CN1076396C - 洗涤剂及洗涤方法 - Google Patents
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000012459 cleaning agent Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2,4-dichloro-5-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)acetamide Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC(NC(C)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
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- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GTNCDQPGIIXNLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen peroxide dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.OO GTNCDQPGIIXNLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02041—Cleaning
- H01L21/02043—Cleaning before device manufacture, i.e. Begin-Of-Line process
- H01L21/02052—Wet cleaning only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/004—Surface-active compounds containing F
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
- C11D3/042—Acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D7/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on non-surface-active compounds
- C11D7/02—Inorganic compounds
- C11D7/04—Water-soluble compounds
- C11D7/08—Acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
- C11D2111/10—Objects to be cleaned
- C11D2111/14—Hard surfaces
- C11D2111/22—Electronic devices, e.g. PCBs or semiconductors
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Abstract
用由0.1~4重量%的氢氟酸、50~1500ppm浓度的以下述通式(1)表示的表面活性剂或50~100000ppm浓度的以下述通式(2)或者(3)表示的表面活性剂和水组成的洗涤剂及用该洗涤剂清洗硅片表面的洗涤方法,
RfCOONH4(1)
(式中Rf是碳原子数5~9的含氟烃基)
Rf'O(CH2CH2O)nR(2)
Rf'(CH2CH2O)nR(3)
(式中Rf'是碳原子数5~15的含氟烃基,R是氢或碳原子数1~4的烷基,n是5~20)。
Description
本发明是关于在半导体装置制造工序中,清洗硅片等导体基片表面的洗涤剂及洗涤方法。详细地是关于能够有效地防止硅片等表面的微粒子污染的洗涤剂和洗涤方法。更详细地是关于在除去硅片等表面存在的通常10厚的自然氧化膜的同时能防止洗涤液中存在的微粒子引起的污染的洗涤剂和洗涤方法。
在由硅单晶组成的半导体基片(晶片)上形成LSI的半导体集成电路装置的制造工序中,为了除去附着在基片表面上的有机物、金属类等的微粒子及自然氧化膜,要用各种药液进行湿洗涤处理。在湿洗涤处理中,一般常用的药液有:硫酸(H2SO4)—过氧化氢(H2O2)水溶液、盐酸(HCl)—过氧化氢(H2O2)水溶液或者氢氟酸(HF)—过氧化氢(H2O2)水溶液、氢氟酸(HF)—硝酸(HNO3)—醋酸(CH3COOH)水溶液、氨(NH4OH)—过氧化氢(H2O2)水溶液、氢氟酸水溶液等等。但是用这些湿洗涤处理以后,特别用氢氟酸和含氢氟酸的混合液除去自然氧化膜以后,在基片表面很容易附着粒子。附着在基片表面上的粒子能引起短路等,因为是直接引起半导体集成由路装置制品原材料利用率变差的原因,所以必需把附着粒子数限制在最小限度内。为了防止粒子附着在基片表面,以前是采用把洗涤液用0.1μm的膜滤器循环过滤,把洗涤液中含有的粒子限制在最小限度内的方法。
但是随着集成电路的微细化,虽然要求上述洗涤液具有更高的清洁度,但随着晶片加工工序的增加和晶片的大口径化,被带到洗涤处理槽的异物有增加的倾向。
从这种观点出发,在特开平3—53083号中记载了以在氢氟酸等水溶液中添加碳原子数5~8的小分子阴离子型表面活性剂为特征的防止半导体元件被金属污染的方法。但在这个方法中使用的表面活性剂是用CxHYCOOH、CxHYSO3H、CxFYCOOH、CxFYSO3H(X是4~7的整数、Y是9~15的整数)表示的羧酸或者磺酸和它们的盐类,没有更详细的说明,关于盐类完全没有记载。如表2所示的实施例,使用的酸仅仅是碳原子数5~7的羧酸或者磺酸。在这个方法中,没有关于氢氟酸等一般浓度的记载,但在实施例中使用了6%HF、5%HF和相当高浓度的HF。
另外,在特开平5—138142号中记载,把控制溶液中的微粒子ζ电位(表面电位)的物质,以10-7~25vol%的浓度添加到该溶液中,能防止或者降低溶液中的作为被附着体的上述微粒子的附着,防止或者降低半导体晶片等表面微粒子吸附的洗涤方法。但是控制上述ζ电位的物质,是指分子中具有亲水基和疏水基的物质等表现极不明显的物质,具体实例有第4栏记载的乙醇、乙二醇、胺、酰胺、氨基醇、醛、有机酸、酯、酮和非离子表面活性剂等。实施例3只记载了含氟羧酸,没记载把它添加到氢氟酸(以下称HF)中。
另外,在特开平5—67601号中也记载了和上述特开平5—138142号极相似的技术,只是后者把微粒子的吸附变成了异物吸附,除此以外其内容大致相同,能控制ζ电位的物质完全一样。
本发明目的在于提供一种硅片等表面的洗涤剂及洗涤方法,该方法具有在以往技术中没被明确确认的通过以特定的组成使用具有特定结构的表面活性剂而具有非常显著的防止微粒子附着的效果。
本发明的洗涤剂及使用该洗涤剂的洗涤方法的特征在于,该洗涤剂由0.1~4重量%的氢氟酸、50~1500ppm浓度的下述通式(1)表示的表面活性剂和50~100000ppm浓度的下述通式(2)或者(3)表示的表面活性剂及剩余量的水组成。
RfCOONH4 (1)
(式中Rf是碳原子数为5—9的含氟烃基)
Rf’O(CH2CH2O)nR (2)
Rf(CH2CH2O)nR (3)(式中Rf’是碳原子数5~15的会氟烃基、R是氢或碳原子数1~4的烷基,n是5~20的整数。)
本发明的洗涤剂及洗涤方法的特征在于,从过氧化氢、盐酸、硝酸、醋酸、硫酸及磷酸中选择至少一种与氢氟酸同时使用或代替氢氟酸使用。
本发明中使用的上述特定表面活性剂和含有该表面活性剂的特定组成的洗涤剂在上述特开平3—53083号、特开平5—138142号及5—67601号中没有具体记载,而且和上述公报记载的游离羧酸型的物质相比较,本发明按特定组成使用具有特定结构的表面活性剂时,具有非常优良的防止微粒子附着效果。
本发明中使用的通式(1)表示的表面活性剂例如有:
CxF2x+1(CH2)YCOONH4
CxR2x-1(CH2)YCOONH4
HCxF2x(CH2)YCOONH4
(x=5~9、Y=0~2)更具体的有CSF11COONH4、C6F13COONH4、C7F15COONH4、C8F17COONH4、C9F19COONH4、H(CF2)5COONH4、H(CF2)6COONH4、H(CF2)7COONH4、H(CF2)8COONH4、H(CF2)9COONH4等。
本发明所用的以通式(2)表示的表面活性剂例如有:
CPF2P-1O(CH2CH2O)qCrH2r+1
CPF2P-1O(CH2CH2O)qCrH2r+1
CPF2P-1O(CH2CH2O)qH
CPF2P+1O(CH2CH2O)qCrH2r+1(P=5~15、q=5~20、r=1~4),更具体的有C6F11O(CH2CH2O)qCH3、C9F17O(CH2CH2O)qCH3、C6F13O(CH2CH2O)qH、C6F13O(CH2CH2O)qCH3、C9F19O(CH2CH2O)qCH3、C9F19′O(CH2CH2O)qH等。q是平均值17。
本发明所用的以通式(3)表示的表面活性剂例如有:
CPF2P-1(CH2CH2O)qH
CPF2P-1O(CH2CH2O)qCrH2r+1
CPF2P+1O(CH2CH2O)qH
CPF2P+1O(CH2CH2O)qCrH2r+1(P=5~15、q=5~20、r=1~4)。更具体的有C6F11(CH2CHO)qCH3、C9F17(CH2CH2O)qCH3、C6F13(CH2CH2O)qH、C6F13(CH2CH2O)qCH3、C9F19(CH2CH2O)qCH3、C9F19(CH2CH2O)qH等。q是平均值17。
本发明中表面活性剂的添加量,在表面活性剂是通式(1)表示的化合物时,在洗涤剂中的浓度一般是50~1500ppm,优选200~600ppm。在表面活性剂是通式(2)或(3)表示的化合物时,在洗涤剂中的浓度一般是50~100000ppm,优选300~50000ppm。如果不足上述浓度则没有防止微粒子附着效果,如超出上述浓度,也不会进一步提高效果,反而有不溶的倾向,而不溶的表面活性剂附着在晶片表面上。
本发明中氢氟酸的浓度在洗涤剂中一般是0.1~4重量%,优选0.2~1.5重量%。如果达不到上记浓度,则除去自然氧化膜需要较长的时间。如果超过了上述浓度,则失去防止粒子附着的效果。
本发明的洗涤剂中,在有必要从硅片表面除去金属污染物质时,可同时使用氢氟酸和过氧化氢,也可用过氧化氢代替氢氟酸。其它的也可使用盐酸、硝酸、醋酸、硫酸、或磷酸。使用量优选是洗涤剂的0.1~30重量%。
本发明中,通式(1)表示的化合物中最优选C7F15COONH4,通式(2)表示的化合物中最优选C9F17O(CH2CH2O)mCH3(m是5~20的整数),m平均值是17的化合物,通式(3)表示的化合物中最优选C9F17(CH2CH2O)nCH3(n是5~20的整数)。
以下例实施例和比较例进行说明。
实施例1
用0.5%HF水溶液除去4英寸硅片的自然氧化膜,用超纯水冲洗。在0.5%HF水溶液中,放入5片上述处理过的硅片,加入粒径约0.6μm的聚苯乙烯胶乳作为标准微粒子,使微粒子数为105个/ml,然后加入一定量的如表1所示各种表面活性剂,浸渍10分钟。然后用超纯水冲洗,干燥后用激光表面检查装置(日立电子ENGI-NEERING制LS—5000)测定附着在硅片表面的微粒子数。微粒子数的平均值如表1所示。用和实施例同样的操作方法调制的比较处理液的结果也如表1所示。
表1
实施例1 | 表面活性剂 | 附着粒子数 | |
No. | 种类 | 浓度(ppm) | |
1234567891011比较 | C6F13COONH4C7F15COONH4同上同上同上同上同上同上同上同上C8F17COONH4未添加 | 200501002003006001000150020003000200- | 200400300150901202002502802006010000以上 |
比较例1
除用表2所示的表面活性剂以外,其它和实施例1同样进行,测定附着在硅片表面的微粒子数。结果如表2所示。
表2
比较例1 | 表面活性剂 | 附着粒子数 | |
No. | 种类 | 浓度(ppm) | |
12345678910111213 | C6F13COOHC7F15COOH同上同上同上同上同上同上同上同上C8F17COOHC7H15COOH同上 | 200501002003006001000150020003000200300600 | 1650140071058048051050051057053041010000以上8700 |
实施例2
除用表3所示的表面活性剂和稀氢氟酸以外,其它和实施例1同样进行,测定附着在硅片表面的微粒子数。结果如表3所示。
表3
实施例3
实施例2 | 表面活性剂 | 稀HF浓度(wt%) | 附着粒子数 | |
No. | 种类 | 浓度(ppm) | ||
12345 | C7F15COONH4同上同上同上同上 | 300300300300300 | 0.250.500.751.503.00 | 7590150280350 |
除用表4所示表面活性剂(m的平均值为1)以外,其它和实施例1同样进行,测定附着在硅片表面的微粒子数。结果如表4所示。 表4
实施例3No. | 表面活性剂 | 附着粒子数 | |
种类 | 浓度(ppm) | ||
123456789101112 | C9F17O(CH2CH2O)mCH3同上同上同上同上同上同上同上同上同上同上同上 | 5010020030060010001500200030001000050000100000 | 950600390220170150150160150140140150 |
本发明通过按特定的组成使用具有特定结构的表面活性剂,可以得到具有非常显著的防止微粒子附着效果的硅片等的表面洗涤剂和使用该洗涤剂的洗涤方法。
Claims (9)
1.一种洗涤剂,其特征在于,由0.1~4重量%的氢氟酸、50~1500ppm浓度的以下述通式(1)表示的表面活性剂和50~100000ppm浓度的以下述通式(2)或者(3)表示的表面活性剂和剩余量的水组成,
RfCOONH4 (1)
式中Rf是碳原子数5~9的含氟烃基,
Rf’O(CH2CH2O)nR (2)
Rf’(CH2CH2O)nR (3)式中Rf’是碳原子数5~15的含氟烃基,R是氢或碳原子数1~4的烷基,n是5~20的整数。
2.如权利要求1所述的洗涤剂,其中通式(1)表示的表面活性剂的浓度是200~600ppm。
3.如权利要求1所述的洗涤剂,其中通式(2)或(3)表示的表面活性剂的浓度是300~50000ppm。
4.如权利要求1所述的洗涤剂,其中氢氟酸的浓度是0.2~1.5重量%。
5.如权利要求1所述的洗涤剂,其中通式(1)表示的表面活性剂是C7F15COONH4。
6.如权利要求1所述的洗涤剂,其中通式(2)表示的表面活性剂是C9F17O(CH2CH2O)mCH3,其中m是5~20。
7.如权利要求1所述的洗涤剂,其中通式(3)表示的表面活性剂是C9F17(CH2CH2O)nCH3,其中n是5~20。
8.如权利要求1所述的洗涤剂,其中从过氧化氢、盐酸、硝酸、醋酸、硫酸及磷酸中选择的至少一种化合物与氢氟酸同时使用或代替氢氟酸使用。
9.硅片表面的洗涤方法,其特征在于,在洗涤硅片表面时,使用权利要求1~7记载的洗涤剂。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP6024850A JPH07216392A (ja) | 1994-01-26 | 1994-01-26 | 洗浄剤及び洗浄方法 |
JP24850/94 | 1994-01-26 | ||
JP24850/1994 | 1994-01-26 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1140467A CN1140467A (zh) | 1997-01-15 |
CN1076396C true CN1076396C (zh) | 2001-12-19 |
Family
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CN95191326A Expired - Fee Related CN1076396C (zh) | 1994-01-26 | 1995-01-25 | 洗涤剂及洗涤方法 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5763375A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0742282A4 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH07216392A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR0177568B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1076396C (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1995020642A1 (zh) |
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KR100248113B1 (ko) * | 1997-01-21 | 2000-03-15 | 이기원 | 전자 표시 장치 및 기판용 세정 및 식각 조성물 |
JP3003684B1 (ja) * | 1998-09-07 | 2000-01-31 | 日本電気株式会社 | 基板洗浄方法および基板洗浄液 |
US6277203B1 (en) | 1998-09-29 | 2001-08-21 | Lam Research Corporation | Method and apparatus for cleaning low K dielectric and metal wafer surfaces |
US6248704B1 (en) | 1999-05-03 | 2001-06-19 | Ekc Technology, Inc. | Compositions for cleaning organic and plasma etched residues for semiconductors devices |
KR100433059B1 (ko) * | 2001-08-10 | 2004-05-31 | 조헌영 | 석조 문화재 세척용 세정제 제조방법 |
AU2003257636A1 (en) * | 2002-08-22 | 2004-03-11 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Removing solution |
US7267726B2 (en) * | 2003-04-22 | 2007-09-11 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Method and apparatus for removing polymer residue from semiconductor wafer edge and back side |
JP4498726B2 (ja) * | 2003-11-25 | 2010-07-07 | Kisco株式会社 | 洗浄剤 |
KR100588217B1 (ko) * | 2004-12-31 | 2006-06-08 | 동부일렉트로닉스 주식회사 | 반도체 소자의 게이트 산화막 형성 방법 |
WO2007010619A1 (ja) * | 2005-07-22 | 2007-01-25 | Sumco Corporation | Simoxウェーハの製造方法及びその方法で製造されたsimoxウェーハ |
KR100734274B1 (ko) * | 2005-09-05 | 2007-07-02 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 기판 세정용 조성물을 이용한 게이트 형성 방법 |
JP5428200B2 (ja) | 2007-05-18 | 2014-02-26 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 半導体デバイス用基板洗浄液、半導体デバイス用基板の洗浄方法及び半導体デバイス用基板の製造方法 |
CN102007196B (zh) * | 2008-03-07 | 2014-10-29 | 高级技术材料公司 | 非选择性氧化物蚀刻湿清洁组合物及使用方法 |
CN102969221A (zh) * | 2011-08-31 | 2013-03-13 | 上海华力微电子有限公司 | 减少水痕缺陷的晶片清洗方法及半导体器件制造方法 |
CN104498912A (zh) * | 2014-12-01 | 2015-04-08 | 中核(天津)科技发展有限公司 | 环保型薄壁异形管件表面处理液及管件处理工艺 |
CN104630776A (zh) * | 2015-02-11 | 2015-05-20 | 佛山市顺德区宝铜金属科技有限公司 | 一种金属制品清洁光亮剂 |
CN105386066B (zh) * | 2015-12-21 | 2018-07-06 | 黄志华 | 一种碳钢酸洗液及其应用 |
CN107164109A (zh) * | 2017-03-31 | 2017-09-15 | 吴江创源新材料科技有限公司 | 一种蓝宝石晶片退火前清洗液及其制备方法和清洗工艺 |
CN109530374B (zh) * | 2018-11-21 | 2021-07-27 | 上海超硅半导体有限公司 | 一种晶圆盒清洗方法 |
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- 1995-01-25 EP EP95906520A patent/EP0742282A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-01-25 KR KR1019960703441A patent/KR0177568B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-01-25 US US08/682,590 patent/US5763375A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-01-25 CN CN95191326A patent/CN1076396C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JPH07216392A (ja) | 1995-08-15 |
US5763375A (en) | 1998-06-09 |
CN1140467A (zh) | 1997-01-15 |
WO1995020642A1 (fr) | 1995-08-03 |
EP0742282A4 (en) | 1999-04-28 |
KR0177568B1 (ko) | 1999-03-20 |
EP0742282A1 (en) | 1996-11-13 |
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