CN108028206A - 粘结接合结构 - Google Patents

粘结接合结构 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108028206A
CN108028206A CN201680054775.4A CN201680054775A CN108028206A CN 108028206 A CN108028206 A CN 108028206A CN 201680054775 A CN201680054775 A CN 201680054775A CN 108028206 A CN108028206 A CN 108028206A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
copper
supporter
sintered body
adhesive joint
joint structure
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Granted
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CN201680054775.4A
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CN108028206B (zh
Inventor
上郡山洋
上郡山洋一
山内真
山内真一
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Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co Ltd
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Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co Ltd
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Publication of CN108028206A publication Critical patent/CN108028206A/zh
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    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01L21/04Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
    • H01L21/50Assembly of semiconductor devices using processes or apparatus not provided for in a single one of the subgroups H01L21/06 - H01L21/326, e.g. sealing of a cap to a base of a container
    • H01L21/52Mounting semiconductor bodies in containers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/08Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
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Abstract

本发明为将发热体和金属的支撑体(20)经由铜粉(31)的烧结体(32)形成的接合部位(30)来接合而成的粘结接合结构。支撑体(20)至少在其最表面存在有铜或金。以跨越支撑体(20)与烧结体(32)的接合界面(40)的方式形成有支撑体(20)的铜或金与烧结体(32)的铜的相互扩散部位(41)。优选的是在相互扩散部位(41)以跨越接合界面(40)的方式形成有晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构。

Description

粘结接合结构
技术领域
本发明涉及粘结接合结构,更详细地说,涉及适合用于半导体元件的芯片和金属的支撑体的芯片粘结(die bonding)接合结构的粘结接合结构。
背景技术
关于半导体元件的接合,专利文献1中记载了一种半导体装置,其具有:在一面具有集电极、在另一面具有发射极的半导体元件;和在一面具有第一电极配线的绝缘基板。绝缘基板的第一电极配线与半导体元件的集电极经由第一接合层来连接。该第一接合层成为了将接合用材料烧结而成的烧结层,该接合用材料包含:由碳酸银等形成的金属粒子前体;和由熔解温度为200度以上的羧酸金属盐的粒子形成的还原剂。而且,半导体元件与烧结层直接进行金属键合。该文献中记载的技术的目的在于,使得能够在更低温下实现由接合界面处的金属键合产生的接合。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2012-094873号公报
发明内容
于是,在汽车、家电制品、产业设备等众多的领域中,逆变器、转换器的电力损耗的减少成为了必要的课题。因此,为了大幅地改善设备的能量利用效率,提出了各种使用了SiC、GaN等新材料的半导体元件。这些半导体元件由于在其工作时伴有大量的发热,因此为了使半导体元件不因该热而受到损伤,对于半导体封装要求充分的散热对策。在散热上一般利用将半导体元件接合固定的引线框、基板。上述的专利文献1中记载的技术虽然涉及半导体元件的接合,但是关注的是接合温度,没有进行有关散热的研究。
因此,本发明的课题在于以半导体元件的芯片(die;也称为裸片、模片)为首的各种发热体的接合结构的改良,更详细地说,在于提供可高效率地将由发热体产生的热进行散放的接合结构。
本发明提供一种粘结接合结构,其是将发热体和金属的支撑体经由由铜粉的烧结体形成的接合部位来接合而成的粘结接合结构,其中,上述支撑体至少在其最表面存在有铜或金,以跨越上述支撑体与上述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的铜或金与该烧结体的铜的相互扩散部位。
特别地,本发明提供一种芯片粘结接合结构,其是将半导体元件的芯片和金属的支撑体经由由铜粉的烧结体形成的接合部位来接合而成的芯片粘结接合结构,其中,上述支撑体至少在其最表面存在有铜或金,以跨越上述支撑体与上述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的铜或金与该烧结体的铜的相互扩散部位。
另外,本发明提供一种粘结接合结构,其是将发热体和金属的支撑体经由由镍粉的烧结体形成的接合部位来接合而成的粘结接合结构,其中,上述支撑体至少在其最表面存在有镍,以跨越上述支撑体与上述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的镍与该烧结体的镍的相互扩散部位。
进而,本发明提供一种粘结接合结构,其是将发热体和金属的支撑体经由由银粉的烧结体形成的接合部位来接合而成的粘结接合结构,其中,上述支撑体至少在其最表面存在有银,以跨越上述支撑体与上述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的银与该烧结体的银的相互扩散部位。
附图说明
图1为表示作为本发明的粘结接合结构的一个实施方式的芯片粘结接合结构的纵剖面的示意图。
图2为将图1中的主要部分放大表示的示意图。
图3为表示作为本发明的粘结接合结构的另一个实施方式的芯片粘结接合结构的纵剖面的示意图(与图1相当的图)。
图4(a)为实施例1中得到的芯片粘结接合结构中的接合界面附近的透射电子显微镜像,图4(b)为图4(a)中的相互扩散部位的放大像,图4(c)为将图4(b)进一步放大的像。
图5为表示实施例2中得到的芯片粘结接合结构中的接合界面附近的元素分布的曲线图。
图6为表示用于评价实施例和比较例中得到的芯片粘结接合结构的散热性的装置的示意图。
图7为实施例3中得到的芯片粘结接合结构中的接合界面附近的透射电子显微镜像。
图8为实施例4中得到的芯片粘结接合结构中的接合界面附近的透射电子显微镜像。
具体实施方式
以下基于其优选的实施方式并参照附图对本发明进行说明。本发明的粘结接合结构(以下也简称为“接合结构”)成为了将发热体和金属的支撑体经由接合部位来接合而成的结构。接合部位由铜粉的烧结体形成。对发热体的种类并无特别限制,无论是否为以发热本身为目的的构件,只要使用时产生热的构件都可成为对象。作为这样的构件的例子,可列举出半导体元件的芯片(以下也简称为“芯片”)作为典型的实例,但并不限于此,例如可使用CPU、LED元件、阻抗体、电路等作为发热体。另外,本发明中,将从发热体受到了热的其他构件例如与发热体接合并且传导由发热体产生的热而带有热的构件也视为发热体的一个形态。以下以使用了芯片作为发热体的芯片粘结接合结构为例子对本发明进行说明。
芯片(die)是将形成于晶片上的多个半导体元件一个一个地分割而成的,也称为芯片(chip)、裸芯片等。芯片例如由二极管、双极型晶体管、绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)、电场效应晶体管(FET)、金属氧化膜半导体电场效应晶体管(MOSFET)、晶闸管等半导体元件形成。作为这些半导体元件的构成材料,例如可列举出硅(Si)、碳化硅(SiC)、氮化镓(GaN)等。如后述那样,本发明的接合结构的散热性优异,因此在使用了被称为所谓功率器件的发热量大的半导体元件作为在本发明中成为接合对象的芯片的情况下,能显著地实现本发明的效果。作为这样的功率器件,例如可列举出IGBT、功率MOSFET、以及由SiC和GaN形成的各种半导体元件。
支撑体是用于固定、支撑半导体元件的芯片。为了该目的,作为支撑体,例如使用引线框、基板等。无论支撑体的形态如何,该支撑体都由金属制的支撑体制成。金属与陶瓷等其他材料相比,是传热性良好的材料,因此通过使用金属制的支撑体,具有下述的优点:半导体元件的工作时产生的热变得容易通过支撑体被散放出来。
对构成支撑体的金属的种类并无特别限制,能够使用与半导体的技术领域中目前为止已使用的材料同样的材料。例如能够使用铜、铝等金属单质。或者,也能够使用铜-铁合金、铁-镍合金和不锈钢合金等合金。进而,也能够使用将彼此不同的金属材料的层在厚度方向上层叠多个而成的层叠结构的支撑体。各层可以是金属单质,或者也可以是合金。作为层叠结构的支撑体,可列举出下述结构的支撑体作为一个例子:母材层由镍、铜或铝等的单质或合金形成、最表层由金的单质形成。支撑体处于至少在其最表面存在有铜或金的状态。所谓支撑体的最表面是指,发热体或半导体元件的芯片被接合部位固定的面。即,是与接合部位相对的面。作为处于至少在其最表面存在有铜或金的状态的支撑体的例子,可列举出:铜单质的支撑体;铜-金合金等铜基合金的支撑体;母材层由镍、铜或铝等的单质或合金形成、最表层由金的单质形成的层叠结构的支撑体;母材层由镍、铜或铝等的单质或合金形成、最表层由包含金的合金形成的层叠结构的支撑体等。
将半导体元件的芯片与支撑体经由接合部位来接合。接合部位由铜粉的烧结体(以下也简称为“烧结体”)形成。接合部位能够形成在芯片中的与支撑体的对向面的整个区域或该对向面中的一部分。构成接合部位的铜粉的烧结体是通过下述方法来形成的:将包含多个铜粒子的铜粉在规定的气氛下、在铜的熔点左右的温度下加热规定时间,从而以在铜粒子间生成颈缩部位的方式进行结合(键合)。成为接合部位的原料的铜粉可以是铜单质的粉末,或者也可以是以铜作为母材的铜基合金粉末。优选使用铜单质的粉末。在构成接合部位的铜粉的烧结体中,根据需要除了铜或铜合金以外可含有其他材料。作为这样的材料,例如可列举出以防止烧结体的氧化为目的而使用的有机化合物等。
在本发明的接合结构中,以跨越支撑体与烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有支撑体的金属元素与烧结体的构成元素的相互扩散部位。即,支撑体的铜或金与烧结体的铜相互扩散的部位是以夹着接合界面的方式形成在从支撑体侧至烧结体侧。参照图1对该状态进行说明。如图1中所示那样,接合结构1具有将芯片10和支撑体20经由由包含多个铜粒子31的铜粉的烧结体32形成的接合部位30来接合而成的结构。进而,芯片粘结接合结构1具有支撑体20与烧结体32的接合界面40。在接合结构1中以跨越接合界面40的方式形成有支撑体20的金属元素与烧结体32的构成元素的相互扩散部位41。沿着作为沿与接合界面正交的剖面方向的纵剖面方向X,即沿着图1中的纸面的上下方向观看接合结构1时,相互扩散部位41以跨越接合界面40的方式沿着纵剖面方向X存在。在该纵剖面观看时,关于作为沿着接合界面的方向的平面方向Y、即图1中的纸面的左右方向,构成相互扩散部位41的各个铜粒子31最大地存在于在接合界面处使支撑体20沿平面方向Y延伸的整个区域R。
详细地说,就相互扩散部位41而言,如图2中所示那样,在沿着纵剖面方向X观看时,构成与支撑体20接合的铜粒子31的多个一次粒子31a不具有沿着与接合界面40相当的面的晶界。一次粒子是指从外表上的几何学的形态判断而被认为作为粒子的最小单位的物体。
在相互扩散部位41中,其构成元素形成金属键。具体地说,在存在于支撑体20的最表层的金属元素与烧结体32的构成元素相同的情况下,在相互扩散部位41形成了由金属单质或合金形成的单一相。在支撑体20的金属元素与烧结体32的构成元素不同的情况下,形成了含有支撑体20的金属元素和烧结体32的构成元素的合金相。所谓金属键是指由自由电子产生的金属原子间的键合。
通过在接合结构1中形成了相互扩散部位41,该相互扩散部位41包含金属键合的相,从而在相互扩散部位41中存在自由电子,因此其传热性变得良好。其结果,在半导体元件的芯片10由于其工作而发热的情况下,该热容易传送至夹着接合部位30地位于相反侧的构件即支撑体20。换言之,半导体元件的芯片10中产生的热被散放出来。由此,半导体元件变得不易受到热的损伤。这从半导体元件的工作稳定性、可靠性的方面考虑是重要的。
在支撑体20的最表面由铜单质形成、并且铜粉也由铜单质形成的情况下,相互扩散部位41包含由铜单质的晶体结构形成的单一相。该单一相的晶体结构优选如图2中所示那样,在夹着接合界面40地位于烧结体32侧的部位41a和位于支撑体20侧的部位41b处,晶体取向成为了同方向。如果像这样地在夹着接合界面40地位于烧结体32侧的相互扩散部位41a和位于支撑体20侧的相互扩散部位41b处,晶体取向成为了同方向,则该晶体取向与接合界面40交叉,在相互扩散部位41a、41b间的自由电子的往来变得顺利,相互扩散部位41的传热性变得更为良好。其结果是,变得更容易将半导体元件的芯片10中产生的热散放,半导体元件变得更不易受到热的损伤。铜的晶体结构的晶体取向能够由相互扩散部位41的透射电子显微镜(TEM)像来确认。
再有,为了在相互扩散部位以跨越接合界面的方式形成晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构,优选使用铜粉作为接合部位的铜源。在使用了其他铜源、例如氧化铜等各种氧化铜的情况下,虽然能够得到烧结体,但是在相互扩散部位以跨越接合界面的方式形成晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构并不容易。
在相互扩散部位41中,只要铜的晶体结构中的任一个面的晶体取向处于同方向即可,无需特定面的晶体取向处于同方向。在后述的实施例(图4)中,测定了铜的{111}面的晶体取向,其原因在于,对铜的{111}面进行TEM观察是容易的,并不要求铜的{111}面成为了同方向。另外,在1个铜粒子31具有多个单晶的晶体结构(晶粒)的情况下,各晶体结构中的晶体取向可以彼此不同。
从使经由相互扩散部位41进行的传热更为高效率的观点考虑,晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构优选接合界面40处的横截长度(图2中,各晶粒的宽度或平面方向Y的长度)为10nm以上,更优选为50nm以上。对横截长度的上限并无特别限制,典型地为500nm左右。该横截长度能够由相互扩散部位41的透射电子显微镜(TEM)像测定。就横截长度而言,对于5个部位进行测定,取其平均值。
从与上述同样的观点考虑,晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构的跨越接合界面40的厚度在最大部位处优选为10nm以上,更优选为50nm以上。对跨越接合界面40的厚度的上限无特别限制,但典型地为1000nm左右,更典型地为500nm左右。该厚度能够由相互扩散部位41的透射电子显微镜(TEM)像测定。厚度是对于沿着接合界面面方向的等间隔的5个部位进行测定,取其最大值。
在具有以上的结构的接合结构1中,烧结体32含有铜,并且支撑体20为金属制,因此烧结体32与支撑体20电导通。另一方面,烧结体32与芯片10可以电导通,或者也可以不导通。鉴于本发明的目的在于从半导体元件的芯片10产生的热的散放,可知烧结体32与支撑体20电导通、烧结体32与芯片10电导通对于本发明而言并不是本质的。
以上的说明为接合部位由铜粉的烧结体形成的情形的说明,但接合部位可由镍粉的烧结体或银粉的烧结体来代替铜的烧结体而形成。在这种情况下,就支撑体的最表面的材质而言,在使用镍粉的烧结体时该材质为镍,在使用银粉的烧结体时该材质为银。于是,就本发明的接合结构而言,在使用镍粉的烧结体时,以跨越支撑体与烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的镍与该烧结体的镍的相互扩散部位。另一方面,在使用银粉的烧结体时,以跨越支撑体与烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的银与该烧结体的银的相互扩散部位。
在接合部位形成了镍的相互扩散部位的情形以及形成了银的相互扩散部位的情形这样的任一种情形下,从接合部位的传热性变得更为良好的方面考虑,都优选在该相互扩散部位处以跨越接合界面的方式形成有晶体取向为同方向的镍或银的晶体结构。在相互扩散部位,只要镍或银的晶体结构中的任一面的晶体取向成为同方向即可,无需特定的面的晶体取向成为了同方向。
关于接合部位由镍或银形成时的详细情况,对于未特别说明的方面,可适宜应用前面所述的接合部位由铜形成时的详细情况。
在图3中示出了本发明的芯片粘结接合结构的另一个实施方式。想要说明的是,对于关于本实施方式没有特别说明的方面,可适宜应用对于图1和图2中所示的实施方式的说明。本实施方式涉及使母材20a的最表面由金单质20b制成的支撑体20与由铜单质形成的铜粉烧结而形成的接合结构1。在该接合结构1中,相互扩散部位41优选包含Cu3Au。Cu3Au优选成为了合金的状态。由Cu3Au形成的部位41c的传热性良好。其结果是,半导体元件的芯片10中产生的热被进一步散放。由此,半导体元件更不易受到热的损伤。
合金状态的Cu3Au部位41c存在于相互扩散部位41这一事项能够通过进行以相互扩散部位41为对象的元素测绘、测定沿着纵剖面方向X的元素分布来确认。在该元素分布中铜与金的摩尔比为3:1并且能够确认维持着该比率的区域时,就能够判断在该区域中存在合金状态的Cu3Au。另外,也能够通过相互扩散部位41的电子衍射测定来判断合金状态的Cu3Au的存在与否。
关于图3中所示的实施方式的接合结构1,更优选的是,除了相互扩散部位41包含Cu3Au部位41c以外,还包含由金与铜的固溶体形成的固溶部位41d。固溶部位41d为金在铜的母材中固溶而成的部位。优选在固溶部位41d中沿着接合结构1的纵剖面方向X观看时铜的分布是从烧结体32侧向支撑体20侧逐渐减少。另一方面,关于金的分布,优选的是,当沿着接合结构1的纵剖面方向X观看时,从烧结体32侧向支撑体20侧逐渐增加。优选固溶部位41d在相互扩散部位41中位于Cu3Au部位41c与烧结体32之间,通过这样的配置形态,具有提高Cu3Au部位41c与烧结体32的接合强度的作用。另外,固溶部位41d也具有顺利地进行从烧结体32向Cu3Au部位41c的传热的作用。从使这些作用更为显著的观点考虑,就固溶部位41d中的铜与金的比例而言,优选的是,相对于铜1摩尔,金在0.01摩尔~0.33摩尔的范围内变化。
在相互扩散部位41中存在着铜与金的固溶部位41d这一事项能够通过进行以固溶部位41d为对象的元素测绘、测定沿着纵剖面方向X的元素分布来确认。另外,也能够通过固溶部位41d的电子衍射测定来判断铜与金是否形成了固溶体。
就本实施方式的接合结构1而言,也可以是,半导体元件的芯片10在其下表面、即与支撑体20相对的面具有由金单质形成的表面层10a,使这样的芯片10与由铜单质形成的铜粉烧结来形成该接合结构1。在这种情况下,优选以跨越芯片10与烧结体32的接合界面43的方式形成有包含在芯片10的下表面形成的表面层10a的金和作为烧结体的构成元素的铜的相互扩散部位44。该相互扩散部位44优选包含由Cu3Au形成的部位44c。相互扩散部位44的详细情况与前面所述的相互扩散部位41同样,因此省略重复的说明。
而且,更优选的是,接合结构1中的相互扩散部位44除了具有Cu3Au部位44c以外还具有由金与铜的固溶体形成的固溶部位44d。优选固溶部位44d位于Cu3Au部位44c与烧结体32之间。优选在固溶部位44d中沿着接合结构1的纵剖面方向X观看时铜的分布是从烧结体32侧向芯片10侧逐渐减少。另一方面,关于金的分布,沿着接合结构1的纵剖面方向X观看时,优选从烧结体32侧向芯片10侧逐渐增加。
通过在芯片10与烧结体32之间形成了含有Cu3Au的相互扩散部位44,相互扩散部位44除了包含Cu3Au部位44c以外还包含固溶部位44d,从而将芯片10中产生的热被顺利地传送至烧结体32,进而该热经由支撑体20侧的相互扩散部位41传送至支撑体20。其结果是,半导体元件的芯片10中产生的热进一步被散放。由此,半导体元件更不易受到热的损伤。
接着,对于上述的接合结构1的优选的制造方法进行说明。首先,对于使用铜粒子由铜单质形成的铜粉和最表面由铜单质制成的支撑体制造图1中所示的接合结构1的情形进行说明。
从处理操作性方面来看,优选的是,铜粉一般来说以糊的状态供给。优选的是,在糊中除了含有铜粉以外还含有有机溶剂。作为有机溶剂,能够无特别限制地使用与在铜的导电性糊中使用的有机溶剂同样的有机溶剂。例如可列举出一元醇、多元醇、多元醇烷基醚、多元醇芳基醚、酯类、含氮杂环化合物、酰胺类、胺类、饱和烃等。这些有机溶剂可以单独地使用或者将2种以上组合使用。将糊中的铜的浓度适宜地调节至适于处理操作的浓度。
将糊状态的铜粉施于支撑体20中的最表面。例如能够使用分配器等装置将糊状态的铜粉施于支撑体20中的最表面。此时,糊状态的铜粉的配置形态可以是骰子的眼那样的点状,也可以为线状、面状。接着,在糊状态的铜粉上载置芯片10。通过在该状态下进行规定温度下的加热,从而构成铜粉的铜粒子彼此之间发生烧结,生成烧结体32。与此同时,也发生铜粒子与支撑体20的最表面的烧结以及铜粒子与芯片10的下表面的烧结。由这些得到的结果是,芯片粘结接合结构1得以形成,芯片10经由烧结体32而被固定在支撑体20上。于是,以跨越支撑体20与烧结体32的接合界面的方式形成相互扩散部位41。
就烧结的条件而言,关于温度,优选为150℃~400℃,更优选为230℃~300℃。以温度在该范围内为条件,时间优选为5分钟~60分钟,更优选为7分钟~30分钟。就气氛而言,能够使用大气等氧化性气氛、氮、氩等非活泼性气氛、氮-氢等还原性气氛。另外,也可在真空下进行烧结。特别地,如果在三乙醇胺的存在下、在氮等非活泼性气氛中进行烧结,则会在相互扩散部位以跨越接合界面的方式圆满地形成晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构,因此是优选的。
在接合结构1中的接合部位由镍或银形成的情况下,可使用镍粉或银粉来代替上述的铜粉。特别是,关于镍粉,优选使用例如日本特开2009-187672号公报等中记载的采用所谓多元醇法制造的镍粉,这是因为,会在相互扩散部位以跨越接合界面的方式圆满地形成晶体取向为同方向的镍的晶体结构。另一方面,关于银粉,如果使用日本特开2009-242913号公报等中记载的采用所谓湿式还原法制造的银粉,则是优选的,这是因为在相互扩散部位以跨越接合界面的方式圆满地形成晶体取向为同方向的银的晶体结构。
在使用镍粉来代替铜粉的情况下,该粉的一次粒子的平均粒径D优选为20nm~300nm。在使用银粉来代替铜粉的情况下,该粉的一次粒子的平均粒径优选为0.1μm~2μm。
接着,对于使用铜粒子由铜单质形成的铜粉、最表面由金单质制成的支撑体和下表面由金单质形成的芯片来制造图3中所示的接合结构1的情形进行说明。
对于铜粉,优选与上述的方法同样地以糊的状态使用。将糊状态的铜粉例如使用分配器等装置施于支撑体20中的最表面。此时,如上述那样,能够将糊状态的铜粉施于芯片中的与支撑体的对向面的整个区域或该对向面中的一部分。例如,糊状态的铜粉的配置形态可以是骰子点那样的点状,也可以是线状、面状。接着,在糊状态的铜粉上载置芯片10。通过在该状态下进行规定温度下的加热,从而构成铜粉的铜粒子彼此之间发生烧结,生成烧结体32。与此同时,铜粒子31与支撑体20的最表面的金和芯片10的下表面的金形成颈缩,铜主要向金侧扩散。于是,支撑体20的最表面的金和芯片10的下表面的金形成以Cu3Au为主体的金属键,其成为相互扩散部位41、44。进而,在相互扩散部位41、44中形成铜与金的固溶部位41d、44d。烧结的条件与上述的情形同样。
在上述的各制造方法中,为了圆满地形成各相互扩散部位,使用特定的铜粉作为铜粉是有利的。具体地说,如果使用一次粒子的平均粒径D为0.15μm~0.6μm、一次粒子的平均粒径D与以基于BET比表面积的圆球换算计的平均粒径DBET之比即D/DBET的值为0.8~4.0、并且在粒子表面不具有用于抑制粒子间的凝聚的层的铜粉,则能够圆满地形成各相互扩散部位。优选单独地使用该铜粉,或者将该铜粉与其他铜粉并用。从抑制烧结时的收缩,提高接合强度的观点考虑,优选并用粒径比该铜粉大(例如平均粒径D为1~5μm左右)的其他铜粉。可以在不损害本发明的意义的程度内含有在粒子表面具有用于抑制粒子间的凝聚的层的铜粉。在将该铜粉与其他铜粉并用的情况下,相对于整个铜粉,能够优选以50质量%以上、更优选以55质量%以上的比例使用该铜粉。以下对该铜粉进行说明。
通过将铜粉的一次粒子的平均粒径D设定为0.6μm以下,从而在使用该铜粉形成烧结体32时,铜粉变得容易在低温下烧结。另外,在粒子31间不易产生空隙,能够降低烧结体32的电阻率。另一方面,通过将铜粉的一次粒子的平均粒径D设定为0.15μm以上,能够防止将铜粉烧结时的粒子的收缩。从这些观点考虑,上述的一次粒子的平均粒径D优选为0.15~0.6μm,更优选为0.15~0.4μm。铜粉的一次粒子的平均粒径D是使用扫描型电子显微镜、以倍率10000倍或30000倍观察铜粉、针对视场中的200个粒子来测定水平方向费雷径、由测定的值换算为球而得到的体积平均粒径。从提高铜粉的分散性的观点考虑,铜粒子31的粒子形状优选为球状。
铜粉优选在粒子表面不具有用于抑制粒子间的凝聚的层(以下也称为保护层)。铜粉具有上述的数值范围的平均粒径D并且在粒子表面不具有保护层大大地有助于其良好的低温烧结性。为了提高例如分散性等,上述的保护层是通过在铜粉制造的后工序中用表面处理剂处理铜粒子表面来形成的。作为这样的表面处理剂,可列举出硬脂酸、月桂酸、油酸这样的脂肪酸等各种有机化合物。另外,也可列举出含有硅、钛、锆等半金属或金属的偶联剂等。即使是在铜粉制造的后工序中没有进一步使用表面处理剂的情况下,在采用湿式还原法制造铜粉时,也有可能通过在含有铜源的反应液中添加分散剂来形成保护层。作为这样的分散剂,可列举出焦磷酸钠等磷酸盐、阿拉伯树胶等有机化合物。
从使本发明的铜粉的低温烧结性变得更为良好的观点考虑,优选在该铜粉中形成上述保护层的元素的含量尽可能少。具体地说,以往作为保护层的成分存在于铜粉中的碳、磷、硅、钛和锆的含量的总和相对于铜粉优选为0.10质量%以下,更优选为0.08质量%以下,进一步优选为0.06质量%以下。
上述的含量的总和越小越好,但只要具有至多0.06质量%左右的量,就能够充分地提高铜粉的低温烧结性。另外,如果铜粉的碳含量过多,则在将铜粉烧成而形成烧结体32时产生含碳气体,有时由于该气体而在膜中产生裂纹或者膜从基板剥离。在铜粉中上述的含量的总和低的情况下,能够防止由含碳气体的产生所导致的不利情形。
铜粉优选为杂质的含量小、铜的纯度高的铜粉。具体地说,铜粉中的铜的含量优选为98质量%以上,更优选为99质量%以上,进一步优选为99.8质量%以上。
铜粉尽管在粒子表面不具有用于抑制粒子31间的凝聚的层,但一次粒子的凝聚少。一次粒子的凝聚的程度能够用以基于BET比表面积的圆球换算计的平均粒径DBET与一次粒子的平均粒径D之比即D/DBET的值为尺度进行评价。铜粉的该D/DBET的值为0.8~4.0。D/DBET的值是表示与铜粉的粒径均匀且无凝聚的理想的单分散状态相比粒径分布多么宽的尺度,能够用来推定凝聚度。
D/DBET的值的评价基本上以下述条件为前提条件:除了在铜粉的粒子表面细孔少且均质以外,具有连续分布(单峰分布)。在该前提条件下,在D/DBET的值为1的情况下,可以解释为铜粉处于上述的理想的单分散状态。另一方面,D/DBET的值越比1大,铜粉的粒径分布越宽,可以推测粒径不整齐或者凝聚多。D/DBET的值比1还小是罕见的,这多在铜粉处于上述的前提条件之外的状态的情况下观察到。所谓上述的前提条件之外的状态,例如可列举出:在粒子表面具有细孔的状态、粒子表面不均匀的状态、凝聚局部地存在的状态等。
从使铜粉成为一次粒子的凝聚更少的铜粉的观点考虑,D/DBET的值优选为0.8~4.0,更优选为0.9~1.8。DBET的值能够通过采用气体吸附法测定铜粉的BET比表面积来求出。BET比表面积是通过使用例如株式会社岛津制作所制Flowsorb II 2300、采用1点法来测定。将测定粉末的量设定为1.0g,将预脱气条件设定为150℃、15分钟。平均粒径DBET是由得到的BET比表面积(SSA)的值和铜的室温附近的密度(8.94g/cm3)根据下式来求出。
DBET(μm)=6/(SSA(m2/g)×8.94(g/cm3))
DBET的值本身优选为0.08μm~0.6μm,更优选为0.1μm~0.4μm,进一步优选为0.2μm~0.4μm。另外,铜粉中的BET比表面积的值优选为1.7m2/g~8.5m2/g,更优选为2.5m2/g~4m2/g。
就铜粉而言,其微晶直径优选为60nm以下,更优选为50nm以下,进一步优选为40nm以下。下限值优选为20nm。通过将微晶直径的大小设定为该范围,从而铜粉的低温烧结性变得更为良好。微晶直径例如使用理学株式会社制造的RINT-TTR III来进行铜粉的X射线衍射测定,使用所得到的{111}峰,采用谢乐(Scherrer)法算出微晶直径(nm)。
这样的铜粉具有即使是低温也容易烧结的特征。通过利用即使是低温也容易烧结的铜粉,从而在用该铜粉的烧结体将芯片和支撑体接合时,在芯片或支撑体与烧结体之间容易形成金属键,其结果能够容易地获得本发明中的相互扩散部位。
铜粉容易在低温下烧结这一事项能够以铜粉的烧结开始温度为尺度来进行判断。就适宜在本发明中使用的铜粉而言,其烧结开始温度优选为170℃~240℃,更优选为170℃~235℃,进一步优选为170℃~230℃。
上述的烧结开始温度可以通过将铜粉静置在3体积%H2-N2气氛的炉中、逐渐地使炉的温度上升来测定。具体地说,可以采用以下所述的方法来测定。烧结是否开始是通过用扫描型电子显微镜观察从炉中取出的铜粉、根据在粒子彼此之间是否发生了面会合来判断。面会合是指粒子彼此之间以一个粒子的面与其他粒子的面连续的方式一体化的状态。
[烧结开始温度的测定方法]
将铜粉放置于铝制的台上,在3体积%H2-N2气氛下、在160℃的设定温度下保持1小时。然后,从炉中将铜粉取出,使用扫描型电子显微镜以倍率50000倍观察铜粉,考察面会合的有无。在没有观察到面会合的情况下,将炉的设定温度重新设定为比上述的设定温度高10℃的温度,在新的设定温度下与上述同样地考察面会合的有无。反复进行该操作,将观察到了面会合的炉的设定温度设定为烧结开始温度(℃)。
接着,对上述的铜粉的优选的制造方法进行说明。本制造方法的特征之一在于,在使用了肼作为还原剂的以湿式方式进行的铜离子的还原中,作为溶剂,使用与水具有相容性并且可降低水的表面张力的有机溶剂。本制造方法通过使用该有机溶剂,从而能够容易且简便地制造铜粉。
本制造方法中,将水和上述有机溶剂作为液体介质,并且将包含一价或二价的铜源的反应液和肼混合,将该铜源还原而生成铜粒子。本制造方法中,没有有意地进行形成保护层的操作。
作为上述有机溶剂,例如可以列举出一元醇、多元醇、多元醇的酯、酮、醚等。作为一元醇,优选碳原子数为1~5、特别是1~4的一元醇。作为具体例子,可以列举出甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、叔丁醇等。
作为多元醇,可以列举出乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇等二醇、甘油等三醇等。作为多元醇的酯,可列举出上述的多元醇的脂肪酸酯。作为脂肪酸,优选例如碳原子数为1~8、特别是1~5的一元脂肪酸。多元醇的酯优选具有至少1个羟基。
作为酮,优选的是与羰基键合的烷基的碳原子数为1~6、特别是1~4的酮。作为酮的具体例子,可列举出甲乙酮、丙酮等。作为醚,可列举出二甲醚、乙基甲基醚、二乙醚、作为环状醚的氧杂环丁烷、四氢呋喃、四氢吡喃、作为聚醚的聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇等高分子化合物等。
从经济性和安全性等的观点考虑,优选使用在上述的各种的有机溶剂之中的一元醇。
就上述的液体介质而言,上述有机溶剂的质量对于水的质量的比率(有机溶剂的质量/水的质量)优选为1/99至90/10,更优选为1.5/98.5至90/10。如果水和有机溶剂的比率为该范围内,则能够适度地降低湿式还原时的水的表面张力,能够容易地得到D和D/DBET的值在上述的范围内的铜粉。
上述的液体介质优选只包含上述有机溶剂和水。这从在不使用分散剂等的情况下制造不具有保护层且杂质少的铜粉的观点等考虑是优选的。
本制造方法中,通过使铜源溶解或分散在上述的液体介质中来制备反应液。作为反应液的制备方法,例如可列举出将液体介质和铜源混合并搅拌的方法。反应液中,就铜源相对于液体介质的比例而言,相对于铜源1g,液体介质的质量优选设定为4g~2000g,更优选设定为8g~1000g。如果铜源相对于液体介质的比例在该范围内,则铜粉合成的生产率升高,因此是优选的。
作为上述的铜源,可以使用一价或二价的各种铜化合物。特别是,优选使用醋酸铜、氢氧化铜、硫酸铜、氧化铜或氧化亚铜。如果使用这些铜化合物作为铜源,则能够容易地得到D和D/DBET的值在上述的范围内的铜粉。而且,能够得到杂质少的铜粉。
接着,将上述的反应液与肼混合。就肼的添加量而言,相对于铜1摩尔,优选设定为达到0.5摩尔~50摩尔的量,更优选设定为达到1摩尔~20摩尔的量。如果肼的添加量为该范围,则容易得到D/DBET的值成为上述的范围内的铜粉。出于同样的理由,反应液的温度优选从混合开始时刻至结束时刻维持在40℃~90℃,特别是维持在50℃~80℃。出于同样的理由,优选从混合开始时刻至反应结束时刻持续进行反应液的搅拌。
上述反应液与肼的混合优选如以下的(a)和(b)的任一个所述那样地进行。通过这样地进行,能够有效地防止由于急剧的反应而产生不利情形。
(a)在上述反应液中按时间间隔地多次添加肼。
(b)在上述反应液中连续地在规定时间内添加肼。
(a)的情况下,多次优选为2次~6次左右。肼的各添加的间隔优选为5分钟~90分钟左右。
(b)的情况下,上述的规定时间优选为1分钟~180分钟左右。就反应液而言,优选与肼的混合结束后也继续搅拌来进行熟化。这是因为,通过这样做,容易得到D/DBET的值成为上述的范围内的铜粉。
本制造方法中,只使用肼作为还原剂的话,由于得到杂质少的铜粉,因此是优选的。这样能够得到目标的铜粉。
以上基于其优选的实施方式对本发明进行了说明,但本发明并不限于上述实施方式。例如,图1中所示的实施方式中,相互扩散部位41中的铜的晶体结构的晶体取向也可以后述的实施例中采用的{111}面以外的面作为对象。
另外,上述的各实施方式是有关使用了半导体元件的芯片作为发热体的芯片粘结结构的实施方式,但本发明并不限于此,可以将本发明应用于使用了半导体元件的芯片以外的构件作为发热体的粘结接合。
实施例
以下通过实施例对本发明更详细地说明。但是,本发明的范围并不受这些实施例限制。只要无特别说明,“%”和“份”分别是指“质量%”和“质量份”。
[实施例1]
本实施例中,制造了图1中所示的结构的芯片粘结接合结构。
(1)铜粉和铜糊的制造
准备安装有搅拌叶片的容量为500ml的圆底烧瓶。在该圆底烧瓶中投入作为铜源的醋酸铜一水合物15.71g。在圆底烧瓶中进一步加入水10g和作为有机溶剂的异丙醇70.65g来得到反应液。将该反应液一边以150rpm搅拌一边将液温升高至60℃。在持续搅拌的状态下,在反应液中一次性地添加肼一水合物1.97g。接着,将反应液搅拌30分钟。然后,在反应液中添加肼一水合物17.73g。进一步将反应液搅拌30分钟。然后,在反应液中添加肼一水合物7.88g。然后,将反应液在使液温保持于60℃的状态下持续搅拌1小时。反应结束后,对反应液的全部量进行固液分离。对于得到的固体成分,采用使用了纯水的倾析法进行清洗。清洗反复进行直至上清液的电导率达到1000μS/cm以下。对清洗物进行固液分离。在得到的固体成分中加入乙醇160g,使用加压过滤器过滤。将得到的固体成分在常温下减压干燥,得到目标的铜粉。该铜粉的一次粒子的平均粒径D为0.19μm,BET比表面积(SSA)为3.91m2/g,DBET为0.17μm,D/DBET为1.1,C、P、Si、Ti和Zr的含量的总和为0.05%,铜含量超过99.8%,微晶直径为35nm,烧结开始温度为170℃。将该铜粉与三井金属矿业株式会社制造的由湿式合成铜粒子形成的铜粉CS-20(商品名)(采用激光衍射散射式粒度分布测定法得到的累计体积为50容量%处的体积累计粒径D50=3.0μm)以56:44的质量比例混合,得到混合铜粉。将该混合铜粉、作为混合有机溶剂的三乙醇胺、3-缩水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷和甲醇混合,制成了铜糊。混合有机溶剂中的三乙醇胺的比例为54%,3-缩水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷的比例为29%,甲醇的比例为17%。铜糊中的混合铜粉的比例为86%,有机溶剂的比例为14%。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
在10mm见方、厚度为0.5mm的由无氧铜(纯度为99.96%)制成的支撑体,采用使用了厚度为50μm的树脂膜版的丝网印刷,将直径为0.8mm形状的铜糊涂布于5处。在支撑体的中央处,作为芯片载置了5mm见方、厚度为1mm的无氧铜(纯度为99.96%)。在氮气氛下、在260℃下烧成共计10分钟,得到了目标的接合结构。将得到的接合结构中的烧结体与支撑体的接合界面附近的TEM像示于图4(a)~(c)。如由这些图可以看到那样,判明了:以跨越支撑体与烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有支撑体的铜与烧结体的铜的相互扩散部位,在该相互扩散部位以跨越接合界面的方式形成有晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构。晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构在接合界面处的横截长度为94nm。另外,跨越接合界面的铜的晶体结构的厚度最大为170nm。
[比较例1]
(1)铜糊的制造
作为混合铜粉,使用了将三井金属矿业株式会社制造的由湿式合成铜粒子制成的铜粉1050Y(商品名)和三井金属矿业株式会社制造的由湿式合成铜粒子制成的铜粉1300Y(商品名)以56:44的质量比例混合而成的混合铜粉。比较例1和比较例2中使用的2种铜粉都是在表面具有有机保护层。除此以外,与实施例1(1)同样地制成了铜糊。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
与实施例1的(2)同样地形成了接合结构。得到的接合结构不具有只维持芯片和烧结体和支撑体的接合的机械强度,未能对得到的接合结构的散热性进行评价以及未能对烧结体与支撑体的接合界面附近进行TEM像观察。
[比较例2]
(1)铜糊的制造
作为混合铜粉,使用了将三井金属矿业株式会社制造的由湿式合成铜粒子形成的铜粉1050Y(商品名)和三井金属矿业株式会社制造的由湿式合成铜粒子形成的铜粉1300Y(商品名)以56:44的质量比例混合而成者。作为混合树脂,准备了将日本化药株式会社制造的双酚F型环氧树脂RE-303SL、日本化药株式会社制造的苯酚酚醛清漆型环氧树脂RE-306、日本化药株式会社制造的双酚A型环氧树脂RE-310S、日本化药株式会社制造的液体环氧树脂GAN、日本化药株式会社制造的固化剂KAYAHARD MCD、2-(3,4-环氧环己基)乙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-缩水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷和味之素Fine-Techno株式会社制造的固化促进剂AJICURE MY24混合而成的混合铜粉。将混合铜粉与混合树脂混合,制成了铜糊。混合树脂中的RE-303SL的比例为31%,RE-306的比例为15%,RE-310S的比例为15%,GAN的比例为6%,KAYAHARD MCD的比例为28%,2-(3,4-环氧环己基)乙基三甲氧基硅烷的比例为1%,3-缩水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷的比例为1%,AJICURE MY24的比例为3%。铜糊中的混合铜粉的比例为89%,混合树脂的比例为11%。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
与实施例1的(2)同样地形成了接合结构。拍摄了所得到的接合结构中的烧成体与支撑体的接合界面附近的TEM像,结果没有观察到以跨越接合界面的方式形成有晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构的相互扩散部位。
[比较例3]
比较例3为没有使用铜粉的接合结构的例子。
(1)焊料糊的准备
准备了市售的焊料糊(组成:Sn63质量%-Pb37质量%、香港维修佬金属科技有限公司制造)。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
在10mm见方、厚度为0.5mm的由无氧铜(纯度为99.96%)制成的支撑体上,采用使用了厚度为50μm的树脂膜版的丝网印刷,将直径为0.8mm形状的焊料糊涂布于5处。在支撑体的中央处,作为芯片载置了5mm见方、厚度为1mm的无氧铜(纯度为99.96%)。在氮气氛下、在200℃下烧成共计10分钟,得到了接合结构。
[实施例2]
在本实施例中制造了图3中所示的结构的芯片粘结接合结构。
(1)铜粉和铜糊的制造
使实施例1中异丙醇的使用量成为39.24g、水的使用量成为50g,除此以外,与实施例1同样地得到了铜粉。该铜粉的平均粒径D为0.24μm,BET比表面积(SSA)为3.17m2/g,DBET为0.21μm,D/DBET为1.2,C、P、Si、Ti和Zr的含量的总和为0.04%,铜含量超过99.8%,微晶直径为35nm,烧结开始温度为170℃。将该铜粉与三井金属矿业株式会社制造的由湿式合成铜粒子形成的铜粉CS-20(商品名)以56:44的质量比例混合,得到了混合铜粉。然后,与实施例1同样地制成了铜糊。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
使用在10mm见方、厚度为0.5mm的由镍形成的母材的表面上形成了厚度为1μm的金镀层的支撑体。在该支撑体中的金镀层的表面上,通过使用了厚度为50μm的树脂膜版的丝网印刷,将直径为0.8mm形状的铜糊涂布于5处。在支撑体的中央处,作为芯片载置了5mm见方、厚度为0.5mm的镍板。在芯片的下表面形成了厚度为1μm的金镀层。在氮气氛下、在260℃下烧成共计10分钟,得到了目标的接合结构。对于得到的接合结构中的烧结体与支撑体的接合界面附近的深度方向的元素分布,其是使用具有能量分散型X射线分析装置的扫描透射型电子显微镜(日本电子株式会社制造)来测定的。将其结果示于图5中。如该图所示那样,可知:以跨越支撑体与烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有包含由Cu3Au形成的部位和由Au和Cu形成的部位的相互扩散部位。由电子衍射的结果确认了:相互扩散部位由Cu3Au的合金和Au固溶在Cu中而成的固溶部位形成。另外,由图5可知,在固溶部位,铜的比例从烧结体侧向支撑体侧逐渐减少,并且金从烧结体侧向支撑体侧逐渐增加。在固溶部位,相对于1摩尔Cu的Au的摩尔数为0.01摩尔~0.33摩尔的范围。
[比较例4]
(1)铜糊的制造
与比较例1(1)同样地制成了铜糊。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
与实施例2的(2)同样地形成了接合结构。得到的接合结构不具有只维持芯片和烧结体和支撑体的接合的机械强度,未能对得到的接合结构的散热性进行评价以及未能对接合结构中的烧结体与支撑体的接合界面附近进行深度方向的元素分布进行测定。
[比较例5]
(1)铜糊的制造
与比较例2的(1)同样地制成了铜糊。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
与实施例2的(2)同样地形成了接合结构。对于得到的接合结构中的烧成体与支撑体的接合界面附近的深度方向的元素分布,其是使用具有能量分散型X射线分析装置的扫描透射型电子显微镜(日本电子株式会社制造)来进行测定,结果没有观察到跨越支撑体与烧成体的接合界面的包含由Cu3Au形成的部位的相互扩散部位。
[比较例6]
(1)焊料糊的准备
与比较例3的(1)同样地准备了没有使用铜粉的焊料糊。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
使用了在10mm见方、厚度为0.5mm的由镍形成的母材的表面上形成了厚度为1μm的金镀层的支撑体。在该支撑体中的金镀层的表面上,通过使用了厚度为50μm的树脂膜版的丝网印刷,将直径为0.8mm形状的焊料糊涂布于5处。在支撑体的中央处,作为芯片载置了5mm见方、厚度为0.5mm的镍板。在芯片的下表面形成了厚度为1μm的金镀层。在氮气氛下、在200℃下烧成共计10分钟,得到了接合结构。
[评价]
对于实施例和比较例中得到的芯片粘结接合结构,采用以下的方法评价了其散热性。将与图1中所示的结构的芯片粘结接合结构有关的实施例和比较例的结果示于以下的表1中。将与图3中所示的结构的芯片粘结接合结构有关的实施例和比较例的结果示于以下的表2中。
[散热性的评价方法]
对于接合结构的支撑体的背面、即没有载置芯片的面实施采用碳喷射涂布进行的黑化处理,接着,使用热电偶测定了对该面使用真空理工株式会社制造的热常数测定装置TC-7000照射了3kV的脉冲激光后的芯片的表面温度的时间变化。由测定结果算出温度只上升了温度上升量ΔT的1/2时所需的时间t(1/2),将其作为评价散热性的指标。在此,从试验的方便起见,评价了从支撑体经由接合部位向芯片侧的散热性,但施加热的方向在本发明的评价中并非本质上的问题。温度上升量ΔT相当于激光照射后的温度最大值与激光照射前的温度之差。t(1/2)越小,表示入射到支撑体的背面的热越迅速地被传送至芯片的表面,表示具有良好的散热性。
表1
t(1/2)[秒]
实施例1 0.44
比较例1 不能测定
比较例2 0.70
比较例3 0.80
表2
t(1/2)[秒]
实施例2 0.52
比较例4 不能测定
比较例5 0.63
比较例6 0.60
如由表1和表2中所示的结果可以看到那样,判明了:各实施例中得到的接合结构与比较例的接合结构相比,散热性高。
[实施例3]
本实施例中,制造了图1中所示的结构的由镍形成的芯片粘结接合结构。
(1)镍糊的制造
作为镍粉,使用了三井金属矿业株式会社制NN-20。该镍粉的一次粒子的平均粒径D为20nm。将该镍粉85份、三乙醇胺(关东化学株式会社制造)15份用3联辊混炼机混炼,得到了镍糊。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
在由15mm见方、厚度为0.1mm的镍板(纯度为99.98%)制成的支撑体上,通过使用了厚度为50μm的金属掩模的丝网印刷,涂布了10mm四方形状的镍糊。在支撑体的中央处,作为芯片载置了10mm见方、厚度为0.1mm的镍板(纯度为99.98%)。在大气中、以5℃/分升温至300℃,保持30分钟,得到了目标的接合结构。将得到的接合结构中的烧结体与支撑体的接合界面附近的TEM像示于图7中。如该图所示那样,可知:以跨越支撑体与烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有支撑体的镍与烧结体的镍的相互扩散部位,在该相互扩散部位以跨越接合界面的方式形成有晶体取向为同方向的镍的晶体结构。
[实施例4]
本实施例中,制造了图1中所示的结构的由银形成的芯片粘结接合结构。
(1)银糊的制造
作为银粉,使用了神冈矿业株式会社制SPQ-05S。该银粉的微晶直径为21nm,平均粒径D为1.05μm,比表面积为1.00m2/g。将该银粉99份、乙基纤维素(日进化成株式会社制ETHOCEL STD100)1份和萜品醇17份(日本萜烯化学株式会社制造)用3联辊混炼机混炼,得到了银糊。
(2)芯片粘结接合结构的制造
在由15mm见方、厚度为0.1mm的银板(纯度为99.98%)制成的支撑体上,通过使用了厚度为50μm的金属掩模的丝网印刷,涂布了10mm四方形状的镍糊。在支撑体的中央处,作为芯片载置了10mm见方、厚度为0.1mm的银板(纯度为99.98%)。在大气中、以5℃/分升温至300℃,保持30分钟,得到了目标的接合结构。将得到的接合结构中的烧结体与支撑体的接合界面附近的TEM像示于图8中。如由该图看到那样,可知:以跨越支撑体与烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有支撑体的银与烧结体的银的相互扩散部位,在该相互扩散部位以跨越接合界面的方式形成有晶体取向为同方向的银的晶体结构。
产业上的可利用性
通过本发明的粘结接合结构,将由以半导体元件的芯片为首的各种发热体产生的热高效率地传导至支撑体。即,本发明的粘结接合结构的散热性高。因此,本发明的粘结接合结构在转换器、逆变器等电力变换器中作为其电力控制中所利用的功率器件的接合结构是特别有用的。
附图标记的说明
1 芯片粘结接合结构
10 半导体元件的芯片
20 支撑体
30 接合部位
31 铜粒子
32 烧结体
40、43 接合界面
41、44 相互扩散部位

Claims (10)

1.一种粘结接合结构,其是将发热体和金属的支撑体经由由铜粉的烧结体形成的接合部位来接合而成的粘结接合结构,其中,所述支撑体至少在其最表面存在有铜或金,以跨越所述支撑体与所述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的铜或金与该烧结体的铜的相互扩散部位。
2.根据权利要求1所述的粘结接合结构,所述粘结接合结构是将作为所述发热体的半导体元件的芯片和金属的支撑体经由由铜粉的烧结体形成的接合部位来接合而成的芯片粘结接合结构,其中,所述支撑体至少在其最表面存在有铜或金,以跨越所述支撑体与所述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的铜或金与该烧结体的铜的相互扩散部位。
3.根据权利要求2所述的粘结接合结构,其中,在所述支撑体的最表面存在铜,在所述相互扩散部位以跨越所述接合界面的方式形成有晶体取向为同方向的铜的晶体结构。
4.根据权利要求3所述的粘结接合结构,其中,晶体取向为同方向的铜的所述晶体结构在所述接合界面处的横截长度为10nm以上。
5.根据权利要求2所述的粘结接合结构,其中,在所述支撑体的最表面存在金,所述相互扩散部位包含Cu3Au。
6.根据权利要求5所述的粘结接合结构,其中,所述相互扩散部位包含Cu3Au、以及金和铜的固溶体。
7.根据权利要求2~5中任一项所述的粘结接合结构,其中,在所述芯片的下表面形成有金的层,以跨越所述芯片与所述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有金与该烧结体的铜的相互扩散部位,所述相互扩散部位包含Cu3Au。
8.根据权利要求7所述的粘结接合结构,其中,所述相互扩散部位包含Cu3Au、以及金和铜的固溶体。
9.一种粘结接合结构,其是将发热体和金属的支撑体经由由镍粉的烧结体形成的接合部位来接合而成的粘结接合结构,其中,所述支撑体至少在其最表面存在有镍,以跨越所述支撑体与所述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的镍与该烧结体的镍的相互扩散部位。
10.一种粘结接合结构,其是将发热体和金属的支撑体经由由银粉的烧结体形成的接合部位来接合而成的粘结接合结构,其中,所述支撑体至少在其最表面存在有银,以跨越所述支撑体与所述烧结体的接合界面的方式形成有该支撑体的银与该烧结体的银的相互扩散部位。
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