CN1041743C - 导热粘合剂 - Google Patents
导热粘合剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
用具有三维结构的碳纤维填充的粘合剂树脂。纤维具有各种长度和宽度。纤维填充的粘合剂显示高导热值。电子组件用这些粘合剂树脂层粘接成电子系统后,该系统具有高贯穿厚度的导热率。
Description
发明背景
本发明是关于导热粘合剂,特别是关于添加了一种以三维结构的中间相沥青为基的碳纤维的粘合剂混合料。
在电子仪器的组装中,热控制已经成为一项重要的设计要点,在当今更是如此,因为组装密度(以及由此的热分散)正明显地增大。功率越大,电路片空间越小,网络图形越细,以及表面固定装置,例如无铅陶瓷载片,就需要呈现高导热和/或特殊的膨胀系数(CTE)的材料,才能有效地散热和/或减少元件之间热膨胀系数的失调。要达到更灵活的组装设计,非常需要促进热扩散并减少热膨胀失调,从而改进加工性能和提高概率寿命(通过减少失误)。
导热的,特殊CTE有机基粘合剂(膏状或薄膜形式的)在电子仪器组装的热控制中起了很重要的作用。它们可用用于各种应用,包括:
——模片(芯片)粘到芯片载体,基片或散热片上
——芯片载体和基片连接到印刷线路板(PWB)上
——PWB粘到散热片上
——散热片粘到底盘上
——盖密封
——电阻、电容、二极管等的连接(即使用整流片粘合剂)。这些粘合剂一般都填有金属填料,例如银或无机填料,例如氧化铝或氮化硼。电绝缘的氧化铝填料根据填料的充填量,几何结构和大小尺寸,可使基本聚合物的热传导率提高大约3-5X。在需要最大导热率和导电率时,就要使用银粉,因为根据充填量它能极大地提高基本聚合物的导热率大约3-5X。然而所有这些填料都存在着某些缺点。需用高重量百分比的银,(例如在某些粘合剂中要用79重量%的量,才能达到所需要的水平),由于银很贵,所以这些填料的成本就成为实质问题。与银类似,也需要用高重量百分比的天机填料,其价格也相当贵。银还有被称为金属电迁移的现象。由SKrumbein发表的一篇文章(IEEE学报Transactions on Components Hybrids and manfacturing Tech-nology,1988年3月11卷第1期)更详细地叙述了金属迁移现象。
众所周知可以使用碳纤维填充的粘合剂将电气系统粘合在一起,因而粘合剂可达到电气连接的目的。
发明概述
已经研制出一种粘合材料以补充电子元件组装中的热控制,此材料体现出成本与所需高导热率、平面上均匀一致的热膨胀系数,低密度和高硬挺性能的有效结合。此材料包括用大约20~60(重量)%的以三维结构中间相沥青为基的碳纤维填充的粘合剂。碳纤维具有各种长度和宽度。纤维的长宽之比最好大于10,并且纤维的宽度分布大约是从1~10微米。这些纤维在美国专利4861653中有所叙述,在此作为参考。
适用的粘合树脂是合成粘合剂,例如热固性的,热塑性的,弹性体的,或这些类型的混合物。
根据《粘合剂技术手册》(Noyes出版,1985),粘合剂有四种基本形式,液体的,膏状的,带式的和薄膜式的,以及粉末和颗粒状的。在建筑和电子应用方面最普通的两种类型粘合剂是膏状和薄膜状的。为了制得一种以三维结构的中间相沥青为基的碳纤维填充的膏料,需尽量使纤维均匀地加进膏料,并使各组分混合得到一种均质混合物。通过改变膏料的化学性质以及所加纤维的数量就可以严密控制填加后的膏料的流变学性能(尤其是高粘度的膏料)。
要制造一种以三维结构的中间相沥青为基的碳纤维填充的粘合剂薄膜,至少有两种路线。第一条,如果粘合剂树脂是液体的,那么就要尽量均匀地把纤维加进去并使各部分混合得到一种均质混合物。这种操作方法有助于对纤维的包封,还能使膜均匀一致。而对于膏状树脂,就要通过改变树脂的化学性质以及所加纤维的数量来严密控制流变学性能。为了形成粘合剂薄膜,利用薄膜流延机把均质混合料流延成型。
另一条路线,假如树脂是粉末或颗粒状的,例如可以是热塑性树脂,需尽量均匀地加入以三维结构的中间相沥青为基的碳纤维并干混合得到均质混合物。再用挤出机和薄膜流延设备将均质混合物流延成型为粘合薄膜,或者先把混合物挤出造粒,然后再把粒料挤出成型为粘合薄膜。
附图简介
图1是通用电子元件组装电路的横截面示意图正视图,在这当中使用了本发明的导热粘合剂。
图2是本发明的粘附层的显微照片。
图2a是表示填充在图2粘附层中的三维纤维的矢量图。
发明的详细说明
现在参看图1,结构10大致作为一个电子仪器系统,该系统包括的组件有基座12其上带有多个销13,以及由盖子16盖住的腔14,在腔14内是由导热粘合层22粘附到散热片20上的模片或芯片18,同样,导热粘合层将盖16封合在基座12上,并将基座粘结到印制电路板上。
在图2中所示为例3(28%体积纤维)的粘附层显微照片(200X)。所观察到的树脂结构是用三维纤维结构填充的,纤维结构具有各种长度和宽度,特别是纤维30在平面X方向定向,纤维32在平面的y方向定向,纤维34在垂直平面或穿过厚度的Z方向定向。
通用粘合剂的这些广泛用途,对于电子仪器组装业特别具有吸引力,在哪里不管重量和硬度如何,热控制总有问题。它们不会遇到金属迁移问题,并且它们所需填料量比涂覆式工艺(例如银粉或氧化铝填充料)所用量少,结果还能达到所需的性能水平。这些粘合剂也可以用于建筑应用,其中CTE失配必须减至最小(例如把一个组件粘到另一个组件上,或把一个组件粘到金属件上,例如端接头)。在这些应用中,纤维形成三维增强组合体的趋势在穿过厚度(垂直平面)方向提高增强粘合组件叠层之间的抗切强度中也是有利的。
导热率测量
导热率TC按下述方式进行测定,并表示成:
(英热单位/英尺2·时·°F)激光照闪
这是个瞬变技术,其中样品的一个面经受红外线激光器短脉冲能(短于1毫秒的持续时间)照射,同时用红外线探测器在反面监控升温情况,通过这种方法测量组合体的热扩散。当知道样品反面的时间/温度分布图以及二面之间的距离时,就能算出组合体的热扩散值。知道了组合体的这个值,密度和比热,就可取这三个值的乘积,计算出样品的导热率。厚膜集成器
把薄膜放在温度大约为40℃的铝表面上。使已知性能并装有热电偶的铝筒放在样品膜上面之前,先维持到室温(~25℃)。监视铝筒的温升情况,接着进行分析,得出模和膜/铝接面的热阻。至少逐渐加上四层膜,从而确定耐热性和膜厚之间的关系,由此可以测定膜的导热率,因为此后可以对膜/铝接面的抗阻进行补偿。在叠层上施压以使接面的热阻最小。屏蔽热流:Dynatech C-Matic导热测定仪型号TCHM-DV
(ASTMF433)
把样品放在两块温控不同的镀铜板之间。样品的外围是屏蔽加热器,其温度保持在或接近平均样品的温度,以使侧向传热最少。通过附在其中一块板上的热流变换器测量二块板间的热流。用内装热电偶测定板面之间的整个温差。为了减少膜/板接面的热阻,在样品上经常施加一薄层商用散热化合物(例如DowCorning340),并在外压下进行试验。知道了样品的厚度,板表面的温度。以及测得的热流和接触热阻,就可以测出样品的导热率。屏蔽热流:薄形材料
Dynatech C-matic测试仪特别不适用于非常薄的材料(即厚度小于0.040″)。因此已研制出测量很薄的薄膜的贯穿厚度的导热率的屏蔽热流方法和装置。
该装置由两个直径约为1″,长度约为2″的铜棒构成。沿每根铜棒的长度间隔1″嵌入2个热电偶。棒材被包封在玻璃纤维绝缘层中以防止侧面热损失。再把涂有“Nujol”矿物油的薄膜样品放在二个铜棒端头之间(也有油涂层)组成一个棒/膜/棒叠体。(油的存在是为了保证棒和膜之间具有良好的热传导)。叠体层置于二个加热的压板(上层板常比下层板热)之间,使之在压缩荷载之下,界面热阻减至最小,并用另一层绝缘物包封。允许叠体层达到平衡,同时记录下贯穿铜棒所产生的温度分布曲线。用不同的压板设定温度和叠体层压力重复此试验。通过监测贯穿铜棒所产生的平衡温度曲线,并将它们与“标准材料”在相似条件下的曲线进行比较,从而计算出薄膜的导热率。
实施例1
将87.5克Ciba-Geigy固化剂HT9679和12.5克Ciba-Geigy固化剂HT939加到60克Dow Chemical“Quatrex”1010树脂,160克Dow Chemical“Quatrex”2010树脂和180克Union Car-bideERL-4206树脂的混合物中。将所得混合物搅拌均匀,再将40克三维结构的中间相沥青基碳纤维加到60克所得到的混合物中,形成40%(重量)纤维增强环氧树脂。使填充了的混合物通过三辊炼机5次,并用刮铲铸塑至5密耳厚的涂有硅氧烷的聚酯膜上。在160℃下固化1小时后,从聚酯膜上取下填充的粘合膜,再用500和1200粗砂纸抛光。
抛光后的膜用屏蔽热流薄材料法测定贯穿厚度的导热率;这种粘合剂的导热率列入表1中,它的数值至少相应于79%(重量)银粉填充的杜邦公司商用“Ditac(R)QL(R)带状粘合剂的导热率,而它的纤维重量只有40%。
实施例2
把27.5份联合碳化公司(Union Carbide)的“UCAR”PKHJ苯氧树脂和1.7份Union Carbide的“UCAR”BRL-2741可溶酚醛树脂溶于53.2份的甲氧乙基酮和17.6份的甲苯中。再将22.7克的这种溶液与5克的以三维结构中间相沥青为基的碳纤维混合,产生一种均匀的分散体。用20密耳厚的刮刀将填充的粘合树脂溶液铸塑在2密耳厚的Mylar(R)膜上,并在120℃烘箱内干燥5分钟,除去Mylar(R)膜,留下4密耳厚的45%(重量)纤维增强的粘合膜。接着将2块4密耳厚的膜在150℃,200psi压力下叠放在一起层压15分钟,形成一块6-8密耳厚的粘合薄膜。以类似的方法制一块未填充的苯氧/酚-甲醛样品和一块56%(重量)纤维增强的薄膜。
利用屏蔽热流:薄材料方法测试三个样品的贯穿厚度的导热率。测试结果列于表1,表中显示填充的粘合剂导热率达到79%(重量)银粉填充的Ditac(R)QL(R)带状粘合剂导热率的2倍,而纤维装料量只有56%(重量)或更少。
表1 粘接剂的导热率体积% 重量% 导热率纤维 纤维 (英热单位/英尺2·时·°F)未填充的粘合剂 0 1.31830 45 6.97040 56 11.51240 9.571
实施例3
按下述方法分别制备含有15,29,39重量%纤维(纤维体积%分别为10,20和28)的三维结构中间相沥青碳纤维基填充的薄膜。分别将三份所需重量的纤维和K共聚酰亚胺粉末(相当于三份纤维装料量)放在聚乙烯袋中系好,制成三份干燥的混合料,然后摇动使混合料尽可能混合均匀。K共聚酰亚胺粉末是以1、2、4、5-苯四酸二酐和70/30(重量)的1.3-二(3-氨基苯氧基)苯和2-苯基-1,4-二(4-氨基苯氧基)苯的混合物为基础。每种混合料大约制600克。
把约150-200克混合料铺在钢带的二个Kapton(R)聚酰亚胺薄膜盖板之间,使“三明治结构”通过有加热板(345℃)的连续压带机。去掉盖板留下纤维填充的薄膜。加工完一种混合料,可以制出几块薄膜。其余的二种混合料重复这项工艺过程。
经过压带机(带速5英尺/分)初压之后,使各块薄膜再通过压带机二次以上(用Kapton(R)聚酰亚胺盖片,然后再去掉),但是以1英尺/分的速度使薄膜厚度进一步减少。最后形成的薄膜大约3-4英尺长。6~8英寸宽,10-19密耳厚。
用类似方法制备未增强的薄膜,所得薄膜大约45英尺长,10英寸宽,8-14密耳厚。
测出各块薄膜的平面内抗张性能,热膨胀系数和贯穿厚度的导热率。由于测定导热率有各种技术和方法,为进行比较和确认数据,该处通过本文之叙述的4种不同方法测量其导热率。
表2所列结果证明填充纤维对薄膜性质的作用,当填充纤维增多时,贯穿厚度的导热系数及抗张模量均增加。而平面内的CTE减少。最高填充量的薄膜是一种典型的“CTE指标”电子仪器组装材料,它的均匀CTE(10ppm/℃)值接近氧化铝填充的值(6-8ppm/℃)与Ditac(R)QL(R)带状粘合剂数据相比较,最高填充的薄膜的导热率和模量至少与其等效,而CTE比填充银粉的粘合剂的值低4倍,纤维填充量仅占39%(重量)。
实施例4
把6层Du Pont Pyralux(R)柔性复合体用pyralux(R)LG1002玻璃纤维增强改性的丙烯酸粘合剂粘在一起,制成电路板,从上面切下2块相同的2″×2″方形物。每层柔性组合体均由两面被LF0210封盖住的LF9111敷铜一箔叠片构成。
由16层E-120连续的沥青纤维增强的6063铝片构成沥青纤维增强的金属基质复合散热片,从上面切下2块相同的2″×2″方形物。纤维取向是[0/90]45,纤维体积百分率是35%。每块方形金属基质的一面都用刮刀刮削并用溶剂清洗除去所有表面污物。
利用Hysol Aerospace & Industrial Products Division Epoxi-patch透明0151两份环氧树脂粘合剂,把搅拌好的混合料涂刷在干净的金属表面上,将一块线路板放在粘合剂上,并在最小的压力(<25psi)下使叠层样品固化,就可以把一块方形电路板粘到方形散热片上。用同样的基料粘合剂使另一方形板互相粘在一起,但当两份粘合剂混合的时候,粘合剂是已用25重量%的三维结构的中间相沥青基碳纤维填充过的。
两个样品都用屏蔽热流:Dynatech C-matic导热测试仪方法测定贯穿厚度系统的导热率。填充的粘合剂样品其系统导热率为3.398(英热单位)/小时·英尺2·°F,相比之下,未填充的粘合剂样品的系统导热率为2.705(英热单位)/小时·英尺2·°F,改进了26%。
表2
注:纤维体积是±3%CTE值是利用Perkin ELmer TMA(使用“伸缩”探针)和5克力
体积%纤维未填充膜102028 | 重量%纤维0152939 | 密度#(g/cc)1.311.431.491.56 | CTE(MD)(ppm/℃)46222010 | CTE(TD)(ppm/℃)44361910 | 导执率*(英热单位/hr·ft2·°F)1.2481.3873.2603.329 | 导热率**(英热单位/hr·ft2·°F)1.1795.791 | 导热率r英热单位/hr·ft2·°F)1.1792.4974.0229.016 | 导热率rr(英热单位/hr·ft2·°F)0.9022.7053.745 | 抗张模量(MD)(Kpsi)##49475612931212 | 抗张模量(TD)(Kpsi)##48768710451117 |
测定的,它们表示25-175℃的温度范围。MD=机器方向 TD=横向(均指在平面内)#ASTM D792 ##ASTM D638*ASTM F433(Dynatech C-matic屏蔽热流法),50℃,贯穿厚度测量。**屏蔽热流:薄材料法,90℃,贯穿厚度测量。r激光闪照法,25℃,贯穿厚度测量(由Delaware大学)。rr厚膜集成器法,25℃,贯穿厚度测量(由Delaware大学)。
Claims (8)
1.一种导热粘合剂材料,该粘合剂材料包括一种选自下列物质的粘合剂树脂;热塑性树脂、热固性树脂、弹性树脂和它们的组合物,其中所述的粘合剂树脂用重量百分比从20到60沥青基碳纤维的三维结构填充。
2.权利要求1的导热粘合剂材料,其中所说的材料为膏状。
3.权利要求1的导热小粘合剂材料,其中所说的材料是薄膜状的。
4.权利要求1的粘合剂材料,所述材料的导热率在6-12英热单位/小时·英尺·°F范围内。
5.权利要求1的粘合剂材料,其中所说的粘合剂树脂是一种热固性树脂。
6.权利要求5的粘合剂材料,其中所说的以沥青为基的碳纤维是一种中间相沥青。
7.一种电子系统,该电子系统有许多用一层粘合剂树脂粘接的元件,其中粘合剂树脂选自热塑性树脂、热固性树脂、弹性树脂和它们的组合物,所述的粘合剂树脂用20-60重量%的沥青基碳纤维的三维结构填充。
8.权利要求7的系统,其中所说的粘合剂树脂为热固性树脂。
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US07/520,286 US5026748A (en) | 1990-05-07 | 1990-05-07 | Thermally conductive adhesive |
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EP0456428A3 (en) | 1992-02-26 |
EP0456428B1 (en) | 1995-09-20 |
IL97957A0 (en) | 1992-06-21 |
DE69113108D1 (de) | 1995-10-26 |
CA2041807A1 (en) | 1991-11-08 |
AU629157B2 (en) | 1992-09-24 |
JPH06212137A (ja) | 1994-08-02 |
BR9101849A (pt) | 1991-12-17 |
TR25806A (tr) | 1993-09-01 |
RU2052483C1 (ru) | 1996-01-20 |
ATE128168T1 (de) | 1995-10-15 |
DE69113108T2 (de) | 1996-05-09 |
ES2078443T3 (es) | 1995-12-16 |
KR910020139A (ko) | 1991-12-19 |
US5026748A (en) | 1991-06-25 |
CN1057282A (zh) | 1991-12-25 |
AU7613791A (en) | 1991-11-07 |
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EP0456428A2 (en) | 1991-11-13 |
IL97957A (en) | 1994-04-12 |
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