CN103477848A - Cultivation method for concentrated boll opening of cotton in cotton regions of South China - Google Patents
Cultivation method for concentrated boll opening of cotton in cotton regions of South China Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for concentrated boll opening of cotton in cotton regions of the South China. Through unique processes of seeding, fertilizing, topping, ripening and the like, cotton colony structure and cotton fruiting and boll opening modes are optimized, the total growth period of the cotton can be shortened by 60-70 days, and especially, the boll opening period of the cotton is enabled to be concentrated within 30-40 days, so that convenience is brought to manual concentrated cotton harvesting or mechanical cotton harvesting, 4-5 workers in harvesting links can be saved by manual concentrated cotton harvesting compared with current cultivation methods, and a season contradiction between cotton production and winter crop soil preparation is solved. The cultivation method is especially suitable for popularization and application in multiple-cropping cotton regions of the South China.
Description
Technical field:
The invention belongs to the cotton culture technical field, be specifically related to the cultivation method that a kind of southern cotton region cotton is concentrated blow-of-cottons.
Background technology:
At present, southern cotton region Cotton Production is for taking full advantage of the photo-thermal resource, takes seedling raising and transplanting, large thin planting, extends cotton development stage, gives full play to the high-yield culture technique approach of individual potentiality.This technological approaches saving sowing quantity, avoid that flower bud phase field covers, very effective aspect the individual yield potential of performance cotton plant.For a long time, since especially promoting hybrid cotton, become the major measure of southern cotton region cotton culture always.As producing, Hunan Province's hybrid cotton high-yield culture technique standard (DB43/T286-2006) regulation hybrid cotton carries out " Precision Seeding in good time, cultivate strong sprout, relax line-spacing, suitably thin planting, fertile shortization tune, science management ", planting density is 1200-1400 plant/acre, in the actual production practice, planting density is many at 1000-1500 plant/acre, and what have has even dropped to 800 strains/below hm2.This is distinguishing feature hybrid cotton culture technique system with " large thin planting, the large fertilizer of flood, change colony with individuality, take the time to change space ", and the individual plant productivity has obtained giving full play to.But also have following problem: the knot bell time of blooming is long, thereby the ripe blow-of-cottons time is also long, since early and middle ten days blow-of-cottons in August, to mid or late November even December still at blow-of-cottons, receive the time-consuming cost of taking a lot of work of garland joint high, be unfavorable for developing mechanization and receive flower, and the change in time and space formed due to cotton boll is very large, rely in a large number autumn peach volume increase, the increase of the peripheral bell ratio of cotton plant also to cause cotton fiber quality poor and inconsistent.Simultaneously, the cotton growth long field management recruitment needed in season is many, and particularly the disease pest and weed cost accounting increases; Output of cotton further improves the restriction that is subject to the individual plant productivity; Increased etc. by the risk of Effect of Natural Disaster.
The lower limit temperature of cotton boll and Fibre Development is 15 ℃, and the preference temperature scope is 25-30 ℃.According to the study, more than 3 grades the fiber bell phase required >=15 ℃ of active accumulated temperatures are more than 1200 ℃, maturity >=1.0 there is the cotton fiber more than 5 grades that weaving is worth, its bell phase is required >=15 ℃ of active accumulated temperatures are more than 1000 ℃.According to the study, North of Hunan Dongting Lake cotton region stable by 15 ℃ all day (80% fraction) concentrate on October 11～14, add up forward thus, active accumulated temperature is on the date more than 1200 ℃, greatly about about August 25.The cotton boll of blooming before this date can form high quality cotton more than 3 grades, can be used as best flowering stage of Hunan or high grade blossoming phase.Therefore, by adjusting sowing time, suitably increase planting density, play the large generation of controlling invalid flower bud of pushing up, the ratio that science is regulated best flowering stage and effective flowering stage, control invalid flower and form, make nutrient energy collective conveyance in effective cotton boll, improve fiber production and quality.
Chemical ripening and disleave are development mechanization cotton picking or the manual requisite important technique measure of quick cotton picking of concentrating, and since 20 century 70s, ethrel (2-chloroethyl phosphoric acid), just be applied to cotton and accelerate the ripening.Current, the research of the ripener (defoliant) that respectively grows cotton and application are more general, and kind and using method are also many.As Ma Yan etc. is studied de-grand, Thidiazuron, the consumption of 3 kinds of defoliation ripening agent of ethrel and the effect of accelerating the ripening of mixed ratio of telling, the defoliant effect of the variety classes such as Fan Qinglu and auxiliary formula is studied.
The present invention is according to scientific research in recent years with to cotton region production investigation result, propose a kind of by regulating sowing time, thickness of sowing, severe pinch, fertilizer and chemical ripening in conjunction with supplementary measures such as density and rich water quality managements, realizes that southern cotton region cotton concentrates the cultivation method of blow-of-cottons.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is for the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of cotton cultivation method is provided, the time that makes can to make in this way Cotton Production to shorten the term of opening bolls to experience, concentrate on 30-40 days in blow-of-cottons, can realize concentrating and receive flower, and create conditions for realizing that mechanization receives to spend.
The objective of the invention is to realize in the following manner:
A kind of southern cotton region cotton is concentrated the cultivation method of blow-of-cottons, comprises the following steps:
(1) sowing: the lint capsuled seed by germination rate in the cotton more than 80%, in 10-25 day in May, sow, take the method for half essence amount cave program request, plantation density is 2000-3000 plant/acre;
(2) fertilising in following two kinds of modes any: a, cotton seedling 3-4 leaf are during the phase, and in the ranks, trench-digging is executed containing N, P
2o
5, K
2the composite fertilizer 30kg/ mu of each 15% mass fraction of O, late July when cotton is just spent every mu execute containing N, P
2o
5, K
2each 15% mass fraction of O composite fertilizer 40-50kg, additional urea 10kg/ mu, potassium chloride 5kg/ mu; B, at cotton seedling 3-4 leaf special-purpose Slow/Controlled Release Fertilizers of disposable buriing cotton during the phase, make every mu of nutrient reach N, P
2o
5, K
2o is respectively 15kg, 8-10kg, 12kg;
(3) training is pinched: mid-August, when the cotton plant height reaches 110-120cm, pinch, the stem of top 10-20cm is removed in every strain, and every strain retains 14-16 dish fruit branch, for the fruit branch that surpasses 6 fruit joints, removes its top, retains the fruit joint and is no more than 6/fruit branch;
(4) short early accelerating the ripening: the rear foliage-spray superphosphate leachate of pinching is early short, during cotton plant blow-of-cottons 30%-40%, adopts ethrel to mix with paraquat and carries out chemical ripening.
Select middle early cotton variety in step (1).
Every bunch planting 1-2 grain cotton seed in step (1); Line-spacing 70-80cm, cave is apart from 30cm, thickness of sowing 2750-3150 cave/mu.
The short detailed process of early accelerating the ripening of the inventive method is in the superphosphate leachate 40kg/ of 1-2 1-2% mass fraction of late August to early September foliage-spray mu, to urge early after pinching; September 20 is while reaching 30-40% when cotton plant nature blow-of-cottons rate, adopts the paraquat 40ml of 20% mass fraction to add the ethrel 60ml of 40% mass fraction, is watered every mu of 40kg and sprays and carry out chemical ripening; Perhaps divide and carry out chemical ripening 2 times, first inferior to 15-18 day in September every mu of use 40% mass fraction ethrel 30ml be watered 30kg and only the cotton plant middle and lower part sprayed, the second paraquat 40ml inferior to 28-30 day in September every mu of use 20% mass fraction, the ethrel 30ml that adds 40% mass fraction is watered 40kg to carry out complete stool and sprays.
Other field management measure comprises that the control of disease pest and weed, seedling flower bud florescence chemical regulation carry out according to the conventional cultivation method.
Sowing time of the present invention, existing routine techniques was postponed 30-35 days, and density improves more than 1 times.When the present invention reaches 2.2-2.5 times of the required bell number of plan yield in the total fruit of Cotton Population joint amount, severe is pinched to prune and is improved the field illumination condition, control the generation of invalid flower bud and poor efficiency flower bud, realize concentrating August the knot bell, the method of pinching of removing 1 leaf 1 heart from existing conventional cultivation method is different, cultivation method of the present invention is removed top 10-20cm stem together with fruit branch, and removes the top of bottom long fruit branch.The time of accelerating the ripening short morning of the present invention, existing conventional method shifted to an earlier date 20-30 days, and the conventional cultivation method is not carried out chemical ripening or just carry out chemical ripening for remaining green when it is due to become yellow and ripe late-maturing cotton field 10 the middle ten days and the last ten days.
Effect of the present invention need to lean on the many factors comprehensive function just can reach, indispensable, and the present invention also found the best collocation and the combination of these factors of influence, these factors comprise: sowing time, plantation density, fertilising opportunity, the consumption that applies fertilizer, the mode of pinching, Topping Time, short time, the mode etc. of early accelerating the ripening.
In a word, provided by the present invention one grows cotton concentrates the cultivation method of blow-of-cottons, with the Cotton Production of current southern cotton region routine, rely on prolong growth period to obtain the manufacture method compared of high yield, it is advantageous that: make to shorten in time of infertility of cotton 60-70 days, shorten 35-40 days the term of opening bolls, and output does not reduce; By regulating sowing time, during cotton growth, warm optical condition is good, and growth rate of cotton plant is fast, grows early, and has saved the seedling raising and transplanting link, has saved the required labor cost of seedling raising and transplanting; Optimized group structure by density and fertilising, severe is pinched and has been suppressed the cotton plant apical dominance, keeps cotton plant height neat and consistent, has improved field ventilation and penetrating light condition, and cotton reproductive growth environment improves, and upper peach is concentrated soon; Be concentrated into bell and promote dry matter to reproductive organs running and fallen leaves in conjunction with chemical ripening by impelling, cotton boll blowing is concentrated, overcome the conventional production method cotton boll blowing phase long, need to repeatedly receive flower, recruitment is many and be difficult to the problem that realizes that mechanization is gathered, can realize receiving for 2 times bow structure bundle (according to weather and labour's situation, also can increase the receipts flower 1-2 time), saved the gather labor cost of link of cotton, create good condition for realizing that mechanization receives to spend, and solved the contradiction of cotton and winter crop production expropriation of land.
Embodiment:
Following examples are used for the present invention is described, but do not limit the scope of the invention.
The inventive method is developed on the multifactorial experiment basis, and verifies that by back-to-back testing the effect that obtains invention obtains final prioritization scheme.
In prioritization scheme forming process of the present invention, mainly carried out the orthogonal experiment of live different sowing dates, density and fertilizing amount, on this basis, for being pinched method improvement and the short test of early accelerating the ripening of the Fields of Cotton Planted that is 15kg/ mu of May 15,2500 plant/acres of density, amount of nitrogen sowing time, obtain cotton and concentrate the cultivation scheme of blow-of-cottons, again prioritization scheme is carried out to back-to-back testing, verify its effect, form cultivation method of the present invention.
It is below the part summary during the present invention explores in earlier stage; And test 1-3 chooses respectively the mid-early maturity cotton variety of different current Hunan (south) spreads; Through checking, below each optimal conditions all be applicable to the plantation of these mid-early maturity kinds, all can reach the object of the invention.
Test the comparison of 1 Fields of Cotton Planted Different Sowing Dates, planting density and amount of nitrogen and conventional cultivation method cotton growing process and output
The test kind be Hunan Province authorization in ripe hybrid cotton kind Hunan agriculture assorted cotton 68, date of seeding, planting density and 3 factors of amount of nitrogen are established in test, 5 levels of every factor, adopt the optimum Mixed Design of quadratic regression (311 design), the generally nutrition bowl seedling transplanting of application of take in current production is contrast (CK), totally 12 processing, community area 20m
2, establish 3 repetitions, the Gong36Ge community, arrange by random district group.Phosphorus potash fertilizer is pressed N:P
2o
5: K
2o is that the 1:0.6:0.9 ratio is used, and minute seed manure and Hua Ling are fertile to be used for 2 times.The contrast nutrition bowl seedling transplanting is undertaken by Hunan Province's hybrid cotton high-yield culture technique standard (DB43/T286-2006), sowing on April 12, and May 16 transplanted, 1200 plant/acres of density.All processing pinched, goes escenter August 10, receive and spend unification by November 20.Prevent and treat disease pest and weed the time of infertility.Each processes growing process and output in Table 1.
Table 1 different disposal breeding time and output
From table 1, sowing processing early, when density is low, as long as enough fertilizer supplies are arranged, can obtain high yield by the prolongation of breeding time, as process 3,8, CK; And density when high output lower, as process 5, this be mainly due to field cover come off serious due to.Sowing slow processing needs to obtain high yield by increasing density, as processes 11,1,2 etc., also is difficult for obtaining high yield but density is too high, as processes 9; When density is low, output is also low, as processes 10.Sow late output and reduced with density, as processed 6,7,4.More than can find out, about May 15, be best suited under the condition that is 15kg/ mu left and right of 2500 plant/acres of left and right of density, amount of nitrogen, process 11.
Test that 2 differences are pinched and the comparative test of forced ripening method
The test kind be Hunan Province authorization in cotton No. 1 of ripe hybrid cotton kind Hunan agricultural university, sowing on May 15,2500 plant/acres of density, the pure N of fertilizing amount, P
2o
5, K
2o is respectively 15kg/ mu, 10kg/ mu, 13.5kg/ mu, and minute seed manure and Hua Ling are fertile to be used for 2 times.Test establishes that routine is pinched (the A1:8 month 8 removed 1 leaf 1 heart), severe is pinched training, and (the A2:8 month 15 is together with top fruit branch removal 10-20cm stem, retain 14-16 fruit branch/strain, remove the front end of bottom long fruit branch simultaneously, make the mistake joint number of every fruit branch be no more than 6), accelerate the ripening and establish 3 processing, be respectively: B1(was August 25, September 8, foliage-spray 2% superphosphate leachate 40kg/ mu was each 1 time, September 16 every mu of use 40% ethrel 30ml, being watered 30kg sprays and carries out chemical ripening for the first time the cotton plant middle and lower part, September 28, every mu of use 20% paraquat 40ml added 40% ethrel 30ml, be watered 40kg, carry out complete stool spray carry out chemical ripening for the second time), B2(is in foliage-spray 2% superphosphate leachate 40kg/ mu 1 time on August 30, September 20, every mu of use 20% paraquat 40ml added 40% ethrel 60ml, be watered 40kg, disposable complete stool sprays and carries out chemical ripening), the B3(10 month 10, every mu of use 20% paraquat 40ml added 40% ethrel 60ml, be watered 40kg, disposable complete stool sprays and carries out chemical ripening).Totally 6 treatment combinations, community area 20m
2, establish 3 repetitions, the Gong18Ge community, arrange by random district group.Received flower once every 10 days from September 10, stopped to October 30, receive and spend 6 times altogether,
With examination blow-of-cottons intensity.Each processes blow-of-cottons process and output in Table 2.
Table 2 difference is pinched and is accelerated the ripening and processes the cotton boll blowing process and output forms
Test 3 the present invention and concentrate the cultivation method of blow-of-cottons and the comparative trial of nutrition bowl seedling transplanting method
On the basis of above-mentioned research and analysis-by-synthesis, carried out the comparative trial of the inventive method and conventional method, i.e. following embodiment 1.
Embodiment 1
(1) seeding and seedling raising
The cotton variety that test adopts be Hunan Province's authorization in assorted cotton No. 20 of ripe hybrid cotton kind Hunan, use concentrated blow-of-cottons cultivation method provided by the invention, in plate field cave program request on May 15, every bunch planting kind 1-2 grain, line-spacing 80cm, spacing in the rows 30cm; May 20 started to emerge, neat seedling on the 22nd, and final singling on June 5, be about to double seedlings and go little staying greatly, and every cave retains the cotton seedling of 1 strain.Because the rate of being short of seedling is low, without the disconnected ridge phenomenon of being short of seedling, do not reseed 2318 plant/acres of actual strain density.
(2) fertilising
During sowing, do not apply fertilizer, on the June 15 cotton 3 leaf phases of seedling, in the ranks to ditch, buriing is containing N, P
2o
5, K
2each 15%(total nutrient of O is 45%) composite fertilizer 30kg/ mu.While spending at the beginning of July 25, buriing above-mentioned composite fertilizer 45kg/ mu adds urea 10kg/ mu and adds potassium chloride 5kg/ mu.
(3) pinch
August 16, the average plant height 118.5cm of cotton plant, several 19.6 of fruit branch, remove cotton top stem apart from ground 100cm left and right, together with the top fruit branch, come along and remove, retaining the fruit branch number is 14-16 dish/strain, average fruit branch number is 15.3 dishes/strain, finally plant height 103.8cm, and the long fruit branch that the cotton plant middle and lower part is stretched in the ranks wipes out branch, retains 5-6 and really saves.
(4) accelerate the ripening
Blade face spray phosphorus: at foliage-spray 2% superphosphate leachate 40kg/ mu, wherein carried out in conjunction with controlling worm spray medicine August 25 respectively at August 25, September 8.
Chemical ripening for the first time: September 16 every mu of use 40% ethrel 30ml, be watered 30kg the cotton plant middle and lower part sprayed.
Chemical ripening for the second time: September 28, every mu of use 20% paraquat 40ml added 40% ethrel 30ml, was watered 40kg, carried out complete stool and sprayed.
(5) growing process
May 15 sowing, start to emerge May 20, May 22 neat seedling; June 28 buddingged, and while buddingging, Life expectancy is 6.3 leaves; July 25 started to bloom, and entered full-bloom stage on August 7; September 3 started blow-of-cottons, entered September 15 and contained the wadding phase; Received the bow structure bundle on October 15.
(6) receive flower
Adopt the artificial picking methods of concentrating, receive and spend 3 times altogether, be respectively September 15, September 30, October 15.
(7) contrast cultivation method
Contrast adopts nutrition bowl seedling transplanting, carries out sowing on April 12, the plate field transplanting that burrows on May 18,1200 plant/acres of density by the conventional production method in locality.Applying fertilizer 5 times altogether in land for growing field crops, is respectively base manure, seed manure, flower bud fertilizer, Hua Lingfei and caping fertilizer.Change control 2 times, respectively at June 25 Sheng Lei phases and July 25 days full-bloom stage carry out.August 10 pinched.Final plant height 124.1cm, the several 20.7 dish/strains of fruit branch.Day by day wad a quilt with cotton August 9, entered August 26 and contain the wadding phase, received the bow structure bundle on November 20, receives and spend 7 times altogether, is respectively August 20, September 5, September 20, October 5, October 20, November 5, November 20.
8) adopt the method for the invention to obtain effect preferably, concrete data in Table 3, table 4.
The different cultivation method output of cottons of table 3 and constituent ratio thereof are
Plant height in table 3, fruit branch number, individual plant bell number, the average single bell of complete stool are heavily that two kinds of cultivation methods are respectively got 3 sample points, every 10 strains, the investigation result of totally 30 strains; The result that the product that total bell number is individual plant bell number and density calculates; The output that paid seed cotton yield is two kinds of cultivation method field actual cuts.
In table 4, each time received the flower ratio for gather in the crops the percentage that unginned cotton weight accounts for total yield at every turn.
Claims (5)
1. the cultivation method of the concentrated blow-of-cottons of southern cotton region cotton, is characterized in that, comprises the following steps:
(1) sowing: the lint capsuled seed by germination rate in the cotton more than 80%, in 10-25 day in May, sow, take the method for half essence amount cave program request, plantation density is 2000-3000 plant/acre;
(2) fertilising in following two kinds of modes any: a, cotton seedling 3-4 leaf are during the phase, and in the ranks, trench-digging is executed containing N, P
2o
5, K
2the composite fertilizer 30kg/ mu of each 15% mass fraction of O, late July when cotton is just spent every mu execute containing N, P
2o
5, K
2each 15% mass fraction of O composite fertilizer 40-50kg, additional urea 10kg/ mu, potassium chloride 5kg/ mu; B, at cotton seedling 3-4 leaf special-purpose Slow/Controlled Release Fertilizers of disposable buriing cotton during the phase, make every mu of nutrient reach N, P
2o
5, K
2o is respectively 15kg, 8-10kg, 12kg;
(3) training is pinched: mid-August, when the cotton plant height reaches 110-120cm, pinch, the stem of top 10-20cm is removed in every strain, and every strain retains 14-16 dish fruit branch, for the fruit branch that surpasses 6 fruit joints, removes its top, retains the fruit joint and is no more than 6/fruit branch;
(4) short early accelerating the ripening: the rear foliage-spray superphosphate leachate of pinching is early short, during cotton plant blow-of-cottons 30%-40%, adopts ethrel to mix with paraquat and carries out chemical ripening.
2. southern cotton region according to claim 1 cotton is concentrated the cultivation method of blow-of-cottons, it is characterized in that,
Select middle early cotton variety in step (1).
3. southern cotton region according to claim 1 and 2 cotton is concentrated the cultivation method of blow-of-cottons, it is characterized in that,
Every bunch planting 1-2 grain cotton seed in step (1); Line-spacing 70-80cm, cave is apart from 30cm, thickness of sowing 2750-3150 cave/mu.
4. southern cotton region according to claim 1 cotton is concentrated the cultivation method of blow-of-cottons, it is characterized in that,
The short detailed process of early accelerating the ripening of the inventive method is in the superphosphate leachate 40kg/ of 1-2 1-2% mass fraction of late August to early September foliage-spray mu, to urge early after pinching; September 20 is while reaching 30-40% when cotton plant nature blow-of-cottons rate, adopts the paraquat 40ml of 20% mass fraction to add the ethrel 60ml of 40% mass fraction, is watered every mu of 40kg and sprays and carry out chemical ripening; Perhaps divide and carry out chemical ripening 2 times, first inferior to 15-18 day in September every mu of use 40% mass fraction ethrel 30ml be watered 30kg and only the cotton plant middle and lower part sprayed, the second paraquat 40ml inferior to 28-30 day in September every mu of use 20% mass fraction, the ethrel 30ml that adds 40% mass fraction is watered 40kg to carry out complete stool and sprays.
5. southern cotton region according to claim 1 cotton is concentrated the cultivation method of blow-of-cottons, it is characterized in that,
Other field management measure comprises that the control of disease pest and weed, seedling flower bud florescence chemical regulation carry out according to the conventional cultivation method.
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