CN103437573A - 容纳以低成本具有类似泳池或热带海洋颜色、透明度和清洁特性的大型休闲用水体的结构 - Google Patents

容纳以低成本具有类似泳池或热带海洋颜色、透明度和清洁特性的大型休闲用水体的结构 Download PDF

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CN103437573A
CN103437573A CN2013101259076A CN201310125907A CN103437573A CN 103437573 A CN103437573 A CN 103437573A CN 2013101259076 A CN2013101259076 A CN 2013101259076A CN 201310125907 A CN201310125907 A CN 201310125907A CN 103437573 A CN103437573 A CN 103437573A
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F·B·F·托雷斯
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种容纳大于15,000m3休闲用水体的结构,所述水体以低成本具有类似于游泳池或热带海洋的颜色、透明度和清洁特性,其中所述结构可以包括:利用例如粘土和皂土的低渗透性材料建造的底部和壁部,所述低渗透性材料被涂覆有例如聚氯乙烯薄膜、能够被清洁的线型低密度聚乙烯或高密度聚乙烯的无孔材料,深度为至少0.5米;利用表面狭槽即撇渣器去除杂质和表面油的系统;允许水被进入的新鲜水替换的供给管路系统;和进水系统。

Description

容纳以低成本具有类似泳池或热带海洋颜色、透明度和清洁特性的大型休闲用水体的结构
本发明是申请日为2007年7月10日、申请号为200710128397.2、发明名称为“以低成本获得15,000立方米休闲用水体的方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。 
技术领域
本发明公开了以低成本获得具有类似于游泳池或热带海洋的颜色、透明度和清洁特征的休闲用大型水体,特别是大于15,000m3水体的方法。本发明还公开了容纳大型水体的结构和抽吸车(cart)。 
背景技术
当养分进入水中时,作为诱导代谢活动的结果,需氧生物体消耗溶解氧。因此,养分需要可用溶解氧,这称作生物需氧量(BOD)。如果介质中的有机物量非常高的话,将导致溶解氧浓度下降。在低含氧量下,水生环境促进了厌氧生物的生长。 
无氧代谢比需氧过程更为缓慢(典型地超过一个数量级),具有低效率,并且产生多种中间有机化合物(例如有机酸、乙醇、甲烷)。作为以较低速率消耗溶解有机物的结果,所述溶解有机物将在水生环境中积聚。 
如果溶解氧消耗得比其再次充满更快的话,水开始脱氧。从微生物到鱼,根本没有需氧生物体能在所述水中生存。因此,有机污染物将积聚并进一步形成无氧状态,从而产生恶臭物质(例如硫化物和挥发性胺类)和部分氧化的有机化合物。 
除了气味难闻以外,无氧状态可以引发人类健康问题,这是因为许多厌氧菌都是病原性的(例如,破伤风和肉毒杆菌毒素)。当水含有 溶解的硫酸盐时,减少的厌氧菌产生了H2S(具有腐蚀性和毒性)。 
水体中生命所需养分量的增加称作过营养化。过营养化定义为水体中营养素富集的过程。它是氧化塘(lagoons)和湖泊(过营养湖)老化过程中的自然现象。相反地,缺乏生命所需养分的年轻水体称作缺营养的。池塘中养分的增加促进了水生植物和动物的产量提高。所述有机物的增加继而提高了沉积物的有机含量。过营养化可以在地表水体中产生严重的问题。 
光合作用是指由无机物制造有机物,以及因此在以前只有少量有机物的地方产生大量有机物。当藻类/植物死亡时,它们的组分转变成需氧的有机养分。 
在光合作用期间,容易产生CO2,因此pH值升高,其值可达到10以上。在夜里,发生逆反应,消耗氧气,产生CO2,pH值趋于下降。因为光合作用影响可逆反应,因此所述光合作用对于水体的pH水平具有显著影响。 
HCO3-+H+←------→CO2+H2
最终,沉积在岸上的大量藻类死亡和腐败,因此产生无氧状态,从而呈现健康危机(例如,形成肉毒杆菌、绝对厌氧病原体微生物)。另一方面,水生植物分枝保持发生分解的有机固体,从而产生集中的氧需要。 
通常,氮N和磷P是限制因素。在微生物生长过程中,P作为磷酸盐被消耗,而细菌的大部分吸收NH3形式的N,只有一部分吸收NO3 -形式的N。相反地,藻类吸收NO3 -形式的N,只有极少数吸收NH3形式的N。更多的细菌使用NO3 -作为氧源而不是N源。根据藻类光合作用的大致化学计量,N:P约为7:1。根据李比希最小定律,具有N:P远大于7的水体表示P为限制养分;另一方面,N:P远小于7表示N为限制养分。一些作者指出分别高于0.015和0.3mg/l的P和N浓度足以造成湖水中藻类的过度生长。 
有机N的主要来源是蛋白质、氨基酸和尿素;另一方面,无机N的形式为NH3、NO3 -、NO2 -。氨是有机物分解的特征产物,其可以在 硝化细菌的作用下微生物氧化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐。这些过程在水中自然发生并且构成对生物需氧量的主要贡献。 
当形成人造水体,例如氧化塘时,水质逐渐变坏。根据养分贡献,可以达到任何平衡状态,其中藻类、水生植物、细菌、昆虫和鱼在稳定环境到过营养化过程下生存,在所述过营养化过程中,养分的过度贡献造成藻类和水生植物大量增殖。当这些生物死亡时,它们在消耗氧气的需氧过程中通过细菌分解。当氧气减少时,许多有机残留物保持沉积在水底,从而使沉积物增多并产生增大混浊度的过程,产生难闻气味并且水的物理化学和卫生质量下降,从而降低了休闲应用的可能性。 
为减少这些效果采用了不同的技术,例如充气系统以增大氧含量,除藻剂和除草剂以控制藻类和水生植物的过度增殖,使用生物滤器以减少养分贡献,鱼和浮游动物以减少藻类,使用化学制剂捕获养分,培育细菌以消化有机物,着色剂以提高美观,机械去除藻类和水生植物,使用挖泥机以减少沉积物量,澄清剂以降低混浊度等等。 
这些氧化塘的水的特征和质量与游泳池完全不同。首先,必须达到不同物种之间的生态平衡,其次,目标是要去除有机物和杂质。因此,可以接受完全不同的混浊度、颜色和物理化学特性标准。 
为了保持游泳池水清澈和适于游泳,使用了过滤系统,主要为沙、硅藻土和筒式过滤系统。根据游泳池的类型,必须每隔4到12小时对全部的水进行过滤。 
另外,必须使用有机物氧化剂、消毒剂、除藻剂、最终pH调节器和澄清剂以保持美观和卫生状况。根据每个国家的规定,游泳池需要保持最低消毒剂残留浓度或650mV到750mV之间的恒定氧化还原电位(ORP)水平。 
由于装置高成本和相关的运转成本,将游泳池技术应用于大型水体以获得理想水质是不可能的。 
为了说明该情况,我们可以回想,如果要过滤的水体是一个下述250,000m3的应用实例的话,根据智利游泳池的最低规定(T=2en NCh 209,应用的实例国家),需要过滤2,983升/秒,相当于城市饮用水厂处理的水量。奥林匹克游泳池为2,500m3(50×25×2m),相当于本专利申请应用实例中所考虑水量的1%。 
当给这些水量使用游泳池化学制剂时同样如此。本发明应用实例的水量相当于4,000个10米长游泳池。 
使用ORP测量控制游泳池和温泉中的消毒剂已经卓有成效地使用了许多年。ORP测定消毒剂的氧化能力,或换言之,实际的与浓度无关的化学活性。直接测定消毒剂浓度存在误差,这是因为即使在高浓度下,活性也会根据pH和污染物的存在而减弱。事实上,研究表明,与氧化剂浓度相比,水中的细菌寿命更多地取决于ORP。为了去除游泳池中不希望的微生物,通常来讲,在7.2-7.6的正常pH下,ORP值恒定保持为650mV到750mV(发达国家的公共游泳池规定要求恒定高于700mV)。由于高隐含成本,这对于大型水体来说是不可能的。 
先前公开的事实表明,利用类似于休闲用游泳池的过滤和消毒技术维护大型水体(大于15,000m3)基本上不可行。 
因此,目前不存在具有游泳池或热带海洋的美观和清洁特性的大型人造氧化塘或水库,所述游泳池或热带海洋具有大于25米、甚至40米的能见度水平。 
本发明解决的技术问题是以低成本在大型水体中实现这些特征。 
现有技术 
保护用于大水量,例如氧化塘和水库的处理方法的发明专利是世界级的。在下文中,要分析最相关文献及其与要保护技术的关系。 
发明专利申请JP4115008和JP7310311保护与海洋连通的人造氧化塘,目的在于净化海水。该系统允许水进入水池,其中水顺着特别设计成能去除污染物的路径流动,或者被引导到净化设备以随后返回海洋。应当清楚的是,该日本发明与本申请中要保护的水池类型无关。 
发明专利申请FR2740493保护一种水池或人造氧化塘,其构造为 具有包括织物网和混凝土的柔软底部。该发明包括排水系统和围绕边界的喷射器,所述喷射器使液体扩散到排水系统中。该发明与要保护的人造池或方法无关。 
发明专利申请JP59222294保护一种用于河水和湖水以去除N、P、BOD(生物需氧量)等的净化方法,该方法泵送水穿过填满特定矿物的滤床。该日本发明净化水池的水,但是基于泵送穿过填充床的水,其相当于过滤液体。因此,该日本发明与要保护的技术无关。 
发明专利申请CN1256250保护一种水净化方法,该方法包括利用具有高分子量的无机絮凝剂进行微絮凝和直接深床过滤。该方法相当于具有更快和更有效作用的辅助絮凝,但是无论如何都不影响本发明方法的新颖性和创造性。 
由上述文献的分析可以得出结论,没有与要保护的相似的方法和人造氧化塘,要保护的方法和人造氧化塘允许以低成本获得大于15,000m3的休闲用水体,其具有与游泳池或热带海洋相似的颜色、透明度和清洁特征,因为在本发明的方法中,过滤阶段由悬浮固体絮凝阶段和随后使用特别为所述功能设计的抽吸车进行的清洁阶段所代替,并且通过使用受控的氧化脉冲实现消毒。 
发明内容
本发明公开了以低成本获得具有类似于游泳池或热带海洋的颜色、透明度和清洁特征的休闲用大型水体,特别是例如休闲用人造氧化塘或水库的大于15,000m3水体的方法。该方法与上述技术相比的重要优点在于,在不需要过滤系统或加入大量化学制剂的情况下获得期望的特征,从而实现建造没有尺寸限制的清澈水体的可能性。 
本发明的方法考虑下列步骤或阶段: 
a.提供容纳大于15,000m3水体的结构或水池,包括利用低渗透性材料(例如粘土和皂土)建造的底部和壁部,涂覆有无孔材料,例如聚氯乙烯薄膜、能够被清洁的线型低密度聚乙烯或高密度聚乙烯,深度为至少0.5米,利用表面狭槽(撇渣器)去除杂质和表面油的系统, 允许水被进入的新鲜水替换的供给管路系统,供给水进水系统,所述水可以是海水、井水、泉水或来自其他源头的水;在海水情况下,进水系统可以穿过位于大于6米深度处的井点或井。 
b.给所述结构提供铁和锰含量低于1.5ppm且混浊度小于5NTU的水。 
c.测量水pH,理想情况下应当在小于7.8的范围之内。 
d.向容纳于步骤(a)的结构中的水中加入氧化剂,并且在48小时的最长周期内,在控制水中最小ORP为600mV达最短4小时。 
e.以6天的最大频率加入浓度范围在0.02-1ppm内的絮凝剂,并且利用抽吸车清洁步骤(a)的结构底部,所述抽吸车特别设计成能从氧化塘底部去除沉积杂质以及先前加入的絮凝剂。清洁如此进行,使得氧化塘的每个区段(sector)以不大于7天的时间间隔内被清洁;利用该步骤,可以取消传统的过滤。 
下面将分别详细阐述所述方法的每个步骤,应当理解,每个明显的变化将包含在本发明的范围之内。 
本发明方法的步骤(a)中提供的结构或氧化塘还可以具有: 
a.1)浅蓝色、白色或浅黄色的底部颜色,用于使水具有热带海洋的颜色; 
a.2)大于0.5米,优选地为2-5米的深度; 
a.3)使用具有喷射器的管线的再循环系统,所述喷射器使水保持均质性,并且消除了停滞区域。在多风地带可以取消该系统; 
a.4)该结构必须如此构造,从而避免通过风、流水等的作用拖曳有机物,例如树叶和土壤。 
为了更好地理解该结构以及结合本发明结构的不同部件的分布,提供了图10,其中下列元件标记为: 
39.再循环管线,其上安装有喷射器。 
40.沿水体边界安装的喷射器。 
41.由所述结构容纳的水体。 
42.用于去除漂浮污染物,例如带有油的水的表面狭槽(撇渣器)。 
43.从其中抽水以提供给氧化塘的集管管线和腔室。 
44.受限自然循环的区域。 
45.氧化塘内的新鲜水供给点。 
可选择地,步骤(a)的结构或氧化塘可以由水泥制成,并具有例如油漆、聚氨酯或玻璃纤维的涂层。 
在步骤(b)中,并且只在要求的情况下,可以对倒入氧化塘中的水进行水预过滤和处理,在该情况下,其中水含有结壳微软体动物或者5NTU以上的混浊度等级。 
如果在步骤(c)中,pH值高于7.8的话,必须加入例如溴化钠的溴盐,以保持0.6ppm的最低溴化物浓度。 
在步骤(d)中,为了在48小时,优选为24小时的最大周期内,在水中维持600mV的最小氧化还原电位达最短4小时,需加入氧化剂,例如臭氧、过硫酸钠或过硫酸钾、氯衍生物、过氧化氢、溴衍生物或通过电解氯化。所用氧化剂量通过在应用期间不断测量ORP进行控制,使得它满足最低确定要求,即,加入氧化剂以在4小时内实现最小600mV。 
氧化剂类型取决于成本,及其他因素。通过电解氯化产生的次氯酸盐和臭氧是经济的,这是因为它们可以现场生产,但是需要高额设备投资。 
使用量取决于许多日常变化的因素,例如,温度、太阳辐射、环境污染、雨、暴雨、应用等级等。总之,必要的氧化剂量由ORP测量值决定。 
尽管上述内容不限制不发明,但是应当理解,通常使用的浓度和氧化剂应用范围如表1所示: 
表1:氧化剂应用 
氧化剂 常用浓度* 最小-最大范围
臭氧 0.05ppm 0.01-0.58ppm
过氧化氢 0.04ppm 0.01-0.46ppm
次氯酸钠 0.16ppm 0.04-1.50ppm
过硫酸盐 0.28ppm 0.07-3.30ppm
0.22ppm 0.05-1.80ppm
*加入以达到和保持最小600mV ORP达4小时的总量除以水体总量。 
步骤(e)包括加入絮凝剂和利用抽吸车清洁步骤(a)的结构底部,所述抽吸车为此特别设计以便从氧化塘底去除沉积杂质以及絮凝剂。 
清洁如此进行,从而以不大于7天的时间间隔,优选地每隔4天对氧化塘的每个区段进行清洁。利用该步骤,代替了用于游泳池的传统过滤方法。 
在可以于步骤(e)内加入的絮凝剂中,最好是阳离子聚合物,例如HICAT-1TM,其为具有25%固体的生物可降解的阳离子聚合电解质,由美国的Buckman实验室生产(被National Health Service of Chile接受并且推荐以高100倍的浓度在游泳池中使用),其浓度为6天的最大频率下0.02-1ppm,优选地每24小时0.05ppm;或者添加Crystal ClearTM,其是由美国的AP Aquarium Products(它以高100倍的浓度用于水族馆中)制造的生物可降解的阳离子聚合电解质,浓度为4天的最大频率下0.04-2ppm,优选地每24小时0.16ppm。 
另外,该阶段可以包括加入除藻剂,例如季铵(例如,聚季铵盐)和/或铜化合物(CuSO4·5H20或铜螯合物),根据温度和日光,保持铜含量为1ppb到1.5ppm;在10℃到30℃之间的温度范围内保持铜含量0.3到1.5ppm。 
特别设计成能清洁氧化塘底部的抽吸车包括:支撑板,以玻璃纤 维加强的树脂轴环(collar),拉手,树脂盖,侧部隔膜片,钢架,高密度聚氨基甲酸酯滚子,自润滑塑料轮,PVC管内抽吸底部的开口,刷子线(brush line),用于轮轴和滚子轴的支撑板,以及带有开口的抽吸PVC管线,所述刷子线包括带有人造硬毛的基于塑料的刷子和带有穿孔或狭槽以将刷子沿连续线紧固的钢制压板(更多细节参见对附图的描述)。所述车利用一系统围绕氧化塘牵引,所述系统包括船,排放腔,为了软管浮动性提供的塑料浮标,为舵手和船甲板操作人员提供的平台,位于船尾的拉动管状带标记的镀锌钢制连杆,位于船和车之间的连接软管,位于连接软管和吸入软管之间的连接件,所述吸入软管连接位于氧化塘岸上的泵(更多细节参见对附图的描述)。 
附图说明
附图简要描述如下: 
图1显示了抽吸车的侧视图; 
图2显示了车结构的顶视图; 
图3a显示了车结构的前视图; 
图3b显示了车结构的前视图; 
图4a显示了车的右视图; 
图4b显示了车的左视图; 
图4c显示了车的后视图; 
图5a显示了车结构的顶视图; 
图5b显示了车的顶视图; 
图6显示了具有抽吸车的净化系统的示意图; 
图7显示了具有抽吸车的抽吸系统的详细视图; 
图8显示了车的示意图; 
图9显示了车结构的示意图;和 
图10显示了本发明的水体结构的顶视图。 
具体实施方式
图1显示了下列部件:抽吸车的移动方向(2),用于抽吸连接的 PVC管(8),用于底部抽吸的PVC管(27)的底部开口(14),清洁T形管(9),钢架(10),自润滑塑料轮(12),用于轮轴及滚子(19b)轴的支撑板(19a),带有由聚乙烯等材料制成的人造硬毛的基于塑料的刷子(20),具有穿孔或狭槽(21)以将刷子(20)沿连续线紧固的钢制压板。 
图2显示了移动方向(2),框架(10),高密度聚氨酯滚子(11),轮(12),紧固到穿孔压板(21)上的刷子线(16),以及用于轮和滚子的轴(19b)的支撑板(19a),所述穿孔压板设置有在壁(14)底部具有五个矩形开口的PVC结构和管,用于底部抽吸管线(27),在两端用相同材料制成的帽(17)封闭。 
在图3a和3b中显示了车结构,其中具有用于焊接到框架(10)上的牵引伸张器的支撑板(1),位于镀锌铁网状物(6)上方用玻璃纤维加强的树脂盖,横向塑料隔膜片(7),清洁PVC管(8),清洁T形管(9),框架(10),滚子(11),轮(12)和具有开口的抽吸PVC管或管线(27),其中开口面积与设置的抽吸能力成正比。 
图4显示了车的横向右视图,具有移动方向(2),用于牵引伸张器的支撑板(1),PVC吸入管(8),由玻璃加强纤维制成的用于紧固和密封吸入管的树脂纤维轴环(4),用于拉动、搬运和提升车的手柄(5),树脂盖(6)和横向隔膜片(7)。图4b显示了车的左视图,显示了移动方向(2)和车盖(6)。图4c显示了车的后视图,显示了车盖(8)。 
图5a显示了车结构的顶视图,显示了移动方向(2),图5b显示了车的顶视图,显示了移动方向(2)。 
图6显示了具有放入水体(41)中的抽吸车的净化系统,其中具有通向排放腔的管(28),用于使软管(36)漂浮的塑料浮标(29),用于船(31)的舵手和甲板操作人员利用整合的四冲程发动机和防护式螺旋桨牵引的平台(30),位于船尾的拉动管状带标记的镀锌钢制连杆(32),抽吸车(33),从船(31)到车(33)的连接软管(34),连接软管(34)与吸入软管(36)之间的连接件(35),以及连接位于氧 化塘岸上的移动式电动抽吸泵(37)和船(31)的吸入软管(36)。 
图7显示了抽吸车的纵剖面,其中描述了结构框架(10)的部分配置,连接车(33)(在该图中未显示)与牵引船的拉杆(32),连接车的吸入管(27)与软管(34)的对称吸入件装置(38),所述软管(34)连接车和船。在该图中还显示了轮(12)和滚子(11)的投影。 
图8为侧视图,显示了牵引船(31),放入氧化塘水体(41)底部的抽吸车(33),为船操作人员提供的顶部平台(30)的位置,车(33)和船(31)之间的连杆(32),对称的抽吸元件(38),以及带有船上的连接管(35)的连接软管(34)。 
图9为系统的后视图,显示了连接软管(34),拉杆(32),用于从全部四个车入口朝向连接软管(34)对称抽气的连接件装置(38),用于连接岸上抽吸泵(37)和船连接器(35)的带浮标(29)的软管(36),以及导向排放装置的管(28)。 
在步骤(a)中公开的结构或氧化塘中,应当保持150天,优选60天的最小总水量更新速率,从而避免氧化产物的聚积(老化)。 
应用实例 
为了实现本发明方法,从而以低成本获得大于15,000m3休闲用水体,其具有类似于游泳池或热带海洋的颜色、透明度和清洁特性,执行下列步骤: 
在中央智利海岸建造类似于人造氧化塘的结构,长度1公里,面积80,000m2,容积250,000m3(33"20'59.91"S;71"39'10.10"W)。底部利用粘土和皂土制成,并且衬砌有白色和黄色的线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)塑料。壁部用水泥和粘土制成,衬砌有LLDPE和HDPE薄膜。 
最小和最大深度为1.2和3.5米,平均深度2.8米。 
围绕氧化塘边界安装有直径为100到250毫米的管路系统以促进再循环。该系统具有围绕整个氧化塘每隔10米均匀分布的喷射器,所述喷射器放入底部以注入产品和保持水均质性。安装有通过表面狭槽 (撇渣器)去除杂质和表面油的系统。 
该结构的进水通过井点实现。入口水含有0.08ppm铁和0.15ppm锰,混浊度为1.4NTU。水pH值为7.93,自然溴浓度为48ppm,因此不需要加入溴盐。通过位于海岸8m深处的井点蓄水。在该深度进水以避免结壳微软体动物。海水中微软体动物的存在导致生长、发展和粘附到管壁和氧化塘结构上的问题。避免结壳微软体动物的其他可能方法是使用水预过滤。 
ORP值在24小时循环中的4小时内维持在600毫伏(mV)以上。这通过使用氧化剂,例如臭氧、过氧化氢、过硫酸钾、电解氯化或次氯酸钠实现。所有前述氧化剂经试验具有良好效果。 
在气温10到16℃,水温17℃的九月平均日子里,使用通过电解氯化制成的0.11ppm的次氯酸钠,其足以维持600mV以上的ORP超过4小时。该系统在使用盐水工作时是有利的,因为电解法将海水中的氯化物转化成次氯酸盐,无需加入附加的化学制剂。 
其他国家为游泳池制定的规定指出,恒定保持较高的ORP值(650-750mV),但是对大型水体来说在经济上不可行,在本发明中已经证实,在24小时循环中的4小时内保持600mV以上的ORP足以减少大型水体中微藻类和微生物的生长,从而产生适于游泳的低污染环境。 
作为细菌性病原体标识物的大肠杆菌在暴露于600mV的ORP中100秒后死亡,因此4小时处理具有高消毒能力。 
该实例中的水体体积等于常用8米长游泳池的6,000倍,并且如此构造,使得它不接受来自周围环境的可见污染物(树叶、土壤、河道),因此与游泳池相比,来源于周围环境的污染物非常少。按比例地,在高稀释能力下,人类污染也微不足道(例如,常用游泳池中4个游泳者等于氧化塘中24,000个游泳者)。 
此外,利用抽吸车进行絮凝和底部清洁,以及利用撇渣器进行油脂和表面杂质清除允许保持低有机物水平,其减少了氧化剂的使用。 
除藻剂作用通过将水中的平均铜水平保持在0.3ppm左右而实现,通过使用封闭囊中的铜盐(五水硫酸铜)完成施放,所述囊以这样的 方式放在再循环系统水流过的腔室中,使得盐缓慢分解,还通过铜电极电离方法,其中电流施加给所述电极,并且铜离子以受控方式释放到介质中。被测铜水平在10℃下的0.1ppm和在30℃下的1.5ppm(在饮用水中2ppm是可接受的,参见表4)之间变化。 
加入阳离子絮凝聚合物。在日常应用中通过再循环系统使用的絮凝剂为0.04ppm的HICAT-1TM。 
借助于抽吸车,随后清洁氧化塘底部的塑料以进行倾析(decantation)。抽吸车具有抽吸腔系统,从而去除全部沉积杂质以及聚合物,使氧化塘底部(薄膜)可见。清洁塑料薄膜的抽吸车由船牵引,并且不会留下任何残留层,因为它是细净化而不是挖掘(dredging)。该清洁和抽吸方法是恒定的,以这样的方式对氧化塘底部进行日常清洁,使得抽吸系统每隔四天经过每个薄膜区段。 
在少风季节,通过每天运转8小时的再循环系统使水保持流动,从而保持水的均质性。围绕所述结构分布的喷射器将水向上长距离喷出,并且每隔10米进行放置。应当注意的是,由所述结构容纳的水在风力作用下进行重要的循环,并且通过结构的适当设计可以减少人工再循环要求,从而节约能源。 
该再循环系统用于施加化学制剂。该结构的水在30-150天的周期内完全更新。更新的目的在于避免作为氧化反应副产品的“水老化”。通过经由供水管取用新水而完成更新,所述供水管与终止于喷射器处的再循环管线无关。 
使用撇渣器(表面狭槽)保持表层水的出口流动,所述撇渣器去除油和表面杂质。 
加入化学制剂的量主要取决于温度,数量级小于游泳池所需量。 
每立方米的总维护费用大约为游泳池普通费用的3%。 
在该应用实例中,确定水的物理化学条件,使其不仅符合在这种情况下使用的直接接触的休闲用水规定(参见表2),还符合饮用水规定(参见表4),海水固有的特性除外,并且符合游泳池规定(参见表3),与这种情况下不一样的氯永久残留水平除外。 
表2:利用本发明方法处理的水和直接接触的休闲用水规定(NCh1333*)对比 
Figure BDA00003039498500141
*使用官方智利规定(智利是应用实例的国家),智利条例NCh1333 
表3:利用本发明处理的水和游泳池规定(NCh209*)的对比 
参数 氧化塘中的测量值 NCh209
pH 7.96 7.2-8.2
自由残留氯 0.5-1.5(ppm)
铜(除藻剂)mg/l 0.38 最高1.5
溴(消毒剂)mg/l 1-3
泡沫,脂和悬浮颗粒
需氧菌群/ml 2 ≤200
粪便大肠菌
总大肠菌群/100ml ≤2 ≤20
藻类,幼虫或其他活性有机物
*使用官方智利规定(智利是应用实例的国家),智利条例NCh209+由于所用技术的原因而不相对应 
表4:利用本发明处理的水和饮用水规定(NCh409*)的对比 
Figure BDA00003039498500151
Figure BDA00003039498500161
Figure BDA00003039498500162
n.d.表示没检测 
*使用官方智利规定(智利是应用实例的国家),智利条例NCh409+海水的固有值 
在该实例中已经证实,可以使水体在美观特征和物理化学及细菌学特性方面保持类似于大容量(250,000m3)人造海水氧化塘,并且水质类似于传统游泳池和热带海洋。已实现特征没有在至今为止(参见Google Earth)世界上任何人造氧化塘中发现,并且通过卫星比较要保护氧化塘33′′20′59.91′′S;71′′39′10.10′′W和世界上已有的上万个水体的透明度和颜色可以证明这点,其中所述已有水体例如高尔夫球场和公园氧化塘,休闲用水库,不动产和旅游项目的氧化塘,乃至出于游泳目的建造的大于15,000m3的水库(例如,巴西的Piscina do Ramos,澳大利亚的Darwin游泳池,摩洛哥的卡萨布兰卡的Orhtlieb游泳池)。 
除了类似于我们要保护的250,000m3的人造氧化塘的结构以外,我们在世界上没有发现任何体积大于15,000m3的人造水体具有此质量的清澈水。 
在Google EarthTM论坛(用于世界的卫星摄影术的因特网软件)上,人们已经用两年的时间搜索可以从空中看见的最大游泳池。当查看他们的结果时,结论是应用实例的氧化塘是目前为止已发现的最大的清澈透明的水体。 
使用传统的过滤和再循环系统的世界上最大的已知游泳池是美国科尼岛(Coney Island)的Sunlite游泳池,有11,350m3的水。在其余数以万计的世界上现存大型人造水体中,水不进行过滤或者只是部分过滤。如上所述,这些水体的特征与游泳池或热带海洋相差悬殊,并且它们的使用受到限制。 
过滤大容量水在技术上是复杂且非常昂贵的,因此,这成为按比例扩大清澈水体的障碍。本发明的抽吸车以有效且经济的方式去除絮凝的悬浮固体(混浊度)以及聚合物,从而替代过滤。 
除了高成本外,传统的过滤系统不能解决氧化塘底部的清洁问题。 
本发明专利中描述的技术,即,通过抽吸车替代过滤和使用作为所述方法的必要部分的受控氧化脉冲,允许打破阻碍具有无限延伸和体积的清澈氧化塘结构的障碍,从而开辟旅游应用的新领域。 
通过将休闲用水规定与人造氧化塘实例中获得的结果做比较可以证明所采用方法的主要优点。另外,水中获得的透明度水平非常重要,应该是等于或大于35米的能见度,该结果在大于15,000m3的任何水体或大多数游泳池中都没有发现;事实上,游泳池规定只要求1.4米的能见度(参见表2)。 
本发明所公开方法的其他优点是: 
·低维护费用, 
·普遍满足有关直接接触的休闲用水的已有规定(参见表2),并且还满足游泳池和饮用水规定的可比较参数(参见表3和4)。 
·氧化塘中的水总是绝对透明,不浑浊,具有游泳池或热带海洋的蓝绿色特征和干净底部,它们对于公众接受程度来说是最理想的视觉特征。 
·氧化剂、除藻剂和消毒剂浓度比传统游泳池中推荐使用的低100倍;该优点对用户有利并且更为环境友好。 
·由于这些水体与海洋或附近的天然湖泊断开,它们不受海洋水流、冰融化等产生的温度变化的影响,而是只受环境变化(温度、太阳辐射、风)的影响。实际上,夏季,在应用实例的氧化塘中,大多数温度比海洋温度高10℃。 
·通过抽吸实现的絮凝和底部清洁代替传统游泳池的过滤系统,从而以极低成本产生高透明度情况。沉积物清除防止了所述沉积物消耗氧化剂并产生无氧区域,并且它们允许底部薄膜使氧化塘的水具有吸引人的色彩。 
·可以不受尺寸限制地建造水体,并具有最佳美观、物理化学和卫生条件,从而具有旅游吸引力。 
为了使本发明公开方法的令人惊讶的作用更加明显,表5显示了用于应用实例的水体(250,000m3)的两种清洁方法的成本。 
表5:传统过滤方法*和抽吸车的对比 
Figure BDA00003039498500191
*根据规定NCh209,考虑T=2(游泳池过滤的最低速率)+不考虑排出2,500m2沙的花费 

Claims (6)

1.一种容纳大于15,000m3休闲用水体的结构,所述水体以低成本具有类似于游泳池或热带海洋的颜色、透明度和清洁特性,其中所述结构可以包括:利用例如粘土和皂土的低渗透性材料建造的底部和壁部,所述低渗透性材料被涂覆有例如聚氯乙烯薄膜、能够被清洁的线型低密度聚乙烯或高密度聚乙烯的无孔材料,深度为至少0.5米;利用表面狭槽即撇渣器去除杂质和表面油的系统;允许水被进入的新鲜水替换的供给管路系统;和进水系统。
2.如权利要求1所述的容纳大于15,000m3的休闲用水体的结构,其中所述进水系统可以包括位于大于6米深度处的井点或井。
3.如权利要求1所述的容纳大于15,000m3休闲用水体的结构,其中可选择地,步骤(a)的氧化塘的结构可以由水泥制成,所述水泥具有例如油漆、聚氨酯或玻璃纤维的涂层。
4.如权利要求1或3所述的容纳大于15,000m3休闲用水体的结构,其中所述底部和壁部为浅蓝色、白色或浅黄色,从而使水具有热带海洋的外观。
5.如权利要求1所述的容纳大于15,000m3休闲用水体的结构,其中所述结构具有2至5米的优选深度。
6.如权利要求1所述的容纳大于15,000m3休闲用水体的结构,其中所述结构具有再循环系统,该系统使用具有喷射器的管,所述喷射器通过消除停滞区域和方便化学制剂施加来使得保持水均质性。
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