CN103004425B - Transplanting operation and field management method capable of remarkably increasing yield of starch sweet potatoes - Google Patents
Transplanting operation and field management method capable of remarkably increasing yield of starch sweet potatoes Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a transplanting operation and field management method capable of remarkably increasing the yield of starch sweet potatoes. The method comprises the steps of field selection, land preparation and ridging, variety selection, field management, mid-tillage fertilizer application and insect and disease control, and the method is characterized in that sweet potato seedlings are transplanted in holes at an oblique angle of 25 to 30 DEG, then three to four sections on the lower parts of the seedlings are covered by soil and compacted, only the seedling end is exposed, the sweet potato seedlings are slightly contacted with the soil so as to facilitate the water absorption and rooting, large red sweet potato fruiting roots are differentiated while the young roots grow, the sweet potatoes can be fruited earlier, multiple sweet potatoes can be fruited, and the fruiting rate of large sweet potatoes is high; and the experimental result shows that under the condition of the same sweet potato variety and the same cultivation and growth condition, the 25-DEG to 30-DEG oblique angle transplanting method is adopted, 1.5 to 2.2 sweet potatoes can be more fruited than that of the traditional directly transplanting method, and the yield can be increased by 15 to 23 percent.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the planting technique of a kind of Ipomoea batatas, especially a kind of starch Ipomoea batatas is the method for operating of volume increase significantly.
Background technology
Ipomoea batatas is China's wheat that continues, paddy rice, the fourth-largest cereal crops after corn, in food shortage predicament in the past, Ipomoea batatas is peasant's staple food crop, along with expanding economy and scientific and technological progress, Ipomoea batatas has not been people's main food, one of main economic crops have been formed, because Ipomoea batatas is widely used in food, chemical industry, the industry such as feed and the energy, Ipomoea batatas just becomes the important raw material of industry, annual requirement is expanding year by year, and the production area of Ipomoea batatas and output decline year by year, production is less than demand, the kind of Ipomoea batatas and planting technology are the principal elements that affects Ipomoea batatas industry development.
Summary of the invention
Therefore, to the high-yield culture technique of Ipomoea batatas, there is great demand in people, up to now, also do not find about relevant report of the present invention, the inventor is through development test repeatedly, and plant experimentally by field production, finally find out the technology of starch Ipomoea batatas high-yield culturing, thereby completed the present invention.
Object of the present invention is just to provide a kind of method of operating of planting that can make the remarkable volume increase of starch Ipomoea batatas.
Embodiment
Ipomoea batatas is the great tuber crops of a kind of yield potential, is selecting on the basis of high starch Ipomoea batatas new varieties, and the method for operating of planting of implementing volume increase comprises the following steps.
One, culture technique
1, plot is selected
Selection is away from traffic major trunk roads, environmental nonpollution, water source and soil quality meet < < Agricultural product without pollution technical specification > > requirement, high-land, irrigation and drainage are convenient, and soil layer is deep, the plantation of the field of fertile soil.
2, whole ground ridging
Spring potato should be deep ploughed and be frozen upturned soil during the autumn and winter, 30 centimetres of left and right of tilling depth, and the whole broken support ridger of spring second ploughing leveling, in conjunction with using sufficient fertilizer, summer potato is ploughed in time support ridger after front season crop harvesting.Support ridger requires soil rather dry not wet, upper without clod caking, lower to hard soil layer.Double rows on a big ridge cultivation and large ridge single file planting culture output are the highest.The standard on large ridge is: the bottom width 80cm on spring potato ridge, and upper wide 35cm, the high 30cm in ridge, the dark 30cm of furrow, furrow bottom width 15-20cm, furrow wide 25-30cm suitable for reading, the advantage of this planting type is: the one, be conducive to root system and unfold, constantly supply with the required nutrient of Ipomoea batatas; The 2nd, can significantly thicken plow layer expansion table soil and air, the contact area of sunlight, is conducive to oxygen supply and increases day and night temperature, is also conducive to get rid of accumulated water, can create good soil environment for Ipomoea batatas high yield; The 3rd, have compared with strong drought resistant water drainage function.
3, variety adoption
Select product of fine quality, output is high, strong stress resistance, and the starch Ipomoea batatas kind that commodity rate is high is business's potato 19 major cliques, Xu's potato 27, abundant Xu's potato 34-20, faces potato 046.
4, plant
(1) plant the time
Spring potato is planted 20-May 10 April, when underground 10 cm layer of soil temperature stabilizations are during at 15 ℃, can plant, and strives for early planting, and summer potato was planted between-15 days on the 5th June.
(2) plant technology
Method is planted at Ipomoea batatas 25-30 degree oblique angle, potato seedling is inserted in soil pit with 25-30 degree oblique angle, then the backfill consolidation of bottom 3-4 joint, only show indications of a new development, make potato seedling and soil close contact, in order to water suction root of hair, and in young root growth, therefrom differentiate the knot potato root of sturdy redness, and early to tie potato, tie potato more, yampi rate is high, result of the test shows, in same red administration kind, under same cultivating and growing condition, adopt 25-30 degree oblique angle to plant method, more traditional straight cutting growing method, 1.5-2.2 of many knot potato, volume increase 15-23%.During seedlings plugging, should also be noted that by the symptom of a trend facing one direction, to dig potato in the other direction by the symptom of a trend when results, reduce the breakage of potato piece.
(3) rational close planting
Ipomoea batatas Planting Densities, spring potato 3200-3300 plant/acre, summer potato 3800-4200 plant/acre, large-ridge double-row is planted, and adopts intersection growing method, spacing in the rows 40cm, large ridge single file is planted spacing in the rows 25cm.
Two, field management
1, fill a vacancy
Plant latter 5～7 days, select strong sprout, look into seedling and fill a vacancy.
2, weeding
The one, cultivation uproot, wants diligent intertillage, shallow intertillage, detail to plough before envelope ridge, abolish and harden, and improves ground temperature; The 2nd, chemical weed control, Ipomoea batatas ridge whole good after, before potato seedling is planted, every mu reaches 140 milliliters of 200 milliliters and Acetochlors with agriculture and is watered 30kg and mixes and be sprayed on soil table, or sprays all your 100 milliliters of mixed liquors that add 50kg water of a time 72% in native top layer.
3, control prosperous length
The one, seedlings plugging will be intertilled 1-2 time for 10 days afterwards before sealing ridge, in conjunction with intertillage, carries out weeding, ridging, lifting up of vines.During lifting up of vines, will gently carry, lifting up of vines does not turn over climing, reduces cauline leaf damage, causes wound, control germ intrusion and cause harm, in order to continued growth, carry on the other hand seedling and do not turn over seedling, enter rainy season, the climing easy generation adventive root of Ipomoea batatas, the product that affects photosynthesis generation is carried to root, want timely lifting up of vines, reduce the formation of adventive root, but seedling is not turned in certain attention, put down again after answering original place to mention, to reduce nutrient consumption, impact knot potato; The 2nd, pinch in good time, suppress excessive growth.When main, climingly beat terminal bud while growing to 1 meter of left and right, when branch grows to 50 centimetres, beat again primary group top, can effectively prevent cauline leaf excessive growth, promote potato piece to expand rapidly; The 3rd, every mu sprays 100 jin of the mixed liquors that 15% paclobutrazol adds 1000 times, water, can receive remarkable effect of increasing production.Spring potato is planted and is sprayed for latter 45 days, and summer potato is planted and sprayed for latter 35 days, and spray in 7-10 days once, connects and sprays 2-3 time, if do not spray, only long seedling is not tied potato.
4, fertilising
(1) fertilization principle
Control nitrogen, steady phosphorus, enrich potassium, zinc supplementation, promote the use of decomposed manure, bio-bacterial manure and high-quality foliage fertilizer, adopt rational application of fertilizers, by 2500 kilograms of every mu of fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizer (N) 10-13 kilogram, phosphate fertilizer 3-6.5 kilogram, potash fertilizer 20-25 kilogram, its ratio is carried out rational application of fertilizers in the ratio of 2:1:3, ban use of nitrate fertilizer, hospital's soiled litter and municipal refuse and the fertilizer inferior that contains excessive harmful substance, control inorganic nitrogen usage amount, advocate chemical fertilizer and fertilizer compounding application, the ratio of organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen is 1:1, potash fertilizer is selected potassium sulfate, ban use of the composite fertilizer of containing potassium oxide.
(2) fertilizing method
Promote rational application of fertilizers, according to soil fertility, target output accomplishes that nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium are reasonably combined, fertilizer with 70% during whole ground applies as base fertilizer, and the fertilizer of residue 30% and nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer are turned over and in ridge, made Bao Xinfei at the bottom of concentrating mixing to impose on ridge when support ridger, according to the feature of most of soil nutrient content, reach 4000 kilograms of above output of the fresh potato of per mu yield, in fertilising, accomplish to increase potassium, mend phosphorus, control nitrogen: the one, Potassium, every mu of potassium application 20-25 kilogram.Because Ipomoea batatas is the effect of happiness potassium, be again fear-chlorion crop, therefore must use potassium sulfate, must not use potassium chloride, this is one of key measure; The 2nd, applying organic manure, executes 2500 kilograms of high-quality decomposed manures for every mu, is mainly to supplement Trace Elements in Soil; The 3rd, mend and execute phosphate fertilizer, execute phosphate fertilizer 3-6.5 kilogram for every mu; The 4th, control nitrogen fertilizer application, high-yield field is nitrogen fertilizer application not, unfertile land Shaoshi nitrogenous fertilizer, every mu of nitrogen fertilizer application 10-13 kilogram; The 5th, suitably topdress, while planting, with 98% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1-2 kilogram, to be stained with root or to fill with root, group's phase is filled with root with 98% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2-4 kilogram, mends 1-1.5 kilogram, zinc sulphate for every mu and fills with root, guarantees that the healthy and strong growth of Ipomoea batatas reaches high yield and high quality.
(3) spray is fertile
Envelope is carried out spray leaf fertilizer 2-3 time according to growing way behind ridge, selects 0.5% urea solution (adding 250 grams of urea to be 0.5% urea solution in 50 kg of water), 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (adding 100 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphates to be 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in 50 kg of water) or 2% superphosphate liquid (adding 1 kilogram of superphosphate to be 2% superphosphate liquid in 50 kg of water).
5, water drainage
When arid the benefit moisture in the soil of pouring water in time, meet waterlogging stain and get rid of in time.
Three, prevent and treat disease
The one, after the mixed liquor mixing and stirring with 500 times of liquid of 50% carbendazol wettable powder thin up and 1000～1500 times of liquid of 50% phoxim thin up, in planting, front the immersion liquid of potato seedling is stained with to root; The 2nd, plant after 500 times of liquid of rear use 50% carbendazol wettable powder mix with the mixed liquor of 1000～1500 times of liquid of 50% phoxim, fill with root once; The 3rd, in an Ipomoea batatas group phase, with 800 times of liquid of ambam thin up of 50%, after mixing with 45% Isofenphos methyl or thimet, 800 times of liquid of missible oil thin up, then add the potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixing that 1.5kg/ mu content is 98% to fill with root once.Described group is after Ipomoea batatas is planted and lives a phase, when potato seedling length has three above branches, is called group's phase.
1, potato kind, potato seedling: implement allocation and transportation quarantine according to quarantine operational procedure.
2, crop rotation: select the plot of not planting sweet potato in 2-3 to plant.
3, insect can be when whole ground support ridger, 2.5 kilograms of every mu of use 3% phoxim granules are mixed 12.5 kilograms of fine earths and are spread fertilizer over the fields, plough under in soil, the root of also can spreading manuer in holes when planting, disease can be when growing seedlings be soaked root by 800 times of immersion kinds of 50% thiophanate methyl wettable powder dilution agent 5 minutes or while planting.
4, select in time low toxicity chemical pesticide control aphid, Ipomoea batatas hawkmoth vegetative period.Mu sprays anti-eliminating aphis 2-3 time with 1500 times of liquid of the clean dilution of 10% aphid lice, mu sprays control Ipomoea batatas hawkmoth 2-3 time with 1000 times of liquid of 90% chlorophos dilution, forbid to use 3911,1605,1059, hexachlorcyclohexane, DDT, Furadan, Aldicarb, cobalt chloride, aldrin, nuvacron, trithion, PCBA, flolimat, acephatemet, dicofol, galecron, the contour malicious high residue of pcnb have the agricultural chemicals of " three cause ", in strict accordance with GB4285 chemistry security, use standard and rationally use standard of GB8832.1.3-1987 agricultural chemicals to operate.
Four, gather in the crops science storage in good time
1, harvest time
Spring potato is in mid or late October, and summer potato is results at the beginning of late October to 11 month.
2, after spring potato results, should sell in time or process processing, can cut solarization or beat powder.
3, preservation and freshness
(1) sick, rotten through selected rejectings after summer potato results, wound, residual potato or little potato, enter cellar for storing things collection or directly export trade by the classification of potato block size, accomplishes that light rising gently transport while entering to store, rose the same day to receive and entered cellar for storing things the same day, do not allow potato piece in field outdoor spending the night, collection finishes before and after first frost, with the rotten cellar for storing things of frost damage prevention.
(2) storage, according to local underground water height or storage custom, suits measures to local conditions to build up storage cellar, concentrates production base storage in flakes large, can build cellar for storing things, large-scale room and concentrate storage, in order to management and sale, no matter adopt which kind of cellar for storing things type, all require good heat insulating, be convenient to management.
(3) management during
Regulate temperature, accomplish to store temperature control between 10-15 ℃, humidity remains on 90% left and right, notes often checking, can not be careless.
Five, the beneficial effect of starch Ipomoea batatas plantation
Under the support of agricultural, the departments of science and technology, by well-organized, extensively publicity, unified growing seedlings, unified supply seedling, unified cultivation technique mode, gives full play to demonstration effect.2012 at Zhao Miao town, < < Taihe County, the Anhui Province > > of the Zhang Ge villager committee, the < < Taihe County > > of great Miao growing vegetables Specialty Co-operative Organization and Zhao Miao town, the < < Taihe County > > of the Huang Men villager committee, 30740 mu of six demonstration area plantations such as the > > of < < Taihe County Yang Zhi crop cultivation speciality cooperative society, 3500 mu of our unit's contract by lease soil plantations, 3573 kilograms, average yield per mu high-quality Ipomoea batatas, compared with 3287 kilograms of non-demonstration area, Taihe County Ipomoea batatas average yield per mus, every mu is increased production 286 kilograms, have a net increase of 8.7%.
Claims (1)
1. make planting of the remarkable volume increase of starch Ipomoea batatas operate and a field management method, it is characterized in that: it comprises the following steps:
(1) plot is selected
Selection is away from traffic major trunk roads, environmental nonpollution, and water source and soil quality meet Agricultural product without pollution demand of technical standard, high-land, irrigation and drainage are convenient, and soil layer is deep, the plantation of the field of fertile soil;
(2) whole ground ridging
Spring potato should be deep ploughed and be frozen upturned soil during the autumn and winter, 30 centimetres of tilling depth, the whole broken support ridger of second ploughing leveling in spring, in conjunction with using sufficient fertilizer, summer potato is ploughed in time support ridger after front season crop harvesting, and support ridger requires soil rather dry wet, upper without clod caking, lower to hard soil layer, double rows on a big ridge cultivation and large ridge single file planting culture output are the highest, the standard on large ridge is: the bottom width 80cm on spring potato ridge, upper wide 35cm, the high 30cm in ridge, the dark 30cm of furrow, furrow bottom width 15-20cm, furrow wide 25-30cm suitable for reading;
(3) variety adoption
Select product of fine quality, output is high, strong stress resistance, and the starch Ipomoea batatas kind that commodity rate is high is business's potato 19 major cliques, Xu's potato 27, abundant Xu's potato 34-20, faces potato 046;
(4) plant
1. plant the time
Spring potato is planted 20-May 10 April, when underground 10 cm layer of soil temperature stabilizations are during at 15 ℃, can plant, and strives for early planting, and summer potato was planted between-15 days on the 5th June;
2. plant technology
Method is planted at Ipomoea batatas 25-30 degree oblique angle, potato seedling is inserted in soil pit with 25-30 degree oblique angle, then the backfill consolidation of bottom 3-4 joint, only show indications of a new development, make potato seedling and soil close contact, in order to water suction root of hair, and in young root growth, therefrom differentiate the knot potato root of sturdy redness, and early tie potato, tie potato more, yampi rate is high, during seedlings plugging, should also be noted that by the symptom of a trend facing one direction, to dig potato in the other direction by the symptom of a trend when results, reduce the breakage of potato piece;
3. rational close planting
Ipomoea batatas Planting Densities, spring potato 3200-3300 plant/acre, summer potato 3800-4200 plant/acre, large-ridge double-row is planted, and adopts intersection growing method, spacing in the rows 40cm, large ridge single file is planted spacing in the rows 25cm;
(5) fill a vacancy
Plant latter 5～7 days, select strong sprout, look into seedling and fill a vacancy;
(6) weeding
The one, cultivation uproot, wants diligent intertillage, shallow intertillage, detail to plough before envelope ridge, abolish and harden, and improves ground temperature; The 2nd, chemical weed control, Ipomoea batatas ridge whole good after, before potato seedling is planted, every mu reaches 140 milliliters of 200 milliliters and Acetochlors with agriculture and is watered 30kg and mixes and be sprayed on soil table, or sprays all your 100 milliliters of mixed liquors that add 50kg water of a time 72% in native top layer;
(7) control prosperous length
The one, seedlings plugging will be intertilled 1-2 time for 10 days afterwards before sealing ridge, in conjunction with intertillage, carry out weeding, ridging, lifting up of vines, during lifting up of vines, to gently carry, lifting up of vines does not turn over climing, reduce cauline leaf damage, cause wound, control germ intrusion and cause harm, in order to continued growth, carry on the other hand seedling and do not turn over seedling, enter rainy season, the climing easy generation adventive root of Ipomoea batatas, the product that affects photosynthesis generation is carried to root, want timely lifting up of vines, reduce the formation of adventive root, but seedling is not turned in certain attention, put down again after answering original place to mention, to reduce nutrient consumption, impact knot potato; The 2nd, pinch in good time, suppress excessive growth, when main, climingly beat terminal bud while growing to 1 meter, when growing to 50 centimetres, beats again branch primary group top, can effectively prevent cauline leaf excessive growth, promote potato piece to expand rapidly; The 3rd, every mu sprays 100 jin of the mixed liquors that 15% paclobutrazol adds 1000 times, water, can receive remarkable effect of increasing production, in spring potato, plants and sprays for latter 45 days, and summer potato is planted and sprayed for latter 35 days, and spray in 7-10 days once, connects and sprays 2-3 time;
(8) fertilising
1. fertilization principle
Control nitrogen, steady phosphorus, enrich potassium, zinc supplementation, promote the use of decomposed manure, bio-bacterial manure and high-quality foliage fertilizer, adopt rational application of fertilizers, by 2500 kilograms of every mu of fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizer (N) 10-13 kilogram, phosphate fertilizer 3-6.5 kilogram, potash fertilizer 20-25 kilogram, its ratio is carried out rational application of fertilizers in the ratio of 2:1:3, ban use of nitrate fertilizer, hospital's soiled litter and municipal refuse and the fertilizer inferior that contains excessive harmful substance, control inorganic nitrogen usage amount, advocate chemical fertilizer and fertilizer compounding application, the ratio of organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen is 1:1, potash fertilizer is selected potassium sulfate, ban use of the composite fertilizer of containing potassium oxide,
2. fertilizing method
Promote rational application of fertilizers, according to soil fertility, target output is accomplished nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is reasonably combined, fertilizer with 70% during whole ground applies as base fertilizer, fertilizer and the nitrogen of residue 30%, phosphorus, at the bottom of potash fertilizer concentrates mixing to impose on ridge when support ridger, turn over and in ridge, make Bao Xinfei, according to the feature of most of soil nutrient content, reach 4000 kilograms of above output of the fresh potato of per mu yield, in fertilising, accomplish to increase potassium, mend phosphorus, control nitrogen: the one, Potassium, every mu of potassium application 20-25 kilogram, because Ipomoea batatas is the effect of happiness potassium, it is again fear-chlorion crop, therefore must use potassium sulfate, must not use potassium chloride, this is one of key measure, the 2nd, applying organic manure, executes 2500 kilograms of high-quality decomposed manures for every mu, is mainly to supplement Trace Elements in Soil, the 3rd, mend and execute phosphate fertilizer, execute phosphate fertilizer 3-6.5 kilogram for every mu, the 4th, control nitrogen fertilizer application, high-yield field is nitrogen fertilizer application not, unfertile land Shaoshi nitrogenous fertilizer, every mu of nitrogen fertilizer application 10-13 kilogram, the 5th, suitably topdress, while planting, with 98% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1-2 kilogram, to be stained with root or to fill with root, group's phase is filled with root with 98% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2-4 kilogram, mends 1-1.5 kilogram, zinc sulphate for every mu and fills with root, guarantees that the healthy and strong growth of Ipomoea batatas reaches high yield and high quality,
3. spray is fertile
Envelope is carried out spray leaf fertilizer 2-3 time according to growing way behind ridge, selects 0.5% urea solution, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution or 2% superphosphate liquid;
(9) water drainage
(10) disease control:
The one, after the mixed liquor mixing and stirring with 500 times of liquid of 50% carbendazol wettable powder thin up and 1000～1500 times of liquid of 50% phoxim thin up, in planting, front the immersion liquid of potato seedling is stained with to root; The 2nd, plant after 500 times of liquid of rear use 50% carbendazol wettable powder mix with the mixed liquor of 1000～1500 times of liquid of 50% phoxim, fill with root once; The 3rd, in an Ipomoea batatas group phase, with 800 times of liquid of ambam thin up of 50%, after mixing with 45% methyl second willow phosphorus or thimet, 800 times of liquid of missible oil thin up, then add the potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixing that 1.5kg/ mu content is 98% to fill with root once;
1. potato kind, potato seedling: implement allocation and transportation quarantine according to quarantine operational procedure;
2. crop rotation: select the plot of not planting sweet potato in 2-3 to plant;
3. insect can be when whole ground support ridger, and 2.5 kilograms of every mu of use 3% phoxim granules are mixed 12.5 kilograms of fine earths and spread fertilizer over the fields, and plough under in soil the root of also can spreading manuer in holes when planting;
4. select in time low toxicity chemical pesticide control aphid vegetative period, Ipomoea batatas hawkmoth, mu sprays anti-eliminating aphis 2-3 time with 1500 times of liquid of the clean dilution of 10% aphid lice, mu sprays control Ipomoea batatas hawkmoth 2-3 time with 1000 times of liquid of 90% chlorophos dilution, forbid to use 3911, 1605, 1059, hexachlorcyclohexane, DDT, Furadan, Aldicarb, cobalt chloride, aldrin, nuvacron, trithion, PCBA, flolimat, acephatemet, dicofol, galecron, the high malicious high residue of pcnb has the agricultural chemicals of " three cause ", in strict accordance with GB4285 chemistry security, use standard and rationally use standard of GB8832.1.3-1987 agricultural chemicals to operate.
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