecting tending time according to the tending mode for tending; wherein the target tree operation is carried out before the young forest is closed to the mature forest for cutting, and the tending cutting and the forest window type cutting can be carried out all the year round;
in step S20, the tending by using the target tree management includes the following steps:
s21, determining the density of the target tree;
s22, selecting a target tree;
s23, marking trees;
s24, controlling the super-strength felling;
in step S24, the controlling of the over-intensity harvest includes the steps of:
s241, calculating the number of felled plants;
s242, determining the distance between the target trees; determining the distance between the target trees according to the calculated number of the harvested plants;
s243, calculating the accumulation difference of the felling trees; when the trees are marked to 80% of the area of the whole small shift, calculating the difference between the marked logging accumulation and the designed logging accumulation;
s245, accumulation adjustment; stopping marking when the marked logging accumulation exceeds the designed logging accumulation, and adjusting the marked logging; and when the marked felling accumulation does not reach the designed felling accumulation, adjusting the distance between the target trees according to the difference between the marked felling accumulation and the designed felling accumulation.
2. The method for near-natural management of masson pine low-efficiency artificial forests in low mountain and hilly areas according to claim 1, wherein the step S20 of performing tending by utilizing tending thinning comprises the following steps:
s201, determining thinning strength; determining thinning strength according to the standing conditions, the initial planting density and the forest stand conditions;
s202, selecting and marking the cut-down trees.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the target tree density of S21 is 100-400/ha.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step S22 is performed according to the principle of selecting target tree and the criteria of target tree.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step S23 of marking the tree comprises the steps of:
s231, judging a forest stand growth stage and corresponding business activities; defining the long-term development target of forest types, clearing forest species and knowing forest stand quality and distribution conditions;
s232, marking a target tree, logging and ecological target number; wherein, the ecological target tree marking is carried out after the broad-leaved trees in the coniferous forest reach the target tree standard.
6. The method for near-natural management of masson pine low-efficiency artificial forests in low mountain and hilly areas according to claim 1, wherein the step S20 of tending by forest-window cutting comprises the following steps:
s25, determining a forest gap; determining the shape of the forest gap to be an ellipse, designing the area of the forest gap and determining the center of the forest gap;
s26, determining edge wood; measuring the south-north longest axis and the east-west longest axis of the forest gap horizontally and vertically by using a tape, marking trees with four vertexes by using paint, respectively marking along the lines of the four vertexes according to the shape of an ellipse, and circling out the edge trees of the forest gap;
s27, soil preparation; before spring rain of 3-4 months comes, performing scale pit soil preparation from top to bottom along contour lines in a forest window, digging planting holes with the specification of 50cm multiplied by 40cm, wherein the scale pits are arranged in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin', and applying farmyard manure in each planting hole, wherein each plant is piled with 2.5-3.0 kg;
s28, afforesting; adopting local broad-leaved tree species to plant nursery stocks in the forest windows;
s29, forest stand management; after planting the seedlings for 1 year, properly removing or cutting off the lateral branches of the pinus massoniana facing the blocks at the periphery of the forest window according to the growth condition of the seedlings in the forest window; according to the growth vigor of the nursery stocks, the density of the forest stand is controlled in a manner of removing the nursery stocks at intervals, and the growth of the nursery stocks is promoted.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the marking of the felled trees comprises marking competitive trees, marking inter-cut trees and marking poor trees.
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| CN114402887A (en) * | 2021-12-01 | 2022-04-29 | 钟祥市盘石岭林场 | Near-natural forest management operation method for target tree group distribution |
| CN114902907A (en) * | 2022-04-28 | 2022-08-16 | 华东师范大学 | A labor-saving seedling-raising method for tending thinning gaps for target trees in Muhe natural forest |
| CN114766310A (en) * | 2022-05-20 | 2022-07-22 | 莫稳方 | Full-period forest tending and updating operation method |
| CN115104497A (en) * | 2022-08-08 | 2022-09-27 | 中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心 | Near-naturalization transformation method for masson pine artificial forest |
| CN115589921A (en) * | 2022-10-18 | 2023-01-13 | 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所（Cn） | A transformation method for rapid improvement of quality and efficiency of low-quality and low-efficiency secondary forest |
| CN115804315A (en) * | 2022-12-28 | 2023-03-17 | 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心 | A method of managing secondary forests close to natural forests using natural gaps |
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| CN107409939A (en) * | 2017-03-24 | 2017-12-01 | 浙江农林大学 | A kind of difficult mountain region spinney in south exempts from after-culture remodeling method |
| CN107258468B (en) * | 2017-08-04 | 2020-04-10 | 中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所 | Method for rebuilding slash pine artificial forest |
| CN108464176B (en) * | 2018-02-12 | 2020-03-10 | 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所 | Method for transforming south Asia tropical pinus massoniana artificial pure forest to pine wide heterogeneous mixed forest |
| CN108605787B (en) * | 2018-03-15 | 2019-12-17 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | A method for controlling the density of low-efficiency artificial forests |
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2019
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