CN107223523B - A method for interplanting Chinese herbal medicine Magnolia officinalis based on ecological niche complementation - Google Patents

Abstract

According to the ecological niche principle, the invention utilizes two different Chinese medicinal materials with very low ecological niche overlap values, and combines the soil and climate characteristics of the southern region to provide a method for interplanting the Chinese medicinal material Magnolia officinalis based on ecological niche complementation. The steps are: As follows: 1) site selection and soil preparation; 2) basal fertilizer application; 3) seedling selection; 4) planting; 5) top dressing; 6) field management; 7) utilization of Magnolia officinalis leaves; The method is that according to different planting time and standard planting specifications, the planting of Magnolia officinalis is interplanted under Magnolia officinalis, which effectively improves the utilization rate of land, light energy, water, fertilizer, etc., and saves production costs. Improve the quality of Chinese herbal medicines and the output rate per unit of land.

Description

Ecological niche complementation-based method for interplanting traditional Chinese medicinal materials of magnolia officinalis and polygonatum kingianum

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for interplanting polygonatum kingianum under magnolia officinalis forests.

Background

Crop intercropping is a typical planting mode in intensive agricultural production, and is the economic yield of more than two crops harvested in limited time and land area, and the stress and market risk are reduced, wherein the central content is the improvement of energy utilization rate and substance conversion rate. The method is widely applied to intercropping and interplanting crops such as grains, vegetables, fruit trees and the like. In recent years, a compound planting mode of a plurality of traditional Chinese medicinal materials such as medicine-grain, medicine-fruit, medicine-medicine and the like is successively popularized in production, and the purpose is to fully utilize natural resources such as land, light energy, air and the like to achieve the purpose of increasing income. However, the research on nutrient competition, promotion and intercropping advantage in these planting systems is rarely reported.

Cortex Magnolia officinalis (M. officinalis subsp. officinalis) is a plant of Magnoliaceae and Magnoliaceae. Bark, root bark, flower, seed and bud can be used as the raw materials, and bark is the main one, which is a well-known Chinese medicine. The mangnolia officinalis is a favorite middle-nature tree species, a deciduous tree, a tree crown is large, branches are few, a root system is developed, the height can reach 15-20 m, leaves are wide, long round and inverted egg-shaped, the length is 22-46 cm, the width is 15-24 cm, the dry weight is 5-6 g, and the mangnolia officinalis is easy to rot and forms excellent soil organic matters. The officinal magnolia bark is a unique precious tree species in China, currently protects wild plants for the national level II key point, the officinal magnolia bark is artificially cultivated subsp. The magnolia officinalis grows fast, generally the harvesting period is more than 6 years, and can be harvested for many times continuously by means of the tiller.

Yunnan Siberian solomonseal rhizome (Polygonatum kingianumEt Hemsl) also called Jiejiegao, Xiannpian, medicinal plants of Polygonatum of Liliaceae, one of 3 crude drugs (Polygonatum sibiricum, Polygonatum cyrtonema and Polygonatum kingianum) specified in Chinese pharmacopoeia, and one of 87 edible medicinal materials published by Ministry of health. The polygonatum kingianum is a perennial herbaceous plant, has shallow root distribution, is concentrated in a soil surface range of 5-20 cm, and grows well in loam with a deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage and water retention performances. The polygonatum kingianum has a long growth period, the rhizomes can be harvested after being propagated for 3-5 years, the growth period of seed propagation reaches 6-7 years, and the contradiction that the field fight season with other crops is prominent when the seeds are cleaned. The polygonatum kingianum has strong negative resistance, is fond of a cool environment and strong light irradiation, and needs to be artificially constructed or planted in the forest. However, when the canopy density in the forest is high to a certain degree, the growth of polygonatum kingianum is not facilitated when the illumination condition in the forest is poor.

In view of the above, according to the ecological niche principle, the two different traditional Chinese medicinal materials of magnolia officinalis and polygonatum kingianum with very low ecological niche overlapping values are utilized, and soil and climate characteristics of southern areas are combined, so that the planting method for interplanting polygonatum kingianum under the magnolia officinalis forest provided by the invention effectively improves the utilization rate of land, light energy, water and fertilizer, greatly saves the production cost, reduces diseases and pests, improves the yield and quality of the two traditional Chinese medicinal materials, and increases the yield of the land.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a method for interplanting traditional Chinese medicinal materials of magnolia officinalis and polygonatum kingianum based on ecological niche complementation by utilizing two different traditional Chinese medicinal materials of magnolia officinalis and polygonatum kingianum with very low ecological niche overlapping values and combining soil and climatic characteristics of southern areas, and the basic process is as follows: firstly planting magnolia officinalis in spring; transplanting polygonatum kingianum in the next 11 months, covering the ridge surfaces of the polygonatum kingianum with a large amount of fallen leaves of magnolia officinalis every year, preserving water, preserving heat and increasing soil organic matters; the 3 rd and 4 th years of the permanent planting of the mangnolia officinalis grow to 3-5 m, and a shading environment is just provided for the early growth of polygonatum kingianum in the 1-3 year period; after the 5 th year of field planting of mangnolia officinalis, the height of the mangnolia officinalis is 6-8 m, branches and leaves are not blocked below 2-3 m of the base, and sunlight can be irradiated from two sides of the mangnolia officinalis, so that the requirement of normal growth and development of polygonatum kingianum on illumination is met, and the polygonatum kingianum is prevented from being burnt by direct sunlight; digging Polygonatum kingianum in autumn and winter of 5 years of transplantation, cutting Magnolia officinalis in summer of 7 years of planting, and leaving only one tillering seedling per tree for continuous growth; transplanting polygonatum kingianum in the next year, namely 11 months of 8 th year of field planting of mangnolia officinalis, and repeating the processes in sequence; can continuously harvest 3 batches, and the magnolia officinalis needs to be replanted by using new seedlings. The method saves land resources, reduces production cost, and improves resource utilization rate and unit land output rate.

A method for interplanting polygonatum kingianum in traditional Chinese medicinal material magnolia officinalis based on ecological complementation is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1 Magnolia officinalis planting

1.1 land selection and land preparation. Selecting a slope land with the altitude of 700-1700 m, the annual rainfall of 800-1200 mm, the gradient of below 25 degrees and the soil layer thickness of above 40 cm in the southern area, taking the slope of below 6 degrees as flat land, excavating a drainage ditch in a cross shape, excavating a reverse slope terrace along a contour line in a subsection mode when the gradient of 25 degrees is more than or equal to 6 degrees, wherein the width of the ridge surface is more than 150 cm, the slope surface of an outer ridge is left for about 30 cm to prevent collapse, the width of the drainage ditch of an inner ridge is 20cm, and removing all weeds and miscellaneous shrubs in the forest land.

And (5) planting. After the temperature is stably raised in spring, selecting 2-year-old magnolia biloba (M. officinalis subsp. bioloba) saplings (the height of the saplings is about 60 cm and the ground diameter is more than 5 cm), planting the magnolia officinalis on the flat ground according to the specification of the row spacing multiplied by the plant spacing of 300 multiplied by 180 cm and the platform ground according to the specification of the row spacing multiplied by the plant spacing multiplied by 200 multiplied by 150 cm, wherein the planting holes are 60 multiplied by 50 cm, and the surface soil and the bottom soil are respectively stacked. Applying 20-30 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 1 kg of ordinary superphosphate to each hole, uniformly mixing with surface soil, applying to the bottom of each hole, spreading the roots during planting, covering soil, compacting, watering, and covering with a layer of loose fine soil. Watering is carried out frequently after planting until seedlings survive.

And (5) field management. In the first 2-3 years, soil is loosened and hilled in summer, and an annular ditch is dug in winter to fill the mixed fertilizer and then cover the mixed fertilizer with soil. After 4 years, the magnolia officinalis mainly depends on the lower-layer nutrients of the polygonatum kingianum land parcels, and additional fertilization is not needed. According to the growth condition of individual plants of the magnolia officinalis, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be applied in 4-6 months to promote the vegetative growth of the magnolia officinalis. When growing for about 5 years, the lower branches and leaves are trimmed to ventilate and transmit light.

And (5) regenerating seedlings. The 7 th year after magnolia officinalis planting can be harvested. When harvesting, the trunk is cut and peeled, seedlings germinate at the base part of the tree bag, and only one seedling is left for each tree to continue growing after harvesting.

Polygonatum kingianum planting

And 2.1 planting time. In 2 nd year after transplanting mangnolia officinalis, planting polygonatum kingianum from 11 middle of the month to 12 middle of the month.

And (7) land preparation. Before transplanting polygonatum kingianum, shallow ploughing the magnolia officinalis for 1 time, then finely ploughing and leveling to form a furrow with the width of 1.5 m and the height of more than 0.20m, wherein the distance between the edge of the furrow surface and the edge of the base part of the trunk of the magnolia officinalis is more than 50 cm, finely ploughing and leveling the furrow surface, applying farmyard manure 1000-2000 kg/mu as base fertilizer, and uniformly mixing the fertilizer and soil.

And (4) selecting seedlings. The Polygonatum kingianum seeds can be selected to propagate seedlings of 2 years, or seedlings of tuber vegetative propagation.

And (5) planting. Sowing ditches are arranged in the direction perpendicular to the row direction of the mangnolia officinalis, the row spacing is 50 cm, about 1000 kg/mu of decomposed sheep manure and 50 kg/mu of ordinary calcium are fully and uniformly mixed, the sheep manure is applied into the sowing ditches and is gently and uniformly mixed, then 200 kg/mu of biological carbon fertilizer is applied, then polygonatum kingianum is planted, the plant spacing is 25-30 cm, soil is covered, the surface of a furrow is completely covered by fallen leaves of the mangnolia officinalis, and root fixing water is thoroughly sprayed.

And (6) topdressing. And (3) fertilizing once every 3-8 months (15: 15: 15 ternary compound fertilizer) every year (25-35 kg/mu) from the 2 nd year after transplanting, digging shallow trenches among the polygonatum kingianum rows, applying soil, and earthing up the roots to avoid the occurrence of plant lodging.

And (5) field management. Spray irrigation can be installed, and water is sprayed and drenched once in about 5 days in dry seasons; the bamboo rod and the iron wire are used for being put up to prevent falling; attention is paid to preventing and treating leaf spot, black spot, rust disease, grub, cutworm and the like; and (4) hilling once every year, paying attention to checking the bare root condition of polygonatum kingianum, and hilling in time.

And (6) harvesting. Harvesting Polygonatum kingianum after planting for 5 years, preferably in autumn, removing rhizome, stem and leaf and fibrous root, and processing in processing factory.

Utilization of fallen leaves of magnolia officinalis. After the polygonatum kingianum is harvested, fallen leaves of the unrottled magnolia officinalis are turned to a position 20cm away from the soil and buried, so that organic matters in the soil are increased, and the permeability of the soil is improved.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

the ecological niche overlapping value of two parties of magnolia officinalis and polygonatum kingianum interplanting is very low, good complementarity exists in the aspects of illumination, fertilizer and the like, and polygonatum kingianum is planted after the magnolia officinalis forms a certain canopy closure degree, so that the polygonatum kingianum is protected from being burnt by strong light; after the magnolia officinalis grows up, the top leaves form a shade, but the lower branches and leaves are few, and the transmitted light on the two sides can pass through without hindrance, so that the growth requirement of polygonatum kingianum is met. The beneficial effects are as follows: polygonatum kingianum is interplanted in vacant land between rows of the mangnolia officinalis with tall plants and wide row spacing, so that the land utilization rate and the unit land output rate are improved; the method does not need to build an artificial sunshade, protects polygonatum kingianum seedlings from being burnt by sunlight by utilizing the canopy period formed by 3-4 years of magnolia officinalis, and enhances the photosynthesis of polygonatum kingianum by utilizing lateral transmission light in the forest at the later stage, thereby being beneficial to the accumulation of light energy products; the fallen leaves of the magnolia officinalis every year cover the surface layer of the polygonatum kingianum, so that the sudden change of the noon temperature is reduced, the water and soil loss is reduced, and the organic matter content of the soil is improved; the root systems of the magnolia officinalis and the polygonatum kingianum are distributed in different depths to form spatial nutrition ecological niche complementation, so that the nutrient competitiveness is reduced, the mineral nutrition absorption capability of the root systems is enhanced, the soil nutrient resources are fully utilized, and the fertilizer utilization rate is improved.

According to the method, the test is carried out in the country and the village (elevation 1520 m) of the country of the river city of the Yunnan province and the town of the Monge of the country of the Yangtze river of the Yunnan province (elevation 980 m), and the result shows that: 1) interplanting and seed cleaning yield of Polygonatum kingianum (planted for 5 years) are 3890 kg and 4022 kg respectively, and tuber polysaccharide content is 13.2% and 11.8% respectively; 2) the plant heights of the interplanted and clean magnolia officinalis (planted for 7 years) are 17.24 m and 13.65 m respectively, and the ground diameters are 13.32 cm and 11.68 cm respectively; 3) under the interplanting condition of polygonatum kingianum, the organic matter content, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, the quick-acting phosphorus and the quick-acting potassium of soil are respectively improved by 46 percent, 14 percent, 34 percent and 12 percent compared with the pure seeds; 4) the application amount of the chemical fertilizer of the magnolia officinalis under the interplanting condition is reduced by more than 1/3 compared with the application amount of the chemical fertilizer of the clean magnolia officinalis; 5) the height and the internode length of the Yunnan sealwort under the interplanting condition are increased, the contents of chlorophyll, malondialdehyde and proline in leaves are obviously increased, the yield is slightly reduced, but the tuber has good appearance quality, white surface, no green skin phenomenon, less fiber, delicate taste and obviously improved polysaccharide content.

The method effectively solves the shading problem of polygonatum kingianum, saves the construction cost of a shading shed, reduces the planting cost, can harvest two traditional Chinese medicine products of magnolia officinalis and polygonatum kingianum simultaneously, greatly improves the land income and reduces the planting risk. The method has the advantages of simple operation, low cost, easy popularization, land saving, environmental protection, high benefit, low risk and the like, provides a new optimization scheme for the artificial large-scale and standardized planting of polygonatum kingianum, and has better economic benefit and social benefit.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples. The described embodiments are only some embodiments of the invention, not all embodiments.

Magnolia officinalis planting

1.1 land selection and preparation, selecting a slope land with the altitude of 700-1700 m, the annual rainfall of 800-1200 mm, the gradient of below 25 degrees and the deep soil layer in the south area, removing all weeds and miscellaneous shrubs in the forest land, and excavating a drainage ditch.

1.2, planting, after the temperature is stably raised in spring, selecting 2-year-old magnolia biloba (M. officinalis subsp. bioloba) saplings (the height of the saplings is about 60 cm, and the ground diameter is more than 5 cm), planting the magnolia officinalis on the flat ground according to the specification of the row spacing multiplied by the plant spacing of 300 multiplied by 180 cm, and planting the magnolia officinalis on the terrace according to the specification of the row spacing multiplied by the plant spacing multiplied by 200 multiplied by 150 cm, wherein the planting hole is 60 multiplied by 50 cm. 20-30 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 1 kg of ordinary superphosphate are applied to each hole. Watering is carried out frequently after planting until seedlings survive.

1.3, managing in the field, loosening the soil and hilling in summer within the first 2-3 years, digging an annular ditch in winter, filling the mixed fertilizer and then covering with soil. After 4 years, the magnolia officinalis mainly depends on the lower-layer nutrients of the polygonatum kingianum land parcels, and additional fertilization is not needed. According to the growth condition of individual plants of the magnolia officinalis, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be applied in 4-6 months to promote the vegetative growth of the magnolia officinalis. When growing for about 5 years, the lower branches and leaves are trimmed to ventilate and transmit light.

1.4 regeneration seedlings, the 7 th year of magnolia officinalis planting, can be harvested. When harvesting, the trunk is cut and peeled, seedlings germinate at the base part of the tree bag, and only one seedling is left for each tree to continue growing after harvesting.

2 planting Polygonatum kingianum

And 2.1, planting polygonatum kingianum from 11 middle of the month to 12 middle of the month in the 2 nd year after the transplantation of the mangnolia officinalis.

2.2 soil preparation, shallow ploughing the mangnolia officinalis for 1 time before transplanting polygonatum kingianum, then finely ploughing and leveling to form a furrow with the width of 1.5 m and the height of more than 0.20m, keeping the distance between the edge of the furrow surface and the edge of the base of the trunk of the mangnolia officinalis at more than 50 cm, finely ploughing and leveling the furrow surface, applying farmyard manure 1000-2000 kg/mu as base fertilizer, and uniformly mixing the fertilizer and the soil.

2.3 selecting seedlings, namely selecting seeds of polygonatum kingianum to propagate seedlings of 2 years or seedlings of tuber asexual propagation.

2.4, planting, namely, sowing seed ditches in the direction perpendicular to the row direction of the mangnolia officinalis, wherein the row spacing is 50 cm, about 1000 kg/mu of decomposed sheep manure and 50 kg/mu of ordinary calcium are fully mixed, the mixture is applied into the sowing ditches and is gently and uniformly mixed, then 200 kg/mu of biological carbon fertilizer is applied, then polygonatum kingianum is planted, the plant spacing is 25-30 cm, soil is covered, the surface of a furrow is completely covered by fallen leaves of the mangnolia officinalis, and root fixing water is thoroughly sprayed.

2.5 topdressing, wherein fertilization (15: 15: 15 ternary compound fertilizer) is performed once every 3-8 months every year (25-35 kg/mu) from the 2 nd year after transplanting, shallow trenches are dug among the polygonatum kingianum rows for furrow application, soil is covered after the fertilization, and soil is hilled at the roots to avoid the occurrence of plant lodging.

2.6, field management, wherein sprinkling irrigation can be installed, and water is sprayed and drenched once in about 5 days in dry seasons; the bamboo rod and the iron wire are used for being put up to prevent falling; attention is paid to preventing and treating leaf spot, black spot, rust disease, grub, cutworm and the like; and (4) hilling once every year, paying attention to checking the bare root condition of polygonatum kingianum, and hilling in time.

2.7 harvesting, wherein the polygonatum kingianum can be harvested after 5 years of planting, the harvesting season is preferably autumn, rootstocks are dug, stems, leaves and fibrous roots are removed, and the polygonatum kingianum is conveyed to a processing plant for processing.

2.8, the fallen leaves of the mangnolia officinalis are utilized, and after the polygonatum kingianum is harvested, the fallen leaves of the mangnolia officinalis which are not rotten are turned to the position 20cm away from the soil to be buried, so that the organic matter of the soil is increased, and the permeability of the soil is improved.

Claims (1)

1. a method based on the complementary Chinese medicinal material Magnolia officinalis of ecological niche, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps: Step 1, Magnolia planting (1) Site selection and land preparation, select the sloping land in the southern region with an altitude of 700-1700 m, an annual rainfall of 800-1200 mm, an air humidity of 60-90%, a slope of less than 25°, and a soil thickness of more than 40 cm, with a slope of <6 °As flat land, excavate drainage ditches in the shape of a "cross". If the slope is less than or equal to 25°, you need to excavate reverse slope terraces in sections along the contour line. , the ridge drainage ditch is 20 cm wide, remove all weeds and shrubs in the woodland; (2) Planting. After the temperature rises steadily in spring, choose 2-year-old M. officinalis subsp. biloba saplings, with a seedling height of about 60 cm and a ground diameter of more than 5 cm. Magnolia officinalis was planted with a row spacing × plant spacing of 200 × 150 cm, and the planting hole was 60 × 60 × 50 cm. The topsoil and subsoil were stacked separately; 20-30 kg of well-composted farmyard manure and 1 kg of general calcium were applied to each hole, and mixed with the topsoil. Apply it into the bottom of the hole, stretch the roots when planting, press the soil after covering, and then cover with a layer of loose fine soil after watering; water frequently after planting until the seedlings survive; (3) Field management. In the first 2 to 3 years, the soil is loosened in summer, and the mixed fertilizer is filled in in winter and covered with soil; after the 4th year, Magnolia mainly depends on the lower layer nutrients of the Dianhuangjing plot, and no additional fertilization is required; Depending on the growth of individual Magnolia officinalis plants, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be applied from April to June to promote its vegetative growth; when it grows for about 5 years, prune the lower branches and leaves for ventilation and light transmission; (4) Regenerated seedlings, in the seventh year of planting of Magnolia officinalis, can be harvested. When harvesting, the trunk is cut and peeled, and seedlings germinate at the base of the tree pocket. After harvesting, only one seedling is left for each tree to continue to grow; Step 2, Planting of Polygonatum chinensis (1) Planting time, in the second year after the transplanting of Magnolia officinalis, plant Polygonatum chinensis from mid-November to mid-December; (2) Land preparation, before transplanting Dianhuangjing, shallowly plough Magnolia officinalis once, and then raked and leveled to make a border with a width of 1.5 m and a height of more than 0.20 m. cm above, level the border after fine ploughing, apply 1000-2000 kg/mu of farmyard manure as base fertilizer, and mix the fertilizer and soil evenly; (3) Seedling selection, you can choose the 2-year-old seedlings of Polygonatum yunnanensis seed propagation, or the seedlings of tuber asexual propagation; (4) For planting, open a seeding ditch along the direction perpendicular to the direction of the Magnolia officinalis, with a row spacing of 50 cm, about 1000 kg/mu of decomposed sheep manure, and 50 kg/mu of calcium, and then apply it into the seeding ditch and mix gently. Evenly, then apply bio-carbon fertilizer 200 kg/mu, then plant Polygonatum yunnanensis, the plant spacing is 25-30 cm, cover the soil, and then completely cover the border surface with the leaves of Magnolia officinalis, and drench the root-fixing water; (5) Top dressing, starting in the second year after transplanting, fertilizing 15:15:15 ternary compound fertilizer once a month from March to August every year, 25-35kg/mu, dig shallow trenches between the rows of Dianhuangjing, Cover soil after application, and cultivate soil at the roots to avoid plant lodging; (6) For field management, sprinkler irrigation can be installed, and water is sprayed once every 5 days in the dry season; bamboo poles and iron wires are used to prevent lodging; Cultivate soil once a year, pay attention to check the condition of Dianhuangjing dew roots, and cultivate soil in time; (7) Harvest. After 5 years of planting, Polygonatum yunnanensis can be harvested. The harvest season is preferably autumn. The rhizomes are dug up, the stems, leaves and fibrous roots are removed, and then sent to the processing plant for processing; (8) Utilization of Magnolia officinalis leaves. After the harvest of Dianhuang, the non-rotten Magnolia officinalis leaves were turned to 20 cm of soil and buried to increase soil organic matter and improve soil permeability.