CN104364944B - 正极活性材料和包含其的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
正极活性材料和包含其的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104364944B CN104364944B CN201380031754.7A CN201380031754A CN104364944B CN 104364944 B CN104364944 B CN 104364944B CN 201380031754 A CN201380031754 A CN 201380031754A CN 104364944 B CN104364944 B CN 104364944B
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- metal oxide
- lithium transition
- lithium
- miscellaneous element
- transition
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Substances [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminium flouride Chemical compound F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HDUMBHAAKGUHAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O HDUMBHAAKGUHAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021583 Cobalt(III) fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021594 Copper(II) fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910011006 Ti(SO4)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010342 TiF4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JLDSOYXADOWAKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium nitrate Inorganic materials [Al+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O JLDSOYXADOWAKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000329 aluminium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 2
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Co+2].[Co+3].[Co+3] UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WZJQNLGQTOCWDS-UHFFFAOYSA-K cobalt(iii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Co](F)F WZJQNLGQTOCWDS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GWFAVIIMQDUCRA-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(ii) fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Cu+2] GWFAVIIMQDUCRA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SHXXPRJOPFJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(iii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Fe](F)F SHXXPRJOPFJRHA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XROWMBWRMNHXMF-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrafluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[F-].[F-].[Ti+4] XROWMBWRMNHXMF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 LiMnO2 Chemical compound 0.000 description 23
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese nickel Chemical compound [Mn].[Ni] ZAUUZASCMSWKGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical class COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241001597008 Nomeidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth(iii) oxide Chemical compound O=[Bi]O[Bi]=O WMWLMWRWZQELOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940084030 carboxymethylcellulose calcium Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Ge]=O YBMRDBCBODYGJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroethene Chemical group FC=C(F)F MIZLGWKEZAPEFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000006091 1,3-dioxolane group Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanal Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=O IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910007558 Li2SiS3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012722 Li3N-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910013035 Li3PO4-Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910012797 Li3PO4—Li2S—SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012047 Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012075 Li4SiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012057 Li4SiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910003253 LiB10Cl10 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000552 LiCF3SO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012820 LiCoO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002993 LiMnO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013292 LiNiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003005 LiNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012346 LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012345 LiSiO4-LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012348 LiSiO4—LiI—LiOH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016622 LixFe2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015103 LixWO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006555 Li—Co—Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000914 Metallic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910018651 Mn—Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZHGDJTMNXSOQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O Chemical compound NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O.NP(N)(N)=O ZHGDJTMNXSOQDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 102100029028 Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229910006145 SO3Li Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].BCl Chemical compound [Li].BCl BEKPOUATRPPTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LJCFOYOSGPHIOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony pentoxide Inorganic materials O=[Sb](=O)O[Sb](=O)=O LJCFOYOSGPHIOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000411 antimony tetroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sb+3].[Sb+3] GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DMSZORWOGDLWGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ctk1a3526 Chemical compound NP(N)(N)=O DMSZORWOGDLWGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011982 device technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001983 dialkylethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium monoxide Inorganic materials [Ge]=O PVADDRMAFCOOPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940071676 hydroxypropylcellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Pb]=O YADSGOSSYOOKMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(II,IV) oxide Inorganic materials O1[Pb]O[Pb]11O[Pb]O1 XMFOQHDPRMAJNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium amide Chemical compound [Li+].[NH2-] AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001547 lithium hexafluoroantimonate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001537 lithium tetrachloroaluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C(=O)C(F)(F)F HSFDLPWPRRSVSM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L oxygen(2-);titanium(4+);sulfate Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DCKVFVYPWDKYDN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000379 polypropylene carbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Sn]=O QHGNHLZPVBIIPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000348 titanium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/12—Manganates manganites or permanganates
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1242—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [Mn2O4]-, e.g. LiMn2O4, Li[MxMn2-x]O4
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/54—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [Mn2O4]-, e.g. Li(NixMn2-x)O4, Li(MyNixMn2-x-y)O4
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
- C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种正极活性材料和包含其的二次电池,所述正极活性材料包含基于选自Ni、Mn和Co中的至少一种过渡金属的锂过渡金属氧化物,其中选自如下的至少一种杂元素位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分或内部:Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Bi、Zn和Zr。根据本发明的正极活性材料在其表面和其中包含预定的杂元素,因此基于所述正极活性材料的二次电池可以显示优异的高速充电特性和寿命特性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种正极活性材料和包含其的锂二次电池。更特别地,本发明涉及一种正极活性材料和包含其的锂二次电池,所述正极活性材料包含基于选自Ni、Mn和Co的至少一种过渡金属的锂过渡金属氧化物,其中选自如下的至少一种杂元素位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分或内部:Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Bi、Zn和Zr。
背景技术
随着移动装置技术继续发展和对此的需求继续增加,对作为能源的二次电池的需求急剧增加。在这些二次电池中,已经进行了对显示高能量密度和放电电压的锂二次电池的研究,并且这种锂二次电池可商购获得并被广泛使用。这种锂二次电池由于优异的电极寿命和高的高速充放电效率而被最广泛使用。
通常,作为锂二次电池用正极活性材料,主要使用含锂的钴氧化物如LiCoO2。另外,也在考虑使用含锂的锰氧化物如具有层状晶体结构的LiMnO2、具有尖晶石晶体结构的LiMn2O4等以及含锂的镍氧化物如LiNiO2。
在正极活性材料中,LiCoO2由于优异的总体物理性质如优异的循环性能等而被广泛使用。然而,LiCoO2的安全性低且由于作为原料的钴的资源限制而昂贵。锂镍基氧化物如LiNiO2比LiCoO2便宜且在充电至4.25V的电压时显示高放电容量。然而,锂镍基氧化物具有诸如高制造成本、由电池中的气体产生造成的溶胀、低化学稳定性、高pH等的问题。
另外,锂锰氧化物如LiMnO2、LiMn2O4等的有利之处在于它们包含作为丰富的、环境友好的原料的Mn。特别地,在锂锰氧化物中,LiMn2O4具有诸如价格相对便宜、输出高等的优点。另一方面,当与LiCoO2和三成分基活性材料相比时,LiMn2O4具有较低的能量密度。
为了解决这些缺点,用Ni置换LiMn2O4的一部分Mn并从而具有Li1+aNixMn2-xO4-z(0≤a≤0.1,0.4≤x≤0.5且0≤z≤0.1)组成的尖晶石材料具有比原始运行电位(约4V)更高的电位(约4.7V),并因此,所述尖晶石材料非常适合用作需要高能量和高输出性能的EV中使用的中型和大型锂二次电池的正极活性材料。然而,由于高充电和放电电压电位,存在各种必须解决的问题如由正极活性材料的Mn溶解和电解质的副反应造成的电池性能下降。
因此,需要开发一种具有优异的高速充电特性而同时不造成所述问题的优异正极活性材料。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明旨在解决相关领域的上述问题并实现长久追寻的技术目标。
作为各种广泛而深入的研究和实验的结果,本发明的发明人开发了一种包含锂过渡金属氧化物的正极活性材料,其中预定的杂元素位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分和内部,并且确认了,当使用所述正极活性材料时,显示优异的高速充电特性和寿命特性,由此完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种正极活性材料,其包含基于选自Ni、Mn和Co的至少一种过渡金属的锂过渡金属氧化物,其中选自如下的至少一种杂元素位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分或内部:Ti,Co,Al,Cu,Fe,Mg,B,Cr,Bi,Zn和Zr。
根据本发明的正极活性材料包含锂过渡金属氧化物,所述锂过渡金属氧化物以特定形式包含预定的杂元素,并且因此可以抑制由高电压下电解质的分解造成的锰溶出和气体产生。
基于锂过渡金属氧化物的总重量,可以以0.001~10重量%的量包含杂元素。当杂元素的量小于0.001重量%时,未充分显示由杂元素的添加造成的效果。另一方面,当杂元素的量超过10重量%时,电池的内阻增大且因此,电池性能可能劣化。更特别地,可以以0.001~5重量%的量包含杂元素。
可以在锂过渡金属氧化物的内部掺杂至少一种杂元素。在这种情况下,可以在锂过渡金属氧化物的内部均匀地掺杂杂元素。
在此,“在锂过渡金属氧化物的内部“均匀地”掺杂杂元素”是指在锂过渡金属氧化物内部的每个区域中杂元素和其他元素的比率相同。
在本发明中,“锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分”是指基于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的直径,距最外部分约小于1%的部分。
基于杂元素的总量,位于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的表面部分的杂元素的量可以在30%~99.9%,特别地50%~98%,更特别地50%~95%的范围内。
在这种情况下,位于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的内部的杂元素的总量通过从杂元素的总量中减去位于表面部分的杂元素的量来确定,并且对应于位于表面部分的杂元素的量。位于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的内部的杂元素的总量可以在0.1%~70%,特别地2%~50%,更特别地5%~50%的范围内。
杂元素可以通过物理结合和/或化学结合而位于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的表面部分和内部。
当杂元素同时存在于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的表面部分和内部时,杂元素可以以相对高的量存在于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的表面部分且以相对低的量存在于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的内部。
作为一个实施方式,锂过渡金属氧化物可以由下式1表示。
Li1+aNibMcMn2-(b+c)O4-z-dA2d/n (1)
其中,M为选自如下元素中的至少一种元素:Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Bi、Zn和Zr;A为选自如下的至少一种:O、OH、SO4、PO4、NO3、CO3、BO3和F;0≤a≤0.1;0.3≤b≤0.6;0.005≤c≤0.1;0≤z≤0.1;0.005≤d≤0.1;且n为A的氧化数。
特别地,M可以为选自Al和Ti的至少一种,并且镍(b)的量可以为0.4~0.5。
根据本发明的制备锂过渡金属氧化物的方法包括在使过渡金属前体与0.001~2.0摩尔%,特别地0.001~0.9摩尔%的Mx’Ay’反应之后,将该含锂材料混合并然后烧结。
作为含Mn-Ni的前体,过渡金属前体可以为例如选自如下的至少一种:混合氧化物、混合水合物、混合含氧氢氧化物、混合碳酸盐、混合碳酸氢盐和混合锂过渡金属氧化物。
过渡金属前体可以通过共沉淀制备。共沉淀是本领域中广泛已知的,由此省略其详细说明。
含锂材料没有特别限制,可以为例如氢氧化锂、碳酸锂、氧化锂等,特别是碳酸锂(Li2CO3)和/或氢氧化锂(LiOH)。
M为选自如下元素中的至少一种元素:Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Bi、Zn和Zr;A为选自如下的至少一种:O、OH、SO4、PO4、NO3、CO3、BO3和F;并且,当0<x’<4且0<y’<4时,M的氧化数乘以x’加上A的氧化数乘以y’可以为0。特别地,Mx’Ay可以为选自如下的至少一种:TiO2、Co3O4、Al2O3、CuO、Fe2O3、Fe3O4、MgO、B2O3、Cr2O3、Ti(SO4)2、CoSO4、Al2(SO4)3、CuSO4、FeSO4、MgSO4、Ti3(PO4)4、CoPO4、AlPO4、Mg3(PO4)2、TiF4、CoF3、AlF3、CuF2、FeF3、Al(NO3)3和MgF2,但本发明不限于此。
当Mx’Ay’溶于水时,在前体的表面上形成沉淀物。更特别地,将在0.001~2.0摩尔%的范围内溶于水或氢氧化钠的Mx’Ay’添加到反应器中,从而可以与过渡金属前体反应,由此形成用M表面处理过的过渡金属前体。
在一个优选实施方式中,在共沉淀中,可以进一步添加可以与过渡金属形成复合物的添加剂和/或碱式碳酸盐。添加剂可以为例如铵离子源、乙二胺化合物、柠檬酸化合物等。铵离子源可以为例如氨水、硫酸铵水溶液、硝酸铵水溶液等。碱式碳酸盐可以选自碳酸铵、碳酸钠、碳酸钾和碳酸锂。在这种情况下,根据需要,可以从所述组中选择并混合两种以上碳酸盐。添加剂和碱式碳酸盐的添加量可以考虑含过渡金属的盐的量、pH等而适当确定。
当根据上述反应形成的利用杂元素M表面处理过的过渡金属前体与含锂材料通过煅烧反应时,在煅烧反应期间杂元素M可以扩散到粒子内部,并因此,可以制备在锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分和锂过渡金属氧化物的内部之间杂元素的量不同的锂过渡金属氧化物。
当将上述煅烧反应与利用杂元素涂布锂过渡金属氧化物进行比较时,在根据本发明制备的锂过渡金属氧化物中,杂元素M位于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的表面部分和内部,从而增加锂过渡金属氧化物的结构稳定性,并因此,可以防止在高电压条件下的结构崩塌、分解等。
即,在根据本发明的锂过渡金属氧化物中,预定的杂元素位于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的表面部分和内部,从而可以抑制正极和电解质的反应。另外,如上所述,锂过渡金属氧化物的结构稳定性增加,并从而,可以防止在高电压条件下的结构崩塌、分解等。因此,当将根据本发明的锂过渡金属氧化物作为电极活性材料用于锂二次电池中时,高速充电性能得到增强,并且显示优异的寿命特性以及充电和放电效率。
将所述锂过渡金属氧化物用作锂二次电池用活性材料。锂复合过渡金属氧化物可以单独用于锂二次电池或者可以通过与其他公知的活性材料混合而用于锂二次电池。
本发明还提供一种包含所述锂过渡金属氧化物作为正极活性材料的正极以及包含其的锂二次电池。
例如,通过在正极集电器上涂布根据本发明的正极活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂的混合物之后进行干燥而制备正极。在这种情况下,根据需要,混合物可还包含填料。
正极集电器通常制造成3~500μm的厚度。正极集电器没有特别限制,只要其不在制造的锂二次电池中造成化学变化且具有高导电性即可。例如,正极集电器可以由不锈钢,铝,镍,钛,烧结碳,用碳、镍、钛、银表面处理过的铝或不锈钢等制成。正极集电器可以在其表面处具有微小的不规则以提高正极活性材料和正极集电器之间的粘附性。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式的任一种使用正极集电器。
基于包含正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,通常以1~20重量%的量添加导电材料。关于导电材料没有特别限制,只要其不在制造的电池中造成化学变化且具有导电性即可。导电材料的实例包括石墨如天然或人造石墨;炭黑如炭黑,乙炔黑,科琴黑,槽法炭黑,炉黑,灯黑和热裂法炭黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳粉末,铝粉和镍粉;导电晶须如氧化锌晶须和钛酸钾晶须;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;以及聚苯撑衍生物。
粘合剂是帮助活性材料和导电材料之间的粘合以及活性材料对集电器的粘合的成分。基于包含正极活性材料的混合物的总重量,通常以1~20重量%的量添加粘合剂。粘合剂的实例包括但不限于聚偏二氟乙烯、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶和各种共聚物。
任选地使用填料作为抑制正极膨胀的成分。填料没有特别限制,只要其为在制造的电池中不造成化学变化的纤维材料即可。填料的实例包括烯烃基聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
通常,锂二次电池包含正极、负极、隔膜和含锂盐的非水电解质。下面对根据本发明的锂二次电池的其他成分进行说明。
负极可以通过在负极集电器上涂布和干燥负极材料而制备。根据需要,负极材料可还包含上述成分。
负极活性材料的实例包括如下:碳如硬碳和石墨基碳;金属复合氧化物如LixFe2O3(0≤x≤1),LixWO2(0≤x≤1),SnxMe1-xMe’yOz(Me:Mn,Fe,Pb或Ge;Me’:Al,B,P,Si,I、II和III族元素,或者卤素;0<x≤1;1≤y≤3;且1≤z≤8);锂金属;锂合金;硅基合金;锡基合金;金属氧化物如SnO,SnO2,PbO,PbO2,Pb2O3,Pb3O4,Sb2O3,Sb2O4,Sb2O5,GeO,GeO2,Bi2O3,Bi2O4和Bi2O5;导电聚合物如聚乙炔;和Li-Co-Ni基材料。
负极集电器通常制造成3~500μm的厚度。负极集电器没有特别限制,只要其不在制造的锂二次电池中造成化学变化且具有导电性即可。例如,负极集电器可以由铜,不锈钢,铝,镍,钛,烧结碳,用碳、镍、钛或银表面处理过的铜或不锈钢,和铝-镉合金制成。与正极集电器类似,负极集电器也可以在其表面处具有微小的不规则以提高负极集电器和负极活性材料之间的粘附性,且可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用
隔膜设置在正极和负极之间,且作为隔膜,使用具有高离子渗透性和高机械强度的绝缘薄膜。隔膜通常具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,例如,使用具有化学抗性和疏水性的由烯烃基聚合物如聚丙烯;或者玻璃纤维或聚乙烯制成的片或无纺布。当使用固体电解质如聚合物等作为电解质时,固体电解质也可以充当隔膜。
含锂盐的非水电解质由非水电解质和锂组成。作为非水电解质,可以使用非水电解液、固体电解质等。
非水电解液的实例包括非质子有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑啉酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
有机固体电解质的实例包括聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚搅拌赖氨酸(polyagitation lysine)、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
无机固体电解质的实例包括但不限于锂(Li)的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐如Li3N,LiI,Li5NI2,Li3N-LiI-LiOH,LiSiO4,LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH,Li2SiS3,Li4SiO4,Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是易溶于非水电解质中的材料且其实例包括但不限于LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、较低脂肪族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和氨基锂。
另外,为了提高充电/放电特性和阻燃性,例如,可以向非水电解质中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酰三胺(hexaphosphorictriamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的恶唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。如果必要,为了赋予不燃性,电解质可还包含含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温储存特性,非水电解质可还包含二氧化碳气体。
另外,本发明还提供包含所述锂二次电池作为单元电池的电池模块和包含所述电池模块的电池组。
所述电池组可以用作需要高温稳定性、长循环特性、高倍率特性等的中型和大型装置的电源。
中型和大型装置的优选实例包括但不限于电动机驱动的电动工具;电动车辆(EV),混合电动车辆(HEV)和插电式混合电动车辆(PHEV);电动双轮车辆如电动自行车和电动滑板车;电动高尔夫球车;和用于储存电力的系统。
具体实施方式
现在,将参考附图对本发明进行更详细的说明。这些实施例仅为了说明目的而提供且不应被解释为限制本发明的范围和主旨。
制备例1
<制备镍-锰复合过渡金属前体>
在向3L湿反应槽中填充2L蒸馏水之后,以1L/分钟的速度向槽中连续添加氮气以除去溶解的氧。此处,使用温度保持装置将槽中蒸馏水的温度保持在45~50℃下。另外,使用与安装在所述槽外部的发动机连接的桨叶以1000~1200rpm对槽中的蒸馏水进行搅拌。
以0.25:0.04:0.71的比率(摩尔比)将硫酸镍、硫酸钛和硫酸锰混合以制备2M过渡金属水溶液。单独地,制备4M氢氧化钠水溶液。使用计量泵以0.18L/小时的速度将过渡金属水溶液连续泵入湿反应槽中。通过控制单元以速度可变的方式泵送氢氧化钠水溶液以调节槽中蒸馏水的pH,使得将湿反应槽中的蒸馏水保持在10.5~11.0的pH下。就这点而言,以0.035L/小时~0.04L/小时的速度将30%作为添加剂的氨溶液连续共同泵入反应器中。
对过渡金属水溶液、氢氧化钠水溶液和氨溶液的流速进行调节,使得溶液在湿反应槽中的驻留时间为约6小时。在槽中的反应达到稳定状态之后,使反应进行特定的时间以合成具有较高密度的复合过渡金属前体。
<用钛表面处理>
在达到稳定状态之后,通过安装在槽顶侧上的溢流管将镍-钛-锰复合过渡金属前体浆料传输到第二个2L湿反应槽中,所述镍-钛-锰复合过渡金属前体浆料通过过渡金属水溶液的过渡金属离子、氢氧化钠的氢氧根离子和氨溶液的氨离子的20小时连续反应而制备。在此,向第二2L湿反应槽中连续添加氮气以防止前体的氧化,并使用温度保持装置将反应物的温度保持在45~50℃下。另外,使用与安装在槽外部的发动机连接的桨叶以1000~1200rpm对槽中的前体浆料进行搅拌。
将0.015M硫酸钛溶于蒸馏水中以制备用于表面处理的金属水溶液,并且单独地,制备0.06M氢氧化钠水溶液。以0.18L/小时的速度将用于表面处理的金属水溶液连续泵入第二湿反应槽中。通过控制单元以速度可变的方式泵送氢氧化钠水溶液以调节槽中蒸馏水的pH,使得将湿反应槽中的蒸馏水保持在10.5~11.0的pH下。
通过溢流管连续获得已经在第二湿反应器中完成表面处理的前体浆料。将获得的表面处理过的复合过渡金属前体利用蒸馏水洗涤几次并然后在120℃恒温干燥机中干燥24小时。结果,获得利用钛表面处理过的镍-锰复合过渡金属前体。
实施例1
以化学计量比将根据制备例1制备的利用钛表面处理过的镍-锰复合过渡金属前体与Li2CO3混合,然后将所得混合物在1000℃下烧结10小时,从而制备锂过渡金属氧化物。
实施例2
以与实施例1中相同的方式制备锂过渡金属氧化物,不同之处在于,在制备例1中,使用硝酸铝作为用于表面处理的原料。
实施例3
以与实施例1中相同的方式制备锂过渡金属氧化物,不同之处在于,在制备例1中,使用硝酸铝和氟化铝作为用于表面处理的原料。
比较例1
以与实施例1中相同的方式制备锂过渡金属氧化物,不同之处在于,在制备例1中,省略用钛表面处理的工艺。
<实验例1>初始充电和放电特性
使用如下制造2016硬币式单电池:使用根据实施例1~3和比较例1中的每一个制备的锂过渡金属氧化物的正极;作为对电极(即负极)的锂金属箔;作为隔膜的聚乙烯膜(Celgard,厚度:20μm);和包含1M LiPF6溶解在碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸二甲酯和碳酸二乙酯以1:2:1体积比的混合溶剂中的液体电解质。
通过在0.1C的电流下在3.5~4.9V的电压范围内充电和放电一次对使用根据实施例1~3和比较例1制备的各锂过渡金属氧化物制造的硬币式单电池的充电和放电特性进行评价。将结果总结在下表1中。
<表1>
<实验例2>高速充电特性
通过在0.1C的电流下进行充电和放电之后在5.0C的电流下进行充电而对使用根据实施例1~3和比较例1制备的各锂过渡金属氧化物制造的硬币式单电池的高速充电特性进行评价。将结果总结在下表2中。
<表2>
<实验例3>寿命特性
通过在1.0C的电流下充电和放电100次而对使用根据实施例1~3和比较例1制备的各锂过渡金属氧化物制造的硬币式单电池的寿命特性进行评价。将结果总结在下表3中。
<表3>
如实验例1~3中所示,可以确认,当与根据比较例1制造的硬币式单电池相比时,使用利用预定金属表面处理过的前体制造的根据实施例1~3的硬币式单电池具有优异的电池特性如初始充电和放电特性等。
工业实用性
如上所述,根据本发明的正极活性材料包含预定的锂过渡金属氧化物,其中杂元素位于锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的表面部分或内部,从而可以使用所述正极活性材料而即使在高电压下电特性也不会急剧地劣化,并因此,使用所述正极活性材料的锂二次电池可以显示优异的高速充电和输出特性,以及高寿命特性。
本领域技术人员可以以上述内容为基础,在本发明的范围内进行各种应用和变化。
Claims (10)
1.一种制备锂过渡金属氧化物的方法,包括:
使过渡金属前体与0.001摩尔%~2.0摩尔%的Mx’Ay’进行湿反应,然后混合含锂材料并烧结,
其中M为选自如下元素中的至少一种元素:Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Bi、Zn和Zr;
A为选自如下的至少一种:O、OH、SO4、PO4、NO3、CO3、BO3和F;以及
当0<x’<4且0<y’<4时,M的氧化数乘以x’加上A的氧化数乘以y’为0,
其中所述锂过渡金属氧化物基于选自Ni、Mn和Co中的至少一种过渡金属,其中至少一种杂元素位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分和内部,所述杂元素选自:Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Bi、Zn和Zr,
其中所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分是指基于所述锂过渡金属氧化物粒子的直径,距最外部分约小于1%的部分,
其中所述锂过渡金属氧化物为由下式1表示的正极活性材料:
Li1+aNibMcMn2-(b+c)O4-z-dA2d/n (1)
其中M为选自如下元素中的至少一种元素:Ti、Co、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Bi、Zn和Zr;
A为选自如下的至少一种:O、OH、SO4、PO4、NO3、CO3、BO3和F;
0≤a≤0.1;
0.3≤b≤0.6;
0.005≤c≤0.1;
0≤z≤0.1;
0.005≤d≤0.1;且
n为A的氧化数。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中基于所述锂过渡金属氧化物的总重量,所述杂元素的含量为0.001重量%~10重量%。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中在所述锂过渡金属氧化物的内部掺杂有至少一种杂元素。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其中在所述锂过渡金属氧化物的内部均匀地掺杂有所述杂元素。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分的所述杂元素的量为所述杂元素的总量的30%~99.9%。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其中位于所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分的所述杂元素的量为所述杂元素的总量的50%~98%。
7.根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述杂元素的量在所述锂过渡金属氧化物的表面部分相对高,且在所述锂过渡金属氧化物的内部相对低。
8.根据权利要求1的方法,其中M为选自Al和Ti中的至少一种。
9.根据权利要求1的方法,其中Mx’Ay为选自如下材料中的至少一种材料:TiO2、Co3O4、Al2O3、CuO、Fe2O3、Fe3O4、MgO、B2O3、Cr2O3、Ti(SO4)2、CoSO4、Al2(SO4)3、CuSO4、FeSO4、MgSO4、Ti3(PO4)4、CoPO4、AlPO4、Mg3(PO4)2、TiF4、CoF3、AlF3、CuF2、FeF3、Al(NO3)3和MgF2。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将溶于水或氢氧化钠中的Mx’Ay’添加到反应器中。
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