CN1059345A - 特别适合制造薄膜等的淀粉聚合物混合物及其生产方法 - Google Patents
特别适合制造薄膜等的淀粉聚合物混合物及其生产方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1059345A CN1059345A CN91105633A CN91105633A CN1059345A CN 1059345 A CN1059345 A CN 1059345A CN 91105633 A CN91105633 A CN 91105633A CN 91105633 A CN91105633 A CN 91105633A CN 1059345 A CN1059345 A CN 1059345A
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- blend polymer
- weight
- starch
- ethylene
- boron
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Abstract
用于生产薄膜、片材或纤维形成的可生物降解的
制品的材料可以通过挤塑包括合成热塑性树脂和破
坏淀粉之熔融体来制备、在熔融体中已添加含硼化合
物,诸如硼酸、偏硼酸、硼砂及它们的衍生物。由该材
料制成的制品改进了透明度、扬氏模量和撕裂强度。
Description
本发明涉及一种用于由含合成热塑性聚合物和破坏的淀粉的熔融料生产可生物降解的薄膜、片材以及可得的纤维的聚合物材料的混合物(“共混物”),及其生产这种材料及由其制成的薄膜,片材或纤维形式的制品的方法。
基于破坏的淀粉和一种基本上不溶于水的热塑性聚合物例如聚乙烯、聚缩醛、聚丙烯睛和共聚物,例如基本上不溶于水级的乙烯-乙烯醇、乙烯-醋酸乙烯、以及乙烯-丙烯酸的聚合物组合物已由文献EP-A-327505获知。这些组合物主要被用于生产具有相当好的尺寸稳定性和相当高的淀粉含量的模塑制品。
该说明书一般指出该组合物可用来制造薄膜等,但是没有提供与生产这些物品有关问题的信息,特别是未提供这种适合生产成膜组合物和达到构成薄膜主要特性的透明度和撕裂强度等性质的聚合物的加工条件和特性,由这种聚合物生产的薄膜能方便地取代当前使用的,而由非生物降解聚合物生产的薄膜。申请人的专利申请IT67413-A/89号公开了包括破坏淀粉和乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物的可成膜聚合物的组合物及其制备这种组合物的方法。
文献EP-A-282451公开一种制备破坏淀粉的方法。在该方法中,在高温下的封闭体积中,在链裂解催化剂的存在下对含水量为15~25%重量的化学上未改性淀粉的含水组合物进行处理。在上述的裂解催化剂中有包括硼酸的无机酸,无机酸的作用是裂解淀粉大分子的α-1-4葡糖苷键,以便减低其分子量。
不含不溶于水的聚合物或共聚物的该文献的组合物被用于生产模型制品,其最终含水量为12~19%,但是这种组合物不适用于挤塑或吹塑一挤塑薄膜和片材,通过裂解催化剂降低淀粉分子量的目的是为了降低所制得制品的表面缺陷程度。
本发明的目的是提供具有改进性能,特别是用这些组合物生产的薄膜之透明度和撕裂强度的组合物。
现已发现,本发明的目的可以通过向聚合物组合物添加含硼化合物来实现。
因此,本发明的主题物是本说明书开端段落中所指出的那类聚合物掺合物,其特征在于熔体包含一种含硼化合物。硼化合物最好选自硼酸,偏硼酸、上述酸的碱金属和碱土金属盐、硼砂以及它们的衍生物。
业已发现,使用含硼化合物会引起在亲水的淀粉相和疏水的聚合物相之间的非常好的互相穿透,从而使机械性能极大改进,特别是由本发明的掺合物制得的片材和薄膜的撕裂强度和透明度。
在本发明的一个优选的实施例中,含硼化合物的百分含量(以硼含量表示)以掺合物总重量计为0.002到0.4%之间,优选为0.01~0.3%。
由以下说明书中所给出的实验数据可清楚在看出,硼化合物的存在,导致由本发明的聚合物材料生产的制品的透明度和撕裂强度得到大大地改进。
这些制品的杨氏模量的增加也被记录了。
就这些性能而言,添加碱金属或碱土金属的无机盐特别是浓度为0.1到5%(重量),优选为0.5到3%重量共混物的LiCl和NaCl,发现也是有好处的。
在本说明书和权利要求书中所用的术语淀粉,通常包括所有的天然或来源于植物的淀粉,它们基本上是由直链淀粉和/或支链淀粉组成的。它们可从各种植物例如土豆、大米、木薯淀粉和玉米提取,也可从食用谷物诸如裸麦、燕麦和小麦提取。玉米淀粉是优选的。术语淀粉还包括酸度指数被减少到3~6之间值的改性淀粉,以及其中与磷酸盐基团相连的阳离子类型和浓度的已能改性土豆淀粉。淀粉乙氧基化物、淀粉乙酸盐,阳离子淀粉,淀粉氧化物、交联淀粉等也可被使用。
天然淀粉被优选使用,其固有水含量约为9~15%(重量)。
在加工过程中可以添加额外的水到淀粉-聚合物组合物中,使水的总量达到淀粉-水体系重量的40%。
然而在沸点高于150℃的高沸点增塑剂存在下,淀粉的固有水含量本身足以在加工条件下形成适于挤塑成薄膜的、至少为部份互相穿透的淀粉和合成聚合物的均匀的热塑性熔体。
合成聚合物组分包括聚合物和至少一种烯属不饱和单体的共聚物,这种聚合物或共聚物具有至少含有一种极性基因,诸如羟基、烷氧基、羧基、羧烷基、烷羧基和缩醛基的重复单元。
优选的聚合物组分包括聚乙烯醇和选自乙烯、丙烯、异丁烯与苯乙烯中的一种α烯烃与丙烯酸、乙烯醇和/或醋酸乙烯或其混合物的共聚物。
上述烯烃共聚物包括熔点为80~130℃、乙烯含量高于50%(重量)的低熔点乙烯共聚物,例如乙烯/丙烯酸共聚物、乙烯、丙烯醇共聚物、乙烯/醋酸乙烯共聚物以及它们的混合物。
特别优选的是聚乙烯醇和乙烯的含量为10~90%(重量)、优选的为10~40%(重量)及在210℃和2.16公斤力下的熔体流动指数为2~50,最好为6~20的乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物。
上述聚合物是分别通过相应的聚醋酸乙烯或乙烯/醋酸乙烯的水解制得的。乙烯/乙烯醇的水解度最好为100%~50%。
上述聚合物的醇单元可部分或全部被改性以产生:
1)醚类,是由醇单元与以下各物质相反应而得,它们为:
-环氧乙烷,
-被高达C20烷基或芳基取代的环氧乙烷。
-丙烯睛(Ce2+引发剂)。
-丙烯酰胺,
-芳基烷基卤化合物
-氯乙酸,
-甲基氯甲基醚,
-硅烷,
2)无机和有机酯,例如硫酸酯、硝酸酯、磷酸酯、砷酸酯、黄原酸酯、氨基甲酸酯、氨基甲酸乙酯、硼酸酯、钛酸酯,
3)由醇单元与脂肪酸或芳香酸、氯酰基、特别是脂肪酸或酐反应而生成的有机酯,
4)缩醛和缩酮,它们是通过与以下物质反应而生成的:
-具有高达22个碳原子的脂肪醛类,
-具有高达22个碳原子的不饱和的脂肪醛,
-氯乙醛,
-乙二醛,
-芳香醛,
-环脂族醛,
-脂族酮,
-芳基烷基酮。
-烷基环烷基酮
上面所给出的产生有机和无机酯以及缩醛的反应物,可以方便地按照C.A,Finch编的出版物“聚乙烯醇”中第9章以及所引用的文献来实现。
也可以使用聚乙烯醇和乙烯/乙烯醇多官能聚合物(其乙烯含量高达44%(重量)而缩醛的水解度为100~50%),其中高达50%的乙烯可被选自以下组中的共聚用单体所取代:
丙烯、异丁烯、苯乙烯、氯乙烯,1,1-二氯乙烯,或CH2=CR-OR’的乙烯基醚(式中R为氢或甲基,而R’为1~18个碳原子的烷基、环烷基),或聚醚,丙烯睛,甲基丙烯睛,式CH2=CR-CO-CH2-R’的乙烯基酮(式中R为氢或甲基,R’为氢或C1-C6的烷基),丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸或由式CH2=CR-COOR’表示的它们的酯(式中R为氢或甲基,R’为氢或C1~C6的烷基),和这些酸的碱金属或碱土金属盐,式CH2=CR-OOCR’表示的乙烯基衍生物(式中R为氢或甲基,而R’为氢、甲基、被氯或氟取代的一取代、二取代或三取代甲基或C2~C6烷基),由式CH2=CR-CONR’R″表示的氨基甲酸乙烯酯(式中R为氢或甲基,R’和R″可以相同或不同,它们为氢或C1~C3烷基),马来酐、富马酐,乙烯基吡咯烷酮,乙烯基吡啶,或1-乙烯基咪唑。
如根据在“Encyclopedia of polymer Science and Engineering”17卷的“Polymerisation processes of Vinyl esters”与406页以下所引用的文献中所述的内容,使用诸如过氧化氢、过硫酸盐和过氧化苯甲酰一类的自由基引发剂来实现这种共聚合作用。
也可以使用包括淀粉,乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物(可能已被改性)和聚乙烯及其如上面所引用的乙烯基共聚物的疏水性聚合物,或脂族聚酯(例如聚醋酸乙烯酯、聚己酸内酯,聚羟基丁酸酯[PHP]和聚羟基丁酸酯戊酸酯[PHBV],聚乳酸,聚乙烯和聚丁烯的己二酸酯或癸二酸酯,聚醚(例如聚甲醛、聚氧乙烯,聚氧丙烯、聚苯氧),聚酰胺(尼龙6、尼龙12等),聚丙烯腈,聚氨酯,聚酯/聚氨脂共聚物,聚酯/聚酰胺共取物,聚乙交酯,亲水性聚合物诸如:聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,聚恶唑啉,醋酸纤维素和硝酸纤维素,再生纤维素,烷基纤维素,羟甲基纤维素,酪蛋白型蛋白质及其盐类,天然树胶例如阿拉柏树胶,藻酸铵及藻酸盐,壳多糖及脱乙酰壳多糖等的组合物。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,聚合物材料包括按1∶19和19∶1,最好为1∶4和4∶1的重量比的一种合成的热塑性聚合物和已破坏的淀粉。
优选的聚合物材料包括高沸点(沸点高于150℃)的增塑剂,增塑剂的浓度为淀粉组分(干基)重量的0.05~100%、较好为20~100%。
例如,增塑剂可以是一种多羟基化合物,例如1,2-亚乙基二醇,丙二醇,甘油,聚甘油,聚乙二醇,山梨醇,甘露糖醇,它们的乙酸酯,乙氧基化或丙氧基化的衍生物以及它们的混合物。
聚合物材料还可以包括破坏淀粉的试剂,例如其量为淀粉组分重量的2~20%的尿素,或是碱金属或碱土金属的氢氧化物。
聚合物材料还可以包括交联剂,例如醛类、缩醛、酮类、乙二醛等等。此外,它可以包括赋于制品特殊性能的其它添加剂,该制品是用聚合物材料生产的。因此,例如可以添加抗紫外线辐射的稳定剂,以改进制品的耐日光性。其它的添加剂包括通常被掺和在供模塑和挤塑用的淀粉基组合物中惯用的添加剂,例如杀菌剂、防火剂、除草剂、抗氧剂、肥料、遮光剂、稳定剂和增塑剂。所有这些添加剂可以按本技术领域专家所知的惯用量使用,并可以高达最终组合物重量的20%。
聚合物材料的含水量(当被挤塑和调正之前)不高于6%,最好少于4%,由于所用淀粉的固有水含量或添加的适量水。
优选的组合物包括约20%到约70%(重量)的淀粉(干基);约10%~约50%(重量)的合成聚合物或共聚物;约2%~约40%(重量)的高沸点增塑剂或增塑剂混合物,约0%到约约10%(重量)的尿素,约1%到约5%(重量)的水分(在挤塑之后和调湿之前),以及0.002%到0.4%(重量)的硼)。
极优选的组合物包括:
a)30%到60%(重量)的淀粉(干基):
b)20%到50%(重量)的一种选自乙烯/乙烯醇(乙烯含量为10%到40%(重量),最好为28%-40%(重量)、聚乙烯醇、乙烯/丙烯酸以及它们的混合物中的聚合物;
c)5%到25%(重量)的高沸点增塑剂或增塑剂混合物;
d)2%到7%(重量)的尿素;
e)2%到4%(重量)的水分(当被挤塑和在调湿之前)
f)0.01%到0.3%(重量)的硼。
如果组分b)是由乙烯/乙烯醇和乙烯/丙烯酸组成的混合物,乙烯/丙烯酸优选使用量为乙烯/乙烯醇的5%到15%(重量)。
本发明的另一个主题物是一种在100~220℃(优选为140~220℃)通过形成包括合成热塑性聚合物和淀粉的熔体(其中所述的熔体包括含硼化合物)而生产上述类型的聚合物材料的共混物的方法。
在热处理期间共混物所受到的压力是单螺杆和双螺杆挤塑机中通常的挤塑压力。虽然加工过程最好在挤塑机中实施,但是淀粉和合成聚合物也可在任何装置中被混合,只需所用的装置保证温度和剪切应力适合使所用的淀粉和聚合物从流变学观点上是相容的。
用透射电子显微镜进行显微照相检查可见,硼化合物或其衍生物的存在,能在淀粉相和合成聚合物相(特别是乙烯/乙烯醇相)之间更好的互相穿透。正如已经叙述过那样,由于这种互相穿透的功效由本发明的聚合物材料通过挤塑所生产的制品显示出良好的机械性能和透明度。
在本发明的另一个优选实施例中,硼酸以固体粉末形式添加到聚合物材料的其它组分中。
在本发明的另一个优选实施例中,将硼酸添加到溶于增塑剂,最好溶于水、甘油或它们的混合物中的聚合物材料的其它组分中。
硼酸的重量如增塑剂的重量百分比一样计算,以致在最终产物中硼的浓度为0.002%到0.4%,较好为0.01到0.3%(重量)。
本发明的另一个主题物是由上述类型的聚合物材料通过挤塑而生产的薄膜、片材或纤维形式的制品。
本发明的另外优点和特征通过以下提供的仅仅为了说明本发明的实施例而变得更清楚。
比较例
制备含有以下组分的组合物:
-38%(重量)未干的Globe 0341 cerestar淀粉,其水分含量为11%,
-38%(重量)的Clarene R-20乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物(Solvay生产),
-3%(重量)的EAA 5981乙烯/丙酸共聚物(道化学公司生产),
-5%(重量)尿素,
-15.7%(重量)甘油,
-0.3%(重量)的芥酰胺、
各组分通过Licoarbo Dc-10计量装置分别地供入到Baker Perkins MPCV-30双螺杆一单螺杆挤塑机。在挤塑机的双螺杆段中,螺杆直径为30毫米、长径比为10∶1、而单螺杆段的螺杆直径为38毫米、长径比为8∶1。安装在单螺杆段端部的毛细管注咀(Capillarynozzle)的直径为4.5毫米。整个四个加热段的挤塑温度为160℃。所产生的挤塑品被造粒,然后通过螺杆直径为19毫米、长径比为19∶1和一个成膜头的Haake Rheomex 252型挤塑机进行挤吹以形成薄膜。在整个设备中包括成膜头,温度被保持在155℃。
实施例1
相当于总重量0.2%的硼酸被添加到相同于比较例配方中。
所有步骤都按比较例中所述的相同步骤进行。
实施例2
相当于总重量0.4%的硼酸添加到相同于比较例的配方中。所有步骤都按比较例中所述相同步骤进行。
从所有的挤塑薄膜(厚度约为60微米)中取出矩形的试片。在进行24小时的23℃和55%相对湿度的调湿处理后,对试片进行力学测试,特别是进行按ASTM D-882标准的拉伸试验和按ASTM D-1938标准的撕裂强度试验,以及透明度试验。
在最后一种情况,使用双束UV-VIS分光光度计。就此操作而言,在空气和波长范围在360到800毫微米下将仪器调整到零位,然后测定该试片的透射系数,并与聚乙烯试片比较进行评估。
表1列出力学试验的结果,而表2列出根据某些波长的透射系数试验结果。
表1
实施例各试片的特性
比较例 实施例1 实施例2
杨氏模量 128MPa 160MPa 202MPa
极限伸长率 278% 246% 260%
U.T.S.*18MPa 17MPa 19MPa
断裂能 1650kJ/m21635kJ/m21760kJ/m2
撕裂应力 2-4N/mm 6-10N/mm 9-12N/mm
*U.T.S.为极限抗拉强度
注:关于撕裂应力,第一个值为撕裂开始时的值,而第二个值是增长值。
表2
各例试片的UV-VIS透射系数
聚乙烯 比较例 实施例1 实施例2
750nm的透射系数 84% 17% 65% 73%
450nm的透射系数 77% 9% 54% 63%
360nm的透射系数 72% 7% 48% 56%
从各表可见,在由组合物中含有硼化合物的聚合物材料制成的试片中,在透射系数、杨氏模量和撕裂应力均大大地提高。
实施例3
将0.5%量的硼酸添加到与比较例相同的配方中。此外,将挤塑机的第三加热段温度提高到195℃,而其余步骤按参考例所述进行。
实施例4
将2%量的LiCl添加到实施例3相同的配方中,而挤塑机第三加热段的温度达到205℃。所有的其余步骤按比较例所述进行。
实施例5
将2%量的LiCl添加到与实施例3相同的配方中,而挤塑机第三加热段的温度升到170℃。所有的其余步骤按比较例所述的进行。
实施例6
将2%量的LiCl添加到与比较例1相同的配方中,而挤塑机第三加热段的温度达到170℃。所有的其余步骤均按比较例中所述的步骤进行。
由上述方法得到的实施例3~6中所生产之试片的透射系数值被列于表3中。
表3
UV-VIS透射系数
750nm 450nm 360nm
实施例3 76 67 60
实施例4 80 71 64
实施例5 87 80 74
实施例6 36 31 28
Claims (17)
1、一种生产可生物降解的薄漠、片材和纤维用的、由包含合成热塑性聚合物和破坏淀粉的熔融体所得聚合物材料共混物,其特征在于熔融体包含含硼化合物。
2、根据权利要求1的聚合物共混物,其特征在以硼含量表示的含硼化合物的百分比在0.002~0.4%(重量)之间。
3、根据权利要求2的聚合物共混物,其特征在于以硼含量表示的含硼化合物的百分比在0.01~0.3%(重量)之间。
4、根据权利要求1的聚合物共混物,其中含硼化合物选自硼酸、偏硼酸、硼砂及它们的衍生物。
5、根据权利要求1-4中任一权利要求的聚合物共混物,其中所述的合成热塑性聚合物是一种至少为一种烯属不饱和单体的聚合物,所述聚合物的重复单元至少有一个选自羟基、烷氧基、羧基、羧烷基、烷羧基和缩醛基的极性基因。
6、根据权利要求5的聚合物共混物,其中所述聚合物选自聚乙烯醇和由选自乙烯、丙烯、异丁烯与苯乙烯中的一种烯烃与丙烯酸、乙烯醇或醋酸乙烯酯的共聚物。
7、根据权利要求6的聚合物共混物,其中合成聚合物选自乙烯/乙烯醇、聚乙烯醇、乙烯/丙烯酸以及它们的混合物。
8、根据要权利要求7的聚合物共混物,其中乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物的乙烯含量为10~90%(重量)、熔体流动指数为2-50(在210℃和用2.16kg的压力)。
9、根据权利要求8的聚合物共混物,其中乙烯/乙烯醇共聚物的乙烯含量为10-40%(重量)、熔体流动指数为6-20(在210℃和用2.16kg,压力)和水解度为50-100%
10、根据前述权利要求中的任一权利要求的聚合物共混物,其中所存在的合成聚合物与淀粉之重量比为1∶19~19∶1,优选为1∶4~4∶1。
11、根据前述权利要求中的任一权利要求的聚合物共混物,包含高沸点增塑剂,其浓度为淀粉组分重量的0.05~100%,优选为淀粉组分重量的20~100%。
12、根据权利要求11的聚合物共混物,其中增塑剂选自甘油、聚甘油、聚乙二醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、甘露糖醇、山梨醇、它们的醋酸化、乙氧基化或丙氧基化衍生物以及它们的混合物。
13、根据前述权利要求中任一权利要求的聚合物共混物,包括选自尿素、碱金属的氢氧化物、碱土金属的氢氧化物以及它们混合物的淀粉破坏剂。
14、根据前述权利要求中任一权利要求的聚合物共混物,包括以0.1~5%、较好以0.5~3%(重量)浓度添加的碱金属或碱土金属的无机盐。
15、一种通过在温度为100~220℃下形成包含合成热塑性聚合物和淀粉的熔融体来生产前述权利要求中任一权利要求所述的聚合物共混物的方法,其特征在于所述的熔融体包含含硼的化合物。
16、根据权利要求15的方法,其中硼化合物是硼酸,它与选自甘油、聚甘油、聚乙二醇、乙二醇、丙二醇、甘露糖醇、山梨醇、它们的乙酸酯、乙氧基化物、丙氧基化物以及它们的混合物中的增塑剂一起被添加。
17、由权利要求1-14中任一权利要求的聚合物共混物所生产的薄膜、片材或纤维形式的制品。
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-
1990
- 1990-07-25 IT IT67586A patent/IT1240503B/it active IP Right Grant
-
1991
- 1991-07-15 IL IL98847A patent/IL98847A0/xx unknown
- 1991-07-23 AT AT91913649T patent/ATE129268T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-07-23 AU AU82349/91A patent/AU638598B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-07-23 ES ES91913649T patent/ES2078536T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-07-23 ZA ZA915770A patent/ZA915770B/xx unknown
- 1991-07-23 PL PL29119591A patent/PL291195A1/xx unknown
- 1991-07-23 DK DK91913649.9T patent/DK0494287T3/da active
- 1991-07-23 US US07/734,492 patent/US5234977A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-07-23 BR BR919105850A patent/BR9105850A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-07-23 CA CA002066039A patent/CA2066039A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-07-23 WO PCT/EP1991/001373 patent/WO1992001743A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1991-07-23 JP JP91512519A patent/JPH05505416A/ja active Pending
- 1991-07-23 KR KR1019920700668A patent/KR920702387A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-07-23 EP EP91913649A patent/EP0494287B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-07-23 DE DE69113974T patent/DE69113974T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-07-24 CN CN91105633A patent/CN1034510C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-07-24 TR TR91/0736A patent/TR25856A/xx unknown
- 1991-07-25 CS CS912335A patent/CS233591A3/cs unknown
- 1991-08-03 TW TW080106115A patent/TW227568B/zh active
-
1992
- 1992-03-24 NO NO92921139A patent/NO921139L/no unknown
- 1992-03-24 FI FI921264A patent/FI921264A0/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-03-25 HU HU9201006A patent/HU9201006D0/hu unknown
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1995
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1051273C (zh) * | 1992-08-24 | 2000-04-12 | 生物天然包装材料研究与开发有限公司 | 用植物原料制造生物降解膜的方法 |
CN1037515C (zh) * | 1993-08-24 | 1998-02-25 | 北京市星辰现代控制工程研究所 | 一种可生物降解的含淀粉的高分子组合物及其制备方法 |
CN1324091C (zh) * | 2003-03-21 | 2007-07-04 | 栗村化学株式会社 | 具有经提高的耐水性的生物降解性组合物及其制作工艺 |
CN101591542B (zh) * | 2008-05-29 | 2011-05-25 | 北京科净源科技股份有限公司 | 多功能复合地表环境修复剂及其制备方法 |
CN110665629A (zh) * | 2014-05-11 | 2020-01-10 | 因芬莫科技有限公司 | 分类及/或处理废料的方法及其生产的经处理材料 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU638598B2 (en) | 1993-07-01 |
TR25856A (tr) | 1993-09-01 |
GR3017816T3 (en) | 1996-01-31 |
DE69113974D1 (de) | 1995-11-23 |
KR920702387A (ko) | 1992-09-03 |
BR9105850A (pt) | 1992-09-22 |
CN1034510C (zh) | 1997-04-09 |
CA2066039A1 (en) | 1992-01-26 |
HU9201006D0 (en) | 1992-06-29 |
NO921139D0 (no) | 1992-03-24 |
AU8234991A (en) | 1992-02-18 |
DE69113974T2 (de) | 1996-04-11 |
IL98847A0 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
ZA915770B (en) | 1992-05-27 |
IT1240503B (it) | 1993-12-17 |
FI921264A (fi) | 1992-03-24 |
JPH05505416A (ja) | 1993-08-12 |
ATE129268T1 (de) | 1995-11-15 |
DK0494287T3 (da) | 1995-11-27 |
WO1992001743A1 (en) | 1992-02-06 |
EP0494287B1 (en) | 1995-10-18 |
ES2078536T3 (es) | 1995-12-16 |
EP0494287A1 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
CS233591A3 (en) | 1992-09-16 |
TW227568B (zh) | 1994-08-01 |
US5234977A (en) | 1993-08-10 |
PL291195A1 (en) | 1992-04-06 |
IT9067586A0 (it) | 1990-07-25 |
NO921139L (no) | 1992-03-24 |
IT9067586A1 (it) | 1992-01-25 |
FI921264A0 (fi) | 1992-03-24 |
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