WO2017057645A1 - ボンディング接合構造 - Google Patents
ボンディング接合構造 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2017057645A1 WO2017057645A1 PCT/JP2016/078946 JP2016078946W WO2017057645A1 WO 2017057645 A1 WO2017057645 A1 WO 2017057645A1 JP 2016078946 W JP2016078946 W JP 2016078946W WO 2017057645 A1 WO2017057645 A1 WO 2017057645A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- bonding
- support
- sintered body
- interdiffusion
- Prior art date
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 277
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 170
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 145
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 50
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 72
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- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
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- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000012295 chemical reaction liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001880 copper compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KNRCVAANTQNTPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C2C1C1(C)C=CC2C1 KNRCVAANTQNTPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ZXSQEZNORDWBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2-one Chemical compound C1=CN=C2NC(=O)CC2=C1 ZXSQEZNORDWBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L Copper hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Cu+2] JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- XOBKSJJDNFUZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC XOBKSJJDNFUZPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282341 Mustela putorius furo Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000978776 Senegalia senegal Species 0.000 description 1
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- DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydropyran Chemical compound C1CCOCC1 DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000205 acacia gum Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005215 alkyl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000905 alloy phase Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUOACPNHFRMFPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-terpineol Chemical compound CC1=CCC(C(C)(C)O)CC1 WUOACPNHFRMFPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008378 aryl ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
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- QRJOYPHTNNOAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper gold Chemical compound [Cu].[Au] QRJOYPHTNNOAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001956 copper hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001431 copper ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IYRDVAUFQZOLSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper iron Chemical compound [Fe].[Cu] IYRDVAUFQZOLSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000365 copper sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960000355 copper sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(I) oxide Inorganic materials [Cu]O[Cu] BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) acetate Chemical compound [Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O OPQARKPSCNTWTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NWFNSTOSIVLCJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;diacetate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Cu+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O NWFNSTOSIVLCJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cuprous oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cu+].[Cu+] KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001923 cyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- SQIFACVGCPWBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N delta-terpineol Natural products CC(C)(O)C1CCC(=C)CC1 SQIFACVGCPWBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- SBRXLTRZCJVAPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CC[Si](OC)(OC)OC SBRXLTRZCJVAPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003353 gold alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
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- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PFTXKXWAXWAZBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octacene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC6=CC7=CC8=CC=CC=C8C=C7C=C6C=C5C=C4C=C3C=C21 PFTXKXWAXWAZBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- DQZNLOXENNXVAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-4-yl)ethyl]silane Chemical compound C1C(CC[Si](OC)(OC)OC)CCC2OC21 DQZNLOXENNXVAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/50—Assembly of semiconductor devices using processes or apparatus not provided for in a single one of the subgroups H01L21/06 - H01L21/326, e.g. sealing of a cap to a base of a container
- H01L21/52—Mounting semiconductor bodies in containers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/08—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a bonding bonding structure, and more particularly to a bonding bonding structure suitably used for a die bonding bonding structure between a die of a semiconductor element and a metal support.
- Patent Document 1 includes a semiconductor element having a collector electrode on one side and an emitter electrode on the other side, and an insulating substrate having a first electrode wiring on one side.
- a semiconductor device is described.
- the first electrode wiring of the insulating substrate and the collector electrode of the semiconductor element are connected via the first bonding layer.
- the first bonding layer is a sintered layer obtained by sintering a bonding material including a metal particle precursor made of silver carbonate or the like and a reducing agent made of particles of a carboxylic acid metal salt having a melting temperature of 200 ° C. or higher. It has become.
- the semiconductor element and the sintered layer are directly metal-bonded.
- the technique described in this document aims to make it possible to realize bonding by metal bonding at the bonding interface at a lower temperature.
- an object of the present invention is to improve the bonding structure of various heating elements including a die of a semiconductor element, and more specifically, to provide a bonding structure capable of efficiently dissipating heat generated from the heating element. It is in.
- the present invention is a bonding joint structure in which a heating element and a metal support are joined via a joining part made of a sintered body of copper powder,
- the support has copper or gold at least on its outermost surface,
- a bonding joint structure in which an interdiffusion site between copper or gold of the support and copper of the sintered body is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface between the support and the sintered body. is there.
- the present invention is a die bonding bonding structure in which a die of a semiconductor element and a metal support are bonded via a bonding portion made of a sintered copper powder,
- the support has copper or gold at least on its outermost surface
- a die bonding bonding structure in which an interdiffusion site between copper or gold of the support and copper of the sintered body is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface between the support and the sintered body. It is.
- the present invention is a bonding joint structure in which a heating element and a metal support are joined via a joining part made of a sintered body of nickel powder,
- the support has nickel at least on its outermost surface
- the present invention provides a bonding joint structure in which an interdiffusion site between nickel of the support and nickel of the sintered body is formed so as to straddle the joint interface between the support and the sintered body.
- the present invention is a bonding joint structure in which a heating element and a metal support are joined via a joining part made of a sintered silver powder,
- the support has silver at least on its outermost surface
- the present invention provides a bonding joint structure in which interdiffusion sites of silver of the support and silver of the sintered body are formed so as to straddle the bonding interface between the support and the sintered body.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view showing a die bonding bonding structure as an embodiment of the bonding bonding structure of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an enlarged main part in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view (corresponding to FIG. 1) showing a die bonding bonding structure as another embodiment of the bonding bonding structure of the present invention.
- 4A is a transmission electron microscope image in the vicinity of the bonding interface in the die bonding bonding structure obtained in Example 1
- FIG. 4B is an enlarged image of the interdiffusion site in FIG. 4A.
- FIG. 4C is an enlarged image of FIG. 4B.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the element distribution in the vicinity of the bonding interface in the die bonding bonded structure obtained in Example 2.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing an apparatus for evaluating the heat dissipation properties of the die bonding junction structures obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples.
- FIG. 7 is a transmission electron microscope image in the vicinity of the bonding interface in the die bonding bonded structure obtained in Example 3.
- FIG. 8 is a transmission electron microscope image in the vicinity of the bonding interface in the die bonding bonded structure obtained in Example 4.
- the bonding bonding structure of the present invention (hereinafter also simply referred to as “bonding structure”) has a structure in which a heating element and a metal support are bonded via a bonding site.
- the joining part is composed of a sintered body of copper powder.
- Examples of such members include, but are not limited to, semiconductor device dies (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “die”), but are not limited thereto, for example, a CPU, an LED element, a resistor, and an electric circuit. Etc. may be used as a heating element.
- die semiconductor device dies
- Etc. may be used as a heating element.
- another member that receives heat from the heating element for example, a member that is joined to the heating element and that is heated by conduction of the heat generated from the heating element is also regarded as one aspect of the heating element. I will do it.
- the present invention will be described by taking as an example a die bonding bonding structure using a die as a heating element.
- a die is formed by individually separating a plurality of semiconductor elements formed on a wafer, and is also called a chip or a bare die.
- the die is made of a semiconductor element such as a diode, a bipolar transistor, an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a field effect transistor (FET), a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), or a thyristor.
- a semiconductor element such as a diode, a bipolar transistor, an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), a field effect transistor (FET), a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), or a thyristor.
- IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistor
- FET field effect transistor
- MOSFET metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
- the bonding structure of the present invention is excellent in heat dissipation, when a semiconductor element with a large calorific value called a power device is used as a die to be bonded in the present invention.
- a power device a semiconductor element with a large calorific value
- the effects of the present invention are remarkably exhibited.
- Examples of such power devices include IGBTs, power MOSFETs, and various semiconductor elements made of SiC and GaN.
- the support is used for fixing and supporting the die of the semiconductor element.
- a lead frame or a substrate is used as the support.
- the support is made of metal. Since metal is a material with better heat transfer than other materials such as ceramics, the advantage is that heat generated during the operation of a semiconductor device can be easily released through the support by using a metal support. There is.
- a simple metal such as copper or aluminum can be used.
- an alloy such as a copper-iron alloy, an iron-nickel alloy, and a stainless alloy can be used.
- a support having a laminated structure in which a plurality of layers of different metal materials are laminated in the thickness direction can also be used. Each layer may be a single metal or an alloy.
- a support having a laminated structure one having a structure in which the base material layer is made of a simple substance or an alloy such as nickel, copper, or aluminum and the outermost layer is made of a simple substance of gold can be given as an example.
- the support is in a state where copper or gold is present at least on the outermost surface thereof.
- the outermost surface of the support is a surface on which the heating element or the die of the semiconductor element is fixed by the bonding site. That is, it is the surface facing the bonding site.
- Examples of the support in which copper or gold is present at least on the outermost surface include a support made of a simple substance of copper, a support of a copper base alloy such as a copper-gold alloy, a base material layer made of nickel, copper, Or a support of a laminated structure in which the outermost layer is made of a simple substance of gold such as aluminum, and the base material layer is made of a simple substance or an alloy such as nickel, copper, or aluminum, and the outermost layer is made of an alloy containing gold. And a laminated structure support.
- the joining portion is made of a sintered body of copper powder (hereinafter also simply referred to as “sintered body”).
- the joining portion can be formed in the entire area of the surface of the die facing the support or a part of the facing surface.
- the sintered body of the copper powder constituting the bonding site is a copper powder containing a plurality of copper particles heated at a temperature around the melting point of copper for a predetermined time under a predetermined atmosphere, and necking sites between the copper particles. It is formed by bonding so as to generate.
- the copper powder used as a raw material for the joining site may be a powder of copper alone or a copper-based alloy powder having copper as a base material.
- a powder of simple copper is used.
- other materials may be included in the sintered body of the copper powder that constitutes the joining site, as necessary. Examples of such a material include organic compounds used for the purpose of preventing the sintered body from being oxidized.
- the bonding structure 1 has a structure in which the die 10 and the support 20 are bonded via a bonding portion 30 formed of a sintered body 32 of copper powder containing a plurality of copper particles 31. .
- the die bonding bonding structure 1 has a bonding interface 40 between the support 20 and the sintered body 32.
- an interdiffusion site 41 between the metal element of the support 20 and the constituent element of the sintered body 32 is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface 40.
- the bonding structure 1 is viewed along the longitudinal cross-sectional direction X that is a direction along a cross section orthogonal to the bonding interface, that is, along the vertical direction of the paper surface in FIG. 1, the mutual diffusion region 41 straddles the bonding interface 40.
- the longitudinal section direction X When viewed in the longitudinal section, with respect to the plane direction Y that is a direction along the bonding interface, that is, the horizontal direction of the paper in FIG. 1, each copper particle 31 constituting the interdiffusion site 41 has a maximum ,
- the support 20 exists over a region R extending in the plane direction Y.
- the interdiffusion site 41 includes a plurality of primary particles 31 a constituting the copper particles 31 bonded to the support 20 when viewed along the longitudinal section direction X. There is no crystal grain boundary along the plane corresponding to the bonding interface 40.
- a primary particle refers to an object that is recognized as a minimum unit as a particle as judged from an apparent geometric form.
- the constituent elements are metal-bonded.
- the interdiffusion site 41 has a single phase made of a single metal or an alloy. Is formed.
- an alloy phase including the metal element of the support 20 and the constituent elements of the sintered body 32 is formed.
- a metal bond is a bond between metal atoms by free electrons.
- the interdiffusion part 41 is formed in the junction structure 1 and the interdiffusion part 41 includes a phase in which metal bonding is performed, free electrons are present in the interdiffusion part 41, so that its heat transfer property Will be better.
- the heat transfer property Will be better.
- the die 10 of the semiconductor element generates heat due to the operation, the heat is easily transmitted to the support body 20 which is a member located on the opposite side across the bonding portion 30.
- the heat generated in the semiconductor element die 10 is dissipated.
- the semiconductor element is less likely to be thermally damaged. This is important in terms of operational stability and reliability of the semiconductor element.
- the interdiffusion site 41 includes a single phase having a crystal structure of simple copper.
- this single-phase crystal structure has a crystal orientation in the same direction at a portion 41a located on the sintered body 32 side and a portion 41b located on the support body 20 side with the bonding interface 40 interposed therebetween.
- the crystal orientation is the same in the interdiffusion site 41a located on the sintered body 32 side and the interdiffusion site 41b located on the support 20 side with the bonding interface 40 interposed therebetween, the crystal The orientation intersects with the bonding interface 40, and free electrons are smoothly transferred between the interdiffusion parts 41a and 41b, and the heat transfer property of the interdiffusion part 41 is further improved. As a result, the heat generated in the die 10 of the semiconductor element is more easily dissipated, and the semiconductor element is less susceptible to thermal damage.
- the crystal orientation of the copper crystal structure can be confirmed from a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the interdiffusion site 41.
- copper powder As a copper source of the joining part.
- other copper sources such as various cupric oxides such as cupric oxide are used, a sintered body can be obtained, but the crystal structure of copper having the same crystal orientation is formed in the interdiffusion site. It is not easy to form so as to straddle the bonding interface.
- the crystal orientation of any face in the copper crystal structure may be in the same direction, and the crystal orientation of a specific face need not be in the same direction.
- the crystal orientation of the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane of copper is measured. This is because it is easy to observe the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane of copper by TEM. It does not require that the ⁇ 111 ⁇ planes of copper are in the same direction.
- crystal orientations in the respective crystal structures may be different from each other.
- the copper crystal structure having the same crystal orientation has a transverse length at the bonding interface 40 (in FIG. 2, the width or plane of each crystal grain).
- the length in the direction Y) is preferably 10 nm or more, and more preferably 50 nm or more. There is no particular upper limit for the transverse length, but it is typically about 500 nm.
- This transverse length can be measured from a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the interdiffusion site 41. The crossing length is measured for five sites and the average value is taken.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the thickness of the copper crystal structure having the same crystal orientation across the bonding interface 40 is preferably 10 nm or more, and more preferably 50 nm or more at the maximum location.
- the upper limit of the thickness across the bonding interface 40 is not particularly limited, but is typically about 1000 nm, more typically about 500 nm.
- This thickness can be measured from a transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the interdiffusion site 41. The thickness is measured for five parts at equal intervals along the bonding interface surface direction, and is the maximum value.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the sintered body 32 contains copper and the support 20 is made of metal
- the sintered body 32 and the support 20 are electrically connected.
- the sintered body 32 and the die 10 may be electrically connected or may not be electrically connected.
- the object of the present invention is to dissipate heat generated from the die 10 of the semiconductor element
- the sintered body 32 and the support 20 are electrically connected, or the sintered body 32 and the die. It is clear that it is not essential in the present invention that the terminal 10 is electrically connected.
- the joining part is made of a sintered body of copper powder, but the joining part is made of a sintered body of nickel powder or a sintered body of silver powder instead of the sintered body of copper. It may be.
- the material of the outermost surface of the support is nickel when a nickel powder sintered body is used, and the material is silver when a silver powder sintered body is used.
- the joining structure of the present invention when a nickel powder sintered body is used, the interdiffusion between nickel of the supporting body and nickel of the sintered body is performed so as to straddle the joining interface between the supporting body and the sintered body. A site is formed.
- a silver powder sintered body when a silver powder sintered body is used, an interdiffusion site between the silver of the support and the silver of the sintered body is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface between the support and the sintered body.
- the crystal orientation is the same in the interdiffusion site. It is preferable that the crystal structure of nickel or silver is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface from the viewpoint that the heat transfer property of the bonding portion is further improved.
- the crystal orientation of any face in the crystal structure of nickel or silver may be in the same direction, and the crystal orientation of a specific face does not need to be in the same direction.
- the joining portion is made of nickel or silver
- the above-described details in the case where the joining portion is made of copper are appropriately applied to points not specifically described.
- FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the die bonding bonding structure of the present invention.
- the description about embodiment shown in FIG.1 and FIG.2 applies suitably about the point which is not demonstrated especially regarding this embodiment.
- the outermost surface of the base material 20a is related to the joint structure 1 formed by sintering the support 20 made of the simple gold 20b and the copper powder made of the simple copper.
- interdiffusion region 41 preferably comprises a Cu 3 Au.
- Cu 3 Au is preferably in an alloy state.
- the portion 41c made of Cu 3 Au has good heat conductivity. As a result, the heat generated in the semiconductor element die 10 is further dissipated. As a result, the semiconductor element becomes less susceptible to thermal damage.
- the presence of the Cu 3 Au portion 41c in the state of alloy in the interdiffusion site 41 is confirmed by performing element mapping for the interdiffusion site 41 and measuring the element distribution along the longitudinal section direction X. it can.
- this element distribution when the molar ratio of copper to gold is 3: 1 and a region where the ratio is maintained can be confirmed, it can be determined that Cu 3 Au in an alloy state exists in the region.
- the presence or absence of Cu 3 Au in the alloy state can also be determined by electron diffraction measurement of the interdiffusion site 41.
- the interdiffusion part 41 includes a solid solution part 41 d made of a solid solution of gold and copper in addition to the Cu 3 Au part 41 c.
- the solid solution portion 41d is a portion formed by dissolving gold in a copper base material.
- the copper distribution as viewed along the longitudinal cross-sectional direction X of the bonding structure 1 gradually decreases from the sintered body 32 side toward the support body 20 side.
- the gold distribution it is preferable that the gold distribution gradually increases from the sintered body 32 side toward the support body 20 side when viewed along the longitudinal sectional direction X of the joint structure 1.
- Solid solution region 41d, in interdiffusion site 41 is preferably located between the Cu 3 Au site 41c and sintered 32, with such an arrangement form, the Cu 3 Au site 41c and sintered 32 Has the function of increasing the bonding strength.
- the solid solution part 41d also has a function of smoothly conducting heat transfer from the sintered body 32 to the Cu 3 Au part 41c. From the viewpoint of making these functions more prominent, the ratio of copper and gold in the solid solution portion 41d varies within a range of 0.01 mol or more and 0.33 mol of gold with respect to 1 mol of copper. It is preferable.
- the presence of the solid solution part 41d of copper and gold in the interdiffusion part 41 is performed by performing element mapping for the solid solution part 41d and measuring the element distribution along the longitudinal section direction X. I can confirm. Also, it can be determined whether or not copper and gold form a solid solution by electron diffraction measurement of the solid solution portion 41d.
- a die 10 of a semiconductor element has a surface layer 10a made of a simple substance of gold on a lower surface thereof, that is, a surface facing a support 20, and such a die 10 and a copper It may be formed by sintering a single piece of copper powder.
- an interdiffusion site containing gold of the surface layer 10a formed on the lower surface of the die 10 and copper which is a constituent element of the sintered body so as to straddle the bonding interface 43 between the die 10 and the sintered body 32. 44 is preferably formed.
- the interdiffusion part 44 preferably includes a part 44c made of Cu 3 Au. The details of the interdiffusion part 44 are the same as those of the interdiffusion part 41 described above, and thus a repeated description is omitted.
- the interdiffusion part 44 in the bonding structure 1 further preferably has a solid solution part 44d made of a solid solution of gold and copper in addition to the Cu 3 Au part 44c.
- the solid solution portion 44 d is preferably located between the Cu 3 Au portion 44 c and the sintered body 32.
- the copper distribution as viewed along the longitudinal cross-sectional direction X of the bonding structure 1 gradually decreases from the sintered body 32 side toward the die 10 side.
- the gold distribution gradually increases from the sintered body 32 side toward the die 10 side when viewed along the longitudinal cross-sectional direction X of the bonding structure 1.
- An interdiffusion part 44 containing Cu 3 Au is formed between the die 10 and the sintered body 32, and the interdiffusion part 44 contains a solid solution part 44d in addition to the Cu 3 Au part 44c.
- the heat generated in the die 10 is smoothly transferred to the sintered body 32, and the heat is further transferred to the support 20 through the interdiffusion portion 41 on the support 20 side.
- the heat generated in the semiconductor element die 10 is further dissipated.
- the semiconductor element becomes even less susceptible to thermal damage.
- copper powder is preferably provided in a paste state from the viewpoint of handleability.
- the paste preferably contains an organic solvent in addition to the copper powder.
- organic solvent those similar to those used in the copper conductive paste can be used without particular limitation. Examples thereof include monoalcohols, polyhydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohol alkyl ethers, polyhydric alcohol aryl ethers, esters, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, amides, amines, and saturated hydrocarbons. These organic solvents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the concentration of copper in the paste is appropriately adjusted to a concentration suitable for handling.
- the copper powder in the paste state is applied to the outermost surface of the support 20.
- the copper powder in a paste state can be applied to the outermost surface of the support 20 using a device such as a dispenser.
- the arrangement form of the copper powder in the paste state may be a dot shape like a dice, or may be a linear shape or a planar shape.
- the die 10 is placed on the copper powder in a paste state. By performing heating at a predetermined temperature under this state, sintering of the copper particles constituting the copper powder occurs, and a sintered body 32 is generated. At the same time, sintering of the copper particles and the outermost surface of the support 20 and sintering of the copper particles and the lower surface of the die 10 also occur.
- the die bonding bonded structure 1 is formed, and the die 10 is fixed on the support 20 via the sintered body 32. And the mutual diffusion site
- the sintering condition is preferably 150 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 230 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower in terms of temperature.
- the time is preferably 5 minutes or more and 60 minutes or less, more preferably 7 minutes or more and 30 minutes or less, provided that the temperature is within this range.
- an oxidizing atmosphere such as air, an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, or a reducing atmosphere such as nitrogen-hydrogen can be used.
- the sintering may be performed under vacuum. In particular, when sintering is performed in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen in the presence of triethanolamine, a copper crystal structure with the same crystal orientation is successfully formed across the bonding interface in the interdiffusion sites. Is preferable.
- nickel powder or silver powder may be used instead of the copper powder described above.
- nickel powder it is possible to use nickel powder produced by a so-called polyol method described in, for example, JP-A-2009-187672, etc. This is preferable because the structure is successfully formed so as to straddle the bonding interface.
- silver powder when silver powder produced by a so-called wet reduction method described in JP-A-2009-242913 is used, the crystal structure of silver having the same crystal orientation is present in the interdiffusion site. It is preferable because it is successfully formed so as to straddle the bonding interface.
- the average particle diameter D of the primary particles of the powder is preferably 20 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the primary particles of the powder is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the bonding structure 1 shown in FIG. 3 is manufactured using a copper powder whose copper particles are made of copper alone, a support whose outermost surface is made of gold alone, and a die whose lower surface is made of gold alone will be described.
- the copper powder in the paste state is applied to the outermost surface of the support 20 using an apparatus such as a dispenser.
- the copper powder of a paste state can be given to the whole region of the opposing surface with the support body in die
- the disposition form of the copper powder in a paste state may be a dot like a dice, or may be a line or a plane.
- the die 10 is placed on the copper powder in a paste state.
- the copper particles 31 form a necking with the gold on the outermost surface of the support 20 and the gold on the lower surface of the die 10, and copper mainly diffuses to the gold side.
- the lower surface of the gold of the gold and the die 10 of the outermost surface of the support 20 a metal bond mainly composed of Cu 3 Au, it is interdiffusion sites 41 and 44.
- solid solution portions 41 d and 44 d of copper and gold are formed in the mutual diffusion portions 41 and 44.
- the sintering conditions are the same as those described above.
- the average particle diameter D of the primary particles is at 0.15 ⁇ m or 0.6 ⁇ m or less, the ratio of the average particle diameter D BET in true sphere-equivalent based on the average particle diameter D and the BET specific surface area of the primary particles
- a copper powder having a D / D BET value of 0.8 or more and 4.0 or less and having no layer on the particle surface for suppressing aggregation between the particles Can be successfully formed.
- This copper powder is preferably used alone or in combination with other copper powder.
- the average particle diameter D is about 1 to 5 ⁇ m.
- copper powder having a layer for suppressing aggregation between particles on the particle surface may be included.
- the copper powder can be used in a proportion of preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 55% by mass or more with respect to the entire copper powder.
- this copper powder will be described.
- the average particle diameter D of the primary particles of the copper powder is preferably 0.15 to 0.6 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.15 to 0.4 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter D of the primary particles of the copper powder is observed with a scanning electron microscope at a magnification of 10,000 times or 30,000 times, and the horizontal ferret diameter is measured for 200 particles in the field of view. From the measured value, the volume average particle diameter is converted to a sphere.
- the particle shape of the copper particles 31 is preferably spherical from the viewpoint of improving the dispersibility of the copper powder.
- the copper powder does not have a layer for suppressing aggregation between particles (hereinafter also referred to as a protective layer) on the particle surface.
- the protective layer is formed, for example, by treating the surface of the copper particles with a surface treatment agent in a subsequent step of producing the copper powder for the purpose of improving dispersibility and the like.
- surface treatment agents include various organic compounds such as fatty acids such as stearic acid, lauric acid, and oleic acid.
- a surface treatment agent which contain semimetal or metals, such as silicon, titanium, and zirconium, are also mentioned. Furthermore, even when a surface treatment agent is not used in the subsequent process of copper powder production, when copper powder is produced by a wet reduction method, it is protected by adding a dispersant to the reaction solution containing the copper source. A layer may be formed. Examples of such a dispersant include phosphates such as sodium pyrophosphate and organic compounds such as gum arabic.
- the copper powder preferably has as little content of the elements that form the protective layer as possible.
- the total content of carbon, phosphorus, silicon, titanium, and zirconium that have conventionally been present in the copper powder as a component of the protective layer is 0.10% by mass or less based on the copper powder. Preferably, it is 0.08% by mass or less, more preferably 0.06% by mass or less.
- the sum of the contents is preferably as small as possible, but if it is an amount up to about 0.06% by mass, the low-temperature sinterability of the copper powder can be sufficiently enhanced. Further, when the carbon content of the copper powder is excessively large, a gas containing carbon is generated when the sintered powder 32 is formed by firing the copper powder, and a crack is generated in the film due to the gas. The film may peel off from the substrate. When the total content is low in copper powder, problems due to the generation of carbon-containing gas can be prevented.
- the copper powder preferably has a low impurity content and a high copper purity.
- the copper content in the copper powder is preferably 98% by mass or more, more preferably 99% by mass or more, and still more preferably 99.8% by mass or more.
- the degree of primary particle agglomeration can be evaluated using the value of D / D BET , which is the ratio of the average particle size D BET in terms of spheres based on the BET specific surface area and the average particle size D of the primary particles, as a scale. .
- the copper powder has a D / D BET value of 0.8 or more and 4.0 or less.
- the value of D / D BET is a measure showing how wide the particle size distribution is compared with the ideal monodispersed state in which the copper powder has a uniform particle size and no aggregation, and can be used to estimate the degree of aggregation. .
- the evaluation of the D / D BET value is basically based on the premise that the copper powder has a continuous distribution (one mountain distribution) in addition to being uniform with few pores on the particle surface.
- the copper powder can be interpreted as the ideal monodispersed state described above.
- the larger the value of D / D BET is the wider the particle size distribution of the copper powder is, and the particle size is uneven or there is much aggregation.
- the value of D / D BET is less than 1, which is often observed when the copper powder is in a state deviating from the preconditions mentioned above. Examples of the state deviating from the above preconditions include a state where pores are present on the particle surface, a state where the particle surface is non-uniform, a state where agglomeration exists locally, and the like.
- the value of D / D BET is preferably 0.8 or more and 4.0 or less, more preferably 0.9 or more and 1.8 or less. It is.
- the value of D BET can be determined by measuring the BET specific surface area of the copper powder by a gas adsorption method. The BET specific surface area is measured by a one-point method using, for example, Flowsorb II2300 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. The amount of the powder to be measured is 1.0 g, and the preliminary degassing condition is 150 ° C. for 15 minutes.
- the average particle diameter D BET is determined from the value of the obtained BET specific surface area (SSA) and the density of copper near room temperature (8.94 g / cm 3 ) by the following formula.
- D BET ( ⁇ m) 6 / (SSA (m 2 /g) ⁇ 8.94 (g / cm 3 ))
- Value itself of D BET is preferably at 0.6 ⁇ m or less than 0.08 .mu.m, even more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or 0.4 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or 0.4 ⁇ m below.
- the value of the BET specific surface area in the copper powder is preferably 1.7 m 2 / g or more and 8.5 m 2 / g or less, and more preferably 2.5 m 2 / g or more and 4 m 2 / g or less.
- the copper powder has a crystallite diameter of preferably 60 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less, and still more preferably 40 nm or less.
- the lower limit is preferably 20 nm. By setting the crystallite size within this range, the low-temperature sinterability of the copper powder becomes even better.
- the crystallite diameter is measured by, for example, X-ray diffraction measurement of copper powder using RINT-TTRIII manufactured by Rigaku Corporation, and using the obtained ⁇ 111 ⁇ peak, the crystallite diameter (nm) is measured by the Scherrer method. ) Is calculated.
- Such copper powder has the feature that it is easy to sinter even at low temperatures.
- a metal bond is formed between the die or support and the sintered body when the die and support are joined with the sintered body of the copper powder.
- the interdiffusion site in the present invention can be easily obtained.
- the copper powder suitably used in the present invention has a sintering start temperature of preferably 170 ° C. or higher and 240 ° C. or lower, more preferably 170 ° C. or higher and 235 ° C. or lower, and still more preferably 170 ° C. or higher and 230 ° C. or lower. is there.
- the above-described sintering start temperature can be measured by allowing copper powder to stand in a 3% by volume H 2 —N 2 atmosphere furnace and gradually raising the furnace temperature. Specifically, it can be measured by the method described below. Whether or not the sintering has started is determined by observing the copper powder taken out from the furnace with a scanning electron microscope and determining whether or not surface association occurs between the particles. Surface association refers to a state in which particles are integrated so that the surface of one particle and the surface of another particle are continuous.
- the copper powder is placed on an aluminum stand and held at a set temperature of 160 ° C. for 1 hour in a 3% by volume H 2 —N 2 atmosphere. Thereafter, the copper powder is taken out from the furnace, and the copper powder is observed at a magnification of 50,000 times using a scanning electron microscope to examine the presence or absence of surface association. If no surface association is observed, the furnace set temperature is reset to a temperature 10 ° C. higher than the set temperature, and the presence or absence of surface association is examined at the new set temperature in the same manner as described above. This operation is repeated, and the set temperature of the furnace where the surface association is observed is set as the sintering start temperature (° C.).
- This production method is characterized in that in the reduction of copper ions in a wet manner using hydrazine as a reducing agent, an organic solvent that is compatible with water and can reduce the surface tension of water is used as a solvent. I will. This manufacturing method can manufacture copper powder easily and simply by using this organic solvent.
- organic solvent examples include monohydric alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, polyhydric alcohol ester, ketone, ether and the like.
- monohydric alcohol those having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 4 carbon atoms are preferable.
- Specific examples include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, t-butanol and the like.
- Examples of the polyhydric alcohol include diols such as ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol and 1,3-propylene glycol, and triols such as glycerin.
- Examples of the ester of the polyhydric alcohol include the fatty acid ester of the polyhydric alcohol described above.
- As the fatty acid for example, a monovalent fatty acid having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 5 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the ester of the polyhydric alcohol preferably has at least one hydroxyl group.
- ketone an alkyl group bonded to a carbonyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the ketone include ethyl methyl ketone and acetone.
- the ether include dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, cyclic compounds such as octacene, tetrahydrofuran, and tetrahydropyran, and polyethers such as polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.
- the ratio of the mass of the organic solvent to the mass of water is preferably 1/99 to 90/10, and more preferably 1.5 / 98.5. To 90/10. If the ratio of water and organic solvent is within this range, the surface tension of water during wet reduction can be reduced moderately, and copper powder having D and D / D BET values within the above range can be easily obtained. Can get to.
- the liquid medium is preferably composed only of the organic solvent and water. This is preferable from the viewpoint of producing a copper powder that does not have a protective layer and has few impurities without using a dispersant or the like.
- a reaction solution is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a copper source in the liquid medium.
- the method for preparing the reaction liquid include a method in which a liquid medium and a copper source are mixed and stirred.
- the ratio of the copper source to the liquid medium is preferably 4 g or more and 2000 g or less, more preferably 8 g or more and 1000 g or less, with respect to 1 g of the copper source. It is preferable for the ratio of the copper source to the liquid medium to be within this range since the productivity of copper powder synthesis is high.
- the copper source various monovalent or divalent copper compounds can be used.
- copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper sulfate, copper oxide, or cuprous oxide it is preferable to use copper acetate, copper hydroxide, copper sulfate, copper oxide, or cuprous oxide.
- copper powder having D and D / D BET values within the above ranges can be easily obtained.
- copper powder with few impurities can be obtained.
- the amount of hydrazine added is preferably 0.5 to 50 mol, more preferably 1 to 20 mol with respect to 1 mol of copper.
- the amount of hydrazine added is within this range, a copper powder having a D / D BET value within the above range is easily obtained.
- the temperature of the reaction solution is preferably maintained at 40 ° C. or higher and 90 ° C. or lower, particularly 50 ° C. or higher and 80 ° C. or lower from the mixing start point to the end point. For the same reason, it is preferable to continue stirring of the reaction solution from the start of mixing to the end of reaction.
- the reaction solution and hydrazine are preferably mixed as in any of the following (a) and (b). By doing so, it is possible to effectively prevent inconvenience caused by a rapid reaction.
- the reaction solution is preferably aged by continuing stirring even after mixing with hydrazine is completed. This is because it is easy to obtain a copper powder having a D / D BET value within the above range.
- the crystal orientation of the copper crystal structure in the interdiffusion site 41 may be a surface other than the ⁇ 111 ⁇ plane employed in Examples described later.
- each of the embodiments described above relates to a die bonding structure using a semiconductor element die as a heating element.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and a member other than a semiconductor element die is used as a heating element.
- the present invention can be applied to bonding.
- Example 1 a die bonding bonded structure having the structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured.
- (1) Production of copper powder and copper paste A 500-ml round bottom flask equipped with stirring blades was prepared. This round bottom flask was charged with 15.71 g of copper acetate monohydrate as a copper source. Further, 10 g of water and 70.65 g of isopropanol as an organic solvent were added to the round bottom flask to obtain a reaction solution. While stirring this reaction liquid at 150 rpm, the liquid temperature was raised to 60 ° C. While continuing stirring, 1.97 g of hydrazine monohydrate was added to the reaction solution all at once. The reaction was then stirred for 30 minutes.
- the obtained solid content was dried under reduced pressure at room temperature to obtain the intended copper powder.
- the average particle diameter D of the primary particles of this copper powder is 0.19 ⁇ m
- the BET specific surface area (SSA) is 3.91 m 2 / g
- D BET is 0.17 ⁇ m
- D / D BET is 1.1
- C P
- the total content of Si, Ti and Zr was 0.05%
- the copper content was more than 99.8%
- the crystallite diameter was 35 nm
- the sintering start temperature was 170 ° C.
- CS-20 (trade name) which is a copper powder composed of this copper powder and wet synthetic copper particles manufactured by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.
- FIGS. 4A to 4C show TEM images in the vicinity of the bonded interface between the sintered body and the support in the obtained bonded structure.
- an interdiffusion site between the copper of the support and the copper of the sintered body is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface between the support and the sintered body. It can be seen that the crystal structure of copper having the same crystal orientation is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface.
- the copper crystal structure having the same crystal orientation had a transverse length of 94 nm at the junction interface.
- the maximum thickness of the copper crystal structure straddling the bonding interface was 170 nm.
- Comparative Example 1 (1) Manufacture of copper paste As mixed copper powder, from 1050Y (trade name), which is a copper powder made of wet synthetic copper particles made by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., and wet synthetic copper particles made by Mitsui Metal Mining Co., Ltd. 1300Y (trade name), which is a copper powder, was mixed at a mass ratio of 56:44.
- the two types of copper powder used in Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 both have an organic protective layer on the surface. Except this, it carried out similarly to Example 1 (1), and prepared the copper paste.
- [Comparative Example 2] (1) Manufacture of copper paste As mixed copper powder, from 1050Y (trade name), which is a copper powder made of wet synthetic copper particles made by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., and wet synthetic copper particles made by Mitsui Metal Mining Co., Ltd. 1300Y (trade name), which is a copper powder, was mixed at a mass ratio of 56:44.
- As mixed resins RE-303SL, a bisphenol F type epoxy resin manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., RE-306, a phenol novolac type epoxy resin manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., and Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.
- RE-310S a bisphenol A type epoxy resin manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., GAN, a liquid epoxy resin manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Kayahard MCD, a curing agent manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., and 2- (3 , 4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and Amicure MY24, a curing accelerator manufactured by Ajinomoto Fine Techno Co., Ltd., were prepared. The mixed copper powder and the mixed resin were mixed to prepare a copper paste.
- the proportion of RE-303SL in the mixed resin is 31%, the proportion of RE-306 is 15%, the proportion of RE-310S is 15%, the proportion of GAN is 6%, the proportion of Kayahard MCD is 28%, 2- (3, The proportion of 4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane was 1%, the proportion of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane was 1%, and the proportion of Amicure MY24 was 3%. The ratio of the mixed copper powder in the copper paste was 89%, and the ratio of the mixed resin was 11%.
- Comparative Example 3 is an example of a bonding structure that does not use copper powder.
- (1) Preparation of Solder Paste A commercially available solder paste (composition: Sn63% by mass—Pb37% by mass, manufactured by HONG KONG WELSOLO METAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LIMITED) was prepared.
- Example 2 In this example, a die bonding bonded structure having the structure shown in FIG. 3 was manufactured.
- the average particle diameter D of this copper powder is 0.24 ⁇ m, the BET specific surface area (SSA) is 3.17 m 2 / g, D BET is 0.21 ⁇ m, D / D BET is 1.2, C, P, Si, Ti And the total content of Zr was 0.04%, the copper content was more than 99.8%, the crystallite diameter was 35 nm, and the sintering start temperature was 170 ° C.
- This copper powder was mixed with CS-20 (trade name) which is a copper powder made of wet synthetic copper particles manufactured by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. at a mass ratio of 56:44 to obtain a mixed copper powder. Thereafter, a copper paste was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- a support body in which a gold plating layer having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m was formed on the surface of a base material made of nickel having a 10 mm square and a thickness of 0.5 mm was used.
- a copper paste having a diameter of 0.8 mm was applied to five places on the surface of the gold plating layer in the support by screen printing using a resin film plate having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
- a nickel plate having a size of 5 mm square and a thickness of 0.5 mm was placed as a die in the center of the support.
- a gold plating layer having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m was formed on the lower surface of the die. Baking was performed at 260 ° C.
- the ratio of copper gradually decreases from the sintered body side to the support body side, and gold gradually increases from the sintered body side to the support body side.
- the number of moles of Au with respect to 1 mole of Cu was in the range of 0.01 mole to 0.33 mole.
- a nickel plate having a size of 5 mm square and a thickness of 0.5 mm was placed as a die in the center of the support.
- a gold plating layer having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m was formed on the lower surface of the die. Firing was performed at 200 ° C. for 10 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain a bonded structure.
- the temperature rise amount ⁇ T corresponds to the difference between the maximum temperature value after laser irradiation and the temperature before laser irradiation.
- the smaller t (1/2) the faster the heat incident on the back surface of the support is transferred to the surface of the die, indicating better heat dissipation.
- Example 3 a die bonding bonding structure made of nickel having the structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured.
- the average particle diameter D of the primary particles of this nickel powder was 20 nm.
- a nickel paste was obtained by kneading 85 parts of this nickel powder and 15 parts of triethanolamine (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.) with a three-roll mill.
- a 10 mm square shape is formed by screen printing using a metal mask with a thickness of 50 ⁇ m on a support made of a nickel plate (purity 99.98%) with a 15 mm square and a thickness of 0.1 mm. Nickel paste was applied.
- a nickel plate (purity 99.98%) having a size of 10 mm square and a thickness of 0.1 mm was placed as a die in the center of the support. In the air, the temperature was raised to 300 ° C. at 5 ° C./min and held for 30 minutes to obtain the intended bonded structure.
- FIG. 7 shows a TEM image in the vicinity of the bonded interface between the sintered body and the support in the obtained bonded structure.
- an interdiffusion site between the nickel of the support and the nickel of the sintered body is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface between the support and the sintered body. It was found that the crystal structure of nickel having the same orientation was formed so as to straddle the bonding interface.
- Example 4 a die bonding bonding structure made of silver having the structure shown in FIG. 1 was manufactured.
- (1) Production of silver paste SPQ-05S manufactured by Kamioka Mining Co., Ltd. was used as silver powder.
- the crystallite diameter of this silver powder was 21 nm
- the average particle diameter D was 1.05 ⁇ m
- the specific surface area was 1.00 m 2 / g. 99 parts of this silver powder
- 1 part of ethyl cellulose (Eccel STD100 manufactured by Nihon Kasei Co., Ltd.) and 17 parts of terpineol (manufactured by Nippon Terpene Chemical Co., Ltd.) were kneaded in a three-roll mill to obtain a silver paste.
- a 10 mm square shape is formed by screen printing using a metal mask with a thickness of 50 ⁇ m on a support made of a silver plate (purity 99.98%) with a 15 mm square and a thickness of 0.1 mm.
- a silver paste was applied.
- a silver plate (purity 99.98%) having a size of 10 mm square and a thickness of 0.1 mm was placed as a die in the center of the support.
- the temperature was raised to 300 ° C. at 5 ° C./min and held for 30 minutes to obtain the intended bonded structure.
- FIG. 8 shows a TEM image in the vicinity of the bonding interface between the sintered body and the support in the obtained bonded structure.
- an interdiffusion site between the support silver and the sintered silver is formed so as to straddle the bonding interface between the support and the sintered body. It was found that a silver crystal structure having the same orientation was formed so as to straddle the bonding interface.
- the bonding junction structure of the present invention heat generated from various heating elements including a die of a semiconductor element is efficiently conducted to the support. That is, the bonding joint structure of the present invention has high heat dissipation. Therefore, the bonding bonding structure of the present invention is particularly useful as a bonding structure for power devices used for power control in power converters such as converters and inverters.
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Abstract
Description
前記支持体は、少なくともその最表面に銅又は金が存在しており、
前記支持体と前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、該支持体の銅又は金と該焼結体の銅との相互拡散部位が形成されている、ボンディング接合構造を提供するものである。
前記支持体は、少なくともその最表面に銅又は金が存在しており、
前記支持体と前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、該支持体の銅又は金と該焼結体の銅との相互拡散部位が形成されている、ダイボンディング接合構造を提供するものである。
前記支持体は、少なくともその最表面にニッケルが存在しており、
前記支持体と前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、該支持体のニッケルと該焼結体のニッケルとの相互拡散部位が形成されている、ボンディング接合構造を提供するものである。
前記支持体は、少なくともその最表面に銀が存在しており、
前記支持体と前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、該支持体の銀と該焼結体の銀との相互拡散部位が形成されている、ボンディング接合構造を提供するものである。
DBET(μm)=6/(SSA(m2/g)×8.94(g/cm3))
銅粉をアルミニウム製の台に乗せて、3体積%H2-N2雰囲気下、160℃の設定温度で1時間保持する。その後、炉から銅粉を取り出し、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて倍率50,000倍で銅粉を観察し、面会合の有無を調べる。面会合が観察されない場合、炉の設定温度を、前記の設定温度から10℃高い温度に設定し直し、新たな設定温度において面会合の有無を前記と同様にして調べる。この操作を繰り返し、面会合が観察された炉の設定温度を、焼結開始温度(℃)とする。
(a)前記反応液中に、ヒドラジンを、時間をおいて複数回にわたって添加する。
(b)前記反応液中に、ヒドラジンを、連続して所定時間にわたって添加する。
(a)の場合、複数回とは、2回以上6回以下程度であることが好ましい。ヒドラジンの各添加の間隔は5分以上90分以下程度であることが好ましい。
(b)の場合、前記の所定時間とは1分以上180分以下程度であることが好ましい。反応液は、ヒドラジンとの混合が終了した後も、撹拌を継続して、熟成することが好ましい。こうすることで、D/DBETの値が前記の範囲内となる銅粉が得やすいからである。
本実施例では、図1に示す構造のダイボンディング接合構造を製造した。
(1)銅粉及び銅ペーストの製造
撹拌羽を取り付けた容量500mlの丸底フラスコを用意した。この丸底フラスコに、銅源として酢酸銅一水和物15.71gを投入した。丸底フラスコに、更に水10gと、有機溶媒としてイソプロパノール70.65gとを加えて反応液を得た。この反応液を、150rpmで撹拌しながら液温を60℃まで上げた。撹拌を続けたまま、反応液にヒドラジン一水和物1.97gを一度に添加した。次いで、反応液を30分間撹拌した。その後、反応液にヒドラジン一水和物17.73gを添加した。更に反応液を30分間撹拌した。その後、反応液にヒドラジン一水和物7.88gを添加した。その後、反応液を、液温を60℃に保ったまま、1時間撹拌し続けた。反応終了後、反応液全量を固液分離した。得られた固形分について、純水を用いたデカンテーション法による洗浄を行った。洗浄は、上澄み液の導電率が1000μS/cm以下になるまで繰り返した。洗浄物を固液分離した。得られた固形分にエタノール160gを加え、加圧濾過器を用いて濾過した。得られた固形分を常温で減圧乾燥し、目的とする銅粉を得た。この銅粉の一次粒子の平均粒径Dは0.19μm、BET比表面積(SSA)は3.91m2/g、DBETは0.17μm、D/DBETは1.1、C,P,Si,Ti及びZrの含有量の総和は0.05%、銅含有量は99.8%超、結晶子径は35nm、焼結開始温度は170℃であった。この銅粉と、三井金属鉱業(株)製の湿式合成銅粒子からなる銅粉であるCS-20(商品名)(レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定法による累積体積50容量%における体積累積粒径D50=3.0μm)を、56:44の質量割合で混合し、混合銅粉を得た。この混合銅粉と、混合有機溶媒としてのトリエタノールアミンと、3-グリシドキシプロピルトリメトキシシランと、メタノールとを混合して銅ペーストを調製した。混合有機溶媒におけるトリエタノールアミンの割合は54%、3-グリシドキシプロピルトリメトキシシランの割合は29%、メタノールの割合は17%であった。銅ペースト中の混合銅粉の割合は86%、有機溶媒の割合は14%であった。
10mm角、厚さ0.5mmの無酸素銅(純度99.96%)からなる支持体に、厚さ50μmの樹脂フィルム版を用いたスクリーン印刷によって、直径0.8mm形状の銅ペーストを5箇所に塗布した。支持体の中央に、ダイとして、5mm角、厚さ1mmの無酸素銅(純度99.96%)を載置した。窒素雰囲気下、260℃で10分にわたり焼成を行い、目的とする接合構造を得た。得られた接合構造における焼結体と支持体との接合界面付近のTEM像を図4(a)ないし(c)に示す。これらの図から明らかなとおり、支持体と焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、支持体の銅と焼結体の銅との相互拡散部位が形成されており、該相互拡散部位に、結晶方位が同方向である銅の結晶構造が、接合界面を跨ぐように形成されていることが判る。結晶方位が同方向である銅の結晶構造は、接合界面における横断長が94nmであった。また、接合界面を跨ぐ銅の結晶構造の厚みは最大で170nmであった。
(1)銅ペーストの製造
混合銅粉として、三井金属鉱業(株)製の湿式合成銅粒子からなる銅粉である1050Y(商品名)と、三井金属鉱業(株)製の湿式合成銅粒子からなる銅粉である1300Y(商品名)とを、56:44の質量割合で混合したものを用いた。比較例1と比較例2で使用した2種類の銅粉はいずれも表面に有機保護層を備えたものである。これ以外は実施例1(1)と同様にして、銅ペーストを調製した。
実施例1の(2)と同様に接合構造を形成した。得られた接合構造は、ダイと焼結体と支持体の接合を維持するだけの機械強度を有しておらず、得られた接合構造の放熱性の評価及び焼結体と支持体との接合界面付近のTEM像観察を行うことができなかった。
(1)銅ペーストの製造
混合銅粉として、三井金属鉱業(株)製の湿式合成銅粒子からなる銅粉である1050Y(商品名)と、三井金属鉱業(株)製の湿式合成銅粒子からなる銅粉である1300Y(商品名)とを、56:44の質量割合で混合したものを用いた。混合樹脂として、日本化薬(株)製のビスフェノールF型エポキシ樹脂であるRE-303SLと、日本化薬(株)製のフェノールノボラック型エポキシ樹脂であるRE-306と、日本化薬(株)製のビスフェノールA型エポキシ樹脂であるRE-310Sと、日本化薬(株)製の液状エポキシ樹脂であるGANと、日本化薬(株)製の硬化剤であるカヤハードMCDと、2-(3,4-エポキシシクロヘキシル)エチルトリメトキシシランと、3-グリシドキシプロピルトリメトキシシランと、味の素ファインテクノ(株)製の硬化促進剤であるアミキュアMY24とを混合したものを用意した。混合銅粉と混合樹脂を混合し、銅ペーストを調製した。混合樹脂におけるRE-303SLの割合は31%、RE-306の割合は15%、RE-310Sの割合は15%、GANの割合は6%、カヤハードMCDの割合は28%、2-(3,4-エポキシシクロヘキシル)エチルトリメトキシシランの割合は1%、3-グリシドキシプロピルトリメトキシシランの割合は1%、アミキュアMY24の割合は3%であった。銅ペースト中の混合銅粉の割合は89%、混合樹脂の割合は11%であった。
実施例1の(2)と同様にして、接合構造を形成した。得られた接合構造における焼成体と支持体との接合界面付近のTEM像を撮影したところ、結晶方位が同方向である銅の結晶構造が、接合界面を跨ぐように形成されている相互拡散部位は観察されなかった。
比較例3は、銅粉を用いない接合構造の例である。
(1)はんだペーストの準備
市販のはんだペースト(組成:Sn63質量%-Pb37質量%、HONG KONG WELSOLO METAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LIMITED製)を用意した。
10mm角、厚さ0.5mmの無酸素銅(純度99.96%)からなる支持体に、厚さ50μmの樹脂フィルム版を用いたスクリーン印刷によって、直径0.8mm形状のはんだペーストを5箇所に塗布した。支持体の中央に、ダイとして、5mm角、厚さ1mmの無酸素銅(純度99.96%)を載置した。窒素雰囲気下、200℃で10分にわたり焼成を行い、接合構造を得た。
本実施例では、図3に示す構造のダイボンディング接合構造を製造した。
(1)銅粉及び銅ペーストの製造
実施例1においてイソプロパノールの使用量を39.24gとし、水の使用量を50gとした。これ以外は実施例1と同様にして銅粉を得た。この銅粉の平均粒径Dは0.24μm、BET比表面積(SSA)は3.17m2/g、DBETは0.21μm、D/DBETは1.2、C,P,Si,Ti及びZrの含有量の総和は0.04%、銅含有量は99.8%超、結晶子径は35nm、焼結開始温度は170℃であった。この銅粉と、三井金属鉱業(株)製の湿式合成銅粒子からなる銅粉であるCS-20(商品名)とを、56:44の質量割合で混合し、混合銅粉を得た。その後は実施例1と同様にして銅ペーストを調製した。
10mm角、厚さ0.5mmのニッケルからなる母材の表面に厚み1μmの金めっき層を形成した支持体を用いた。この支持体における金めっき層の表面に、厚み50μmの樹脂フィルム版を用いたスクリーン印刷によって、直径0.8mm形状の銅ペーストを5箇所に塗布した。支持体の中央に、ダイとして、5mm角、厚さ0.5mmのニッケル板を載置した。ダイの下面には、厚み1μmの金めっき層を形成しておいた。窒素雰囲気下、260℃で10分にわたり焼成を行い、目的とする接合構造を得た。得られた接合構造における焼結体と支持体との接合界面付近の深さ方向の元素分布を、エネルギー分散形X線分析装置を備える走査透過型電子顕微鏡(日本電子株式会社製)を用いて測定した。その結果を図5に示す。同図から明らかなとおり、支持体と焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、Cu3Auからなる部位及びAu及びCuからなる部位を含む相互拡散部位が形成されていることが判る。電子回折の結果から、相互拡散部位は、Cu3Auの合金と、CuにAuが固溶した固溶部位からなることが確認された。また、図5から、固溶部位では、焼結体側から支持体側に向けて銅の割合が漸減しており、且つ焼結体側から支持体側に向けて金が漸増していることが判る。固溶部位では、Cu1モルに対するAuのモル数は、0.01モル~0.33モルの範囲であった。
(1)銅ペーストの製造
比較例1(1)と同様にして、銅ペーストを調製した。
実施例2の(2)と同様にして、接合構造を形成した。得られた接合構造は、ダイと焼結体と支持体の接合を維持するだけの機械強度を有しておらず、得られた接合構造の放熱性の評価及び接合構造における焼結体と支持体との接合界面付近の深さ方向の元素分布を測定することができなかった。
(1)銅ペーストの製造
比較例2の(1)と同様にして、銅ペーストを調製した。
実施例2の(2)と同様にして、接合構造を形成した。得られた接合構造における焼成体と支持体との接合界面付近の深さ方向の元素分布を、エネルギー分散形X線分析装置を備える走査透過型電子顕微鏡(日本電子株式会社製)を用いて測定したところ、支持体と焼成体との接合界面を跨ぐようなCu3Auからなる部位を含む相互拡散部位は観察されなかった。
(1)はんだペーストの準備
比較例3の(1)と同様にして、銅粉を用いないはんだペーストを用意した。
10mm角、厚さ0.5mmのニッケルからなる母材の表面に厚み1μmの金めっき層を形成した支持体を用いた。この支持体における金めっき層の表面に、厚さ50μmの樹脂フィルム版を用いたスクリーン印刷によって、直径0.8mm形状のはんだペーストを5箇所に塗布した。支持体の中央に、ダイとして、5mm角、厚さ0.5mmのニッケル板を載置した。ダイの下面には、厚み1μmの金めっき層を形成しておいた。窒素雰囲気下、200℃で10分にわたり焼成を行い、接合構造を得た。
実施例及び比較例で得られたダイボンディング接合構造について、その放熱性を以下の方法で評価した。図1に示す構造のダイボンディング接合構造に関する実施例及び比較例の結果を以下の表1に示す。図3に示す構造のダイボンディング接合構造に関する実施例及び比較例の結果を以下の表2に示す。
接合構造の支持体の裏面、すなわち、ダイを載置していない面に対してカーボンスプレーの塗布による黒化処理を施し、次いで、当該面に対し真空理工株式会社製の熱定数測定装置であるTC-7000を用いて3kVのパルスレーザー光を照射した後のダイの表面温度の時間変化を熱電対で測定した。測定結果から、温度上昇量ΔTの1/2だけ温度が上昇するのに要した時間t(1/2)を算出し、放熱性を評価する指標とした。ここでは試験
の便宜上、支持体から接合部位を介したダイ側への放熱性を評価したが、熱をかける方向は本発明の評価において本質的ではない。温度上昇量ΔTは、レーザー照射後の温度最大値とレーザー照射前の温度の差に相当する。t(1/2)が小さいほど、支持体の裏面に入射された熱が速やかにダイの表面へ伝達されていることを表しており、良好な放熱性を有することを示す。
本実施例では、図1に示す構造の、ニッケルからなるダイボンディング接合構造を製造した。
(1)ニッケルペーストの製造
ニッケル粉として三井金属鉱業社製NN-20を用いた。このニッケル粉の一次粒子の平均粒径Dは20nmであった。このニッケル粉85部、トリエタノールアミン(関東化学社製)15部を3本ロールミルにて混練しニッケルペーストを得た。
15mm角、厚さ0.1mmのニッケル板(純度99.98%)からなる支持体に、厚さ50μmのメタルマスクを用いたスクリーン印刷によって、10mm角形状のニッケルペーストを塗布した。支持体の中央に、ダイとして、10mm角、厚さ0.1mmのニッケル板(純度99.98%)を載置した。大気中、5℃/minで300℃まで昇温し、30分保持し、目的とする接合構造を得た。得られた接合構造における焼結体と支持体との接合界面付近のTEM像を図7に示す。同図から明らかなとおり、支持体と焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、支持体のニッケルと焼結体のニッケルとの相互拡散部位が形成されており、該相互拡散部位に、結晶方位が同方向であるニッケルの結晶構造が、接合界面を跨ぐように形成されていることが判った。
本実施例では、図1に示す構造の、銀からなるダイボンディング接合構造を製造した。
(1)銀ペーストの製造
銀粉として神岡鉱業株式会社製SPQ-05Sを用いた。この銀粉の結晶子径は21nm、平均粒径Dは1.05μm、比表面積は1.00m2/gであった。この銀粉99部と、エチルセルロース(日進化成株式会社製エトセルSTD100)1部と、テルピネオール17部(日本テルペン化学株式会社製)とを、3本ロールミルにて混練し銀ペーストを得た。
15mm角、厚さ0.1mmの銀板(純度99.98%)からなる支持体に、厚さ50μmのメタルマスクを用いたスクリーン印刷によって、10mm角形状の銀ペーストを塗布した。支持体の中央に、ダイとして、10mm角、厚さ0.1mmの銀板(純度99.98%)を載置した。大気中、5℃/minで300℃まで昇温し、30分保持し、目的とする接合構造を得た。得られた接合構造における焼結体と支持体との接合界面付近のTEM像を図8に示す。同図から明らかなとおり、支持体と焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、支持体の銀と焼結体の銀との相互拡散部位が形成されており、該相互拡散部位に、結晶方位が同方向である銀の結晶構造が、接合界面を跨ぐように形成されていることが判った。
10 半導体素子のダイ
20 支持体
30 接合部位
31 銅粒子
32 焼結体
40,43 接合界面
41,44 相互拡散部位
Claims (10)
- 発熱体と金属の支持体とを、銅粉の焼結体からなる接合部位を介して接合したボンディング接合構造であって、
前記支持体は、少なくともその最表面に銅又は金が存在しており、
前記支持体と前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、該支持体の銅又は金と該焼結体の銅との相互拡散部位が形成されている、ボンディング接合構造。 - 前記ボンディング接合構造が、前記発熱体としての半導体素子のダイと金属の支持体とを、銅粉の焼結体からなる接合部位を介して接合したダイボンディング接合構造であって、
前記支持体は、少なくともその最表面に銅又は金が存在しており、
前記支持体と前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、該支持体の銅又は金と該焼結体の銅との相互拡散部位が形成されている、請求項1に記載のボンディング接合構造。 - 前記支持体の最表面に銅が存在し、
前記相互拡散部位に、結晶方位が同方向である銅の結晶構造が、前記接合界面を跨ぐように形成されている請求項2に記載のボンディング接合構造。 - 結晶方位が同方向である銅の前記結晶構造は、前記接合界面における横断長が10nm以上である請求項3に記載のボンディング接合構造。
- 前記支持体の最表面に金が存在し、前記相互拡散部位がCu3Auを含む請求項2に記載のボンディング接合構造。
- 前記相互拡散部位が、Cu3Au、及び金と銅との固溶体を含む請求項5に記載のボンディング接合構造。
- 前記ダイの下面に金の層が形成されており、
前記ダイと前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、金と該焼結体の銅との相互拡散部位が形成されており、
前記相互拡散部位がCu3Auを含む請求項2ないし5のいずれか一項に記載のボンディング接合構造。 - 前記相互拡散部位が、Cu3Au、及び金と銅との固溶体を含む請求項7に記載のボンディング接合構造。
- 発熱体と金属の支持体とを、ニッケル粉の焼結体からなる接合部位を介して接合したボンディング接合構造であって、
前記支持体は、少なくともその最表面にニッケルが存在しており、
前記支持体と前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、該支持体のニッケルと該焼結体のニッケルとの相互拡散部位が形成されている、ボンディング接合構造。 - 発熱体と金属の支持体とを、銀粉の焼結体からなる接合部位を介して接合したボンディング接合構造であって、
前記支持体は、少なくともその最表面に銀が存在しており、
前記支持体と前記焼結体との接合界面を跨ぐように、該支持体の銀と該焼結体の銀との相互拡散部位が形成されている、ボンディング接合構造。
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TW201720552A (zh) | 2017-06-16 |
EP3758048A1 (en) | 2020-12-30 |
EP3358610A4 (en) | 2019-04-24 |
CN108028206B (zh) | 2021-08-24 |
KR20180059763A (ko) | 2018-06-05 |
JPWO2017057645A1 (ja) | 2018-07-26 |
JP6735764B2 (ja) | 2020-08-05 |
US20180269074A1 (en) | 2018-09-20 |
KR102588747B1 (ko) | 2023-10-13 |
EP3358610B1 (en) | 2021-09-15 |
US10340154B2 (en) | 2019-07-02 |
EP3358610A1 (en) | 2018-08-08 |
EP3758048B1 (en) | 2022-11-09 |
TWI739763B (zh) | 2021-09-21 |
CN108028206A (zh) | 2018-05-11 |
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