CN110100631B - Transformation method for changing degenerated Pinus thunbergii into high-quality Pinus parviflora protection forest - Google Patents
Transformation method for changing degenerated Pinus thunbergii into high-quality Pinus parviflora protection forest Download PDFInfo
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- CN110100631B CN110100631B CN201910264194.9A CN201910264194A CN110100631B CN 110100631 B CN110100631 B CN 110100631B CN 201910264194 A CN201910264194 A CN 201910264194A CN 110100631 B CN110100631 B CN 110100631B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G23/00—Forestry
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for transforming degenerated Pinus nigra into a high-quality Pinus sylvestris protection forest, which aims at the conditions of slow growth, frequent pest and disease damage, low protection efficiency and difficult forest stand updating of Pinus nigra in high-altitude mountainous regions, improves forest stand structures, species compositions and forest stand health conditions, remarkably promotes survival and growth of trees and improves quality of dry forest stands by means of technical measures such as sample plot investigation, determination of tree species recovery, sanitary cutting and land preparation, additional planting of target tree species, young forest tending, light-transmitting cutting, intermediate cutting tending, target tree cultivation, forest stand management and the like. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages of easy construction, quick recovery, high productivity, good protection efficiency and easy operation, can effectively promote the healthy and stable development and sustainable utilization of forests, and can be used for ecological restoration and reconstruction of degraded protection forests in mountainous regions with higher altitude.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a technology for transforming a degenerated protection forest, in particular to a method for transforming degenerated black pines into high-quality Jinsongrong forests.
Background
Due to the influence of special geographical and environmental conditions, a large number of difficult-to-erect forestation lands exist in the coastal mountain area range. In the mountainous regions with the altitude of 400-700m, the climate conditions are complex, the ecological environment is fragile, the ecological disasters are frequent, the forestation is difficult, and how to ensure that the protection benefits of the existing protection forest are not interrupted becomes a difficult point for the operation of the existing coastal protection forest. In order to strengthen the construction of protection forests, large-area black pines or masson pine forests were artificially constructed in the last 60 th century, but because pine nematode damage and poor tending measures are caused, a large amount of pine withers, bamboo filling is dense, forest stand quality is poor, and normal growth of the forest stands is difficult to recover. Traditional forestry operation often focuses on continuous cleaning of diseased trees and then mountain sealing operation, but after long-term mountain sealing, forest trees grow slowly, grow and develop slowly, forest stand structure and stability are disordered, low-value positive and depreciation resources are more, high-value added-value resources are few, recovery time is long, success rate is poor, forestry production development, wood production and ecological protection functions are limited for a long time, and healthy development of mountain society, economy and regional ecological systems is seriously influenced, so that the work of developing higher-altitude mountain land degeneration forest repair and reconstruction is obviously reluctant.
The growth of the forest of the protection forest generally comprises five development stages of forest stand colonization, forest stand canopy closure, growth of the stem (the breast diameter is less than 6cm), accumulation growth of the dry wood and everlasting forest. The protective function and wood production of the forest stand are gradually improved along with the growth and the age of the forest stand. However, most of the black pine protection forests built in the early stage at present enter a dry wood accumulation and growth stage, forest facies is broken, forest trees are bent, and dry wood quality is poor, so that the ecological protection effect and wood production of an area are seriously influenced. Therefore, the development of a stable and efficient low-efficiency forest improvement technology is urgently needed to improve the quality and ecological service efficiency of coastal high-altitude mountain forests.
The Jinsong is a unique precious tree species for China, has strong adaptability to climate and soil of high-altitude mountainous regions, has the capability of resisting natural disasters and plant diseases and insect pests, and is an excellent protective greening tree species for the high-altitude mountainous regions. However, the recovery of subtropical regions from a cut to a mature forest generally takes more than 80 years, and it is difficult to achieve the recovery goal and meet the demand for ecological benefit in a short period. Therefore, the method has the advantages that the pseudolarix is replanted under the crown of the black pine before felling is implemented, the rural soil broadleaf dominant protective tree species are reserved and used as the tree species of the backbone purpose, the plant characteristics that the young pseudolarix is relatively shade-resistant and the adult tree is happy are utilized, the tree species are replaced and transformed, the near-natural forest management mode is utilized to construct the coniferous forest with high altitude and stable mountain land, the investment is low, the recovery is fast, the benefit is high, the precious material tree species with excellent dry wood quality can be cultivated, and the method is an effective way for realizing the rapid, safe and efficient mountain degraded forest transformation.
Through the search of the prior art, Korean Guangxuan and the like introduce the black pine diameter level structure of tobacco terrace coastal warm zone east Asia air-wind type continental climate region in the tobacco terrace coast black pine shelter forest population structure and the change of the black pine population structure along with the offshore distance, and the population density and the population change along with the offshore distance; in Korean Guangxuan and the like, the forest age structure, the spatial distribution and the influence factors of the young plants of the black pine sea defense forest are analyzed in the dynamic state of updating the young plants of the black pine sea defense forest in the northern part of Shandong peninsula and the influence factors thereof; the xu Jing Wei and so on research the updating of the population of the black pine in coastal sandy areas in the updating mode of the black pine protection forest in coastal sandy shoal forests; zhang Shidong et al introduced the influence of forest stand vertical structure and density factors on the renewal of black pine seashore protection forest in "the influence of forest stand structure on the natural renewal of black pine seashore protection forest on cigarette platform"; the update of the coast black pine forest is introduced in the 'influence of viva on update of the coast black pine forest' by Zhu church and the like; xiaojinhui refers to a method for transforming the low-efficiency black pine protection forest of Fujian coast into acacia forest in the 'technology for transforming the low-efficiency black pine protection forest of coastal rock bank' in the State of Shaohai.
On one hand, the research is limited to the research on the growth and the updating of the black pine protection forest along the coast or on the hills, no effective method and research example for the reconstruction of the black pine protection forest on the mountainous areas with higher altitude are provided, and no information that the ecological protection function is considered when the high-quality large-diameter wood is cultivated and produced after the reconstruction of the degraded black pine protection forest is provided; on the other hand, the key technical problems of long and medium lines in the current transformation of the degraded black pine forest cannot be finely and deeply analyzed and optimized.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for modifying a degraded black pine protection forest in a coastal high-altitude mountain land, so as to improve the survival rate and the growth speed of target tree species in repair, reduce the quality of dried wood of trees, reduce plant diseases and insect pests and increase the biological diversity and the stability.
The specific technical scheme for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows:
a method for transforming degraded black pine into high-quality golden pine protection forest comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out sample plot investigation on the degraded black pine protection forest in the mountainous region with the selected altitude of 400-700m, and determining a target tree species;
(2) cutting and preparing the protection forest, cutting off withered, downy, sick and weak trees, keeping the canopy density of the forest at least 0.3 after cutting, completely removing shrubs, bamboos, vines and grass in the forest, stacking branch and leaf residues on a stacking belt with the width of 1.2m along a horizontal belt with the same height, building an updating belt with the width of 2.6m, and alternately preparing the land; the seedling hole specification is 50cm multiplied by 35cm, the surface soil is backfilled, and the primary planting density is 180-fold holes per mu;
(3) strong and strong seedlings cultivated by local seed sources in the late 3 th to the early 4 th months have high lignification degree, no plant diseases and insect pests and 2-year-old seedlings for replanting;
(4) tending the colony-forming young forest, removing newly-grown shrubs and grasses within 0.5m around the newly-planted seedlings and the remained young trees respectively in 5 months and 9 months every year, and continuously tending for 4 years;
(5) in the growing period of the pole material, selecting winter to carry out light-transmitting felling on the forest stand, cutting off withered trees, windy trees, bent trees and weak trees, keeping the canopy density of the forest stand at least 0.7, and selecting dominant trees with the density of 25-30 trees per mu;
(6) in the growing period of dry wood accumulation, selecting winter to carry out thinning on forest stands, selecting and cultivating target trees, cutting down interfering trees and falling, withering and decaying trees to ensure that the density of the target trees per mu reaches 10-12 plants, and protecting broad-leaved seedlings and young trees under the canopy of the reserved forest;
(7) implementing continuous comprehensive management on forest stands, regulating and controlling the density of the forest stands, paying attention to protecting broadleaf arbor tree species to update seedlings, and selecting target trees again to prevent plant diseases and insect pests and forest fire; wherein:
the plot survey included microclimate, terrain, soil, forest stand growth, health, and capacity for deadwood residues after harvest.
In the step (1), the target tree species are artificially replanted pinus parviflora and remained and naturally updated photinia serrulata, sweetgum, lithocarpus glauca, cyclobalanopsis glauca, lithocarpus gracilis, sassafras tzumu, castanopsis mollissima, cyclobalanopsis glauca, pterocarpus indicus and euonymus thunbergii.
In the step (2), the seedling hole reclamation acupuncture points are arranged on a land preparation updating zone and an open space, and the row spacing of the supplementary plants is 1.8m multiplied by 1.5m except for reserved trees and reserved young trees.
In the step (5), the dominant wood is selected according to the standards of growth, robustness, strong vitality, diameter at breast height and tree height which are all larger than the average value, uniform crown and straight trunk shape.
In the step (6), the standard of the selected target wood is excellent individuals with the characteristics of growth, robustness, strong vitality, straight and round trunk shape, crown shape with the full height of more than 1/3, no damage of diseases and insect pests and no damage to trunk parts.
In the step (6), the growth space at the lower part of the main trunk of the cultivated target wood can keep the influence of surrounding trees and tree crowns on shading, reduce the branches of the main trunk and improve the quality of the trunk.
The invention has the advantages of
The method determines the target tree species and the reserved protective tree species according to the biological characteristics, the growth and development rules, the photosynthetic characteristics and the adaptability of the plants; through cutting, clearing, land preparation and replanting of forest stands according to local conditions, a colony-building young forest is quickly built, the structure of the forest stands is improved, and the survival rate and the growth of the young forest are improved; according to the density effect, the relationship of the density of the closed forest stand to the height growth and the individual differentiation is utilized, and the crown and the breast-height growth of the trees are effectively promoted through light-transmitting cutting tending, so that dominant trees are selected; through cutting and tending, combine nature and manual work to select the target wood to a small amount of outstanding forest individuals are as the main part of operation, and leave most forest for the protection forest that the natural process removed the regulation and control, not only effectively solved the problem that the protection forest produced high-quality big footpath timber, have protection efficiency moreover, can effectively restrain the degradation of higher height above sea level mountain region protection forest, improve productivity and ecological protection efficiency, increase biological diversity.
Detailed description of the invention
The following examples serve to illustrate the invention.
Example 1
The implementation site is Ningbo 37150in Zhejiang province, the northern slope of Taibaishan mountain in Tiantong forest farm in State region has elevation of 530m, the slope is north, the slope is 25 degrees, red soil is less than or equal to 90cm in thickness, loam is soil, and the area is 320 mu.
The forest history of an implementation land is 1959, the land is a shrub and a barren mountain, a black pine artificial pure forest is built in a forest farm in 1965, 420 plants are planted at the initial density, the growth of the black pine is poor, forest facies is broken, diseases and insect pests are frequently caused, the protection efficiency is low due to the fact that the high wind of the mountain is strong and the conditions of the land are severe, the growth of the black pine is expected to not reach the cultivation target to realize forest stand, the Jinqian pine seedlings are replanted under the forest crown of the black pine forest in 1978, and the black pine withers and dies in a large area in 1991.
Making a repair solution
Selecting a representative typical forest stand, and respectively setting 1 forest resource monitoring sample plot of 28.3m multiplied by 28.3m in the reconstruction area and the comparison area; investigating and analyzing the habitat, forest stand factors and potential of the forest land, wherein investigation contents comprise elevation, slope direction, gradient, soil type, thickness and texture; and (4) carrying out per-tree investigation on the forest stand, and investigating species with the diameter at breast height of more than 1cm, the diameter at breast height, the density, the vitality, the standing tree accumulation amount and the health condition, the dry shape quality, the tree species adaptation condition and the forest degradation degree. According to forest stand survey results and the Jinsong, the Jinsong can grow well and healthily in high-altitude mountainous regions, and can become an example of large-diameter trees. Therefore, the tree species is determined as the final cultivation target tree species of the forest stand, the main cutting age of the target forest stand is determined to be 80 years, and an operation design and repair scheme taking the minor shifts as an operation unit is formulated.
Sanitary felling and soil preparation
Sanitary cutting and cultivating the forest stand 12 months in 1978, improving the species composition and the forest stand structure of the forest stand, completely cutting down epidemic trees, withered trees, bent trees, folded trees and weakened trees for 1 time, and transporting the epidemic trees damaged by the pine wilt disease to a specified place for treatment, so that the closed degree of the black pine in the main forest layer of the forest stand is kept at 0.3; only the healthy and strong-vitality black pine is reserved, and the density per mu is only 10 plants; removing the male shrubs, bamboo bushes and vines in the forest, and reserving broad-leaved young trees such as sweetgum, photinia serrulata, cyclobalanopsis glauca and the like with cultivation prospect; stacking the removed branch and leaf residues in a horizontal band with the width of 1.2m by using contour lines, wherein the stacking height is not limited, the updating band width is 2.5m, and the branch and leaf residues naturally decay along the band width to improve the soil; digging holes on a horizontal updating zone and an open ground for land preparation after tending in the middle ten days of 12 months, wherein the specification of seedling hole-cultivating holes is 50cm multiplied by 35 cm; the reserved forest trees are pruned, dead branches at the lower parts of the crowns and side tips of the dead branches competing with the main tips are pruned, and dry growth is promoted.
Replanting and newly planted seedling tending
Supplementary planting in middle and last ten days of 3 months in 1979; the nursery stock adopts robust, high lignification degree and no plant diseases and insect pests, and 2-year-old loosestrife belt host soil seedlings are cultivated from local seed sources; the initial planting density is 180 plants per mu, the newly planted seedlings and the young trees left for breeding are cleaned, irrigated and planted within 0.5m after the seedlings are planted for 4 years, and the tending time is 5 middle ten days and 9 late ten days every year.
Light-transmitting felling tending device
In order to improve the growth of the forest, the shrubs, the bamboos, the vines and the grasses are removed under the canopy in late 9 of 1987; the quality of the dry wood of the young forest is managed in a grading way, and the young forest is healthy, vigorous in growth, straight and satisfactory as excellent wood with the tree height and the breast diameter larger than the average value and in a dry type; healthy, good in growth, straight in dry shape and round as common wood; weak growth vigor, bending and dissatisfaction as auxiliary trees, and gradually eliminated according to the increase of canopy density of later forest stands; in 1992 and 1998, the forest stand was subjected to bamboo cutting and grass clearing and nurturing respectively.
Intervallic tending
Thinning in 2010 in winter, cutting off withered trees, fallen trees, weak trees, pest and disease trees and interfering trees, selecting excellent plants with good growth, strong vigor, straight and round trunk, uniform crown, healthy trunk and no plant diseases and insect pests as target trees, marking the plants with eye-catching paint, keeping the target trees at a density of 12 plants per mu, keeping the target trees uniformly distributed as far as possible, and providing sufficient sunlight and space for the growth of the target trees.
Forest stand management
Implementing continuous management on the forest stand, controlling the canopy density of the forest stand, and paying attention to the conservation of zonal broad-leaved dominant tree species seedlings and saplings; thinning the interfering trees around the target trees for 1 time in 5 years; the forest diseases and insect pests and forest fire are prevented from occurring, and the interference of grazing, firewood production and the like is forbidden; and (5) rechecking the forest stand monitoring sample plot.
Comparison of effects
On the plots with the same tree species, the same standing conditions and the same forest age, the growth and the dry wood quality of the Jinsong forest are improved (after 5 years of continuous tending and later-period forest stand management) and a control area (after epidemic trees are cleaned and the mountain is sealed), and the results show that: all indexes of forest trees in the transformed warp region are obviously superior to those of the forest trees in the contrast region. The densities of the larix loosestrife per mu in the modification area and the control area are respectively 89 and 120; the average breast diameters are 20cm and 16cm respectively, and the breast diameter of the reconstructed forest is increased by 20% than that of the uncultured forest; every mu of forestThe wood accumulation amount is 14.2m respectively3And 11.3m3And the living accumulation amount of the nurturing area after transformation is increased by 25.6 percent compared with the non-nurturing living accumulation amount. Meanwhile, the transformed standing trees with the diameter at breast height of more than or equal to 20cm are respectively 56 and 14, which shows that the method not only obviously promotes the growth activity and stability of the trees, but also ensures that the trees grow healthily and have more target trees, realizes the forest management target of health, stability and high accumulation, and has obvious tending effect.
TABLE 1 tabular summary of the inventive arrangements
Claims (1)
1. A method for transforming degraded black pine into high-quality Jinsong shelter forest is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) carrying out sample plot investigation on the degraded black pine protection forest in the mountainous region with the selected altitude of 400-700m, and determining a target tree species; (2) cutting and preparing the protection forest, cutting off withered, downy, sick and weak trees, keeping the canopy density of the forest at least 0.3 after cutting, completely removing shrubs, bamboos, vines and grass in the forest, stacking branch and leaf residues on a stacking belt with the width of 1.2m along a horizontal belt with the same height, building an updating belt with the width of 2.6m, and alternately preparing the land; the seedling hole specification is 50cm multiplied by 35cm, the surface soil is backfilled, and the primary planting density is 180-fold holes per mu; (3) strong and strong seedlings cultivated by local seed sources in the late 3 th to the early 4 th months have high lignification degree, no plant diseases and insect pests and 2-year-old seedlings for replanting; (4) tending the colony-forming young forest, removing newly-grown shrubs and grasses within 0.5m around the newly-planted seedlings and the remained young trees respectively in 5 months and 9 months every year, and continuously tending for 4 years; (5) in the growing period of the pole material, selecting winter to carry out light-transmitting felling on the forest stand, cutting off withered trees, windy trees, bent trees and weak trees, keeping the canopy density of the forest stand at least 0.7, and selecting dominant trees with the density of 25-30 trees per mu; (6) in the growing period of dry wood accumulation, selecting winter to carry out thinning on forest stands, selecting and cultivating target trees, cutting down interfering trees and falling, withering and decaying trees to ensure that the density of the target trees per mu reaches 10-12 plants, and protecting broad-leaved seedlings and young trees under the canopy of the reserved forest; (7) implementing continuous comprehensive management on forest stands, regulating and controlling the density of the forest stands, paying attention to protecting broadleaf arbor tree species to update seedlings, and selecting target trees again to prevent plant diseases and insect pests and forest fire; wherein: the plot survey includes microclimate, terrain, soil, forest stand growth, health, and capacity of deadwood residues after harvest; wherein:
in the step (1), the target tree species are artificially replanted pinus parviflora and remained and naturally updated photinia serrulata, sweetgum, lithocarpus glauca, cyclobalanopsis glauca, lithocarpus gracilis, sassafras tzumu, castanopsis mollissima, cyclobalanopsis glauca, pterocarpus indicus and chekiang persimmons;
in the step (2), the seedling hole reclamation acupuncture points are arranged on a land preparation updating zone and an open space, and the row spacing of the supplementary plants is 1.8m multiplied by 1.5m except for reserved trees and reserved young trees;
in the step (5), the selected dominant trees are normal, robust, strong in vitality, uniform in crown and straight in trunk shape, and the diameter at breast height and tree height are larger than the average value;
in the step (6), the standard of the selected target wood is excellent individuals with the characteristics of growth, robustness, strong vitality, straight and round trunk shape, crown shape with full height of more than 1/3, no pest and disease damage and no trunk damage;
the growth space at the lower part of the main trunk of the cultivation target wood can keep the influence of surrounding wood laying and tree crown shading, reduce the branch growing of the main trunk and improve the quality of the trunk.
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| CN111436325A (en) * | 2020-04-08 | 2020-07-24 | 吉林省林业科学研究院 | Vegetation restoration method for degraded forest ecological system |
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