CN104114129B - 排放物的固化和异味控制 - Google Patents
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Abstract
造瘘袋插入物(104)包括聚丙烯酸酯超吸水物质(300)和粉末状沸石(301)。造瘘袋插入物被配置为吸收从身体排泄的流体并控制源自于造瘘袋(100)内的排泄物的气味。此沸石展现提高的气味控制。
Description
本发明涉及超吸水物质和异味控制成分,更具体但非排他地涉及用于固化从身体排泄的收集物的超吸水物质以及用于控制与排泄物相关的气味的控制制剂。
造瘘患者通常携带造瘘袋,身体废物被排泄到造瘘袋中。造瘘患者分为三种类型,每种类型都需要患者携带造瘘袋。首先,尿道造瘘患者通常已经切除了膀胱。因此,在此情形中,尿穿过人造口并进入造瘘袋。第二,结肠造瘘患者已经经历了全部或部分结肠的切除手术,需要造瘘袋来收集液体和固体排泄物。第三,回肠造瘘患者类似地依赖造瘘袋来收集被改变方向成通过肠壁的排泄物。
一般而言,造瘘袋包括围绕手术所形成的身体孔口(被称作人造口)密封在患者皮肤上的开口。许多造瘘袋设置有排放出口,以允许患者从造瘘袋排空排泄物。
当身体废物排泄到造瘘袋中时,其继续释放讨厌的异味,并可导致患者难堪。此外,当排泄物为液体形式时,存在从造瘘袋泄漏的潜在风险,这也会导致患者难堪。
许多添加剂被建议用于造瘘袋,所述添加剂被设计用于固化排泄流体物质并减少讨厌的异味。US2002/0055594公开了被构造成使身体排泄物变浓的超吸水片剂。片剂包括交联丙烯酸钠或钙形式的超吸水聚合物,其被设计成在排泄之后快速胶化造瘘袋的内容物。
US 6,852,100还公开了被配置为减少讨厌的气味的造瘘口袋。超吸水纤维与去味剂一起使用,去味剂选自各种不同类型的气味控制(遮蔽和中和)制剂,包括例如过氧化氢和细菌生长抑制剂,诸如硝酸钠和苯扎氯铵(benzyl alkonium chloride)。
GB 2329339公开了用于造瘘袋的超吸水物质,包括形成为条或棒并被容纳在水溶性外皮内的超吸水物质颗粒。去味剂、消毒剂和防腐剂也被包括在造瘘袋的插入物中。
US 5,860,959公开了一种减少来自造瘘袋的异味的吸湿成分。吸水材料(诸如淀粉或碱金属聚丙烯酸盐)被用作超吸水物质,其与诸如火山粘土和活性炭颗粒的去味剂结合。
然而,需要一种造瘘袋插入物,其被配置为有效地固化或胶化排泄物并控制不希望的异味。
本发明人提供用于放置在造瘘袋中并且展现超吸水和气味控制性能的超吸水材料。已发现超吸水混合物相对于现有的造瘘袋插入物展现改进的异味减少。
根据本发明的第一方面,提供一种造瘘袋插入物,其包括:聚丙烯酸酯超吸水物质;和粉末状沸石,其中,超吸水物质被涂覆有粉末状沸石。
在申请文件中对沸石的引用包括多孔且能够在它们的结构中吸收分子种类的沸石,所述分子种类包括离子,尤其是通常存在于粪便中的异味化合物。
可选地,沸石可包括天然来源的沸石矿物,具体包括方沸石、菱沸石、斜发沸石、片沸石、钠沸石、钙十字沸石和辉沸石。
可选地,沸石是包括亲水和疏水沸石的沸石混合物。替代性地,沸石可以是大致亲水的或是大致疏水的。优选的疏水沸石包括铵型沸石,其是具有形成沸石结构的一部分的铵基的沸石。优选的亲水沸石包括铝硅酸钠。
可选地,插入物还可包括粉末状活性炭。优选地,插入物包括基于干重量百分比的作为主要成分的沸石和最为少量成分的活性炭。可选地,作为插入物的一部分,活性炭与沸石或沸石混合物的重量百分比在0.01:1至0.05:1的范围内。
粉末状沸石可包括等于或小于0.15 mm和/或0.045 mm和/或0.075 mm的粒度。可选地,沸石包括大体400 m2/g的表面积。
优选地,99%重量百分比的沸石可包括等于或小于0.15 mm的粒度;95%重量百分比的沸石可包括等于或小于0.075 mm的粒度并且90%重量百分比的沸石可包括等于或小于0.045 mm的粒度。
优选地,活性炭包括并源自椰子壳炭。活性炭可包括大体1250m2/g的表面积。优选地,聚丙烯酸酯超吸水物质包括颗粒结构,其尺寸大小至少是沸石或活性炭的粒度的一个或多个量级。
协同地,沸石和可选的活性炭可通过静电力结合到超吸水颗粒。超吸水物质可包括聚丙烯酸钠或钙。可选地,沸石和/或活性炭可包括任何金属浸渍的活性炭。
优选地,超吸水物质和粉末状沸石或沸石混合物被容纳在水溶性纸袋中。纸袋可包括羟基甲基纤维素钠和木浆。纸袋的边缘可被热密封,从而将颗粒超吸水物质和沸石捕获在由可溶性纸形成的封套中。
替代性地,沸石或基于沸石的混合物可被包裹在水溶性薄膜(例如,PVA薄膜)、胶体帽、塑料管件/杆件中,或形成为片剂。此外,插入物可包括多个单独的单元(例如,片剂、胶体帽、小袋)。之后,这些单元可被分别插入造瘘袋中。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供一种包括本文描述的插入物的造瘘袋。插入物可利用本领域已知的常规手段永久或暂时地附接到造瘘袋的内壁。例如,插入物可经由盖、带或可渗透包或盖子而附接到内壁,从而在与排泄的身体流体接触的情况下允许释放超吸水物质和气味吸收材料。
优选地,插入物包括1000 mg至10000 mg聚丙烯酸酯超吸水物质和25 mg至5000mg沸石或沸石混合物。
现在将参照附图仅通过举例方式描述本发明的具体实施方式,在附图中:
图1图示根据本发明的具体实施方式的造瘘袋,其包括被配置为固化造瘘袋内的液体物质并控制和减少异味的插入物;
图2图示形成为包含颗粒和粉末状材料的小袋的图1的造瘘袋插入物的局部剖视图;
图3图示涂覆有沸石材料的超吸水颗粒;
图4是溶液1的GC色谱图,溶液1在水中具有3μl/ml硫代乙酸和0.5μl/ml乙硫醇;
图5是溶液2的GC色谱图,溶液2为包含超吸水聚合物的水溶液;
图6是溶液3的GC色谱图,溶液3包含活性炭;
图7是溶液4的GC色谱图,溶液4包含活性炭和超吸水聚合物;
图8是溶液5的GC色谱图,溶液5包含沸石混合物;
图9是溶液6的GC色谱图,溶液6包含沸石混合物和超吸水聚合物;
图10是溶液7的GC色谱图,溶液7包含疏水沸石;
图11是溶液8的GC色谱图,溶液8包含疏水沸石和超吸水聚合物;
图12是溶液9的GC色谱图,溶液9包含亲水沸石;
图13是溶液10的GC色谱图,溶液10包含亲水沸石和超吸水聚合物;
图14是溶液11的GC色谱图,溶液11包含CW90 Zn盐;
图15是溶液12的GC色谱图,溶液12包含CW90 Zn盐和超吸水聚合物;
图16是溶液3至12的乙硫醇和硫代乙酸的峰值下降百分比的图表;
图17是在吸收化合物浓度增加情况下乙硫醇峰值下降百分比的图表;以及
图18是在吸收化合物浓度增加情况下硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比的图表。
本发明人提供材料混合物,其被配置为固化造瘘袋内的排泄物并减少造瘘袋内的气味,否则当患者排空造瘘袋时,气味会从袋中释放出。材料混合物被容纳在水溶性小袋内,该水溶性小袋提供方便的手段,在造瘘袋内使用液体和气味吸收材料混合物之前,可通过水溶性小袋来存储和运输该液体和气味吸收材料混合物。可溶解小袋可用于被设计成收集身体排泄物的各种口袋或袋(诸如造瘘袋、引流袋)、或身体流体需要变浓或胶化和控制气味(中和/吸收)的其它应用。
图1图示造瘘袋100,其包括内部腔105和被环形粘合垫102环绕的入口开口101。排放盖103被设置在袋100的下部区域106。气味控制和超吸水插入物104被容纳在内部腔105内,并且定尺寸为在附接袋100之前的最初插入期间穿过入口开口101,并在排空和重复使用袋100之后穿过出口开口103。
在使用中,造瘘袋100经由粘合垫102被固定到腹部区域处的患者皮肤,使得入口开口101与形成在患者体内的人造口部位对齐。因此,排泄物穿过人造口并且经由入口开口101进入造瘘袋100的内部腔105中。
排泄的身体流体接触插入物104,所述插入物用于胶化(部分固化)流体物质并控制内部腔105内的异味。
在固化排泄物之后,接着可经由被配置为从内部腔105分出液体和/或固体的盖结构103来排空造瘘袋100的内容物。盖103可包括被配置为允许从内部腔105释放液体和/或固体物质的任何常规塞子或盖设计。在排空袋之后,接着可经由盖103将新的插入物插入内部腔105中,从而使得使用者不需要从人造口周围的位置拆下袋100。
参照图2和3,插入物104形成为小袋,其包括具有上层200和相对下层204的水溶性纸。上层200和下层204的边缘被热密封201,以限定沿矩形小袋的全部四个边缘密封的内部腔202。插入物104包括容纳在由上层200和下层203形成的内部腔202内的液体和气味吸收材料混合物203(包括基于聚丙烯酸酯的超吸水物质300和粉末状沸石301)。如本领域技术人员可以明白的,本发明可包括具有适合用于吸收人体排泄的流体的超吸水特性的任何特定聚丙烯酸酯。沸石可包括被配置为控制与人体排泄物相关的类型的异味的任何天然或合成沸石或沸石复合物或混合物。优选地,沸石是疏水沸石和亲水沸石的混合物。
参照图3,已经发现用沸石301涂覆超吸水物质300有利于控制/减少异味。具体地,根据本发明的特定实施方式,超吸水物质形成为颗粒或球。在此配置中,细粉状沸石易于涂覆颗粒或球的外表面,从而提供展现对现有人造口袋插入物的改进的气味控制的活性混合物。粉末状沸石可部分地通过超吸水物质和粉末状沸石之间的静电相互作用而保持在超吸水颗粒的外表面处。
根据一个实施例,人造口的袋插入物104包括聚丙烯酸钠超吸水物质300。水溶性小袋包括厚度在0.07mm至0.09mm范围内的羧甲基纤维素钠和木浆。沸石包括具有亲水沸石成分和疏水沸石成分的沸石混合物。水溶性小袋包括2 g的聚丙烯酸钠和250 mg的沸石。
根据另一特定实施例,插入物104包括聚丙烯酸钠超吸水物质300、与上述相同的水溶性小袋、具有亲水和疏水成分的沸石混合物和粉末状活性炭。
试验研究
已经利用CG顶空进样技术来研究三种气味吸收化合物和超吸水聚合物对于乙硫醇和硫代乙酸从水溶液的挥发的影响。
发现在37℃下,所有三种气味吸收化合物和超吸水聚合物都对减少乙硫醇和硫代乙酸从水溶液的挥发起作用(在较大或较小程度上)。
用于在37℃下减少乙硫醇和硫代乙酸从水溶液的挥发的最有效系统被发现是与超吸水聚合物结合的亲水/疏水沸石混合物。此系统显示,约使乙硫醇峰值下降95%并使硫代乙酸峰值下降100%。
结果表明:在37℃下并且在60mg/5ml以上的浓度下,与聚合物结合的沸石混合物在抑制乙硫醇和硫代乙酸从水溶液的挥发方面具有可与炭黑和聚合物相比的效力。
分析
GC顶空进样分析方法在研究过程中被开发出并且用于在存在和不存在吸收化合物中的每个的情况下量化含水试样上方的顶部空间中难闻的硫醇化合物、硫代乙酸和乙硫醇的水平。工作发现两种化合物(沸石混合物和CW90 Zn盐)给出可与活性炭相比的结果。两种化合物在不透明/白色方面优于炭黑,这应该能够更容易地检查盛装化合物的人造口袋。
以下报告进一步详细说明在更接近体温的温度下和存在超吸水聚合物的情况下对疏水沸石和亲水沸石和CW90 Zn盐进行的吸收特性研究。
目的
为了测试在纯水溶液中并且存在超吸水聚合物的情况下沸石和CW90 Zn盐吸收H2S、硫代乙酸、乙硫醇和粪臭素的能力。
方法
难闻化合物H2S、硫代乙酸、乙硫醇和粪臭素的原液被制成在水中具有2mg/ml。利用具有带有FID检测器的Zebron ZB-624毛细管GC柱(30m x 0.32 mm x 1.8u)的PerkinElmer XL40气相色谱仪来分析试样。
利用所述方法未观察到与H2S和粪臭素相关的信号。通过FID检测器没有检测到H2S,并且粪臭素不溶于水,其低挥发性意味着在40℃下顶部空间中的浓度可忽略。
因此,利用仅在水中的3μl/ml硫代乙酸和0.5μl/ml乙硫醇来制备第二原液。然后,添加以下每种化合物到5ml原液中:
溶液 | 气味吸收化合物 | 化合物质量(mg) | 超吸水聚合物质量(mg) |
1 | 无 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 无 | 0 | 25 |
3 | 活性炭 | 67 | 0 |
4 | 活性炭 | 62 | 28 |
5 | 沸石混合物 | 62 | 0 |
6 | 沸石化合物 | 59 | 25 |
7 | 疏水沸石 | 60 | 0 |
8 | 疏水沸石 | 65 | 25 |
9 | 亲水沸石 | 60 | 0 |
10 | 亲水沸石 | 58 | 26 |
11 | Cw90 Zn盐 | 60 | 0 |
12 | Cw90 Zn盐 | 60 | 24 |
表1:制备溶液总结,详细说明所采用的气味吸收化合物、其量和超吸水聚合物的量。
•对于所有试样,GC分析如下地设置:
•注入口温度:140℃;
•运载气体(H2)压力:8psi;
•炉程序:
40℃等度洗脱5分钟;
以10℃/分钟升温至90℃;
在90℃等度洗脱2分钟;
•FID检测器温度:240℃。
顶空进样执行如下:
•平衡时间7分钟,存在摇摆;
•增压0.5分钟;
•注入0.1分钟;
•撤出0.1分钟;
•炉温度37℃;
•针60℃;
•传输管线60℃。
空白结果(溶液1+2)
分析含3μl/ml硫代乙酸和0.5μl/ml乙硫醇的水溶液得出,对于乙硫醇在~2.5分钟达到峰值,对于硫代乙酸在5.75分钟达到峰值,结果在图4中示出。
相同水溶液在添加了25mg超吸水聚合物时显示:在不存在任何气味吸收化合物的情况下聚合物本身具有一定程度的气味吸收特质,如图5所示。聚合物对硫代乙酸的吸收比对乙硫醇的吸收更有效。
结果总结
溶液 | 化合物 | 乙硫醇峰值下降百分比(%) | 硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比(%) |
3 | 炭 | 74 | 90 |
4 | 炭+聚合物 | 91 | 100 |
5 | 沸石混合物 | 89 | 100 |
6 | 沸石混合物+聚合物 | 95 | 100 |
7 | 亲水沸石 | 32 | 100 |
8 | 亲水沸石+ | 32 | 100 |
9 | 疏水沸石 | 80 | 50 |
10 | 疏水沸石+ | 96 | 100 |
11 | Cw90 Zn盐 | 32 | 50 |
12 | Cw90 Zn盐+聚合物 | 40 | 100 |
浓度的影响
还研究了吸收化合物和聚合物的浓度对气味化合物吸收水平的影响。5ml的含乙硫醇和硫代乙酸的原液被添加到含在~20mg至~150mg范围内的气味吸收化合物质量的瓶中。结果显示在下表中。注意:在不存在聚合物的水溶液中执行针对吸收化合物的所有试验。
活性炭:
化合物质量(mg) | 乙硫醇峰值下降百分比 | 硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比 |
27 | 87 | 100 |
39 | 87 | 100 |
63 | 93 | 100 |
103 | 100 | 100 |
沸石混合物:
化合物质量(mg) | 乙硫醇峰值下降百分比 | 硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比 |
22 | 53 | 100 |
40 | 80 | 100 |
59 | 91 | 100 |
101 | 98 | 100 |
疏水沸石:
化合物质量(mg) | 乙硫醇峰值下降百分比 | 硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比 |
19 | 53 | 50 |
43 | 77 | 75 |
60 | 83 | 75 |
102 | 95 | 95 |
亲水沸石:
化合物质量(mg) | 乙硫醇峰值下降百分比 | 硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比 |
19 | 7 | 100 |
40 | 20 | 100 |
60 | 20 | 100 |
100 | 20 | 100 |
Cw90 Zn盐:
化合物质量(mg) | 乙硫醇峰值下降百分比 | 硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比 |
26 | 0 | 50 |
50 | 20 | 50 |
76 | 73 | 90 |
112 | 89 | 95 |
超吸水凝胶:
化合物质量(mg) | 乙硫醇峰值下降百分比 | 硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比 |
32 | 13 | 100 |
55 | 27 | 100 |
80 | 40 | 100 |
150 | 33 | 100 |
图6至15分别详细说明了被确定为溶液3至12的吸收化合物的性能。
在图16中示出了基于图4至15的气相色谱结果的溶液1至12的乙硫醇和硫代乙酸峰值下降百分比的总结。在图17中图示了在吸收化合物浓度增加的情况下乙硫醇的峰值下降百分比的效果,并且在图18中图示了在吸收化合物浓度增加情况下硫代乙酸的峰值下降百分比的效果。
结论
利用GC顶空进样方法未观察到与H2S或粪臭素相关的信号。FID检测器未检测到H2S,并且粪臭素不溶于水,其低挥发性意味着在40℃下顶部空间中的浓度可忽略。
与空白溶液1相比,所有气味吸收化合物都降低了乙硫醇和硫代乙酸的峰高。聚合物也使乙硫醇的峰高下降20%并使硫代乙酸的峰高下降90%。
在存在超吸水聚合物的情况下,几乎所有气味吸收化合物都展现改进的乙硫醇和硫代乙酸的峰值下降,亲水沸石是在添加聚合物时几乎不展现增强的乙硫醇吸收的唯一化合物。
当前的结果表明,疏水沸石对降低乙硫醇的峰值比对降低硫代乙酸的峰值更有效,而亲水沸石显示相反的效果并且在降低乙硫醇方面低效得多,但是对降低硫代乙酸的峰值有效。
包含亲水和疏水形式的沸石混合物(溶液5)相比单独的沸石自身吸收更多的乙硫醇和硫代乙酸。
与超吸水聚合物结合的沸石混合物(溶液6)看起来是在37℃下减少乙硫醇和硫代乙酸从水溶液挥发的最有效系统。所述溶液展现~95%的乙硫醇峰值下降和~100%的硫代乙酸峰值下降。混合物是成功的,因为疏水沸石对吸收乙硫醇更有效,并且亲水沸石对吸收硫代乙酸更有效。
在~37℃下,沸石混合物和活性炭的性能看起来是大体可比较的。活性炭在更低浓度下(5ml中~20mg)对降低乙硫醇和硫代乙酸的挥发更有效,但是在更高浓度下(~60-100mg)沸石混合物也同样有效。
Cw90 Zn盐是测试的三种混合物中最低效的,并且仅展现使得乙硫醇水平的少量下降。观察到硫代乙酸峰高的下降。在水溶液中,在较高浓度下,Cw90 Zn盐相对好地抑制乙硫醇和硫代乙酸峰值。然而,在存在聚合物时,效果不那么好,这可能表明聚合物对盐性能具有抑制作用。
一般而言,增加气味吸收化合物的浓度会降低乙硫醇和硫代乙酸的挥发。例外是亲水沸石,其在~20%时达到乙硫醇下降的稳定水平。
Claims (19)
1.一种造瘘袋插入物,包括:
聚丙烯酸酯超吸水物质;以及
粉末状沸石;
其中,所述超吸水物质涂覆有所述粉末状沸石,其中,所述粉末状沸石是包括亲水沸石和疏水沸石的沸石混合物,且其中,所述粉末状沸石通过静电力结合到所述超吸水物质。
2.根据权利要求1所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述粉末状沸石包括等于或小于0.15mm的粒度。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述粉末状沸石包括等于或小于0.075mm的粒度。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述粉末状沸石包括等于或小于0.045mm的粒度。
5.根据权利要求1所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述疏水沸石是铵型沸石,所述亲水沸石是铝硅酸钠。
6.根据权利要求1所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述沸石包括大约400m2/g的表面积。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,还包括粉末状活性炭。
8.根据权利要求7所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,作为插入物的一部分的所述活性炭与所述沸石的重量百分比在0.01:1至0.05:1的范围内。
9.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述聚丙烯酸酯超吸水物质为颗粒状的。
10.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述超吸水物质包括聚丙烯酸钠或聚丙烯酸钙。
11.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述插入物还包括形成为用于容纳所述超吸水物质和所述沸石的小袋的水溶性纸。
12.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述插入物还包括用于容纳所述超吸水物质和所述沸石的水溶性薄膜。
13.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述插入物还包括用于容纳所述超吸水物质和所述沸石的胶体帽。
14.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述插入物还包括用于容纳所述超吸水物质和所述沸石的塑料管件/杆件。
15.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述插入物形成为可溶片剂。
16.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述插入物包括1000 mg至10000mg的聚丙烯酸酯超吸水物质。
17.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,其中,所述插入物包括25 mg至5000 mg的粉末状沸石。
18.根据权利要求1或2所述的造瘘袋插入物,包括金属盐浸渍的沸石。
19.一种造瘘袋,所述造瘘袋包括任何前述权利要求所述的造瘘袋插入物。
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2011
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2012
- 2012-08-31 PL PL12756241T patent/PL2750638T3/pl unknown
- 2012-08-31 CA CA2850589A patent/CA2850589C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-08-31 US US14/347,970 patent/US20140330229A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-08-31 ES ES12756241.1T patent/ES2669979T3/es active Active
- 2012-08-31 RU RU2014112699A patent/RU2629337C2/ru active
- 2012-08-31 AU AU2012300645A patent/AU2012300645B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-08-31 CN CN201280054020.6A patent/CN104114129B/zh active Active
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- 2012-08-31 DK DK12756241.1T patent/DK2750638T3/en active
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2018
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US20140330229A1 (en) | 2014-11-06 |
DK2750638T3 (en) | 2018-06-06 |
US11103621B2 (en) | 2021-08-31 |
KR102047567B1 (ko) | 2019-11-21 |
GB201115160D0 (en) | 2011-10-19 |
EP2750638A1 (en) | 2014-07-09 |
WO2013030581A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
RU2014112699A (ru) | 2015-11-20 |
CN104114129A (zh) | 2014-10-22 |
EP2750638B1 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
PL2750638T3 (pl) | 2018-08-31 |
ES2669979T3 (es) | 2018-05-29 |
RU2629337C2 (ru) | 2017-08-28 |
AU2012300645A1 (en) | 2014-04-17 |
NZ623094A (en) | 2016-06-24 |
CA2850589C (en) | 2019-07-09 |
US20180147325A1 (en) | 2018-05-31 |
CA2850589A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
KR20160086431A (ko) | 2016-07-20 |
AU2012300645B2 (en) | 2017-03-09 |
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