CN104934172A - 电压非线性电阻元件以及其制法 - Google Patents

电压非线性电阻元件以及其制法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104934172A
CN104934172A CN201510121424.8A CN201510121424A CN104934172A CN 104934172 A CN104934172 A CN 104934172A CN 201510121424 A CN201510121424 A CN 201510121424A CN 104934172 A CN104934172 A CN 104934172A
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Prior art keywords
zinc oxide
layer
bismuth oxide
conjugant
voltage
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CN201510121424.8A
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山崎哲
早濑彻
森本健司
川崎真司
武内幸久
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NGK Insulators Ltd
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NGK Insulators Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及电压非线性电阻元件及其制法,在氧化锌系电压非线性电阻元件中,将高电流区域中的钳位电压抑制得低。电压非线性电阻元件(10)具备:电阻体(14),具有一个接合体(12),该接合体(12)是以氧化锌为主成分且体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下的氧化锌陶瓷层(12a)与以氧化铋为主成分的氧化铋层(12b)接合而成;一对电极(16)、(18),以导电路径横穿氧化锌陶瓷层(12a)与氧化铋层(12b)的接合面的方式形成于电阻体(14)。该元件(10)中,作为接合体(12)的氧化锌陶瓷层(12a),使用了体积电阻率比以往低的氧化锌陶瓷层。因此,能够将高电流区域的钳位电压抑制得比以往低。

Description

电压非线性电阻元件以及其制法
技术领域
本发明涉及电压非线性电阻元件以及其制法。
背景技术
电压非线性电阻元件(压敏电阻元件),是将电压非线性电阻体用一对电极夹持结构的元件,作为保护电子电路等抵御异常电压的元件,广泛利用于湿度传感器、温度传感器等各种传感器。作为这种电压非线性电阻元件,专利文献1公开了一种用一对电极夹持着下述结构的电阻体而成的电压非线性电阻元件,所述电阻体为在介于含有Al2O3这样的氧化物作为掺杂剂的2个氧化锌系磁器之间存在含有Bi2O3、Sb2O3等2种氧化物的氧化物膜的结构。通过该元件,开启电压V1mA(通1mA(从元件形状而言0.4A/cm2)电流时的两个端子之间的电压)被抑制到3V左右。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2000-228302号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的问题
一般而言,含有掺杂剂的氧化锌,与不含掺杂剂的氧化锌相比电阻低,但专利文献1的氧化锌系磁器,相对于ZnO添加了0.0009~0.018质量%的掺杂剂Al2O3,由于掺杂剂的添加量极低,不能说电阻充分低。因此,专利文献1的电压非线性电阻元件中,在高电流区域(例如通20A/cm2的电流时)产生大的电压的可能性高。
本发明是为了解决这样的问题而完成的,其主要目的在于在氧化锌系的电压非线性电阻元件中,将高电流区域中的钳位电压抑制得低。
用于解决问题的方法
本发明的电压非线性电阻元件,具备:
电压非线性电阻体,其含有至少一个接合体,该接合体是以氧化锌为主成分且体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下的氧化锌陶瓷层与以氧化铋为主成分的氧化铋层接合而成,以及
一对电极,其以导电路径横穿上述氧化锌陶瓷层与上述氧化铋层的接合面的方式形成于上述电压非线性电阻体。
该电压非线性电阻元件中,使用了与以往相比体积电阻率低的氧化锌陶瓷层作为电压非线性电阻体的氧化锌陶瓷层。因此,能够将高电流区域(例如通20A/cm2的电流时)中的钳位电压与以往相比抑制得低。结果,即便例如因静电导致大电流流过本发明的电压非线性电阻元件,也能够将电压的上升抑制得小,并且能够防止发生元件本身的绝缘击穿。
本发明的电压非线性电阻元件中,上述氧化锌陶瓷层可以含有从由Al2O3、In2O3以及Ga2O3组成的组中选择的一种以上。通过添加这样的3价金属离子,能够比较容易地使氧化锌陶瓷层的体积电阻率为低电阻。
本发明的电压非线性电阻元件中,上述氧化铋层可以通过溅射形成于上述氧化锌陶瓷层。这样,能够不将氧化锌陶瓷层暴露于高温而形成氧化铋层,因此能够回避氧化锌陶瓷层受到热的影响而使体积电阻率上升的可能性。
本发明的电压非线性电阻元件中,上述电压非线性电阻体也可以以如下方式构成:层叠有两个以上上述接合体,介于邻接的氧化锌陶瓷层彼此之间,存在氧化铋层,或存在氧化铋层和导体层,或存在氧化铋层、导体层和氧化铋层。这样,通过适宜地设定在电压非线性电阻体内层叠的接合体的数量,能够应对各种压敏电阻电压。
本发明的电压非线性电阻元件中,上述一对电极设在与上述氧化锌陶瓷层与上述氧化铋层的接合面平行的上述电压非线性电阻体的两面。
本发明的电压非线性电阻元件的制法,包含:
(a)通过在以氧化锌为主成分且体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下的氧化锌陶瓷层上由溅射形成以氧化铋为主成分的氧化铋层而得到接合体的工序,
(b)准备至少两个上述接合体,在一个接合体的上述氧化铋层与另一个接合体的上述氧化锌陶瓷层之间,夹持导体箔并叠加或什么都不夹持而直接叠加,通过在该状态下在非活性气氛中进行300~700℃的热处理,从而将上述接合体接合,得到层叠的电压非线性电阻体的工序,和
(c)以导电路径横穿上述氧化锌陶瓷层与上述氧化铋层的接合面的方式形成一对电极的工序,
或者,
(a)通过在以氧化锌为主成分且体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下的氧化锌陶瓷层上由溅射形成以氧化铋为主成分的氧化铋层,从而得到接合体的工序,
(b)准备至少两个上述接合体,在一个接合体的上述氧化铋层与另一个接合体的上述氧化铋层之间,夹持导体箔并叠加或什么都不夹持而直接叠加,通过在该状态下在非活性气氛中进行300~700℃的热处理,从而将上述接合体接合,得到层叠的电压非线性电阻体的工序,和
(c)以导电路径横穿上述氧化锌陶瓷层与上述氧化铋层的接合面的方式形成一对电极的工序。
本发明的电压非线性电阻元件的制法中,上述一对电极通过在上述电压非线性电阻体的两面蒸镀、溅射、喷镀或电镀电极材料、或涂布导电性糊剂、或在涂布导电性糊剂后烧成来制作。
根据这些制法,能够比较容易地制造在电压非线性电阻体内层叠有多个接合体的电压非线性电阻元件。此外,由于使工序(b)的热处理温度比较低,为300~700℃,因此能够防止因热的影响导致氧化锌陶瓷层的体积电阻率升高。特别是,当使工序(b)的热处理温度为300~500℃时,其效果变得显著。
附图说明
图1为电压非线性电阻元件10的截面图。
图2为电压非线性电阻元件30的截面图。
图3为电压非线性电阻元件130的截面图。
图4为电压非线性电阻元件40的截面图。
图5为电压非线性电阻元件140的截面图。
图6为表示实施例1、2以及比较例1~3的电压非线性电阻元件的电流-电压特性的图。
图7为表示氧化锌陶瓷层的体积电阻率(Ωcm)与相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压之间的关系的图。
符号说明
10 电压非线性电阻元件,12 接合体,12a 氧化锌陶瓷层,12b 氧化铋层,14 电压非线性电阻体(电阻体),16、18 电极,30 电压非线性电阻元件,33 导体层,34 电阻体,40 电压非线性电阻元件,42 接合体,43导体层,44 电阻体,130 电压非线性电阻元件,134 电阻体,140 电压非线性电阻元件,144 电阻体。
具体实施方式
对于本发明的适宜的实施方式,参照附图在以下进行说明。图1为本实施方式的电压非线性电阻元件10的截面图。
电压非线性电阻元件10具备电压非线性电阻体(简称为电阻体)14和夹持该电阻体14的一对电极16、18。
电阻体14具有一个氧化锌陶瓷层12a与以氧化铋为主成分的氧化铋层12b接合成的接合体12。氧化锌陶瓷层12a是以氧化锌为主成分,且体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下的层。体积电阻率优选为1.0×10-3Ωcm以下。这样,能够将高电流区域中的钳位电压与以往相比抑制得更加低。氧化铋层12b的厚度优选为0.01~1μm,更优选为0.05~0.5μm。
以导电路径横穿氧化锌陶瓷层12a与氧化铋层12b的接合面的方式,在电阻体14上形成一对电极16、18。电极16、18,只要是显示出与氧化锌陶瓷良好的欧姆性且导电性良好的材料,就没有特别限定,可以列举例如金、银、铂、铝等。在此,以电极18作为阳极施加电压时,电流容易地流过,相反地,以电极16作为阳极施加电压时,可以得到显示出电压非线性的元件。
接着,在以下说明电压非线性电阻元件10的制造例。
·氧化锌陶瓷层12a的制作
通过从体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下,优选为1.0×10-3Ωcm以下的氧化锌陶瓷块中,以规定尺寸的板材进行切割,可以得到氧化锌陶瓷层12a。氧化锌陶瓷块可以通过下述方式得到,即,通过使Al、Ga、In等的3价离子作为掺杂剂固溶于氧化锌陶瓷中来得到,或者通过将氧化锌粉末在非氧化气氛下进行烧成而导入氧缺陷来得到。为了得到固溶有掺杂剂的氧化锌陶瓷块,首先,在氧化锌粉末中,混合Al2O3、Ga2O3、In2O3等3价的金属氧化物粉末至0.05~2.0质量%,成形为规定形状的成形体。接着,将该成形体在非氧化气氛(例如窒气氛、氩气氛)下,在900~1200℃保持数小时后,进一步升温至1300~1500℃,烧成数小时。由此,能够比较容易地得到体积电阻率低的氧化锌陶瓷块。为了达到作为目标的体积电阻率,调整混合于氧化锌粉末的3价的金属氧化物粉末的质量%,或调整烧成温度即可。此外,用于原料的氧化锌粉末,优选平均粒径为0.02~5μm。3价的金属氧化物粉末,优选平均粒径为0.01~0.5μm。作为3价的金属氧化物粉末,优选为Al2O3粉末。作为Al2O3粉末,可以使用θ氧化铝,也可以使用γ氧化铝、勃姆石等。另一方面,为了在非氧化气氛下烧成氧化锌粉末而得到体积电阻率低的氧化锌陶瓷块,例如,在非氧化气氛(例如氮气氛、氩气氛)下,将氧化锌粉末在1300~1500℃保持数小时而进行烧成。
·氧化铋层12b的制作
氧化铋层12b可以是氧化铋单体,也可以以氧化铋为主成分且含有其他氧化物(例如Sb2O3、Cr2O3、MnO、CoO、ZnO、SiO2等)作为副成分。氧化铋层12b为氧化铋单体时,例如,可以将氧化铋作为靶,在氧化锌陶瓷层12a上通过溅射形成氧化铋层12b。除了溅射之外,还可以采用真空蒸镀、离子镀等。或者,也可以将含有氧化铋粉末的糊剂涂布于氧化锌陶瓷层12a上,使其干燥,以比较低的温度(例如200~700℃,优选为200~500℃)进行热处理,形成氧化铋层12b。另一方面,氧化铋层12b含有副成分的情况下,除氧化铋之外还可以将副成分也用作靶,通过多元同时溅射在氧化锌陶瓷层12a上形成氧化铋层12b。或者,也可以将除氧化铋粉末之外还含有副成分的粉末的糊剂涂布于氧化锌陶瓷层12a,使其干燥,以比较低的温度进行热处理,形成氧化铋层12b。热处理时,由于温度比较低,因此几乎没有氧化锌陶瓷层12a受热的影响而使体积电阻率上升的可能性,而溅射时,由于可以以更低的温度处理,因此能够确实地回避这样的可能性。
·电极16、18的制作
在本实施方式,电阻体14具有一个将氧化锌陶瓷层12a与氧化铋层12b接合成的接合体12。电极16、18可以通过在该电阻体14的两面蒸镀或溅射电极材料来制作。作为电极材料,可以列举金、银、铂、铝等。或者,也可以准备板状的电极16、18,将它们介由导电性接合材接合于电阻体14的各面。
根据以上详述的电压非线性电阻元件10,在以电极16作为阳极施加电压时显示出电压非线性,能够将高电流区域(例如通20A/cm2的电流时)中的钳位电压与以往相比抑制得低。结果,即使例如因静电导致大电流流过电压非线性电阻元件10,也能够将电压的上升抑制得小,能够防止发生元件自身的绝缘击穿。
予以说明的是,本发明不受上述实施方式的任何限定,不言而喻,只要属于本发明的技术范围,能够以各种方式实施。
例如,在上述电压非线性电阻元件10中,在具有一个接合体12的电阻体14的两面设置有电极16、18,但也可以使用层叠有多个接合体12的电阻体来代替电阻体14。通过使用这样的层叠型的电阻体,能够控制压敏电阻电压,并能够得到与用途相适应的压敏电阻电压的电压非线性电阻元件。在图2~图5示出使用了层叠型的电阻体的示例。
图2所示的电压非线性电阻元件30,在将两个接合体12介由导体层33层叠并接合的层叠型电阻体34的两面设置有电极16、18。电阻体34中,介于邻接的氧化锌陶瓷层12a彼此之间存在氧化铋层12b和导体层33。电阻体34的制造例如下所示。首先,准备两个接合体12,使一个接合体12的氧化锌陶瓷层12a与另一个接合体12的氧化铋层12b互相面对,在它们之间夹持作为导体箔的焊料(例如Au-Ge合金箔、Au-Sn合金箔、Au-Si合金箔等)并叠加,对它们加压而使其一体化。将其在非活性气氛中升温至规定的接合温度(例如300~700℃、优选为300~500℃),保持规定的时间后进行降温。由此,焊料在溶融或软化后固化而成为导体层33,因而能够得到电阻体34。根据电压非线性电阻元件30,可以得到与上述元件10同样的效果。此外,由于使用了层叠有两个接合体12的电阻体34,因此与实施例1的电压非线性电阻元件10相比,能够使钳位电压为约2倍。进而,作为氧化锌陶瓷层12a,在使用了通过向氧化锌陶瓷中大量添加掺杂剂(3价离子)或在非活性气氛下进行热处理并大量形成氧缺陷而低电阻化了的氧化锌陶瓷层时,若接合温度过高(例如900℃、1000℃),有时会析出掺杂剂或氧缺陷消失,导致电阻增大,但在此,由于使接合温度为700℃以下,优选为500℃以下,因此能够维持氧化锌陶瓷层12a的低电阻。
图3所示的电压非线性电阻元件130,在分别将三个接合体12介由导体层33层叠并接合的电阻体134的两面设置有电极1618电阻体134中介于邻接的氧化锌陶瓷层12a彼此之间存在氧化铋层12b和导体层33。由于基本结构、所得到的效果与图2的电压非线性电阻元件30相同,因此在此省略详情。但由于元件130使用了层叠有三个接合体12的电阻体134,因此与实施例1的电压非线性电阻元件10相比,能够使钳位电压为约3倍。
图4所示的电压非线性电阻元件40,在将两个接合体12介由导体层43层叠并接合的层叠型电阻体44的两面设置有电极16、18。电阻体44中,介于邻接的氧化锌陶瓷层12a彼此之间,存在氧化铋层12b、导体层43和氧化铋层12b。电阻体44的制造例如下所示。首先,准备两个接合体12,使一个接合体12的氧化铋层12b与另一个接合体12的氧化铋层12b互相面对,在其间夹持上述焊料并叠加,对它们加压使其一体化。然后,与电压非线性电阻元件30的情况同样,通过在非活性气氛中进行热处理,焊料在溶融或软化后固化而成为导体层43,因此能够得到电阻体44。根据电压非线性电阻元件40,无论以电极16和电极18中的任一个作为阳极施加电压的情况下,都显示出电压非线性,此时的钳位电压与实施例1的电压非线性电阻元件10几乎相同。进而,根据与电压非线性电阻元件30同样的理由,能够维持氧化锌陶瓷层12a的低电阻。
图5所示的电压非线性电阻元件140,在分别将两个接合体12和一个3层结构的接合体42介由导体层43接合的层叠型电阻体144的两面设置有电极16、18。电阻体144中,介于邻接的氧化锌陶瓷层12a彼此之间,存在氧化铋层12b、导体层43和氧化铋层12b。电阻体144的制造例如下所示。首先,准备两个接合体12。此外,在氧化锌陶瓷层12a的两面形成氧化铋层12b,形成3层结构的接合体42。然后,在第一个接合体12的氧化铋层12b与3层结构的接合体42的一个氧化铋层12b之间夹持上述焊料,在3层结构的接合体42的另一个氧化铋层12b与第二个接合体12的氧化铋层12b之间夹持上述焊料,在该状态下对它们加压使其一体化。然后,与电压非线性电阻元件30的情况同样,通过在非活性气氛中进行热处理,焊料在溶融或软化后固化而成为导体层43,因而能够得到电阻体144。根据电压非线性电阻元件140,无论以电极16和电极18中的任一个作为阳极施加电压的情况下,都显示出电压非线性,此时的钳位电压与实施例1的电压非线性电阻元件10相比为约2倍。
在上述图2~图5的实施方式中,介由导体层33、43接合了多个接合体12,但也可以在接合时不使用焊料而直接将接合体12彼此接合。在该情况下也优选将接合体12彼此在比较低的温度(例如300~700℃,优选为300~500℃)接合。
实施例
[实施例1]
将在氧化锌(平均粒径1.5μm)中混合1质量%的θ氧化铝(平均粒径0.02μm)并成形而成的成形体,在N2气氛,在1100℃保持5小时后,进一步升温至1400℃,进行5小时的烧成,制作氧化锌陶瓷块。该氧化锌陶瓷块的体积电阻率是9.3×10-3Ωcm。将得到的氧化锌陶瓷块切割出10mm×10mm×1mm的板状,得到氧化锌陶瓷薄板。将该薄板的表面研磨、清洗后,使用氧化铋作为靶,进行高频等离子溅射,在氧化锌陶瓷薄板的表面成膜氧化铋的溅射膜(厚度0.3μm),得到接合体。对于溅射,使用ULVAC机工制的RFS-200。成膜条件如下所示。靶尺寸:直径80mm,RF输出功率:20W,气压(Ar):2.0Pa,成膜时间:15分钟。
将得到的接合体直接用作电阻体,在电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,得到电压非线性电阻元件(参照图1)。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。予以说明的是,以设置于氧化锌陶瓷薄板侧的电极作为阳极,设置于氧化铋的溅射膜上的电极作为阴极。将测定结果示于表1以及图6中。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为2.7V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为4.3V。
表1
      
*1相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压
*2相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压
[实施例2]
除了在氧化锌中混合2质量%的θ氧化铝以外,与实施例1同样地操作,制作氧化锌陶瓷块。该氧化锌陶瓷块的体积电阻率为1.1×10-4Ωcm。将该氧化锌陶瓷块切割出10mm×10mm×1mm的板状,作为氧化锌陶瓷薄板,使用该薄板与实施例1同样地制造了接合体。将得到的接合体直接用作电阻体,在电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,形成电压非线性电阻元件。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。将测定结果示于表1以及图6中。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为2.7V,相当于20A/cm2电流值时的钳位电压为3.4V。
[比较例1]
在氧化锌中,添加硝酸铝水溶液至换算成Al2O3为0.001质量%,加水以使水分量为50质量%,进一步加入微量的粘合剂和消泡剂后,通过进行30分钟超声波搅拌、30分钟叶片搅拌来混合。混合后,通过喷雾干燥器造粒,得到造粒物。使造粒物通过网眼尺寸为200μm的筛后,将其成形,脱脂后,在大气气氛、1400℃烧成5小时,制作氧化锌陶瓷块。该氧化锌陶瓷块的体积电阻率为3.0×10-1Ωcm。将得到的氧化锌陶瓷块切割出10mm×10mm×1mm的板状,得到氧化锌陶瓷薄板。在该氧化锌陶瓷薄板的表面,与实施例1同样地成膜氧化铋的溅射膜,得到接合体。将得到的接合体直接用作电阻体,在电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,形成电压非线性电阻元件。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。将测定结果示于表1以及图6中。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为2.5V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为10.2V。
[比较例2]
除了在氧化锌中将硝酸铝水溶液添加至换算成Al2O3为0.002质量%之外,与比较例1同样地操作,制作了氧化锌陶瓷块。该氧化锌陶瓷块的体积电阻率为1.5×10-1Ωcm。将该氧化锌陶瓷块切割出10mm×10mm×1mm的板状,作为氧化锌陶瓷薄板,使用该薄板,与实施例1同样地制造了接合体。将得到的接合体直接用作电阻体,在电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,形成电压非线性电阻元件。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。将测定结果示于表1以及图6中。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为2.6V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为8.8V。
[比较例3]
在氧化锌中混合Co3O4、MnO2、NiO粉末至相对于氧化锌分别为1.2、0.50、0.47质量%,添加硝酸铝水溶液至换算成Al2O3为0.0018质量%。将该混合粉成形,在大气气氛下以1300℃进行1小时热压烧成,制作了氧化锌陶瓷块。该氧化锌陶瓷块的体积电阻率为2.1×10-1Ωcm。将该氧化锌陶瓷块以10mm×10mm×1mm的板状切出作为氧化锌陶瓷薄板,使用该薄板,与实施例1同样地制作了接合体。将得到的接合体直接用作电阻体,在电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,作为电压非线性电阻元件。对于该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定了电流-电压特性。测定结果在表1以及图6中示出。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为2.7V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为9.0V。
由以上可知,与使用体积电阻率为3.0×10-1Ωcm的氧化锌陶瓷薄板的比较例1的电压非线性电阻元件相比,使用体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下(特别是1.0×10-3Ωcm以下)的氧化锌陶瓷薄板的实施例1、2的电压非线性电阻元件,在高电流区域(例如20A/cm2以上的区域)产生的电压低,电子电路的保护功能优异。
[实施例3]
准备了两个与实施例2同样地制作而成的接合体。在一个接合体的氧化锌陶瓷薄板与另一个接合体的氧化铋的溅射膜之间夹持Au-Ge合金(质量比Au/Ge=88/12)的箔(厚度50μm)并将两个接合体叠加。在该状态下,在非活性气氛下进行420℃、10分钟的热处理,将两个接合体接合,得到层叠型的电阻体。在得到的电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,得到电压非线性电阻元件(参照图2)。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。予以说明的是,将设置于氧化锌陶瓷薄板的电极为阳极,将设置于溅射膜的电极为阴极。结果,虽没有图示,但确认了显示出与实施例2同样的电压非线性电阻特性。该情况下的非线性区域(电流0.01~2A/cm2的区域)的钳位电压与实施例2相比为约2倍。
[实施例4]
除了在氧化锌中添加硝酸铝水溶液至换算成Al2O3为0.1质量%之外,与比较例1同样地操作,制作了氧化锌陶瓷块。该氧化锌陶瓷块的体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm。将该氧化锌陶瓷块切割出10mm×10mm×1mm的板状,作为氧化锌陶瓷薄板,使用该薄板,与实施例1同样地制作了接合体。将得到的接合体直接用作电阻体,在电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,作为电压非线性电阻元件。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。测定结果在表1以及图6中示出。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为2.6V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为6.1V。
[实施例5]
除了在氧化锌中混合了0.5质量%的θ氧化铝之外,与实施例1同样地操作,制作了氧化锌陶瓷块。该氧化锌陶瓷块的体积电阻率为8.9×10-3Ωcm。将该氧化锌陶瓷块切割出10mm×10mm×1mm的板状,作为氧化锌陶瓷薄板,使用该薄板与实施例1同样地制造了接合体。将得到的接合体直接用作电阻体,在电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,作为电压非线性电阻元件。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。将测定结果示于表1以及图6中。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为2.7V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为5.2V。
关于以上实施例1、2、4、5以及比较例1~3,将表示氧化锌陶瓷层的体积电阻率(Ωcm)与相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压之间的关系的图示于图7中。由图7可知,氧化锌陶瓷层的体积电阻率以1.0×10-1Ωcm为界线,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压存在较大的变化。即,在氧化锌陶瓷层的体积电阻率超过1.0×10-1Ωcm的区域中,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压是较大的值,但以1.0×10-1Ωcm作为界线,在其以下的区域中,钳位电压急剧变小。
[实施例6]
将与实施例2同样地制作而成的氧化锌陶瓷块切割出10mm×10mm×1mm的板状,得到氧化锌陶瓷薄板。对该薄板的表面进行研磨、清洗后,在氧化铋中混合Sb2O3、Co3O4、MnO2粉末至相对于氧化铋分别为2.5、6.7、1.8质量%,成形,在大气气氛、700℃烧成2小时。将烧成后的物质用作靶,进行高频等离子溅射,在氧化锌陶瓷薄板的表面成膜以氧化铋作为主成分的溅射膜(厚度0.3μm),得到接合体。对于溅射,使用ULVAC机工制的RFS-200。成膜条件如下所示。靶尺寸:直径80mm,RF输出功率:20W,气压(Ar):2.0Pa,成膜时间:20分钟。将得到的接合体直接用作电阻体,在电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,形成电压非线性电阻元件。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。结果,虽没有图示,但确认了显示出与实施例2同样的电压非线性电阻特性。将测定结果示于表2中。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为2.6V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为3.2V。
表2
      
*1相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压
*2相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压
[实施例7]
准备两个与实施例6同样地制作而成的接合体。在一个接合体的氧化锌陶瓷薄板与另一个接合体的氧化铋的溅射膜之间夹持Au-Ge合金(以质量比计Au/Ge=88/12)的箔(厚度50μm),将两个接合体叠加。在该状态下,在非活性气氛中,进行420℃、10分钟的热处理,将两个接合体接合,得到层叠型的电阻体。在得到的电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,得到电压非线性电阻元件(参照图2)。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。予以说明的是,将设置于氧化锌陶瓷薄板的电极作为阳极,将设置于溅射膜的电极作为阴极。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。结果,虽没有图示,但确认了显示出与实施例2同样的电压非线性电阻特性。将测定结果示于表2中。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为5.2V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为6.4V,即为实施例6的2倍。
[实施例8]
准备两个与实施例6同样地制作而成的接合体。在一个接合体的氧化锌陶瓷薄板与另一个接合体的氧化铋的溅射膜之间夹持Ag箔(厚度20μm),将两个接合体叠加,在非活性气氛下,进行700℃、30分钟的热处理,将两个接合体接合,得到层叠型的电阻体。在得到的电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,得到电压非线性电阻元件(参照图2)。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。予以说明的是,以设置于氧化锌陶瓷薄板的电极作为阳极,设置于溅射膜的电极作为阴极。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。结果,虽没有图示,但确认了显示出与实施例2同样的电压非线性电阻特性。将测定结果示于表2中。相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为5.3V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为6.6V,即为实施例6的约2倍。
[比较例4]
准备两个与实施例6同样地制作而成的接合体。在一个接合体的氧化锌陶瓷薄板与另一个接合体的氧化铋的溅射膜之间夹持Ag箔(厚度20μm),将两个接合体叠加,在非活性气氛下,进行900℃、30分钟的热处理,将两个接合体接合,得到层叠型的电阻体。在得到的电阻体的两面设置Al蒸镀电极,得到电压非线性电阻元件(参照图2)。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。予以说明的是,以设置于氧化锌陶瓷薄板的电极作为阳极,设置于溅射膜的电极作为阴极。对该电压非线性电阻元件的两个电极,与实施例1同样地施加电压,测定电流-电压特性。结果,从所制成的电阻体,观察到显示出电压非线性电阻特性的电阻体和不显示电压非线性电阻特性的电阻体。将测定结果示于表2中。即便是显示出电压非线性电阻特性的电阻体,其相当于1mA/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为5.3V,相当于20A/cm2的电流值时的钳位电压为15.0V,即,成为远远高于实施例6的2倍的钳位电压。
由以上的实施例6~8以及比较例4可知,在氧化铋层含有氧化铋以外的其他氧化物(在此为Sb2O3、Co3O4、MnO2)的情况下,若通过比700℃高的温度的热处理来将接合体彼此接合,则电压非线性特性的显现变得不稳定,或钳位电压变高,从而有可能难以得到将在高电流区域产生的电压抑制得低的电压非线性电阻元件。
予以说明的是,上述实施例只不过是本发明的一个示例,本发明并不限于这些实施例。

Claims (9)

1.一种电压非线性电阻元件,其具备:
电压非线性电阻体,其含有至少一个接合体,该接合体是以氧化锌为主成分且体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下的氧化锌陶瓷层与以氧化铋作为主成分的氧化铋层接合而成,和
一对电极,其以导电路径横穿所述氧化锌陶瓷层与所述氧化铋层的接合面的方式形成于所述电压非线性电阻体。
2.如权利要求1所述的电压非线性电阻元件,其中,所述氧化锌陶瓷层含有从由Al2O3、In2O3以及Ga2O3组成的组中选择的一种以上。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的电压非线性电阻元件,其中,所述氧化铋层通过溅射形成于所述氧化锌陶瓷层。
4.如权利要求1~3中的任一项所述的电压非线性电阻元件,其中,所述电压非线性电阻体层叠有两个以上的所述接合体,介于邻接的氧化锌陶瓷层彼此之间,存在氧化铋层,或存在氧化铋层和导体层,或存在氧化铋层、导体层和氧化铋层。
5.如权利要求1所述的电压非线性电阻元件,其中,所述一对电极设在与所述氧化锌陶瓷层与所述氧化铋层的接合面平行的所述电压非线性电阻体的两面。
6.一种电压非线性电阻元件的制法,其包含:
(a)通过在以氧化锌为主成分且体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下的氧化锌陶瓷层上由溅射形成以氧化铋为主成分的氧化铋层,从而得到接合体的工序,
(b)准备至少两个所述接合体,在一个接合体的所述氧化铋层和另一个接合体的所述氧化锌陶瓷层之间,夹持导体箔并叠加或什么都不夹持而直接叠加,通过在该状态下在非活性气氛中进行300~700℃的热处理,从而将所述接合体接合,得到层叠的电压非线性电阻体的工序,和
(c)以导电路径横穿所述氧化锌陶瓷层与所述氧化铋层的接合面的方式形成一对电极的工序。
7.一种电压非线性电阻元件的制法,其包含:
(a)通过在以氧化锌为主成分且体积电阻率为1.0×10-1Ωcm以下的氧化锌陶瓷层上由溅射形成以氧化铋为主成分的氧化铋层,从而得到接合体的工序,
(b)准备至少两个所述接合体,在一个接合体的所述氧化铋层和另一个接合体的所述氧化铋层之间,夹持导体箔并叠加或什么都不夹持而直接叠加,通过在该状态下在非活性气氛中进行300~700℃的热处理,从而将所述接合体接合,得到层叠的电压非线性电阻体的工序,和
(c)以导电路径横穿所述氧化锌陶瓷层和所述氧化铋层的接合面的方式形成一对电极的工序。
8.如权利要求6或7所述的电压非线性电阻元件的制法,其中,所述工序(b)的热处理的温度为300~500℃。
9.如权利要求6或7所述的电压非线性电阻元件的制法,其中,所述一对电极通过在所述电压非线性电阻体的两面蒸镀、溅射、喷镀或电镀电极材料、或涂布导电性糊剂、或在涂布导电性糊剂后烧成来制作。
CN201510121424.8A 2014-03-19 2015-03-19 电压非线性电阻元件以及其制法 Pending CN104934172A (zh)

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