CN105425479A - 导电膜或电极 - Google Patents

导电膜或电极 Download PDF

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CN105425479A
CN105425479A CN201510980460.XA CN201510980460A CN105425479A CN 105425479 A CN105425479 A CN 105425479A CN 201510980460 A CN201510980460 A CN 201510980460A CN 105425479 A CN105425479 A CN 105425479A
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马诺耶·尼马尔
斯蒂芬·P·梅基
杰森·C·拉德尔
罗伯特·L·布劳特
唐纳德·J·麦克卢尔
克拉克·I·布赖特
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种导电膜或电极，所述导电膜或电极包括基板和由透明的或半透明的居间层分开的两个透明的或半透明的导电层。所述居间层包括位于所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层之间的导电通道，以帮助降低发生在组装所述导电膜或电极的装置中的特定层之间的界面反射。所述导电膜或电极具有改善的光学性能和电性能。

Description

导电膜或电极
背景技术
胆甾型液晶(ChLC)材料由向列型液晶和手性添加剂组成，向列型液晶和手性添加剂混合在一起，用于自发形成具有明确限定节距的螺旋结构。该节距决定了被材料反射的光的波长，从而决定了材料的颜色。还可以通过改变向列型液晶和手性组分的比率来调整该颜色。通过应用合适的驱动方案，ChLC显示器中的像素可以在其平面反射(彩色的)状态和其半透明焦锥状态之间转换。ChLC装置中，可以发生来自电极的反射，并且这些反射是不期望的，因为它们降低装置性能。
发明内容
符合本发明的导电膜或电极包括基板和由透明的或半透明的居间层分开的两个透明的或半透明的导电层。居间层有助于降低发生在组装了该电极的装置中的有害界面反射，其包括位于两个导电层之间的导电通道。相对于具有相同组合导电层厚度的两个电绝缘导电层，这种布置方式提高了导电膜或电极的电性质。
附图说明
附图包含在本说明书中并构成本说明书的一部分，并且它们结合具体实施方式阐明本发明的优点和原理。附图中，
图1是单色ChLC显示器构造的透视图；
图2是用于ChLC显示器的现有技术电极的示意图；
图3是具有带导电通道的居间层的ChLC显示器电极的示意图；
图4是具有居间导电层的ChLC显示器电极的示意图；
图5是具有居间层的ChLC显示器电极的示意图，其中居间层含有分散在粘结剂中的导电粒子；
图6是具有多个居间层和一个绝缘层以与显示介质接触的ChLC显示器电极的示意图；以及
图7是具有多个居间层和一个导电层以与显示介质接触的ChLC显示器电极的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施例涉及具有改善的电性质和光学性质的显示器基板电极。该电极可用于任何显示器，在这些显示器中，(例如)层之间产生的反射对装置性能有害。该电极还可与诸如ChLC材料或电致变色材料等多种类型显示材料一起使用。术语“显示材料”是指显示装置中的电极活化的任何类型的材料。可以组装该电极的其他显示装置包括触摸屏、液晶显示装置和有机发光二极管(OLED)装置。该电极还可以用于诸如无源窗(passivewindow)、智能窗、太阳能电池和光电装置等非显示装置。
本发明的其他实施例包括不用作显示装置电极的导电膜。此导电膜可以用于这样的膜应用，其中传导性提供红外反射。此类膜应用的例子包括以下应用：窗；照明装置；建筑；汽车；器具；和科学仪器。该导电膜还可以用于这样的照明装置和投影仪，其中能透过可见光并且通过该膜能反射红外热。
该电极或导电膜包括两个或更多个具有特定折射率的导电层以及具有不同折射率和带有导电通道的居间导电层或绝缘层。该导电层和居间层各自均为透明的或半透明的。当这些基板组装到ChLC显示器内时，调整电极叠堆内的各个层的厚度和各个层的光学折射率，以最小化有害的菲涅耳反射。在一个优选的实施例中，该导电层是对称的，这意味着它们具有同样的厚度。在其他实施例中，该导电层可以具有不同的厚度。
该电极构造显著提高黑色电平、颜色饱和度，从而增强该显示器的对比度。此外，该居间层允许电极的导电层之间进行电接触。因此，多层电极的导电率高于在该叠堆内的单个导电层的导电率。因为显示器的尺寸可受到该电极的薄层电阻的限制，所以多层电极允许制造较大的显示器面板。与具有单层电极的装置相比，使用多层电极制造的显示器呈现出显著改善的电性能和光学性能。
与常规基于向列型液晶(NLC)的显示器不同，ChLC显示器不需要偏振器或者滤色器，这使得装置构造更简单，成本可能更低。在全色NLC显示器中，红绿蓝(RGB)亚像素是并列排列的。因此，各个RGB原色中的每个只占可视区的三分之一。另一方面，每个ChLCRGB亚像素反射单一原色的同时透过其他两种原色。
图1示出了单色ChLC显示器10，其包括具有以图示构型布置的下列层的叠堆：基板12、电极14、ChLC材料16、电极18、基板20和黑色吸收层22。来自ChLC材料16的反射26产生显示的颜色。界面反射24和28可以发生在层之间，例如在基板和电极的交界部，并且这样的界面反射是不期望的。全色ChLC显示器可以通过堆叠一组RGB面板来构造，其中各个RGB亚像素在彼此顶部重叠并且反射光谱的不同区域。显示器面板的背部涂覆有宽带吸收层22，其吸收不被前层反射的光。黑色吸收层包含下列示例性材料：KRYLON哑光或亮光黑色丙烯酸磁漆喷漆。
图2示出了用于ChLC显示器的现有技术电极30。基板38为装置提供支承。现有技术电极包含由电介质聚合物34的连续层分开的两层透明导电氧化物(TCO)层32和36。基板可以使用以下示例性材料制备：玻璃；PET；PEN(聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯)；PC(聚碳酸酯)；PEEK(聚醚醚酮)；PES(聚醚砜)；PAR(聚酯类)；PI(聚酰亚胺)；PMMA；PCO(多环烯烃)；TAC(三乙酸纤维素)；和聚氨酯。透明导电氧化物包括下列示例性材料：铟锡氧化物；铟锌氧化物；氧化镉；Zn2SnO4；ZnSnO3；MgIn2O4；GaInO3；(Ga,In)2O3；Zn2In2O5；In4Sn3O12；SnO2；和In2O3。
ChLC显示器中的每个亚像素包含置于两个导电基板之间的ChLC材料。亚像素可以使用光学粘合剂粘合在一起。或者，导体可以在每个基板的两侧涂覆或图案化，这样除去了光学粘合剂层。可以包括红色和黄色滤光器，以提高颜色饱和度并且最小化颜色随视角的变化。每个堆叠像素的观察颜色由来自每个亚像素反射的总数确定。通过RGB原色来利用整个可视区，从而使亮度显著提高。
在其开启(反射)状态时，像素反射的光包括ChLC平面反射和在每个交界部由于折射率失配而引起的有害菲涅耳反射(用反射24和28表示)。菲涅耳反射通常是宽带的，从而降低显示器的颜色饱和度。在其关闭状态时，像素反射的光包括来自半透明焦锥状态的散射和界面菲涅耳反射。这些反射降低显示器的黑色电平，从而降低对比度。
菲涅耳反射的大小取决于在交界部折射率的比率。垂直入射时，它是通过下列公式确定的：
R = ( n - 1 n + 1 ) 2 ;
n = n 2 n 1
其中n为具有折射率n2、n1的两种介质的相对指数。在具有最高相对指数的交界部，菲涅耳反射是最强的。以下是图1中示出的装置10的各种层的折射率：电极的n＝2.0；基板的n＝1.65；以及ChLC材料的n＝1.55。因此，在装置10中，最高折射率阶跃发生在高折射率铟锡氧化物(ITO)透明电极与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)基板或ChLC之间的交界部。装置10包括两个ITO/PET交界部和两个ITO/ChLC交界部。根据照明和观察几何条件，来自这些交界部的宽带菲涅耳反射可以超出ChLC的反射率，从而显著降低显示器性能。
相比之下，本发明实施例的电极设计获得优良的光学性能和电性能。在电极设计中的居间层是具有允许在两导电层之间电接触的导电通道的透明的或半透明的层。通道可以通过控制居间层的厚度和沉积条件自然地形成。还可以通过以下方式调节与基板距离最近的第一导电层的化学和物理特性以允许这些通道的形成：改变居间层的润湿性质，使得该居间层是不连续的以允许相邻层之间的电接触。或者，通道可以使用诸如激光烧蚀、离子轰击或湿法/干法蚀刻等技术来形成。
居间层可以通过诸如溅镀、电子束蒸镀和热蒸镀等气相沉积技术来沉积。它还可以使用溶液涂覆法形成。还可以使用超级阻膜工艺，其中单体被蒸镀到基板上并原位固化。超级阻膜包括多层膜，该多层膜通过(例如)在玻璃或其他合适基板上的大量层中、或在无机材料和有机聚合物的交替层中顺序地真空沉积两种无机电介质材料来制备，如美国专利No.5,440,446、5,877,895和6,010,751所述，这些专利均以引用方式并入本文，就如同做了充分阐述一样。
一个实施例作为图3的装置电极40示出。该电极包括TCO或半透明导电氧化物的两个高折射率导电层42和50，这两个导电层由具有导电通道的较低折射率的透明的或半透明的层46分开，该导电通道包括延伸穿过透明层46中的孔48以连接电极42和50的导电连接件44。基板52为装置提供支承。层是分开绘制的，以说明该构想。
在另一个实施例中，如图4装置电极54中所示，居间层是具有比任一侧导电层更低折射率的透明或半透明导体。在电极54中，居间导电层58可以在TCO或半透明导电氧化物的两个邻近的导电层56与60之间提供连续的导电通道。基板62为显示器提供支承。居间层58可以包含溶液涂覆的或电沉积的导电聚合物。它还可以是气相沉积的透明导体。导电聚合物包括以下示例性材料：聚苯胺；聚吡咯；聚噻吩；和PEDOT/PSS(聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)/聚苯乙烯磺酸)。导电层的组合厚度受到薄层电阻要求的限制，但可对各个层的厚度进行最优化，以获得所需的光学性质。
在另一个实施例中，如图5装置电极64所示，居间层包含分散在粘结剂中的导电粒子。该粘结剂68中的导电粒子70提供在TCO或半透明导电氧化物的导电层66和72之间的导电通道。基板74为装置提供支承。粘结剂可以是导电的或绝缘的。导电粒子可以是有机的、无机的、或金属的。通过改变粘结剂和导电粒子的体积分数可以调节居间层的折射率。
基体和嵌入导电纳米粒子可以包括以下物质。基体可以包括任何透明的或半透明的(导电的或绝缘的)聚合物(例如，丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、或上文列出的导电聚合物)、或透明的或半透明的无机材料，这些无机材料可为导电的(例如上文列出的TCO)或绝缘的(SiO2、氮化硅(SixNy)、氧化锌(ZnO)、氧化铝(Al2O3)、或氟化镁(MgF2))。导电纳米粒子可以包括导电聚合物(例如上文列出的那些)、或金属(例如银、金、镍、铬)。如果基体是导电的，那么纳米粒子可以是绝缘的，具体地讲，它们可以是上文列出的绝缘材料(例如，SiO2、氮化硅、氧化锌、或其他绝缘材料)的纳米粒子。
如图6和7所示，虽然上述的实施例包括由居间层分开的两个透明的或半透明的导电层，但是可以根据所需的光学性质和电性质加入另外的透明的或半透明的导电层和居间层。图6和7中示出的装置电极76和90包括以下作为单个电极的层：多个透明的或半透明的导电层78、82和86；在导电层之间的透明的或半透明的居间层80和84；和基板88。也可以加入导电层和居间层的附加层，使得电极具有针对特定装置进行最优化或调整的任何层数。另外，当电极与显示装置一起使用时，与显示介质接触的层可以是绝缘的或导电的，这取决于转换机制(例如电流驱动或场驱动)，例如图6示出的导电层78或图7示出的绝缘层92。
对于三色ChLC显示器，用于每种颜色的电极可以针对特定波长范围设计或调整，以最小化界面反射。表1包括针对ChLC显示装置中的单种颜色(RGBChLC材料层)设计的最优化电极构造的厚度(单位：纳米(nm))。
实例
制造了图4中示出的具有三层电极设计的基板。居间层由使用上文指出的超级阻膜工艺沉积的丙烯酸酯聚合物组成，并且两个导电层由溅镀沉积的ITO组成。如表2指出的，在一卷0.005英寸厚的PET上制造具有不同居间层和ITO层厚度的三层电极。
各个层厚度通过在整个ITO和超级阻膜沉积源的用英尺每分钟(fpm)表示的膜速度来确定。更快的速度形成更薄的层。使用测量两个ITO层的组合导电率的非接触探针(Delcom)和测量顶部暴露表面的导电率的表面接触4-探针仪器来测量这些样品的薄层电阻。两种测量技术都得到测量误差范围内相同的薄层电阻值，这表明居间层允许两相邻ITO层之间电接触。
对使用具有指数匹配的三层电极的基板和具有非指数匹配的单层电极的基板制造的全色RGB、ChLC装置进行比较。具有非指数匹配电极时，宽带界面反射更为明显。相对于具有指数匹配电极的装置，这些反射降低颜色饱和度。
具有指数匹配电极的装置的色域比具有非指数匹配电极的装置的色域大三倍。相对于具有指数匹配电极的那些装置，更强的界面反射还降低了具有非指数匹配电极的装置的黑色电平。因此，对于具有指数匹配电极的装置而言，对比度更高，其中对比度被定义为白色至黑色状态的亮度(CIEY)的比率。
装置还可以由三层电极基板制造，其中居间层由SiO2、代替超级阻膜层的无机材料组成。三层电极由溅镀到0.12mm(5密耳)PET(DupontTeijin,ST-504)上的ITO(20nm)/SiO2(42nm)/ITO(20nm)组成。当组装到ChLC、RGB这些装置中时，这些基板还呈现出改善的电性质和光学性质。对于具有指数匹配的三层电极的装置而言，颜色饱和度(色域)和对比度都显著更高。具有三层指数匹配电极时，色域超过四倍大，对比度超过五倍大。
三层电极设计还可实现低薄层电阻与优良光学性能相结合。每个低折射率居间层允许相邻透明导电层之间电接触。因此，多层电极的导电率由所有导电层的组合厚度确定。显示器用具有三层电极的基板制造。与使用单层电极的那些相比，该基板的更低薄层电阻(大约100Ω/平方)可实现优异的显示均匀度，在整个显示器上没有图形褪色。可以观察到颜色饱和度和显示均匀度都是非常优良的。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于显示装置的透明的或半透明的导电制品，所述显示装置具有用于电子显示内容的显示区域，所述导电制品包括按以下顺序排列的层：
透明的或半透明的第一导电层；
透明的或半透明的第二导电层；
位于所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的透明的或半透明的居间层，其中所述居间层包含电介质；以及
基板，
其中所述居间层包括在所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间并与它们接触的导电通道，该导电通道延伸穿过所述居间层以使所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间进行电接触，
其中所述导电制品被构造成覆盖所述显示装置的全部所述显示区域；
其中所述导电通道包括延伸穿过所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的孔的导电连接件；或者，所述居间层包含粘结剂、并且所述导电通道包含悬浮在所述粘结剂中并在所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间延伸的导电粒子；
并且其中所述居间层的折射率低于所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层的折射率，并导致所述显示装置的所述导电制品的界面反射降低。
2.根据权利要求1所述的导电制品，其中所述第一导电层、所述第二导电层和所述居间层的厚度和光学折射率被选择为使得所述显示装置的光学反射率减少特定的量。
3.根据权利要求1所述的导电制品，其中所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层各自都包含透明的或半透明的导电氧化物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的导电制品，其中所述基板包含聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
5.根据权利要求1所述的导电制品，其中所述基板包含聚碳酸酯。
6.根据权利要求1所述的导电制品，还包括位于所述第一导电层的与所述居间层相背的侧面上的绝缘层。
7.根据权利要求1所述的导电制品，还包括：透明的或半透明的第三导电层，以及位于所述第一导电层与所述第三导电层之间的另一个透明的或半透明的居间层。
8.根据权利要求1所述的导电制品，其中所述制品包括电极。
9.根据权利要求1所述的导电制品，其中所述显示装置为胆甾型液晶显示器。
10.一种用于非显示装置的透明的或半透明的导电制品，所述非显示装置具有用于透射可见光的透射区域，所述导电制品包括按以下顺序排列的层：
透明的或半透明的第一导电层；
透明的或半透明的第二导电层；以及
位于所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的透明的或半透明的居间层，其中，所述居间层包含电介质；以及
基板，
其中所述居间层包括在所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间并与它们接触的导电通道，该导电通道延伸穿过所述居间层以使所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间进行电接触，
其中所述导电制品被构造成覆盖所述非显示装置的全部所述透射区域；
其中所述导电通道包括延伸穿过所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间的孔的导电连接件；或者，所述居间层包含粘结剂、并且所述导电通道包含悬浮在所述粘结剂中并在所述第一导电层与所述第二导电层之间延伸的导电粒子；
并且其中所述居间层的折射率低于所述第一导电层和所述第二导电层的折射率，并导致所述非显示装置的所述导电制品的界面反射降低。
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