CN107441501A - 抗菌肽修饰的载药脂质体及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
抗菌肽修饰的载药脂质体及其制备方法和用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107441501A CN107441501A CN201710524923.0A CN201710524923A CN107441501A CN 107441501 A CN107441501 A CN 107441501A CN 201710524923 A CN201710524923 A CN 201710524923A CN 107441501 A CN107441501 A CN 107441501A
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- Prior art keywords
- liposome
- antibacterial peptide
- azt
- antibiotic
- lps
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Abstract
本发明属于生物医药技术领域,具体涉及抗菌肽修饰的载药脂质体及其制备方法和用途。本发明提供了一种抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,所述的抗菌肽是疏水修饰的抗菌肽,所述的疏水修饰的抗菌肽为在氮末端偶联疏水片段(或称为氮末端偶联疏水化合物)的抗菌肽,抗菌肽的氨基酸序列为从氮端起VQWRIRVAVIRK‑NH2。进一步的还提供了装载药物的脂质体,为上述脂质体装载抗生素等药物而得。本发明装载抗生素的脂质体将抗菌肽和抗生素同时载入脂质体中,具有较好的体内抗菌活性、免疫调节作用和良好的安全性;是治疗MRSA的理想候选药物,有助于缓解抗生素的耐药性,为治疗细菌感染提供了新的思路与策略。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医药技术领域,具体涉及抗菌肽修饰的载药脂质体及其制备方法和用途。
背景技术
在全球范围内,抗生素的耐药性已经严重威胁到人类的健康,由MRSA(耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌)、PRSP(耐青霉素肺炎链球菌)等耐药菌引起的感染,对感染的临床治疗提出了巨大的挑战。然而,与耐药菌迅速增长的趋势相反,由于水溶性差、毒性高、生产成本高等原因导致新的抗菌药物的研发与生产十分缓慢。为了寻找新的具有更高抗菌活性、更低毒性的抗菌药物或策略,研究者已经尝试将不同抗生素联用、抗生素与其它化合物联用或应用纳米材料包载抗菌药物的策略来缓解抗生素的耐药性。但是由于这些抗菌药物能够直接与病原体接触,因此有潜在的诱发耐药性的风险我们需要更多、更有效的抗菌药物来治疗耐药性的细菌。
在所有的抗菌药物中,宿主防御肽和其衍生物阳离子抗菌肽(AMPs)由于具有治疗和预防细菌感染的作用而被广泛研究。AMPs是一种带正电荷和疏水性残基的两性分子,有着广谱的抗菌活性和较小的耐药性。与传统的抗菌药物不同,抗菌肽通过调节免疫系统或者与细菌细胞膜结合破坏细胞膜的功能而起到杀菌作用。目前已有多种抗菌肽进入临床前研究,如LL-37、VDR-1等,因此抗菌肽被看做新一代的抗菌药物,具有极好的治疗潜力。
在我们前期的研究中,我们自主设计合成了新的抗菌肽DP7,其具有高效、广谱的抗菌活性,具有潜在的抗细菌感染的能力。但当静脉给药时会导致肝脏出血,和毒性致死,而腹腔给药时需要较高的剂量,限制了其进一步在临床上的应用。进一步的研究中,我们发现肝脏出血的原因可能是DP7非选择性的破坏力红细胞的细胞膜。纳米材料具有携带药物、提高药物药效和降低毒性的能力。阿奇霉素(AZT)有着广泛的革兰氏阴性菌抗菌谱和低的过敏反应,其通过与细菌50S核糖体亚基结合而抑制细菌蛋白质的合成。
本领域急需开发新的抗菌药物,尤其是抗耐药菌的新手段。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种新的抗菌治疗手段。为了解决这一问题,本发明提供了一种抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,所述的抗菌肽是疏水修饰的抗菌肽。
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的疏水修饰的抗菌肽为在氮末端偶联疏水片段(或称为氮末端偶联疏水化合物)的抗菌肽,所述抗菌肽的氨基酸序列为从氮端起VQWRIRVAVIRK(氨基酸序列如SEQ ID No.1所示)。为提高稳定性,常在该抗菌肽DP7的碳端进行酰胺化修饰成VQWRIRVAVIRK-NH2。
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的疏水片段为甾醇类化合物或饱和直链脂肪酸。优选的,所述甾醇类化合物为胆固醇类化合物或胆酸类化合物。
上述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的甾醇类化合物为丁二酰化胆固醇、胆酸或去氧胆酸。
上述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的饱和直链脂肪酸为C6~C20中的至少一种。优选的,所述饱和直链脂肪酸为C8~C18中的至少一种。
上述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的饱和直链脂肪酸为长链脂肪酸,具体为硬脂酸(C18)、软脂酸(C16)、月桂酸(C12)或正辛酸(C8)。
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的抗菌肽DP7的氮端与疏水片段(疏水化合物)偶联的方式为通过疏水片段(疏水化合物)上的-CO-OH与抗菌肽上的-NH2酰胺化反应生成。
上述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的疏水修饰的抗菌肽的结构为下所示:
其中,所述的R为甾醇类化合物或饱和直链脂肪酸。
上述疏水化修饰的抗菌肽中,所述的R为
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的脂质体采用组分为磷脂和胆固醇。
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的磷脂为卵磷脂。
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比是0.5~15︰1。优选的卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比是1~10︰1。更优选的,卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比为1~5︰1。最优选的,卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比是3︰1。
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的疏水修饰的抗菌肽的用量占抗菌肽修饰的脂质体总质量的0.1~10%。
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的疏水修饰的抗菌肽的用量占抗菌肽修饰的脂质体总质量的1~8%。
上述抗菌肽修饰的脂质体中,所述的疏水修饰的抗菌肽的用量占抗菌肽修饰的脂质体总质量的4~6%。优选的,所述的疏水修饰的抗菌肽的用量占抗菌肽修饰的脂质体总质量的5%。
本发明还提供了一种装载药物的脂质体,为上述脂质体装载药物而得。
其中,上述的药物为抗生素,即本发明装载药物的脂质体为装载抗生素的脂质体。
上述装载抗生素的脂质体中,所述的抗生素的用量按质量比为抗生素︰疏水修饰的抗菌肽=0.01~20︰1。优选的,所述的抗生素的用量为抗生素︰疏水修饰的抗菌肽=0.1~10︰1。更优选的,所述的抗生素的用量为抗生素︰疏水修饰的抗菌肽=0.25~1︰1。
上述装载抗生素的脂质体中,所述的抗生素为糖肽类抗生素、氨基苷类抗生素、大环内脂类抗生素、β-内酰胺类抗生素中的至少一种。
其中,上述抗生素中所述的β-内酰胺类抗生素为青霉素类抗生素或头孢菌素类抗生素中的至少一种。
进一步的,所述的青霉素类抗生素为青霉素G、青霉素V、氟氯西林、苯唑青霉素、氨苄西林、羧苄西林、匹氨西林、磺苄西林、替卡西林、哌拉西林或阿莫西林中的至少一种。所述的头孢菌素类抗生素为:头孢羟氨苄、头孢氨苄、头孢唑啉、头孢拉啶、头孢丙烯,头孢呋辛脂、头孢克洛、头孢孟多、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢克肟、头孢地尼、头孢皮罗、头孢吡肟或头孢唑南中的至少一种。
其中,上述的氨基苷类抗生素为链霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、妥布霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、新霉素、西索米星、妥布霉素、阿米卡星、奈替米星、核糖霉素、小诺霉素或阿斯霉素中的至少一种。
其中,上述的多肽类抗生素为万古霉素、去甲万古霉素、多粘菌素B或替考拉宁中的至少一种
其中,上述的大环内脂类抗生素为红霉素、白霉素、无味红霉素、依托红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素、麦迪霉素、交沙霉素或阿奇霉素中的至少一种。
本发明还提供了上述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体上述的装载抗生素的脂质体的制备方法,该方法是使用薄膜分散法制备。
具体的,上述制备方法包括以下步骤:称量卵磷脂、胆固醇溶于氯仿溶液;混合均匀后,减压旋转蒸发掉有机溶剂形成脂质薄膜;加入DP7-C溶液,旋转烧瓶使脂质薄膜水化制备脂质体溶液;将上述脂质体溶液用超声处理后使用微孔滤膜过滤,得到带明显乳光的脂质体溶液,储存备用。
具体的,上述方法中在称量卵磷脂、胆固醇溶于氯仿溶液的同时溶入所需量的抗生素。
本发明还提供了上述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体或上述的装载抗生素的脂质体在制备抗菌药物中的用途。
上述的用途中,所述的抗菌为抗细菌或抗真菌。
上述的用途中,所述的细菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia colibacillus)、鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumanmii)、绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)或伤寒杆菌(Salmonella typhi)中的至少一种。
上述的用途中,所述的真菌为白色念珠菌(Canidia Albicans)或近平滑念珠菌(Candida parapsilosis)中的至少一种。
本发明还提供了一种抗菌药物,其为上述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体或上述的装载抗生素的脂质体作为主要活性成分制备而成。
进一步的,上述的抗菌药物的剂型为注射剂、外用制剂或口服剂。
本发明成功制备了新型的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体。体外实验表明,使用本发明抗菌肽修饰的脂质体装载抗生素能使抗生素缓慢持久的释放,但与现有装载抗生素的脂质体相比其直接的抗菌活性并未增加。但体内实验表明,本发明本发明抗菌肽修饰的脂质体装载抗生素,能够显著降低MRSA小鼠腹腔感染模型中细菌数目,具有高效的抗菌活性,且无明显的毒副作用;疏水修饰的抗菌肽与抗生素具有协同抗菌的作用,本发明装载抗生素的脂质体的治疗效果优于单独的现有装载抗生素的脂质体相和单独的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体的治疗效果。分子机制实验表明抗菌肽修饰的脂质体具有免疫调节的作用,在体内通过调节免疫反应与抗生素协同抗菌,不易引发细菌的耐药性。本发明装载抗生素的脂质体,将抗菌肽和抗生素同时载入脂质体中,具有较好的体内抗菌活性、免疫调节作用和良好的安全性。因此本发明装载抗生素的脂质体是治疗MRSA的理想候选药物,有助于缓解抗生素的耐药性,为治疗细菌感染提供了新的思路与策略。
附图说明
图1 DP7疏水片段修饰后的质谱图。A为胆固醇修饰后DP7-C的质谱图;B为硬脂酸修饰后DP7-SA的质谱图。
图2 DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体基本特征。AZT-D-LPs粒径分布(A);AZT-D-LPs透射电镜照片(B);AZT-D-LPs脂质体Zeta电位分布图(C)。
图3脂质体外观形态图。游离的AZT在水溶液中(a);未修饰的载AZT脂质体(b);DP7-C修饰的空白脂质体(c);DP7-C修饰的载AZT脂质体(d);DP7-C修饰的空白脂质体+游离的AZT(e)。
图4脂质体在4℃稳定性。粒径变化趋势(A;PDI变化趋势(B)和Zeta电位(C)变化趋势。
图5 AZT-LPs和AZT-D-LPs脂质体在PBS(PH=7.4)中体外药物释放曲线。
图6不同载AZT或DP7-C脂质体对人LO2和HEK293细胞的细胞毒性作用。注:FreeAZT:250μg AZT/ml,AZT-LPs:250μg AZT/ml,D-LPs:250μg DP7-C/ml,1.25%AZT-D-LPs:250μg DP7-C/ml+62.5μg AZT/ml,2.5%AZT-D-LPs:250μg DP7-C/ml+125μg AZT/ml,5%AZT-D-LPs:250μg DP7-C/ml+250μg AZT/ml。
图7不同剂量的D-LPs脂质体对小鼠S.aureus腹腔感染模型抗菌效果。Blab/c小鼠通过腹腔注射感染1×108CFU的耐药性S.aureus ATCC:33591,不同剂量的D-LPs脂质体在小鼠感染细菌1h后通过腹腔给药,小鼠感染24h后,处死小鼠,通过腹腔灌洗取腹水后平板计数的方法计算其腹腔的细菌承载量。
图8 DP7-C和AZT联用对耐药性S.aureus小鼠腹腔感染模型抗菌效果,Blab/c小鼠通过腹腔注射感染1×108CFU的耐药性S.aureus ATCC:33591,抗菌药物在小鼠感染细菌1h后通过腹腔给药,小鼠感染24h后,处死小鼠,通过腹腔灌洗取腹水后平板计数的方法计算其腹腔的细菌承载量。(A和B)不同剂量的AZT-LPs(0.625mg AZT/kg,1.25mg AZT/kg,2.5mgAZT/kg),D-LPs(2.5mg DP7-C/kg)和AZT-D-LPs(0.625mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg,1.25mgAZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg,2.5mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg)的抗菌效果;(C)AZT(1.25mg/kg)与DP7-C(2.5mg/kg)联用时抗菌效果。
图9 D-LPs对PBMCs细胞中细胞因子/趋化因子表达水平的影响。(A)D-LPs刺激人PBMCs细胞后对细胞因子/趋化因子表达水平的影响,用D-LPs孵育人PBMCs细胞6h后提取RNA,qPCR分析细胞因子/趋化因子基因表达水平。(B和C)D-LPs对LPS诱导的人(B)和小鼠(C)PBMCs细胞中细胞因子/趋化因子基因表达水平的影响。用D-LPs预处理PBMCs细胞1h,然后加入10ng/ml的LPS刺激5h,提取RNA,qPCR分析细胞因子/趋化因子基因表达水平。
图10 DP7-C修饰脂质体体内安全性检测,各组小鼠心肝脾肺肾脏器HE染色。图10(A)组别:空白组、对照组、AZT-LPs(1.25mg/kg)、D-LPs(2.5mg/kg)、AZT-D-LPs(1.25mgAZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg);图10(B)组别:AZT-LPs(0.625mg/kg)、AZT-LPs(2.5mg/kg)、AZT-D-LPs(0.625mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg)、AZT-D-LPs(2.5mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg)。
具体实施方式
本发明中,我们将两亲性的化合物抗菌肽(DP7-C),与大豆磷脂、胆固醇一起制备DP7-C修饰的脂质体(D-LPs),同时包裹阿奇霉素,得到新型抗菌药DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体(AZT-D-LPs)。首先,用不同比例的DP7-C修饰未载药的脂质体和载阿奇霉素的脂质体,确定了DP7-C修饰脂质体的最佳比例。然后用5%的DP7-C修饰载阿奇霉素脂质体,制备AZT-D-LPs,并且通过测定脂质体粒径、PDI、电位、包封率和药物体外释放速率,评价脂质体的基本表征和稳定性。在检测药物抗菌活性方面,首先在体外检测了DP7-C修饰脂质体和载阿奇霉素脂质体对细菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);其次,建立了MRSA腹腔感染模型,评价DP7-C修饰的脂质体在体内抗菌作用及与阿奇霉素的协同抗菌作用。在机制研究中,我们通过D-LPs刺激人和小鼠外周血单核细胞(PBMCs),检测分析DP7-C对细胞因子基因表达水平的影响,研究其抗菌机制。此外,我们还通过体外细胞毒性、体内重要器官HE染色、血生化和血常规检测,对DP7-C修饰的脂质体进行初步的安全性评价。
结果表明,本发明成功并用胆固醇修饰的抗菌肽DP7-CC修饰载阿奇霉素脂质体制备了新型抗菌药物AZT-D-LPs。体外实验表明我们制备的脂质体粒径较小、分布均一、略带正电荷、能够使药物缓慢持久的释放,且无明显的细胞毒性。通过测定多株细菌的最小抑菌浓度,发现单独的DP7-C修饰脂质体(D-LPs)在体外无抗菌活性。但是,在MRSA小鼠腹腔感染模型中,D-LPs能够显著降低小鼠腹腔内的细菌数目(P<0.01),具有较强的抗菌活性;AZT-D-LPs的治疗效果优于单独的AZT-LPs和D-LPs治疗效果,表明DP7-C与阿奇霉素具有协同抗菌作用。机理研究中,发现DP7-C能够抑制促炎因子和趋化因子的产生,促进抗炎因子的产生,这提示DP7-C的抗菌可能与其调节免疫反应有关。此外发现AZT-D-LPs对血液系统没有明显的毒副作用,对小鼠重要内脏也未表现出明显的病理特征。
以下通过实施例对本发明进行更进一步的说明:
主要实验材料
1、细胞来源
HEK293和LO2细胞均为四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室保存的细胞;人外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)从健康的志愿者血液中分离取;小鼠外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)从健康小鼠血液中分离。
2、主要菌种来源
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)菌株ATCC:25923和ATCC33591,大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)菌株ATCC:25922均为四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室保存的菌株。
3、实验动物
雌性BALB/c小鼠,6~8周龄,体重18~20g,购于四川大学实验动物中心。动物实验经过四川大学实验动物伦理委员会审查批准同意。
4、主要试剂
胆固醇(Chol,上海博奥生物科技有限公司);大豆磷脂(SPC,Lucas Meyer);DMEM培养基(Gibco公司);1640培养基(Gibco公司);胎牛血清(FBS,Gibco公司);胰蛋白酶(Sigma公司);二甲亚砜(DMSO,Sigma公司);四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT,Sigma公司);MHA和MHB(青岛海博生物科技有限公司);阿奇霉素(AZT,浙江震元制药有限公司);乙腈,氯仿,甲醇等试剂均为市售色谱纯,应用于高效液相色谱的为HPLC纯;实验用水为Milipore超纯水;人和小鼠的淋巴细胞分离液均购于深圳市达科为公司。
实施例一 抗菌肽DP7与胆固醇偶联物(DP7-C)的合成
抗菌肽DP7与疏水片段偶联物是由图1所示合成路线进行合成的。其中,疏水片段包括:胆固醇、胆酸、软脂酸、硬脂酸、月桂酸等。2-chlorotrityl chloride Resin,其名称为2-氯三苯甲基氯树脂;Fmoc-Rink Amide MBHA Resin,其名称是4-(2’,4’-二甲氧基苯基-芴甲氧羰基-氨甲基)-苯氧基乙酰氨基-甲基二苯甲胺树脂;Fmoc:芴甲氧羰基;pbf、tbu、Otbu、Trt、Boc都是保护基,名称分别是2,2,4,6,7-五甲基二氢苯并呋喃-5-磺酰基、叔丁基、叔丁氧基、三苯甲基、叔丁氧羰基。
具体的合成方法如下所述:
1.树脂的溶胀活化及脱保护:
溶胀:称取1.0g Rink MBHA(4-(2′,4′-二甲氧基苯基-芴甲氧羰基-氨甲基)-苯氧基乙酰氨基-甲基二苯甲胺)树脂(取代值0.36mmol/g)放入多肽合成仪反应瓶中,用DCM/DMF(1:1)进行溶胀活化,上下摇动反应瓶,使树脂充分溶胀,溶胀大约20min,去除溶剂。
脱保护:用20%Piperdine/DMF(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)溶液15mL脱除树脂上Fmoc保护基,反应15min,用DCM/DMF(二氯甲烷/N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)交替洗涤树脂三次,取少量树脂用甲醇/DCM/DMF依次洗涤后加入到装有5%茚三酮的无水乙醇溶液的EP管中,沸水浴三分钟,树脂呈现蓝色,即阳性反应,则洗涤两次后继续进行下步反应,否则继续重复脱保护过程。
2.第一个氨基酸(Lys)的偶联
称取Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH(1.44mmol,0.93g,4eq),用DMF(约5mL)溶解后加入反应瓶,随后再加入5mL HBTu(苯并三氮唑-N,N,N',N'-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯)(1.44mmol,0.54g,4eq)、5mL DIEA(二异丙基乙胺)(2.88mmol,0.474mL,8eq)DMF溶液,最后再补加5mLDMF,开始反应,上下来回震荡反应瓶50min,而后排出反应液,取出少量树脂用CH3OH/DCM/DMF依次洗涤后加入到装有5%茚三酮的无水乙醇溶液的EP管中,沸水浴三分钟,树脂呈现黄色或浅蓝色,即阴性反应,则反应完成,将反应瓶中树脂用DCM/DMF交替洗涤三次后,抽去溶剂,进行后续反应,若树脂呈现深蓝色或红褐色则反应未完全,需要重新缩合。此步反应较易进行,一般缩合较彻底。该步骤中使用的原料是Fmoc-Rink Amide MBHA Resin.其是由MBHA Resin连接Fmoc保护修修饰的Rink Amide Linker构成。本发明使用的是取代度为0.36mmol/g,但其他取代度的也可以达到相同或类似的技术效果,也在本发明的保护范围内。本发明使用的取代度0.36mmol/g是从合成片段的产率、纯度、树脂的利用率等因素平衡的最佳取值。
3.氨基酸链的延长
将步骤2得到Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-MBHA Resin脱Fmoc后,加入N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、Fmoc-Arg(pbf)-OH、1-羟基苯丙三唑、苯并三氮唑-N,N,N’,N’-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯、N,N’-二异丙基乙胺,在氮气保护下进行反应得到Fmoc-Arg(pbf)-Lys(Boc)-MBHA Resin;按照该方法再依次连接Fmoc-Ile-OH、Fmoc-Val-OH、Fmoc-Ala-OH、Fmoc-Val-OH、Fmoc-Arg(pbf)-OH、Fmoc-Ile-OH、Fmoc-Arg(pbf)-OH、Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH、Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH、Fmoc-Val-OH,
上述合成得到即为全保护的DP7序列肽。
4.乙酰化封闭
当缩合反应不理想时,为避免缺失肽对后续反应影响,一般要对游离氨基进行乙酰化封闭,将配好的封闭液(醋酐:吡啶:DMF 3:3:4)加入到装有树脂的反应瓶中,上下震荡反应瓶约20min,茚三酮检测,若树脂呈现黄色即反应完全,可进行后续反应,若未封闭完全,则需延长封闭时间,或调整封闭液的配比,以使反应尽量完全。
5.DP7的疏水化修饰
1)用丁二酰化胆固醇对DP7进行疏水化修饰
称取丁二酰化胆固醇0.67g(1.44mmol,4.0eq),用DCM(约10mL)溶解后加入反应瓶,随后再加入随后再加入HBTu(1.44mmol,0.54g,4eq)、DIEA(2.88mmol,0.474mL,8eq)DMF溶液各5mL,上下来回震荡反应瓶50min,而后排出反应液,取出少量树脂用CH3OH/DCM/DMF依次洗涤后加入到装有5%茚三酮的无水乙醇溶液的EP管中,沸水浴三分钟,树脂呈现黄色或浅蓝色,即阴性反应,则反应完成,将反应瓶中树脂用DCM/DMF交替洗涤三次后,抽去溶剂。将上述得到的树脂加入到装有裂解液的反应瓶中,将反应瓶密封好,固定到摇床上进行反应,反应约2h后,过滤除去树脂,用DCM洗涤树脂几次后,收集滤液,旋转蒸发除去TFA和溶剂,将冰的无水乙醚加入到剩余液体中,有大量白色絮状沉淀出现,高速离心(4000r/min)的白色沉淀即为粗品。通过制备高效液相色谱法进一步对粗品进行纯化精制后可得到目标产物胆固醇化的DP7(DP7-C),其质谱图见图1A,测定分子量与预期一致。
2)用胆酸对DP7进行疏水化修饰
称取胆酸0.59g(1.44mmol,4.0eq),用DCM(约10mL)溶解后加入反应瓶,随后再加入随后再加入HBTu(1.44mmol,0.54g,4eq)、DIEA(2.88mmol,0.474mL,8eq)DMF溶液各5mL,上下来回震荡反应瓶50min,而后排出反应液,取出少量树脂用CH3OH/DCM/DMF依次洗涤后加入到装有5%茚三酮的无水乙醇溶液的EP管中,沸水浴三分钟,树脂呈现黄色或浅蓝色,即阴性反应,则反应完成,将反应瓶中树脂用DCM/DMF交替洗涤三次后,抽去溶剂。将上述得到的树脂加入到装有裂解液的反应瓶中,将反应瓶密封好,固定到摇床上进行反应,反应约2h后,过滤除去树脂,用DCM洗涤树脂几次后,收集滤液,旋转蒸发除去TFA和溶剂,将冰的无水乙醚加入到剩余液体中,有大量白色絮状沉淀出现,高速离心(4000r/min)的白色沉淀即为粗品。通过制备高效液相色谱法进一步对粗品进行纯化精制后可得到目标产物胆酸化的DP7(DP7-CA)。
3)用硬脂酸对DP7进行疏水化修饰
称取硬脂酸0.41g(1.44mmol,4.0eq),用DCM(约10mL)溶解后加入反应瓶,随后再加入随后再加入HBTu(1.44mmol,0.54g,4eq)、DIEA(2.88mmol,0.474mL,8eq)DMF溶液各5mL,上下来回震荡反应瓶50min,而后排出反应液,取出少量树脂用CH3OH/DCM/DMF依次洗涤后加入到装有5%茚三酮的无水乙醇溶液的EP管中,沸水浴三分钟,树脂呈现黄色或浅蓝色,即阴性反应,则反应完成,将反应瓶中树脂用DCM/DMF交替洗涤三次后,抽去溶剂。将上述得到的树脂加入到装有裂解液的反应瓶中,将反应瓶密封好,固定到摇床上进行反应,反应约2h后,过滤除去树脂,用DCM洗涤树脂几次后,收集滤液,旋转蒸发除去TFA和溶剂,将冰的无水乙醚加入到剩余液体中,有大量白色絮状沉淀出现,高速离心(4000r/min)的白色沉淀即为粗品。通过制备高效液相色谱法进一步对粗品进行纯化精制后可得到目标产物硬脂酸化的DP7(DP7-SA),其质谱图见图1B,测定分子量与预期值一致。
4)用软脂酸对DP7进行疏水化修饰
称取软脂酸0.37g(1.44mmol,4.0eq),用DCM(约10mL)溶解后加入反应瓶,随后再加入随后再加入HBTu(1.44mmol,0.54g,4eq)、DIEA(2.88mmol,0.474mL,8eq)DMF溶液各5mL,上下来回震荡反应瓶50min,而后排出反应液,取出少量树脂用CH3OH/DCM/DMF依次洗涤后加入到装有5%茚三酮的无水乙醇溶液的EP管中,沸水浴三分钟,树脂呈现黄色或浅蓝色,即阴性反应,则反应完成,将反应瓶中树脂用DCM/DMF交替洗涤三次后,抽去溶剂。将上述得到的树脂加入到装有裂解液的反应瓶中,将反应瓶密封好,固定到摇床上进行反应,反应约2h后,过滤除去树脂,用DCM洗涤树脂几次后,收集滤液,旋转蒸发除去TFA和溶剂,将冰的无水乙醚加入到剩余液体中,有大量白色絮状沉淀出现,高速离心(4000r/min)的白色沉淀即为粗品。通过制备高效液相色谱法进一步对粗品进行纯化精制后可得到目标产物软脂酸化的DP7(DP7-PA)。
5)用软月桂酸对DP7进行疏水化修饰
称取月桂酸0.29g(1.44mmol,4.0eq),用DCM(约10mL)溶解后加入反应瓶,随后再加入随后再加入HBTu(1.44mmol,0.54g,4eq)、DIEA(2.88mmol,0.474mL,8eq)DMF溶液各5mL,上下来回震荡反应瓶50min,而后排出反应液,取出少量树脂用CH3OH/DCM/DMF依次洗涤后加入到装有5%茚三酮的无水乙醇溶液的EP管中,沸水浴三分钟,树脂呈现黄色或浅蓝色,即阴性反应,则反应完成,将反应瓶中树脂用DCM/DMF交替洗涤三次后,抽去溶剂。将上述得到的树脂加入到装有裂解液的反应瓶中,将反应瓶密封好,固定到摇床上进行反应,反应约2h后,过滤除去树脂,用DCM洗涤树脂几次后,收集滤液,旋转蒸发除去TFA和溶剂,将冰的无水乙醚加入到剩余液体中,有大量白色絮状沉淀出现,高速离心(4000r/min)的白色沉淀即为粗品。通过制备高效液相色谱法进一步对粗品进行纯化精制后可得到目标产物硬脂酸化的DP7(DP7-DA)。
由于固相合成多肽技术已经较为成熟,抗菌肽DP7与疏水片段的偶联物还可交由合成公司合成。比如将丁二酰化胆固醇修饰的DP7-C((Chol-suc-VQWRIRVAVIRK-NH2)交由上海科肽生物科技有限公司合成,采用固相合成法合成多肽。合成的DP7-C用HPLC纯化,纯度>95%以上,经MS确定DP7-C分子量。合成的多肽于-20℃保存,使用前用MillQ水配成5mg/ml的母液备用。采用固相合成法合成的DP7-C(Chol-suc-VQWRIRVAVIRK-NH2),是在DP7的基础上N末端通过酯键与疏水性的胆固醇偶联,其C末端接一分子-NH2进行保护。DP7-C的质谱图如图1A,分子量为1991.3408,MS图上主峰是996.1748,提示合成了正确的DP7-C。
由于实验表明上述制得的疏水化修饰的DP7具有相似的性质,故以下的实施例均以胆固醇化的DP7(DP7-C)进行具体的描述。
实施例二DP7-C修饰的脂质体的制备及表征
1、脂质体的制备及工艺优化
采用薄膜分散法制备载阿奇霉素的脂质体(AZT-LPs)。
具体方法是:精确称量15.0mg大豆卵磷脂(SPC)、5.0mg胆固醇(Chol)(卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比是3:1)和一定量的阿奇霉素溶于4mL氯仿溶液中;混合均匀后,在100mL圆底烧瓶中,37℃,50转/分钟,减压旋转2h蒸发掉有机溶剂形成脂质薄膜。然后在烧瓶中加入4mL PBS溶液,在55℃条件下旋转烧瓶使脂质薄膜水化40min制备AZT-LPs。之后将上述脂质体溶液用探头超声在85W功率下超声3分钟(超声3秒,间隔3秒),之后使用0.2μm滤膜过滤,得到带明显乳光的脂质体溶液,储存于4℃备用。
制备DP7-C修饰的空白脂质体(D-LPs)、DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体(AZT-D-LPs):按上述方法获得脂质薄膜,然后在烧瓶中加入4mL DP7-C溶液(DP7-C占总材料的比例是2.5%、5%、10%),55℃条件下旋转烧瓶使脂质薄膜水化40min制备AZT-D-LPs。
2、测定脂质体基本表征方法
采用激光粒度分析仪(DLS)测量脂质体的粒径和电位。取100μL脂质体用MillQ水稀释至1mL,混合均匀后测定脂质体的粒径和电位。测定温度为25℃,测量前平衡1min,每次测量3个重复。
形貌采用透射电镜(TEM,H-6009IV,Hitachi,Japan)观察脂质体的形貌,将脂质体溶液稀释到2mg/ml左右,滴加覆有Formavar膜的铜网上,静置3min,用滤纸吸去多余的液体,再滴加2%磷钨酸染液,并用滤纸吸去多余的染液,自然晾干后,于透射电镜上观察脂质体的形貌。
将新鲜制备的脂质体溶液(AZT-LPs、D-LPs、AZT-D-LPs)、AZT水溶液、D-LPs+AZT混合液装入心灵瓶内,拍照观察脂质体是否澄清、透亮、有乳光及是否有沉淀。
包封率检测:在0.4mL脂质体中加入1.6ml乙腈,涡旋混匀,使脂质体破裂,AZT溶于乙腈,然后用0.22μm的滤器过滤去除脂质残渣,取下层滤液进行HPLC分析,测定游离阿齐霉素的浓度。根据公式计算
包封率:EE%=测定的药量/总药量×100%
AZT体外释放测试:
以游离的阿奇霉素为对照,测定AZT-LPs和AZT-D-LPs脂质体中阿奇霉素在体外的释放速率,每组三个重复。各实施例阿奇霉素测试条件为:色谱柱:Sunfire Analysis C18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);色谱仪:岛津LC-10A/SPD-10A高效液相色谱仪;流动相:CH3CN:0.05M KH2PO4(20%的磷酸调pH值到7.2)=55:45;检测波长:210nm;流速:1.0mL/min;柱温:室温;进样体积:20μL。
具体分组如下:
组1:Free AZT组(AZT浓度为0.6mg/ml)
组2:AZT-LPs组(AZT理论载药量为20%,0.6mg/ml)
组3:AZT-D-LPs组(AZT理论载药量为20%,0.6mg/ml)
取1.2ml脂质体加入经PBS处理后的透析袋中(透析袋分子截留量为3.0KD);将透析袋置于10ml PBS(PH 7.4)溶液中,分别在1、2、4、12、24、48、72、96、120、144、168h取出2ml,作为检测样本,同时补充相同体积的释放介质。取出液储存于-20℃,待全部取样完成后,用上述HPLC方法测定AZT不同时间点的平均累计释药百分率,绘制释药曲线。
按下列方程计算平均累计释药百分率:
其中,Q为累积释药百分率;V0为释放介质总体积;Ct为释放各时间点测得介质中的阿奇霉素的浓度;V等于每次取样体积;W为投入阿奇霉素的总质量。
3、实验结果
3.1脂质体的制备工艺及优化结果
采用薄膜分散法制备脂质体,考察DP7-C/SPC+Chol百分比为2.5%、5%、10%的比例下,DP7-C对空白脂质体和载阿奇霉素脂质体的形成和常规形态影响。结果如表1所示,脂质体粒径在100nm左右,随着DP7-C比例的增加,D-LPs的粒径逐渐增大,但对脂质体的形成无明显影响。随着DP7-C比例的增加,AZT-D-LPs脂质体的粒径也逐渐增加(参见表2),当DP7-C的比例为10%时,脂质体的粒径明显增加,且在脂质体的制备过程中脂质体难以水化脱膜、稳定性较差。
用5%的DP7-C修饰不同载药量的AZT-LPs,结果如表3所示,与AZT-LPs相比AZT-D-LPs的粒径、PDI和包封率均无显的变化,脂质体包封率较高(>97%),表明DP7-C对脂质体的形成和载药包封无明显的影响,因此在接下来的实验中用5%的DP7-C修饰脂质体。此外,经DP7-C修饰后脂质体的电位略带正电荷。
表1不同比例DP7-C修饰空白脂质体的基本表征
编号. | DP7-C/SPC+Chol | 平均粒径(nm) | PDI | Zeta电位(mV) |
空白脂质体 | 0 | 87.92±2.23 | 0.32±0.01 | -0.126±0.92 |
D-LPs1 | 2.5% | 89.44±5.43 | 0.48±0.02 | 1.09±0.40 |
D-LPs2 | 5% | 98.32±3.27 | 0.45±0.02 | 4.32±0.35 |
D-LPs3 | 10% | 103.13±3.49 | 0.45±0.01 | 6.22±0.70 |
表2当AZT的初使投药量为20%时,不同比例DP7-C修饰载阿奇霉素脂质体的基本表征
注:初使投药量=阿奇霉素质量/(卵磷脂质量+胆固醇质量+阿奇霉素质量)
表3当AZT的初使投药量为1.25-10%时,用5%DP7-C修饰载阿奇霉素脂质体的基本表征
3.2 DP7-C修饰的脂质体粒径、电位测定结果
通过DLS测定脂质体的粒径和Zeta电位,TEM观察脂质体的形态和大小。结果参见图2:图2A表明AZT-D-LPs的粒径约为100nm,PDI较小,峰分布狭窄。TEM图片显示(图2C),脂质体大小均一,接近球形,分散性好,脂质体颗粒间无黏连,且TEM测定的粒径大小与DLS测定的粒径大小基本一致。AZT-D-LPs的Zeta约为5mV(图2B),而AZT-LPs略带负电荷且接近中性(表3)。DP7-C修饰的脂质体带正电荷的原因可能是DP7-C为阳离子抗菌肽,带正电荷,当DP7-C插入脂质体的膜上时脂质体开始带正电荷。这种略微带正电荷的脂质体可以避免脂质体由于带电荷过多而与血液中的血浆蛋白结合、溶血等毒性反应,且由于电荷间的相互排斥可以避免脂质体聚集,提升脂质体的稳定性。
3.3脂质体制剂外观观察结果
制备AZT-D-LPs的目的是使疏水性药物AZT载入脂质体,分散于水溶液中,且当DP7-C的插入脂质体膜时对脂质体的形成和形态无明显影响。脂质体的外观形态如图3所示,AZT粉末自身不能溶于水,沉积于瓶底(图3a);相反,用脂质体包载AZT可以使AZT分散于水溶液中。如图3b所示,AZT-LPs脂质体外观有白色乳光,无沉淀,表明脂质体能包载AZT,使AZT溶于水。与AZT-LPs类似,D-LPs(图3c)和AZT-D-LPs(图3d)外观也有白色乳光,并且与AZT-LPs无明显差异;乳光是脂质体的基本表征之一,其主要受脂质体材料、粒径和浓度的影响,我们制备的DP7-C修饰的脂质体和未修饰的脂质体乳光颜色和粒径大小(约100nm)相似,表明DP7-C对脂质体的形成和外观无明显的影响。但是,实验发现将D-LPs与AZT粉末混合后,AZT粉末沉积于瓶底,表明单独将AZT和D-LPs混合并不能增加AZT的溶解性,AZT依旧不溶于水。因此,将AZT与DP7-C同时载入脂质体(制备AZT-D-LPs)使AZT溶于水,便于AZT的静脉给药。
3.4脂质体稳定性测定结果
对脂质体的稳定性进行考察,将制备好的AZT-LPs、D-LPs和AZT-D-LPs脂质体于4℃冰箱中静置,观察脂质体外观的变化,并在第7天和第14天时测量粒径、PDI和Zeta电位的变化情况。结果显示AZT-LPs脂质体在4℃放置7天后,脂质体聚集,有沉淀出现,PDI变化明显,但粒径大小无明显变化。
图4为脂质体在4℃稳定性DP7-C修饰的AZT-D-LPs脂质体在4℃放置14天后依然有白色乳光,无沉淀出现,保持性状稳定。但当DP7-C占材料的比例为10%(500μg/ml)时,4℃放置14天后粒径和PDI变化明显,稳定性稍差;而DP7-C≦5%时,脂质体粒径、PDI和Zeta电位无明显变化。用5%的DP7-C修饰AZT-LPs,在4℃放置14天后粒径、PDI和Zeta电位未发生显著性变化,脂质体样品未发生聚合和沉淀,样品稳定。
实施例三 本发明脂质体细胞毒性检测
以人LO2和HEK293细胞为模型细胞,采用MTT法测定Free AZT(250μg/ml)、AZT-LPs(250μg/ml)、D-LPs(250μg/ml)及1.25%AZT-D-LPs(62.5μg AZT/ml+250μg DP7-C/ml)、2.5%AZT-D-LPs(125μg AZT/ml+250μg DP7-C/ml)和5%AZT-D-LPs(250μg AZT/ml+250μgDP7-C/ml)脂质体作用24h后细胞的存活率。收集对数生长期的细胞,以5×103个/孔的密度接种于96孔板内,置于5%CO2,饱和湿度,37℃的细胞培养箱中培养。待细胞贴壁生长24h后,分别向各孔中加入100μl Free AZT、AZT-LPs、D-LPs及不同载药量的AZT-D-LPs溶液,同时以等体积的PBS为阴性对照孔,每浓度设3个平行孔,并重复进行3次平行实验。继续培养24h后,移除药物和培养基的混合液,然后加入200μL MTT试剂和培养基的混合液(ATT:培养基=1:10)继续培养4h。培养结束后,弃去培养基,每孔中加入150μL DMSO,室温下振荡10min,使蓝紫色结晶充分溶解。在酶标仪上测定570nm的吸光度(OD)值,计算细胞存活率(Cell Viability,CV)。
细胞存活率=(药物处理孔的OD值-无细胞对照孔的OD值)/(无处理细胞孔的OD值-无细胞对照孔的OD值)
以HEK293和LO2细胞为模型细胞株,用MTT检测DP7-C修饰的和载AZT脂质体的体外细胞毒性实验结果为:不同载AZT或DP7-C脂质体对人LO2和HEK293细胞的细胞毒性作用如图6所示,在高浓度的条件下(250μg/ml)DP7-C修饰的和载AZT脂质体无明显的细胞毒性,且细胞存活率大于游离的AZT,因此AZT-D-LPs具有较好的安全性。
实施例四 本发明脂质体的体外抗菌活性检测
1、实验方法
本实验通过检测本发明脂质体对S.aureus临床分离株(Sau2、Sau5、Sau7、Sau9)和实验室标准株(ATCC 25923、ATCC 33591);E.coil1临床分离株和实验室标准株(ATCC25922)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)来考察其体外抗菌活性。抑菌实验方法步骤参照于NCCLS文件M7-A7。主要操作方法如下:
准备与稀释悬菌液
取200μl-80℃冻存的菌株接种于4ml MHB培养基中过夜培养活化,取适量活化后的菌液涂布于MHA平板上培养过夜;从固体培养基中挑取数个形态良好、直径1mm左右的菌落于1ml的液体培养基中。用酶标仪(200μl悬菌液/孔)在595nm下测量吸光度值,减去培养基对照孔的吸光度值计算得到菌液的吸光度值,将菌液稀释至1×106CFU/ml。
稀释抗菌药物
取10个1.5ml离心管,从第2管开始每管加入培养基330μl,取660μl制备的DP7-C修饰的空白脂质体、游离的阿奇霉素、载阿奇霉素脂质体或DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体至第1管,然后吸取330μl至第2管混合,依次操作第10管。获得的药物浓度从第一孔至第十孔为256,128,64,32,16,8,4,2,1,0.5,0.25μg/ml。同时以等体积的PBS为对照。
接种菌液
按稀释顺序从稀释好抗菌药物溶液吸取100μl加入96孔板的第二排,第三排,第四排(三复孔),然后在第一列至第十一列的孔中加入100μl 1×106CFU/ml的悬菌液,第十一孔加入100μl的培养基。最终结果为:第一列至第十列为抗菌药物256μg/ml至0.25μg/ml的实验组,第十一列为培养基对照组,各三个复孔。第十二列加入100μl培养基作为空白组,最后将上述接种后的96孔板至于37℃细菌培养箱培养20小时。
结果读取
将96孔板至于酶标仪,测量595nm波长下吸光度,三复孔测得的值取平均值,并计算抑菌率:
抑菌率=(1-(实验孔的吸光度值‐空白对照吸光度值)/(阴性对照吸光度值‐空白对照吸光度值))×100%
以抑菌率大于或等于80%的抗菌药物浓度作为其对细菌的MIC值。
表4游离的AZT,AZT-LPs,D-LPs和AZT-D-LPs脂质体对S.aureus和E.coli体外抗菌活性检测
2、实验结果
实验结果如表4所示,AZT-LPs脂质体的MIC值略低于游离AZT;在S.aureus和E.coli中,D-LPs的MIC均>256μg/ml,此外AZT-D-LPs脂质体的MIC值与AZT-LPs脂质体的MIC相同,表明DP7-C在体外可能无直接的抗菌活性。
实施例五 本发明脂质体体内抑菌活性检测
为了检测本发明脂质体体内抑菌活性,建立了MRSA小鼠腹腔感染模型,以检测不同给药剂量D-LPs体内抑菌效果以及DP7-C与AZT是否有协同抗菌作用。
1、小鼠腹腔感染模型建立方法
1)实验前一天活化耐药性的金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 33591。
2)实验当天取活化后的菌株,3600rpm离心5min,去培养基用PBS重悬。
3)继续离心去上清,用10ml PBS重悬后取200μl菌液,测OD595吸光度,并计算细菌数目。
4)再次离心去上清后加入指定体积PBS重悬至指定浓度(3×108CFU/ml)。
5)用33591菌感染小鼠腹腔,每只小鼠腹腔注射菌液0.5ml(1.5×108CFU/只)。
6)1h后,每只小鼠注射200ul相应的药物。
7)24小时后向小鼠腹腔注射3ml的生理盐水,轻柔腹部,并处死,用75%酒精消毒,剪开腹腔上皮,在腹腔开个小口,用1ml注射器从中吸取尽量多的腹水,然后转移至无菌的EP管中混匀。
8)取20μl腹水用生理盐水进行10倍的梯度稀释。本次实验PBS组稀释102、104、105倍,给药组稀释101、103、105倍。稀释后取菌液20μl,涂MHA平板,细菌孵箱培养过夜。
9)挑取一个20~200个菌落的平板数菌落个数并计算原来3ml腹水中每毫升的菌量。
10)采用CompuSyn软件计算DP7-C与AZT的协同性。
2、不同给药剂量D-LPs体内抑菌实验及结果
通过检测DP7-C修饰的脂质体在体外MIC,我们发现DP7-C在体外无抗菌活性。为了进一步了检测DP7-C在体内是否具有抗菌活性,我们建立了MRSA小鼠腹腔感染模型,S.aureus是一种导致临床感染的主要细菌株,其被广泛的应用于检测药物的抗菌活性。在细菌感染小鼠1小时后,静脉注射不同剂量的D-LPs(DP7-C剂量为0.1mg/kg和2.5mg/kg),同时以PBS为阴性对照。给药20h后,计数小鼠腹腔细菌个数。
不同剂量的D-LPs脂质体对小鼠S.aureus腹腔感染模型抗菌效果如图7所示,当D-LPs的给药剂量为0.1mg/kg时,小鼠腹腔细菌数目无明显变化;D-LPs给药剂量为2.5mg/kg时,能显著降低小鼠腹腔细菌数目(P<0.05),说明DP7-C对小鼠系统性感染具有较好的抗菌活性。
3、DP7-C与AZT的协同抗菌实验及结果
进一步的,本实施例还检测了DP7-C与AZT联合抗菌的潜力。为了确定DP7-C与AZT联合抗菌的最佳给药剂量,使用了2.5mg/kg的DP7-C和不同剂量的AZT(0.625、1.25、2.5mg/kg)同时载入AZT-D-LPs脂质体中,将等剂量的DP7-C或AZT载入D-LPs或AZT-LPs脂质体中作为对照,治疗MRSA腹腔感染的小鼠。
DP7-C和AZT联用对耐药性S.aureus小鼠腹腔感染模型抗菌效果结果见图8,如图8A所示,AZT-LPs对细菌数目的抑制呈剂量依赖性,随着AZT剂量的增加脂质体抑菌效果增加,但当AZT-LPs剂量为0.625mg/kg和1.25mg/kg时无明显的抑菌效果(P>0.05)。此外,AZT-D-LPs的抑菌效果优于单独的AZT-LPs和D-LPs,并且包含1.25mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg的AZT-D-LPs的抗菌效果与包含2.5mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg的AZT-D-LPs接近(图8B)。2.5mg/kg的DP7-C分别与2.5mg/kg、1.25mg/kg、0.625mg/kg的AZT联用时,其联合作用指数CI分别为0.68、0.54和1.33。DP7-C与2.5mg/kg、1.25mg/kg的AZT联用时,联合作用指数(CI)均小于1,说明DP7-C与AZT具有较好协同作用。
特别的,如图8C所示,当小鼠静脉注射中剂量的AZT-LPs时(1.25mg/kg),未显著降低小鼠细菌数目(P>0.05),而AZT-D-LPs(1.25mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg)显著降低了细菌数目(P<0.001),治疗效果优于单独的AZT-LPs(AZT剂量为1.25mg/kg和2.5mg/kg)和D-LPs,DP7-C与AZT协同抗菌(CI=0.54)。将DP7-C与中剂量的AZT(1.25mg/kg)联合抗菌时,其抑菌效果优于单独的AZT和DP7-C,表明在实际应用中DP7-C可以降低抗生素的使用剂量。
实施例六 本发明脂质体的免疫机制研究
由于一般抗菌肽通过破坏细菌细胞膜或者免疫调节起到抗菌活性。而之前的体内抗菌实验表明本发明DP7-C修饰的脂质体具有较高的抗菌活性,但是体外抑制抗菌实验表明,DP7-C在体外无抗菌活性,与细菌无直接的接触作用。因此猜测DP7-C可能通过免疫调节杀伤病原体。.为了验证这一假设,我们用D-LPs(120μg/ml)孵育人PBMCs 6h,用qPCR检测了一系列的细胞因子的基因表达水平的变化,以期揭示DP7-C修饰的脂质体的抗菌机制。
1、分离外周血单核淋巴细胞(PBMCs)
1)从健康的志愿者静脉抽取30ml静脉血;多只健康的小鼠眼眶取血,抽取15ml静脉血。2)将新鲜的无血凝块的血液置于50ml离心管中,1000rpm离心20min,血液分为3层:血浆,白膜,红细胞层。
3)用移液枪吸取白膜层,用6ml 1640完全培养基重悬。
4)在15ml离心管中加入6ml淋巴细胞分离液,再小心滴加细胞液至分离液上。
5)1000rpm离心30min,升降加速度均为2;
6)吸取白膜层,加入6ml红细胞裂解液(氯化铵3.74g,Tris碱1.3g,调节溶液pH值至7.2-7.4,加超纯水定容至500ml,0.22μm滤器过滤除菌,4℃保存备用)裂解2-3mim,1500rpm离心10min,弃上清。
7)加入10ml 1640完全培养基,1500rpm离心10min,洗涤2次。
8)用1640完全培养基重悬细胞,计数。
9)DP7-C修饰的空白脂质体(D-LPs)浓度及刺激时间点:计数后,确定DP7-C的刺激浓度为120μg/ml,刺激的时间点为6h。
10)开始刺激:将PBMC(1.2×107cells/ml)加入到六孔板中,1ml/孔,同时加入1ml含DP7-C修饰的空白脂质体(DP7-C浓度为250ug/ml)刺激;6h后收集细胞于-80冰箱中保存。
2、细胞因子引物设计
实验中所用qPCR引物在金斯瑞网站上设计完成,筛选原则是其扩增片段为100-300bp,设计完成后在PubMed上Blast验证其特异性。本实验设计的人和小鼠的引物序列分别见表1和表2:
表1 qPCR的引物序列(人类)
表2 qPCR的引物序列(小鼠)
3、提取总RNA、反转录、和Real Time PCR检测
提取总RNA:以上述提取的RNA为模板,用5×All in One RT MasterMix(withAccuRT Genomic DNA Removal kit)试剂盒(abm,Richmond,BC,Canada)进行反转录,扩增cDNA片段。
去除基因组DNA和进行反转录,配制如下体系:
将上述样品于25℃孵育10min,然后42℃孵育15min;冰上冷却后直接用于qPCR检测或者保存于-20℃冰箱备用。
qPCR检测:
(1)将EvaGreen 2×qPCR MaserMix、模板DNA、引物、Nuclease-free H2O于冰上溶解;
(2)按如下体系配制混合液,然后转移至qPCR 8连管中
(3)BIO-RAD CFX96Real Time PCR仪用以下程序进行PCR扩增检测基因表达水平,基因表达水平通过循环数Ct来计算,以β-actin或GAPDH为内参。
4、实验结果
我们用D-LPs(120μg/ml)孵育人PBMCs 6h,qPCR检测了一系列的细胞因子的基因表达水平的变化。如图9A所示,D-LPs孵育人PBMCs 6h后,抗炎细胞因子IL-10的基因表达水平显著上升(135倍);而促炎细胞因子IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的mRNA水平显著降低(P<0.001),D-LPs能使细胞抗炎因子的表达水平上升,而促炎因子的表达水平下降。此外,D-LPs也能显著上调IL-1β(908倍)、MCP-1(2倍)、G-CSF(196倍)、IFN-γ(517倍)的表达水平,表明DP7-C具有调节免疫功能的作用。
脂多糖(LPS)是革兰氏阴性细菌的信号分子,可以用来模拟细菌感染。为了验证上述发现,我们进一步在人和小鼠PBMCs细胞中分析了DP7-C对LPS诱导的趋化因子和炎症因子的影响,检测DP7-C是否具有调节固有免疫和导致有害炎症反应的能力。用D-LPs孵育人PBMCs 1h后,加入10ng/ml LPS继续刺激5h。D-LPs对PBMCs细胞中细胞因子/趋化因子表达水平的影响结果见图9,如图9B所示,用D-LPs刺激人PBMCs细胞,使LPS诱导的促炎细胞因子IL-10基因表达水平大约上升3倍,同时使G-CSF基因表达水平也上升,但显著降低了IL-1β、MCP-1、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α基因表达水平,表明DP7-C具有平衡炎症反应的作用,因为在缺乏LPS时细胞IL-1β、G-CSF和IFN-γ基因表达水平上升(图9A)。此外,DP7-C也可以使小鼠PBMCs促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-2、MCP-1基因表达水平下降(图9C),与其降低人PBMCs促炎因子的能力类似,表明DP7-C不会引发有害的炎症反应。
发明人推测的DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体(AZT-D-LPs)可能作用机制为:在细菌感染的情况下,当静脉注射AZT-D-LPs脂质体时,AZT和DP7-C从脂质体中释放出来,释放的DP7-C选择性的调节固有免疫反应,下调TNF-α,IL-6和IL-8等促炎因子,同时上调促炎细胞因子IL-10中和有害炎症反应,募集效应细胞和蛋白到感染部位清除细菌;释放出的AZT与细菌50S核糖体亚基结合,抑制细菌蛋白质的合成,导致细菌死亡。因此DP7-C通过调节固有免疫反应,并与AZT共同作用,更加有效的清除细菌。
实施例七、本发明脂质体的体内毒性检测
为了进一步检测DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体静脉注射后是否会出现明显的毒副作用。在检测脂质体体内抗菌作用的同时,取小鼠心肝脾肺肾等重要脏器进行HE染色对脂质体进行初步的安全性评价。同时检测了脂质体对小鼠生理学上的影响,
1、小鼠腹腔感染模型体内重要器官HE染色
(1)实施例四体内活性实验的脂质体治疗小鼠24h后,处死小鼠,取心肝脾肺肾置于4%的多聚甲醛固定至少3天后,进行HE染色。
2、小鼠血生化和血常规检测
正常小鼠静脉注射各脂质体药物24h后,分别为D-LPs(2.5mg/kg)、AZT-LPs(1.25mg/kg)和AZT-D-LPs(其中的1.25mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg),取小鼠全血进行血常规检测,主要检测项目为:血细胞计数(WBC)、红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、血小板压积(PCT)。
正常小鼠静脉注射脂质体24h后,小鼠眼眶静脉丛取血,分离血清,用日立血生化仪测定其血生化指标,测定项目:谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血糖(Glu)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(CREA)。
在本实例中,所有的数据均为平均值±标准差或中位值。所用到的统计学软件为SPSS17.0,分析方法为方差分析(ANOVA)和独立样本t检验,P<0.05代表有统计学意义。
表5 DP7-C或AZT脂质体制剂治疗BALB/c小鼠后血常规检测
(DP7-C的剂量为2.5mg/kg,AZT的剂量为1.25mg/kg)
组别 | 对照组 | AZT-LPs | D-LPs | AZT-D-LPs |
WBC(K/μL) | 4.96±0.83 | 6.40±1.31 | 7.00±1.45 | 6.16±0.68 |
RBC(M/μL) | 9.51±1.26 | 9.99±1.03 | 9.93±0.61 | 10.88±0.50 |
HGB(g/dL) | 169.00±20.87 | 176.00±19.89 | 175.00±13.55 | 191.40±8.35 |
PLT(K/μL) | 141.75±44.25 | 356.20±102.16 | 206.00±76.21 | 207.00±71.02 |
3、实验结果
在检测脂质体体内抗菌作用的同时,取小鼠心肝脾肺肾等重要脏器进行HE染色对脂质体进行初步的安全性评价。结果如图10所示,与未处理组小鼠一样,脂质体治疗组无病理学损伤和坏死。
给正常的小鼠静脉注射D-LPs(2.5mg/kg)、AZT-LPs(1.25mg/kg)和AZT-D-LPs(1.25mg AZT/kg+2.5mg DP7-C/kg),同时以等体积的PBS为对照。给药24h后对小鼠进行血生化与血常规检测,结果如表5所示。
与对照组相比,脂质体治疗组WBC和PLT水平略微上升,但WBC、RBC、HGB、PLT和MCH的水平均在正常范围内。对于生物标志物,ALT、AST和LDH是检测肝功能的重要指标,CK是心脏功能的重要指标,而CERA和BUN的变化表示肾功能的损伤,Glu、TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C用来评价糖代谢和脂代谢。如表6所示,脂质体静脉注射组血生化指标都在正常范围内,且与对照组无明显差异,表明DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体对小鼠的肝功能、肾功能、心脏和血液系统均无明显影响。因此,DP7-C修饰的脂质体为安全的制剂,可以用于静脉给药。
表6 DP7-C或AZT脂质体制剂治疗BALB/c小鼠后生化检测
(DP7-C的剂量为2.5mg/kg,AZT的剂量为1.25mg/kg)
组别 | 对照组 | AZT-LPs | D-LPs | AZT-D-LPs |
ALT(U/L) | 55.2±11.95 | 40.5±10.63 | 43.4±6.80 | 69.5±13.77 |
AST(U/L) | 104.2±11.17 | 103.8±28.93 | 112.8±20.91 | 124.2±17.96 |
ALP(U/L) | 149.2±1.77 | 166.4±14.43 | 166.2±11.95 | 162±11.38 |
LDH(U/L) | 567.8±73.95 | 605.2±55.21 | 702±91.37 | 718±99.80 |
CK(U/L) | 475±138.87 | 448±31.15 | 532.00±190.21 | 511.2±113.98 |
CREA(μM) | 1.8±0.45 | 2±1.00 | 2.6±1.52 | 2.6±0.55 |
BUN(m M) | 5.96±0.44 | 6.6±0.70 | 6.62±1.29 | 6.66±0.73 |
UA(μM) | 50.4±7.06 | 55±6.16 | 54.25±4.86 | 54.8±5.02 |
TP(g/L) | 52.04±1.93 | 53.84±1.56 | 54.84±4.05 | 53.3±2.33 |
ALB(g/L) | 30.86±1.13 | 33.18±1.12 | 33.02±2.15 | 32.36±0.90 |
GLU(m M) | 7.86±0.60 | 8.30±0.39 | 7.146±0.90 | 8.41±0.57 |
CHO(m M) | 2.58±0.24 | 2.55±0.19 | 2.55±0.31 | 2.46±0.24 |
TG(m M) | 4.666±2.31 | 5.31±1.79 | 5.71±1.80 | 4.85±1.32 |
HDL(m M) | 0.94±0.13 | 0.97±0.10 | 0.94±0.14 | 0.96±0.12 |
LDL(m M) | 0.07±0.01 | 0.06±0.01 | 0.06±0.01 | 0.07±0.01 |
抗生素的耐药性严重威胁到人类健康,因此构建高效低毒的抗菌药物对于临床治疗至关重要。为了这一目的,本发明在之前的研究基础上,设计合成了阳离子抗菌肽DP7-C。将DP7-C插入脂质体的脂质双层膜上作为载药载体包载AZT,制备DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体(AZT-D-LPs)。粒径、PDI、电位和包封率是纳米材料的重要表征,DLS和TEM测定结果表明我们制备的脂质体形状接近球形,大小均一,分散性好,颗粒之间无粘连。DP7-C修饰的脂质体的略微带正电荷,原因可能是DP7-C是阳离子抗菌肽(带正电荷),当其插入脂质体的膜上时,使脂质体带正电荷。这种带正电荷的脂质体由于电荷间的相互排斥,不容易聚集,因此更加稳定,脂质体稳定性实验也证明了DP7-C修饰的脂质体较未修饰的更加稳定。通过HPLC测得AZT-D-LPs包封率>97%,且与未修饰的AZT-LPs无明显差异,说明能将AZT载入脂质体中,DP7-C插入脂质体的膜上对脂质体的形成和载药无明显的影响。脂质体的外观特征进一步表明,将AZT载入DP7-C修饰的脂质体能够使AZT完全溶于水溶液中。脂质体体外药物释放实验表明,与游离的AZT相比,AZT-LPs和AZT-D-LPs脂质体中AZT在体外的释放速率缓慢、持续时间久,无明显的突释现象。AZT-D-LPs的药物释放速率比AZT-LPs略低,原因可能是DP7-C修饰的脂质体比未修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体稳定。
在研究DP7-C修饰的脂质体抗菌实验中发现与目前研究较多的抗菌肽LL-37和IDR-1类似,DP7-C在体外无直接的抗菌活性。但是,在MRSA小鼠腹腔感染模型中发现DP7-C修饰的空白脂质体(D-LPs)能够显著抑制细菌生长,并且与AZT有显著的协同抗菌作用,增强AZT的抗菌活性。在小鼠体内,AZT-D-LPs的治疗效果优于单独AZT-LPs和D-LPs的治疗效果。表明阳离子抗菌肽DP7-C能够与抗生素AZT协同作用,增强其抗菌和治疗活性。重要的是,DP7-C与AZT的协同抗菌作用可以减少AZT的使用剂量和药物的毒副作用,这对于治疗耐药性的细菌感染有重要的意义。此外,体细胞毒性实验、体内血液系统和重要器官HE染色检测表明DP7-C修饰的脂质体无细胞毒性、对血液系统无影响、也不会导致重要内脏(心肝脾肺肾)在病理学上发生明显的病变。以上结果表明,AZT-D-LPs是一个安全的药物制剂,其具有潜在的临床治疗MRSA感染的潜力。
由于实验发现D-LPs在体外无抗菌活性,但在小鼠细菌感染模型中具有较好的治疗效果,表现出较强的抗菌活性。进一步对DP7-C修饰的脂质体抗菌机制进行研究,发现DP7-C具有中和LPS诱导的有害炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β、MCP-1和IFN-γ的作用,促进抗炎因子IL-10和G-CSF的产生,这种抗炎作用的基础可能是由于抗炎因子IL-10的抗炎作用。此外,在LPS未处理的PBMCs细胞中,DP7-C显著上调PBMCs细胞中IL-1β,MCP-1和IFN-γ的基因表达水平,表明DP7-C能够平衡免疫反应,而不仅仅是刺激或者是抑制免疫反应。因此,AZT-D-LPs的抗菌作用是通过DP7-C的免疫调节活性和AZT的抗菌活性协同作用实现的,DP7-C选择性的调节免疫系统,并且通过与AZT的联用更加有效的清除细菌残渣和碎片。具体而言,当静脉注射AZT-D-LPs脂质体时,AZT和DP7-C从脂质体中释放出来,释放出的AZT与细菌50S核糖体亚基结合,抑制细菌蛋白质的合成,导致细菌死亡;释放的DP7-C有效的调节免疫反应,中和有害炎症反应,募集效应细胞和蛋白到感染部位清除细菌。AZT-D-LPs实现了抗生素与抗菌肽的同时递送,联合了DP7-C的免疫调节活性和AZT的直接抗菌作用,因此对于治疗和预防细菌感染更加有效。
本发明制备的AZT-D-LPs脂质体具有高效抗菌和使药物缓慢释放的能力,因此具有多方面的优点:第一,抗菌肽DP7-C不仅可以插入脂质体的双层膜上作为载药载体,而且在体内能够调节免疫反应抗细菌感染,且由于其通过调节免疫反应起作用,无直接的抗菌作用,因此有克服传统抗生素耐药性的潜力。第二,将AZT载入DP7-C修饰的脂质体载体中,使AZT能够缓慢的释放,并且与DP7-C协同抗菌,显著增强AZT在体内的抗菌活性。第三,体外细胞毒性实验和体内血常规、血生化及重要器官病理学检测均表明AZT-D-LPs脂质体具有较好的安全性,是一个安全的药物制剂。最后,由于可以采用薄膜分散法制备AZT-D-LPs,故制备AZT-D-LPs容易扩大并且成本低。以上表明,新型的抗菌药AZT-D-LPs可以作为一个在临床上治疗细菌感染的潜在药物。
缩略词表
英文缩写 | 英文全称 | 中文全称 |
AMP | Antimicrobial peptide | 抗菌肽 |
MIC | minimal inhibitory concentration | 最小抑菌浓度 |
AZT | azithromycin | 阿奇霉素 |
AMO | amoxicillin | 阿莫西林 |
S.aureus | Staphylococcus aureus | 金黄色葡萄球菌 |
E.coli | Escherichia coli | 大肠杆菌 |
MHB | Mueller-Hinton Broth | 肉汤液体培养基 |
MHA | Mueller-Hinton Agar | 肉汤琼脂培养基 |
OD | optical density | 光密度 |
CFU | colony-forming unit | 单克隆菌落数 |
qPCR | Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction | 实时定量聚合酶链式反应 |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid | 脱氧核糖核酸 |
dsDNA | double-stranded DNA | 双链脱氧核糖核酸 |
RNA | RibonucleicAcid | 核糖核酸 |
rRNA | ribosomal RNA | 核糖体核糖核酸 |
Cq | quantification cycle | qPCR定量循环数 |
TEM | transmission electron microscopy | 透射电镜 |
PBMC | Peripheral blood mononuclear cell | 外周血单核细胞 |
SPC | Soybean phosphatidylcholines | 大豆卵磷脂 |
Chol | Cholesterol | 胆固醇 |
HPLC | high-performance liquid chromatography | 高效液相色谱 |
MS | Mass spectrometry | 质谱 |
iv | Intravenous injection | 静脉注射 |
ATCC | American Type Culture Collection | 美国典型物培养中心 |
D-LPs | DP7-C modified blank liposome | DP7-C修饰的空白脂质体 |
AZT-LPs | AZT loaded liposome | 载阿奇霉素脂质体 |
AZT-D-LPs | DP7-C modified AZT loaded liposome | DP7-C修饰的载阿奇霉素脂质体 |
EE | Encapsulation efficiency | 包封率 |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration | 食品和药品监督局 |
SEQUENCE LISTING
<110> 四川大学
<120> 抗菌肽修饰的载药脂质体及其制备方法和用途
<130> A170433K
<150> CN 201610517446.0
<151> 2016-07-01
<150> CN 201610517372.0
<151> 2016-07-01
<160> 29
<170> PatentIn version 3.3
<210> 1
<211> 12
<212> PRT
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> DP7多肽的氨基酸序列
<400> 1
Val Gln Trp Arg Ile Arg Val Ala Val Ile Arg Lys
1 5 10
<210> 2
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类GAPDH的上游引物
<400> 2
tggaaggact catgaccaca 20
<210> 3
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类GAPDH的下游引物
<400> 3
ttcagctcag ggatgacctt 20
<210> 4
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类IL-1β的上游引物
<400> 4
cagatgaagt gctccttcca 20
<210> 5
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类IL-1β的下游引物
<400> 5
accagcatct tcctcagctt 20
<210> 6
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类 IL-6的上游引物
<400> 6
aatgaggaga cttgcctggt 20
<210> 7
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类 IL-6的下游引物
<400> 7
gcaggaactg gatcaggact 20
<210> 8
<211> 19
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类 IL-8的上游引物
<400> 8
gaccacactg cgccaacac 19
<210> 9
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类 IL-8的下游引物
<400> 9
cttctccaca accctctgca c 21
<210> 10
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类 IL-10的上游引物
<400> 10
ggttgccaag ccttgtctga 20
<210> 11
<211> 19
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类 IL-10的下游引物
<400> 11
agggagttca catgcgcct 19
<210> 12
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类MCP-1的上游引物
<400> 12
gtgtcccaaa gaagctgtga 20
<210> 13
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类MCP-1的下游引物
<400> 13
aatcctgaac ccacttctgc 20
<210> 14
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类TNF-α的上游引物
<400> 14
tggagaaggg tgaccgactc 20
<210> 15
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类TNF-α的下游引物
<400> 15
tcctcacagg gcaatgatcc 20
<210> 16
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类IFN-γ的上游引物
<400> 16
tgttactgcc aggacccata 20
<210> 17
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类IFN-γ的下游引物
<400> 17
ttctgtcact ctcctctttc ca 22
<210> 18
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类G-CSF的上游引物
<400> 18
cagagcttcc tgctcaagtg 20
<210> 19
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 人类G-CSF的下游引物
<400> 19
gcacactcac tcaccagctt 20
<210> 20
<211> 19
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠β-actin的上游引物
<400> 20
cccaggcatt gctgacagg 19
<210> 21
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠β-actin的下游引物
<400> 21
tggaaggtgg acagtgaggc 20
<210> 22
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠IL-1β的上游引物
<400> 22
gcaactgttc ctgaactcaa ct 22
<210> 23
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠IL-1β的下游引物
<400> 23
atcttttggg gtccgtcaac t 21
<210> 24
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠IL-2的上游引物
<400> 24
tcaccaggat gctcacattt 20
<210> 25
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠IL-2的下游引物
<400> 25
gcacttcctc cagaggtttg 20
<210> 26
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠MCP-1的上游引物
<400> 26
aaaacctgga tcggaaccaa at 22
<210> 27
<211> 22
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠MCP-1的下游引物
<400> 27
agaccttagg gcagatgcag tt 22
<210> 28
<211> 21
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠TNF-α的上游引物
<400> 28
tcttctcatt cctgcttgtg g 21
<210> 29
<211> 20
<212> DNA
<213> Artificial Sequence
<220>
<223> 小鼠TNF-α的下游引物
<400> 29
ggtctgggcc atagaactga 20
Claims (18)
1.抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:所述的抗菌肽是疏水修饰的抗菌肽;所述的疏水修饰的抗菌肽为在氮末端偶联疏水片段的抗菌肽,所述的抗菌肽的氨基酸序列为VQWRIRVAVIRK。
2.根据权利要求1所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:所述的抗菌肽VQWRIRVAVIRK的碳端进行酰胺化修饰为VQWRIRVAVIRK-NH2。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:所述的氮末端偶联疏水片段为甾醇类化合物或饱和直链脂肪酸;优选的,所述甾醇类化合物为胆固醇类化合物或胆酸类化合物。
4.根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:所述的甾醇类化合物为丁二酰化胆固醇、胆酸或去氧胆酸。
5.根据权利要求1~4任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:所述饱和直链脂肪酸为C6~C20中的至少一种;优选的,所述饱和直链脂肪酸为C8~C18中的至少一种;最优选,所述饱和直链脂肪酸为硬脂酸、软脂酸、月桂酸或正辛酸。
6.根据权利要求1~5任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:所述的抗菌肽DP7的氮端与疏水片段偶联的方式为通过疏水片段上的-CO-OH与抗菌肽上的-NH2酰胺化反应生成。
7.根据权利要求1~6任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:所述的脂质体的组分采用磷脂和胆固醇;优选的,所述的磷脂为卵磷脂。
8.根据权利要求1~7任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比是0.5~15︰1;优选的卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比是1~10︰1;更优选的,卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比为1~5︰1;最优选的,优选的卵磷脂和胆固醇的质量比是3︰1。
9.根据权利要求1~8任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体,其特征在于:疏水修饰的抗菌肽的用量占抗菌肽修饰的脂质体总质量的0.1~10%;优选的,疏水修饰的抗菌肽的用量占抗菌肽修饰的脂质体总质量的1~8%;最优选的,疏水修饰的抗菌肽的用量占抗菌肽修饰的脂质体总质量的4~6%。
10.装载抗生素的脂质体,其特征在于:为权利要求1~9任一项所述的脂质体装载抗生素而得。
11.根据要求10所述的装载抗生素的脂质体,其特征在于:所述的抗生素的用量按质量比为抗生素︰疏水修饰的抗菌肽=0.01~20︰1;优选的,所述的抗生素的用量为抗生素︰疏水修饰的抗菌肽=0.1~10︰1;更优选的,所述的抗生素的用量为抗生素︰疏水修饰的抗菌肽=0.25~1︰1。
12.根据要求10或11所述的装载抗生素的脂质体,其特征在于:所述的抗生素为糖肽类抗生素、氨基苷类抗生素、大环内脂类抗生素、β-内酰胺类抗生素中的至少一种;
其中,所述的β-内酰胺类抗生素为青霉素类抗生素或头孢菌素类抗生素中的至少一种;
进一步的,所述的青霉素类抗生素为青霉素G、青霉素V、氟氯西林、苯唑青霉素、氨苄西林、羧苄西林、匹氨西林、磺苄西林、替卡西林、哌拉西林或阿莫西林中的至少一种。所述的头孢菌素类抗生素为:头孢羟氨苄、头孢氨苄、头孢唑啉、头孢拉啶、头孢丙烯,头孢呋辛脂、头孢克洛、头孢孟多、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢克肟、头孢地尼、头孢皮罗、头孢吡肟或头孢唑南中的至少一种;
所述的氨基苷类抗生素为链霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、妥布霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、新霉素、西索米星、妥布霉素、阿米卡星、奈替米星、核糖霉素、小诺霉素或阿斯霉素中的至少一种;
所述的多肽类抗生素为万古霉素、去甲万古霉素、多粘菌素B或替考拉宁中的至少一种;
所述的大环内脂类抗生素为红霉素、白霉素、无味红霉素、依托红霉素、乙酰螺旋霉素、麦迪霉素、交沙霉素或阿奇霉素中的至少一种。
13.权利要求1~9任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体或要求10~12任一项所述的装载抗生素的脂质体的制备方法,其特征在于:使用薄膜分散法制备。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:称量卵磷脂、胆固醇溶于氯仿溶液;混合均匀后,减压旋转蒸发掉有机溶剂形成脂质薄膜;加入抗菌肽修饰的脂质体的溶液,旋转烧瓶使脂质薄膜水化制备脂质体溶液;将上述脂质体溶液用超声处理后使用微孔滤膜过滤,得到带明显乳光的脂质体溶液,储存备用。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:称量卵磷脂、胆固醇溶于氯仿溶液的同时溶入所需量的抗生素。
16.权利要求1~9任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体或权利要求10~12任一项所述的装载抗生素的脂质体在制备抗菌药物中的用途。
17.根据权利要求16所述的用途,其特征在于:所述的抗菌为抗细菌或抗真菌;
优选的,所述的细菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、绿脓杆菌或伤寒杆菌中的至少一种;
优选的,所述的真菌为白色念珠菌或近平滑念珠菌中的至少一种。
18.抗菌药物,其特征在于是由权利要求1~9任一项所述的抗菌肽修饰的脂质体或权利要求10~12任一项所述的装载抗生素的脂质体作为主要活性成分制备而成。
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