CN102459643B - 检测获得性免疫的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
描述了检测免疫能力的方法。该方法提供了评价危害免疫系统的疾病或疾病状态的影响和旨在重建免疫系统的治疗的效果的方法。该方法基于通过计算来自血细胞的不同的T细胞受体(TCR)β链可变区的数量来对T细胞多样性进行定量。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2009年6月25日提交的美国临时申请第61/220,344号的权益,并通过引用全文并入本文。
技术领域
描述了通过利用从获得性免疫系统细胞提取的核酸的大规模测序分析T细胞受体基因或抗体基因的多样性来检测患者的获得性免疫的方法。
发明背景
免疫能力是机体在暴露于病原体之后产生正常免疫应答(即抗体产生和/或细胞介导的免疫)的能力,所述病原体可能是活的有机体(例如细菌或真菌)、病毒或是分离自病原体并引入疫苗中的特异性抗原性组分。免疫能力是免疫缺陷或无免疫力或免疫减弱的反义词。以下为几个实例:还没有功能健全的免疫系统,但是可能具有母传抗体的新生儿(免疫缺陷);丧失或正在丧失免疫系统的晚期AIDS患者(无免疫力);服用药物,以便他们的身体不会排斥捐赠器官的移植接受者(免疫减弱);老年人中T细胞功能的年龄相关的减弱;或者暴露于辐射或化疗药物的个体。可能会有重叠的情况,但是这些术语都是表示异常的免疫系统。就淋巴细胞来说,免疫能力表示B细胞或T细胞是成熟的,能够识别抗原并且允许人体启动免疫应答。
免疫能力依赖获得性免疫系统利用B细胞(免疫球蛋白,Igs)和T细胞(T细胞受体,TCR)所编码的高度多态性受体来启动对任何潜在外来抗原具有特异性的免疫应答的能力。
B细胞表达的Ig是由4条多肽链构成的蛋白,即两条重链(H链)和两条轻链(L链)形成的H2L2结构。每对H链和L链都含有高变结构域(由VL和VH区构成)和恒定结构域。Ig的H链有数种类型,即μ、δ、γ、α和β。个体中Ig的多样性主要由高变结构域决定。H链的V结构域由三类种系基因区段,即VH、DH和JH区段组合连接而产生。高变结构域序列多样性通过在Ig基因重排过程中在VH-DH、DH-JH和VH-JH连接处独立地添加或缺失核苷酸而进一步提高。就这点而言,Ig的多样性了反映免疫能力。
αβT细胞表达的TCR是由2个跨膜多肽链(α和β)组成的蛋白,α和β链分别由TCRA和TCRB基因表达。ΓδT细胞中TCRD和TCRG基因座表达相似的TCR蛋白。每个TCR肽都含有可变互补性决定区(CDR)以及框架区(FR)和恒定区。αβT细胞的序列多样性主要由α和β链可变结构域的第三个可变互补性决定区(CDR3)环的氨基酸序列决定,这种多样性分别是β链基因座中可变基因区段(Vβ)、多样性基因区段(Dβ)和连接基因区段(Jβ)之间的重组以及α链基因座中类似Vα和Jα基因区段之间的重组的结果。TCRα和β链基因座中多种这样的基因区段的存在允许编码大量不同的CDR3序列。CDR3序列多样性通过在TCR基因重排过程中在Vβ-Dβ、Dβ-Jβ和Vα-Jα连接处独立地添加或缺失核苷酸而进一步提高。就这点而言,TCR的多样性反映了免疫能力。
长期以来需要评价或检测处于各种环境中的患者的获得性免疫系统的方法,无论是免疫减弱的免疫能力还是自身免疫性疾病中调节异常的获得性免疫。存在对于通过评价患者的免疫能力来诊断疾病状态或老化影响的方法的需要。同样,需要通过评价经过治疗的患者的免疫能力来监测改善免疫系统的治疗的结果。反之,存在对于用来监测自身免疫性疾病侵袭和缓解情况下的获得性免疫系统的方法的需要,以便监测对治疗的应答或者需要在出现症状之间启动预防性治疗。
发明概述
本发明的一方面是组合物,其包含:
多种V-区段引物,其中每种引物都包含与单个功能性V区段或一小族V区段互补的序列;以及
多种J-区段引物,其中每种引物都包含与J区段互补的序列;
其中所述V区段引物和J-区段引物允许通过多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增TCRCDR3区,从而产生足以对TCR基因的多样性进行定量的多种扩增的DNA分子。本发明的一个实施方案是组合物,其中每种V-区段引物都包含与单个Vβ区段互补的序列,且每种J区段引物都包含与Jβ区段互补的序列,并且其中所述V区段引物与J-区段引物允许扩增TCRβCDR3区。另一个实施方案是组合物,其中每种V-区段引物都包含与单个功能性Vα区段互补的序列,且每种J区段引物都包含与Jα区段互补的序列,并且其中所述V区段引物与J-区段引物允许扩增TCRαCDR3区。
本发明的另一实施方案是组合物,其中所述V区段引物与保守区段杂交,并且具有相似的退火强度。另一实施方案是其中所述V区段引物锚定在Vβ区段中相对于重组信号序列(RSS)的第-43位。另一实施方案是其中所述多种V区段引物由至少45种对45种不同的Vβ基因具有特异性的引物组成。另一实施方案是其中所述V区段引物具有选自SEQIDNOS:1-45的序列。另一实施方案是其中所述V区段引物具有选自SEQIDNOS:58-102的序列。另一实施方案是其中每个Vβ区段都具有V区段引物。
本发明的另一实施方案是组合物,其中所述J区段引物与Jβ区段的保守框架区元件杂交,并且具有相似的退火强度。权利要求2所述的组合物,其中所述多种J区段引物由至少13种对13种不同的Jβ基因具有特异性的引物组成。另一实施方案是权利要求2所述的组合物,其中所述J区段引物具有选自SEQIDNOS:46-57的序列。另一实施方案是其中所述J区段引物具有选自SEQIDNOS:102-113的序列。另一实施方案是其中每个Jβ区段都具有J区段引物。另一实施方案是其中所有的J区段引物均与相同的保守基序退火。
本发明的另一实施方案是组合物,其中所扩增的DNA分子从所述保守基序开始,扩增出足以在诊断上鉴定J区段的序列,并且包括CDR3连接并延伸入V区段。另一实施方案是其中所扩增的Jβ基因区段各自具有位于RSS位点下游第+11位至第+14位的独特的4碱基标签。
本发明的另一方面是组合物,其还包含一组测序寡核苷酸,其中所述测序寡核苷酸与所扩增的DNA分子内的区域杂交。一个实施方案是其中所述测序寡核苷酸在所扩增的Jβ基因区段的RSS位点下游第+11位至第+14位的4碱基标签附近杂交。另一实施方案是其中所述测序寡核苷酸选自SEGIDNOS:58-70。另一实施方案是其中V-区段或J-区段经选择含有利用密切相关序列的合并的序列错误校正。另一实施方案是组合物,其还包含用于从mRNA产生cDNA的通用C区段引物。
本发明的另一方面是组合物,其包含:
多种V区段引物,其中每种V区段引物都包含与单个功能性V区段或一小族V区段互补的序列;以及
多种J区段引物,其中每种J区段引物都包含与J区段互补的序列;
其中所述V区段引物和J区段引物允许通过多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增TCRGCDR3区,从而产生足以对抗体重链基因的多样性进行定量的多种扩增的DNA分子。
本发明的另一方面是组合物,其包含:
多种V区段引物,其中每种V区段引物都包含与单个功能性V区段或一小族V区段互补的序列;以及
多种J区段引物,其中每种J区段引物都包含与J区段互补的序列;
其中所述V区段引物和J区段引物允许通过多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增抗体重链(IGH)CDR3区,从而产生足以对抗体重链基因的多样性进行定量的多种扩增的DNA分子。
本发明的另一方面是组合物,其包含:
多种V区段引物,其中每种V区段引物都包含与单个功能性V区段或一小族V区段互补的序列;以及
多种J区段引物,其中每种J区段引物都包含与J区段互补的序列;
其中所述V区段引物和J区段引物允许通过多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增抗体轻链(IGL)VL区,从而产生足以对抗体轻链基因的多样性进行定量的多种扩增的DNA分子。
本发明的另一方面是方法,其包括:
选择多种V区段引物,其中每种V区段引物都包含与单个功能性V区段或一小族V区段互补的序列;以及
选择多种J区段引物,其中每种J区段引物都包含与J区段互补的序列;
将所述V区段引物和J区段引物与基因组DNA样品混合,以允许通过多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增CDR3区,从而产生足以对TCR基因的多样性进行定量的多种扩增的DNA分子。
本发明的一个实施方案是方法,其中每种V区段引物都包含与单个功能性Vβ区段互补的序列,且每种J区段引物都包含与Jβ区段互补的序列;并且其中将所述V区段引物和J区段引物与基因组DNA样品混合,从而允许通过多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增TCRCDR3区并产生多种扩增的DNA分子。另一实施方案是其中每种V区段引物都包含与单个功能性Vα区段互补的序列,且每种J区段引物都包含与Jα区段互补的序列;并且其中将所述V区段引物和J区段引物与基因组DNA样品混合,从而允许通过多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增TCRCDR3区并产生多种扩增的DNA分子。
本发明的另一实施方案是方法,其还包括对所扩增的DNA分子进行测序的步骤。另一实施方案是其中所述测序步骤利用一组与所扩增的DNA分子内的区域杂交的测序寡核苷酸。另一实施方案是方法,其还包括计算所扩增的DNA分子中TCRβCDR3序列的总多样性的步骤。另一实施方案是其中所述方法显示,正常人类个体的总多样性大于1*106个序列,大于2*106个序列或大于3*106个序列。
本发明的另一方面是诊断人类患者免疫缺陷的方法,包括检测所述患者的TCRCDR3序列的多样性,并将所述患者的多样性与获自正常个体的多样性进行比较。本发明的实施方案是其中检测TCR序列多样性的方法,其包括以下步骤:
选择多种V区段引物,其中每种V区段引物都包含与单个功能性V区段或一小族V区段互补的序列;以及
选择多种J区段引物,其中每种J区段引物都包含与J区段互补的序列;
将所述V区段引物和J区段引物与基因组DNA样品混合,以允许通过多重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增TCRCDR3区,从而产生多种扩增的DNA分子;
对所述扩增的DNA分子进行测序;
计算所述扩增的DNA分子中TCRCDR3序列的总多样性。
本发明的实施方案是方法,其中比较所述多样性通过利用以下方程来计算确定:
其中G(λ)是参数λ1,...,λS的经验分布函数,nx是精确测序x次的克隆型的数量,以及
本发明的另一实施方案是方法,其中比较至少两个基因组DNA样品的多样性。另一实施方案是其中一个基因组DNA样品来自患者,且另一个样品来自正常个体。另一实施方案是其中一个基因组DNA样品来自治疗处理之前的患者,且另一个样品来自治疗之后的所述患者。另一实施方案是其中所述两个基因组DNA样品来自治疗期间不同时间的同一患者。另一实施方案是其中基于基因组DNA样品中多样性的比较来诊断疾病。另一实施方案是其中通过所述比较来评价人类患者的免疫能力。
发明的详细描述
TCR和Ig基因通过体细胞突变可以产生数百万的不同的蛋白。由于这种产生多样性的机制,这些基因的高变互补性决定区可以编码能与数百万的配体相互作用的序列,并且这些区域与恒定区相连,所述恒定区可以向细胞传送表明蛋白同源配体结合的信号。
获得性免疫系统利用数种策略来产生具有足以识别所有潜在病原体的多样性的T细胞和B细胞抗原受体库。在αβ和γδT细胞中,其主要识别由MHC分子呈递的肽抗原,这类受体多样性的大多数包含在T细胞受体(TCR)α和β链(或γ和δ链)的第三互补性决定区(CDR3)中。尽管据估计,获得性免疫系统能产生高达1018不同的TCRαβ对,但是对TCRCDR3多样性的直接的实验估计还不可能实现。
本文描述了基于单分子DNA测序来检测TCRCDR3多样性的新方法,以及利用该方法对从两名健康成体的外周血T细胞分离的数百万的重排TCRβ基因的CDR3区进行测序。
获得性免疫系统启动对个体可能暴露的大量潜在的外源抗原具有特异性的免疫应答的能力,依赖B细胞(免疫球蛋白)和T细胞(T细胞受体,TCR)所编码的高度多态性受体。AβT细胞表达的TCR主要识别由主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)I类和II类分子呈递的肽抗原,并且是由两个跨膜多肽链(α和β)组成的异二聚体蛋白,每个多肽链均含有一个可变结构域和一个恒定结构域。AβT细胞的肽特异性主要由α和β链可变结构域的第三互补性决定区(CDR3)环所编码的氨基酸序列决定。β和α链的CDR3区分别由由β链基因座中非连续的可变基因区段(Vβ)、多样性基因区段(Dβ)和连接基因区段(Jβ)之间的重组以及α链基因座中类似的Vα和Jα基因区段之间的重组形成。TCRα和β链基因座中多种这样的基因区段的存在允许编码大量不同的CDR3序列。CDR3序列多样性通过在TCR基因重排过程中在Vβ-Dβ、Dβ-Jβ和Vα-Jα连接处非模板依赖性添加或缺失核苷酸而进一步提高。
之前试图评价成人αβT细胞库中受体多样性的努力依赖检查小的明确的库子集中所表达的重排TCRα和β链基因,随后将这些子集中所存在的多样性外推至整个库,从而估计每个个体大约有106个独特的TCRβ链CDR3序列,这些独特的TCRβCDR3序列中有10-20%由抗原刺激过的CD45RO+区室(compartment)中的细胞所表达。这种估计的准确性和精密度受到需要将数以百计的序列中所观察到的多样性外推至整个库的严格限制,并且αβT细胞库中独特的TCRβ链CDR3序列的实际数量显著大于1×106是可能的。
最近高通量DNA测序技术的进展使得进行比基于毛细管的技术更加深度的测序成为可能。在每端携带通用PCR连接体序列的模板分子的复合文库与固定于固体表面上的一层(alawnof)互补寡核苷酸杂交。利用固相PCR来扩增杂交文库,从而在所述表面上产生数百万的模板簇,每个模板簇包含许多(约1,000)来自原始文库的单个DNA分子的相同拷贝。利用可逆染料终止化学对每个簇中分子内30-54bp的区间进行测序,从而允许同时对数百万的T细胞中所携带的重排TCRβ链CDR3区的基因组DNA进行测序。该方法能对αβT细胞群体中独特重排的TCRβCDR3区的显著部分进行直接测序,从而允许对该细胞群体中每种CDR3序列的相对频率进行估计。
对从T细胞的有限样品所检测的多样性来精确估计整个αβT细胞库中TCRβCDR3序列的多样性,需要对存在于库中但是没有在样品中观察到的CDR3序列数量进行估计。利用对含有数百万αβT细胞的血液样品中所观察到的独特TCRβCDR3序列的数量进行的直接检测来估计整个αβT细胞库中的TCRβ链CDR3多样性。本文的结果确定了CD4+和CD8+T细胞区室内的TCRβCDR3多样性的下限,其比之前估计的高数倍。此外,本文的结果表明,在抗原刺激过的T细胞的CD45RO+区室(大多数以相对低的频率存在)中具有至少1.5×106个独特的TCRβCDR3序列。之前没有证实,在抗原刺激过的细胞中存在这类不同的TCRβCDR3序列群。
每个健康个体中不同的TCRβ链库是理论空间估计大于1011个可能序列的样品。然而,一组认识到的重排TCR并不是均匀地自该理论空间取样。发现不同的Vβ和Jβ具有超过千倍的频率差异。此外,核苷酸的插入率有强烈偏差。这种减小的认识到的TCRβ序列的空间引起人之间共有的β链的可能性。利用本文所述方法生成的序列数据,可以计算体内J使用、V使用、单核苷酸偏差和二核苷酸偏差以及位置依赖性氨基酸使用。这些偏差明显使得选择TCRβ的序列空间的大小变窄,这提示不同的个体能共有具有相同氨基酸序列的TCRβ链。本文的结果表明,个体人类基因组之间成对地共有数千这样相同的序列。
测定技术使用能提供高度多重PCR反应的两个引物库。“正向”库具有对基因中的每个V区段都具有特异性的引物(使用数种靶向于高度保守区的引物,从而同时捕获很多V区段)。“反向”库引物与连接(“J”)区段的保守序列退火。所扩增的区段库包含足以鉴定每个J区段的序列,并且还允许J-区段特异性引物退火用于再测序。这使得直接观察个体中存在的大部分体细胞重排成为可能。这从而使得患有自身免疫性病症(或其它目标病症)的个体的TCR库与对照的TCR库的快速比较成为可能。
理论上获得性免疫系统可以产生巨大多样性的T细胞受体CDR3序列-远大于任何个体在任何时间所可能表达的。之前试图检测成体αβT细胞库中真正利用了该理论多样性的哪部分,然而,却无法对多样性作出精确评价。本文描述的是,开发出了一种解决该问题的新方法,其基于单分子DNA测序和利用有限样品的多样性检测结果来估计库多样性的分析计算法。该分析表明,成体库中独特TCRβCDR3序列的数量远超过之前基于小部分库的消耗性毛细管测序的估计。利用本文所述方法观察到的CD45RO-群(富含天然T细胞)中的TCRβ链多样性比之前报道的大5倍。主要发现是抗原刺激过的CD45RO+T细胞中所表达的独特TCRβCDR3序列的数量-本文的结果表明,该数量比基于之前的结果所预期的大10-20倍。CD45RO+细胞中CDR3序列的频率分布提示,T细胞库含有大量具有克隆大小较小的克隆。
本文的结果表明,一组认识到的TCRβ链非均匀地取样自序列的巨大可能空间。具体而言,与种系密切的β链序列(在V-D和D-J边界几乎没有插入和缺失)似乎以相对高的频率产生。与种系密切的TCR序列为不同的人共有,因为V、D和J的种系序列是共有的,在人群体中仅有很少的多态性。
由成熟αβT细胞所表达的T细胞受体是异二聚体,其两条组成链由TCRα和β链可变基因座的独立的重排事件产生。因为α链的多样性少于β链,所以个体间共有更高部分的α链,并且任何一对个体间共有数以百计的精确的TCRαβ受体。
细胞
B细胞和T细胞可以获自各种组织样品,包括骨髓、胸腺、淋巴腺、外周组织和血液,但是外周血是最容易获取的。外周血样品通过静脉切开术获自个体。通过本领域技术人员已知的技术来分离外周血单核细胞(PBMC),例如通过Ficoll-Hypaque密度梯度分离法。优选地,使用全PBMC用于分析。相反,利用荧光标记的抗人抗体,例如CD4FITC(克隆M-T466,MiltenyiBiotec)、CD8PE(克隆RPA-T8,BDBiosciences)、CD45ROECD(克隆UCHL-1,BeckmanCoulter)和CD45ROAPC(克隆UCHL-1,BDBiosciences),可以将每个个体的B和/或T淋巴细胞流式分选到多个区室中:例如,CD8+CD45RO+/-和CD4+CD45RO+/-。通过适当组合抗体,之后在分析之前洗涤细胞,进行总PBMC的染色。可以通过FACS分选来分离淋巴细胞子集,例如通过BDFACSAriaTM细胞分选系统(BDBiosciences)并用FlowJo软件(TreestarInc.)对结果进行分析,并且还可以通过涉及固定于表面或珠子的特异性抗体的在概念上相似的方法。
核酸提取
例如,通过利用QIAampDNA血液微型试剂盒(QIAampDNAbloodMiniKit,QIAGEN)从细胞中提取总基因组DNA。单个单倍体基因组的近似质量为3pg。优选地,至少100,000至200,000个细胞用于多样性分析,即来自二倍体T细胞的DNA为约0.6至1.2μg。利用PBMC作为来源,T细胞数预计为总细胞的约30%。
可选地,总核酸可以从细胞分离,包括基因组DNA和mRNA。如果多样性由核酸提取物中的mRNA检测,那么在检测之前必须将mRNA转化成cDNA。这可以很容易地通过本领域技术人员的方法实现。
DNA扩增
使用多重PCR系统,从基因组DNA,优选从CDR3区,更优选从TCRα、TCRγ或TCRδCDR3区,最优选从TCRβCDR3区,扩增重排的TCR基因座。
通常,多重PCR系统可以使用至少14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24或25种,优选26、27、28、29、30、31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38或39种、最优选40、41、42、43、44或45种正向引物,和至少3、4、5、6或7种,优选8、9、10、11、12或13种反向引物,其中每种正向引物对于相应于SEQIDNOS:114-248中所示的一个或多个TRBV区区段的序列是特异性的;并且其中每种反向引物对于相应于SEQIDNOS:249-261中所示的一个或多个TRBJ区区段的序列是特异性的。最优选地,每个J区段都具有J区段引物。
优选地,将所述引物设计成不跨越内含子/外显子边界。优选地,所述正向引物必须与V区段之间相对高度保守区域内的V区段退火,以便使这些引物中序列的保守性最大化。因此,这使得每种引物可能出现差异退火特性的可能性最小化,并且使得V和J引物之间所扩增的区域含有足以鉴定所用的特异性V基因区段的TCRV序列信息。
优选地,所述J区段引物与J区段的保守元件杂交,并且具有相似的退火强度。最优选地,所有J区段引物与相同的保守框架区基序退火。优选地,所述正向和反向引物两者均用与DNA测序仪兼容的通用正向引物序列在5′末端进行修饰。
例如,多重PCR系统可以使用45种正向引物(表1)和13种反向引物(表2),每种正向引物对于功能性TCRVβ区段是特异性的,且每种反向引物对于TCRJβ区段是特异性的。Xn和Ym分别相当于长度为n和m的多核苷酸,其对于用来读取测定的单分子测序技术是特异的。
表1:TCR-Vβ正向引物序列
表2:TCR-Jβ反向引物序列
表1的45个正向PCR引物与48个功能性可变区段的每一区段互补,表2的13个反向PCR引物与来自TRB基因座(TRBJ)的每个功能性连接(J)基因区段互补。TRBV区区段如序列表SEQIDNOS:114-248所示,且TRBJ区区段如SEQIDNOS:249-261所示。设计引物,使得所扩增的序列中存在足以唯一鉴定V和J基因的信息(V基因重组信号序列(RSS)序列上游的>40碱基对和J基因RSS下游的>30碱基对)。本领域技术人员可以从每个TCR亚单元的基因的V和J区选择备选引物。
正向引物的5′末端用与DNA测序仪兼容的通用正向引物序列(表1的Xn)修饰。同样,所有的反向引物都用通用反向引物序列(表2的Ym)修饰。对于IlluminaGAII单端读取测序系统,这类通用引物的一个实例如表3和4所示。45个TCRVβ正向引物与Vβ区段之间相对强的序列保守性区域内的Vβ区段退火,以便使这些引物内序列的保守性最大化。
表3:TCR-Vβ正向引物序列
表4:TCR-Jβ反向引物序列
*粗体序列表示用于序列分析的通用R寡核苷酸
利用这个系统的重排TCRβCDR3区的总PCR产物的长度预期大约为200bp。利用45种TCRVβF引物的库(“VF库”)和12种TCRJβR引物的库(“JR库”)对基因组模板进行PCR扩增。例如,可以利用1.0μMVF库(每种独特的TCRVβF引物为22nM)、1.0μMJR库(每种独特的TCRBJR引物为77nM)、1×QIAGEN多重PCR母液(QIAGENMultiplePCRmastermix,QIAGEN部件编号(partnumber)206145)、10%Q-溶液(QIAGEN)和16ng/μlgDNA进行50μlPCR反应。
将IGH引物对设计成试图容纳重排IGH基因内的所有体细胞超变,这在最初刺激天然B细胞之后可以观察到。因此,将所有的引物设计成比正常稍长点,并且使每种引物的3′末端锚定于三个或更多个应当能抵抗功能性和非功能性体细胞突变的核苷酸的高度保守的序列内。
将IGHJ反向引物设计成使每种PCR引物的3′末端锚定在IGHJ区段内的高度保守的GGGG序列基序上。这些序列如表5所示。带下划线的序列是来自RSS的10个碱基对,其可以是缺失的。将这些从条形码设计排除。粗体序列是IGHJ反向PCR引物的反向互补物。斜体序列是J特性(8个条形码表示6个基因和基因内的2个等位基因)条形码。带下划线区段中的另一个序列可以表示其他等位基因特性。
表5
IGHJ反向PCR引物的序列如表6所示。
表6
IgH J区段 | SEQ ID NO: | 序列 |
>IGHJ4_1 | 421 | TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCCTTGGCCC |
>IGHJ4_3 | 422 | TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTCCCTTGGCCC |
>IGHJ4_2 | 423 | TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCCCTGGCCC |
>IGHJ3_12 | 424 | CTGAAGAGACGGTGACCATTGTCCCTTGGCCC11 --> |
>IGHJ6_1 | 425 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCCTTGCCCC |
>IGHJ6_2 | 426 | TGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCCTTGGCCC |
>IGHJ6_34 | 427 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCCTTTGCCC |
>IGHJ2_1 | 428 | CTGAGGAGACAGTGACCAGGGTGCCACGGCCC |
>IGHJ5_1 | 429 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCCTTGGCCC |
>IGHJ5_2 | 430 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCCCTGGCCC |
>IGHJ1_1 | 431 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTGCCCTGGCCC |
在两个保守的色氨酸(W)密码子之间的FR2的保守区域内设计V引物。
将引物序列锚定在所有IGHV族的色氨酸密码子的3′末端,所述族保留了该密码子。其允许最后三个核苷酸(色氨酸的TGG)锚定在预期抵抗体细胞超突变的序列上,从而为每种引物提供了6个核苷酸中的5个的3′锚定点。如表7所示,上游序列相对于正常被进一步延伸,并且包含简并核苷酸,从而允许超突变(或密切相关的IGHV族间)引起的错配,但不会显著改变引物的退火特性。V基因区段的序列为SEQIDNOS:262-420。
表7
IgH V区段 | SEQ ID NO: | 序列 |
>IGHV1 | 443 | TGGGTGCACCAGGTCCANGNACAAGGGCTTGAGTGG |
>IGHV2 | 444 | TGGGTGCGACAGGCTCGNGNACAACGCCTTGAGTGG |
>IGHV3 | 445 | TGGGTGCGCCAGATGCCNGNGAAAGGCCTGGAGTGG |
>IGHV4 | 446 | TGGGTCCGCCAGSCYCCNGNGAAGGGGCTGGAGTGG |
>IGHV5 | 447 | TGGGTCCGCCAGGCTCCNGNAAAGGGGCTGGAGTGG |
>IGHV6 | 448 | TGGGTCTGCCAGGCTCCNGNGAAGGGGCAGGAGTGG |
>IGH7_3.25p | 449 | TGTGTCCGCCAGGCTCCAGGGAATGGGCTGGAGTTGG |
>IGH8_3.54p | 450 | TCAGATTCCCAAGCTCCAGGGAAGGGGCTGGAGTGAG |
>IGH9_3.63p | 451 | TGGGTCAATGAGACTCTAGGGAAGGGGCTGGAGGGAG |
热循环条件可以按照本领域技术人员的方法。例如,使用PCRExpress热循环仪(Hybaid,Ashford,UK),可以使用以下循环条件:95℃15分钟,1个循环;94℃30秒,59℃30秒和72℃1分钟,25至40个循环;然后为72℃10分钟,1个循环。
测序
利用一组与所扩增的DNA分子内的确定区域杂交的测序寡核苷酸完成测序。
优选地,所扩增的J基因区段各自在RSS位点下游第+11位至第+14位都具有独特4碱基标签。因此,测序寡核苷酸在所扩增的Jβ基因区段的RSS位点下游第+11位至第+14位的4碱基标签附近杂交。
例如,可以将TCRB的测序寡核苷酸设计成与正好在该“标签”下游所观察到的共有核苷酸基序退火,以便序列读取的前4个碱基会唯一识别J区段(表8)。
表8:测序寡核苷酸
测序寡核苷酸 | SEQ ID NO: | 寡核苷酸序列 |
Jseq 1-1 | 470 | ACAACTGTGAGTCTGGTGCCTTGTCCAAAGAAA12 --> |
Jseq 1-2 | 471 | ACAACGGTTAACCTGGTCCCCGAACCGAAGGTG |
Jseq 1-3 | 472 | ACAACAGTGAGCCAACTTCCCTCTCCAAAATAT |
Jseq 1-4 | 473 | AAGACAGAGAGCTGGGTTCCACTGCCAAAAAAC |
Jseq 1-5 | 474 | AGGATGGAGAGTCGAGTCCCATCACCAAAATGC |
Jseq 1-6 | 475 | GTCACAGTGAGCCTGGTCCCGTTCCCAAAGTGG |
Jseq 2-1 | 476 | AGCACGGTGAGCCGTGTCCCTGGCCCGAAGAAC |
Jseq 2-2 | 477 | AGTACGGTCAGCCTAGAGCCTTCTCCAAAAAAC |
Jseq 2-3 | 478 | AGCACTGTCAGCCGGGTGCCTGGGCCAAAATAC |
Jseq 2-4 | 479 | AGCACTGAGAGCCGGGTCCCGGCGCCGAAGTAC |
Jseq 2-5 | 480 | AGCACCAGGAGCCGCGTGCCTGGCCCGAAGTAC |
Jseq 2-6 | 481 | AGCACGGTCAGCCTGCTGCCGGCCCCGAAAGTC |
Jseq 2-7 | 482 | GTGACCGTGAGCCTGGTGCCCGGCCCGAAGTAC |
用于确定序列读取的J和V区段的信息全部包含在所扩增的序列中,并且不依赖于PCR引物的特性。这些测序寡核苷酸经选择,使得一个J区段由对另一J区段具有特异性的寡核苷酸所混杂引发的测序反应会生成测序数据,所述测序数据在与来自正确测序寡核苷酸的序列数据完全相同的核苷酸处开始。以这种方式,测序寡核苷酸的混杂退火不会影响所产生的序列数据的质量。
如在V区段的第二个保守半胱氨酸和J区段的保守苯丙氨酸之间的核苷酸所限定的CDR3区的平均长度为35+/-3,所以,从Jβ区段标签起始的序列在50个碱基对读取中几乎总是捕获完整的V-D-J连接。
TCRβJ基因区段的长度大约为50个碱基对。与错配序列退火并延伸的PCR引物被称为混杂引物。将TCRJβ反向PCR引物设计成使与测序寡核苷酸的重叠最小化,从而使得多重PCR条件下的混杂引发最小化。将13种TCRJβ反向引物在3′末端锚定在共有剪接位点基序上,同时测序引物的重叠最小。利用默认参数下的测序仪程序,TCRJβ引物提供恒定的退火温度。
对于测序反应,IGHJ测序引物跨越表9所示的保守CAG序列延伸3个核苷酸。
表9
IgH J基序 | SEQ ID NO: | 序列 |
>IGHJSEQ4_1 | 432 | TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCCTTGGCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ4_3 | 433 | TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTCCCTTGGCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ4_2 | 434 | TGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCCCTGGCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ3_12 | 435 | CTGAAGAGACGGTGACCATTGTCCCTTGGCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ6_1 | 436 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCCTTGCCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ6_2 | 437 | TGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCCTTGGCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ6_34 | 438 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCGTGGTCCCTTTGCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ2_1 | 439 | CTGAGGAGACAGTGACCAGGGTGCCACGGCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ5_1 | 440 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCCTTGGCCCCAG |
>IGHJSEQ5_2 | 441 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTTCCCTGGCCCCAG13 --> |
>IGHJSEQ1_1 | 442 | CTGAGGAGACGGTGACCAGGGTGCCCTGGCCCCAG |
处理序列数据
为了快速分析测序结果,本领域技术人员可以开发算法。优选的方法如下。
在测序之前,使用PCR步骤来扩增TCRβCDR3区有可能在序列的推测的相对丰度中引入系统偏差,这是由于利用不同的Vβ和Jβ基因区段的CDR3区的PCR扩增的效率不同导致的。PCR扩增的每个循环都可能会引入平均量为1.51/15=1.027的偏差。因此,在不同的CDR3区序列的推测的相对丰度中,25个循环的PCR共引入平均量为1.02725=1.95的偏差。
对于包括CDR3序列在内的那些序列,过滤测序读取。测序仪数据处理涉及一系列步骤来去除每次读取的一级序列中的错误,并且对数据进行压缩。复合过滤器从测序仪错读去除大约20%的序列。然后,要求序列与13个TCRBJ-区之一和54个V-区之一具有最小6个碱基的匹配。向含有噬菌体序列的对照泳道施加过滤器,在7-8百万的序列中平均仅有一个序列通过这些步骤。最后,通过合并密切相关的序列以便去除PCR错误和测序错误,使用最近邻算法来将数据叠合(collapse)成独特的序列。
为了分析数据,在估计血液中克隆型的真实分布之前,PCR产物中序列的比值一定来源于序列数据的逆向作业。对于在本文的数据中以给定的次数观察到的每个序列,对该序列采自特定大小的PCR库的概率进行估计。由于经测序的CDR3区从大量的PCR产物库中随机取样,所以每个序列的观察次数根据泊松分布获得。按照提供PCR模板的T细胞基因组的数量将泊松参数量子化。简单的泊松混合模型既能估计这些参数,又能将从每个分布中取得的每个序列的成对概率进行分类。这是期望最大化方法,其重建了取自血液的每个序列的丰度。
为了估计多样性,利用“未见的种类(unseenspecies)”公式。为了应用该公式,用独特的获得性免疫受体(例如TCRB)克隆型代替种类。数学方案提供了,对于TCRβ“种类”或克隆型的总数S,测序实验观察到序列s的xs个拷贝。对于所有未观察到的克隆型,xs等于0,并且按照参数为λs的泊松过程,将每个TCR克隆型“捕获”入获取的血液中。在第一次检测1和第二次检测中对T细胞基因组序列的数量进行测序。由于有大量的独特序列,所以整数代表总和。如果G(λ)是参数λ1,...,λS的经验分布函数,且nx是精确测序x次的克隆型的数量,那么克隆型的总数,即多样性的检测结果E通过以下公式得出:
对于给定的实验,如果T细胞从某些任意来源(例如血液抽取物)取样,那么该公式可用来估计整个来源中的种类的总多样性。构思是以每个大小取样的克隆型的数量含有足以估计整个来源中的克隆型的基本分布的信息。为了推导出公式,如果重复精确检测,则可估计预期的新种类的数量。公式的限制如同重复有限次数的检测结果。结果是总的基本来源群体中种类的预期数。Δ(t)值,即第二次检测中所观察到的新克隆型的数量,应当优选利用以下方程来确定:
其中msmt1和msmt2分别是来自检测1和2的克隆型的数量。1-e-λt的泰勒展开式得出Δ(t)=E(x1)t-E(x2)t2+E(x3)t3-...,其可以通过用第一次检测中所观察到的数量替代期望值E(nx)来近似得出。利用第一次检测中所观察到的数量,该公式推测,第二次检测中应该能观察到1.6*105个新的独特序列。第二次检测的实际值是1.8*105个新的TCRβ序列,这表示该推测提供了总多样性的正确下限。E用uler′s转化调整Δ(t)使之产生Δ(∞)的下限。
利用多样性检测结果来诊断疾病
如下述,多样性的检测结果可用来诊断疾病或治疗的效果。可以在不同的时间点检测T细胞和/或B细胞受体库,例如在用于白血病的造血干细胞移植(HSCT)治疗之后。可以利用TCRB库的多样性和总多样性的改变来检测免疫能力。可以利用移植后免疫重建的预期速率作为标准。在任何两个时间点之间的多样性改变的速率都可以用来积极调整治疗。在固定时间点的总多样性还是重要的量度标准,因为该标准可以用来在不同的患者之间进行比较。具体而言,总多样性是应当与免疫重建的临床定义相关的量度标准。例如在HSCT之后,该信息可用来调整抗生素、抗病毒剂和抗真菌剂的预防性药物方案。
对异基因造血细胞移植之后免疫重建的评价可以通过检测多样性的改变来确定。如通过分析T细胞对疫苗接种的应答所检测的,这些技术还会增强对淋巴细胞多样性如何随年龄下降的分析。此外,本发明的方法提供了评价对αβT细胞的生成、生长和发育具有直接影响的研究性治疗剂(例如白细胞介素-7(IL-7))的方法。而且,应用这些技术来研究胸腺T细胞群体会提供对T细胞受体基因重排过程以及胸腺细胞的阳性和阴性选择的了解。
还没有功能健全的免疫系统但是可能有母传抗体的新生儿是免疫缺陷的。新生儿对很多疾病是敏感的,直到其自身免疫系统自主发育,并且我们对获得性免疫系统的检测结果有可能证实对新生儿的父母是有用的。
可以在其它先天免疫缺陷或后天免疫缺陷的状态中评价淋巴细胞多样性。可以监测丧失或正在丧失免疫系统的AIDS患者,从而确定疾病状态,并检测患者对旨在重建免疫能力的治疗的应答。
本发明方法的另一项应用是为服用药物以便其身体不会排斥捐赠器官的实体器官移植接受者提供诊断性量度标准。通常,这些患者处于免疫抑制性治疗中。在移植前和移植后监测宿主的免疫能力将是有帮助的。
暴露于辐射或化疗药物的个体进行骨髓移植或以其他方式需要补充T细胞群体和免疫能力相关。本发明的方法为定性或定量评价骨髓移植或这些治疗过程中的淋巴细胞重建提供了方法。
确定多样性的一个方式是比较至少两个基因组DNA样品,优选其中一个基因组DNA样品来自患者,另一个样品来自正常个体,或可选择地,其中一个基因组DNA样品来自治疗性处理之前的患者,且另一种样品来自治疗之后的该位患者,或者其中两个基因组DNA样品来自治疗期间不同时间的同一患者。诊断的另一方式可以基于基因组DNA样品中的多样性的比较,例如其中通过所述比较来评价人类患者的免疫能力。
生物标记
个体间的共用TCR序列代表多种疾病的一类新的潜在生物标记,所述疾病包括癌症、自身免疫性疾病和传染病。这些是已报道用于多种人类疾病的公开的T细胞。TCR用作生物标记,是因为T细胞是克隆扩增的结果,这样,免疫系统通过快速细胞分裂扩增这些生物标记。扩增之后,TCR易于检测,即便靶标很小(例如,早期肿瘤)。TCR还用作生物标记是因为在很多情况下,T细胞还可以有针对性地对疾病起到促进作用,并因而能构成药物靶标。T细胞自身相互作用被认为在数种与自身免疫相关的疾病中起重要作用,例如,多发性硬化、I型糖尿病和类风湿性关节炎。
实施例
实施例1:样品获得、PBMC分离、FACS分选和基因组DNA提取
外周血样品获自两名年龄为35和37岁的健康男性捐赠者,并且具有弗雷德·哈金森癌症研究中心(FredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenter,FHCRC)机构审查委员会认可形式的知情同意书。通过Ficoll-Hypaque密度梯度分离法分离外周血单核细胞(PBMC)。将每个个体的T-淋巴细胞流式分选到4个区室中:CD8+CD45RO+/-和CD4+CD45RO+/-。为了表征淋巴细胞,使用以下缀合的抗人抗体:CD4FITC(克隆M-T466,MiltenyiBiotec)、CD8PE(克隆RPA-T8,BDBiosciences)、CD45ROECD(克隆UCHL-1,BeckmanCoulter)和CD45ROAPC(克隆UCHL-1,BDBiosciences)。在4℃下用抗体的合适组合将总PBMC染色20分钟,并在分析之前,将染色的细胞洗涤一次。通过FACS分选在BDFACSAriaTM细胞分选系统(BDBiosciences)中分离淋巴细胞子集。利用FlowJo软件(TreestarInc.)分析数据。
利用QIAampDNA血液微型试剂盒(QIAGEN)从所分选的细胞中提取总基因组DNA。单个单倍体基因组的近似质量为3pg。为了在每个T细胞区室中对数百万重排的TCRB取样,从每个区室获得6-27微克的模板DNA(参见表10)。
表10
实施例2:虚拟T细胞受体β链的谱型分析
按下述进行虚拟TCRβ链的谱型分析。从提取自所分选的T细胞群体的RNA合成cDNA,并用作重排TCRβ链CDR3区的多重PCR扩增的模板。每个多重反应含有对TCRβ链恒定区具有特异性的6-FAM-标记的反义引物和2-5个TCRβ链可变(TRBV)基因特异性有义引物。研究了23个功能性Vβ族。在HybaidPCRExpress热循环仪(Hybaid,Ashford,UK)上在以下循环条件下进行PCR反应:95℃6分钟,1个循环;94℃30秒,58℃30秒和72℃40秒,40个循环;随后为72℃10分钟,1个循环。每个反应含有cDNA模板、500μMdNTP、2mMMgCl2和位于AmpliTaqGold缓冲液中的1单位AmpliTaqGoldDNA聚合酶(PerkinElmer),终体积为20μl。完成后,将一等分PCR产物以1∶50稀释,并利用DNA分析仪进行分析。通过与含有已知大小标准品的参考样品的荧光强度痕迹进行比较,将DNA分析仪的输出转化成荧光强度的分布与长度的比。
实施例3:TCRβCDR3区的多重PCR扩增
按如下操作限定CDR3连接区。连接开始于V-区第二个保守的半胱氨酸,并终止于J-区保守的苯丙氨酸。利用研究序列的反向互补物,并翻译侧翼区,可鉴定限定连接边界的氨基酸。这些边界间的核苷酸数决定了长度,并因而决定了CDR3区的框架。为了产生用于测序的模板文库,选择多重PCR系统从基因组DNA扩增重排的TCRβ基因座。多重PCR系统使用45种正向引物(表3)和13种反向引物(表4),每种正向引物对于功能性TCRVβ区段都是特异性的,且每种反向引物对于TCRJβ区段都是特异性的。选择引物以提供所扩增的序列中存在足以唯一鉴定V和J基因的信息(V基因重组信号序列(RSS)序列上游的>40碱基对和J基因RSS下游的>30碱基对)。
正向引物的5′末端用与IlluminaGA2簇位置固相PCR兼容的通用正向引物序列修饰。同样,所有的反向引物都用GA2通用反向引物序列修饰。将每个正向引物的3′末端都锚定于Vβ区段中相对于重组信号序列(RSS)的第-43位,从而在所扩增的区域内提供独特的Vβ标签序列。将13种对每个Jβ区段都具有特异性的反向引物锚定于3′内含子中,每种引物的3′末端都跨越内含子/外显子连接。将与Jβ区段互补的13种测序引物设计成与Jβ区段的扩增部分互补,使得所产生的序列的前几个碱基可捕获独特的Jβ标签序列。
平均而言,J缺失是4bp+/-2.5bp,这表示在少于1%的序列中发生大于10个核苷酸的J缺失。13个不同的TCRJβ基因区段各自在RSS位点下游的第+11位至第+14位都具有独特的4碱基标签。因此,将测序寡核苷酸设计成与正好在该“标签”下游所观察到的共有核苷酸基序退火,以便序列读取的前4个碱基将唯一识别J区段(表5)。
用于确定序列读取的J和V区段的信息全部包含在所扩增的序列中,并且不依赖于PCR引物的特性。这些测序寡核苷酸经选择,使得一个J区段由对另一J区段具有特异性的寡核苷酸所混杂引发的测序反应会序列数据,所述序列数据在与来自正确测序寡核苷酸的序列数据完全相同的寡核苷酸处开始。以这种方式,测序寡核苷酸的混杂退火不会影响所产生的序列数据的质量。
如在V区段的第二个保守的半胱氨酸和J区段保守的苯丙氨酸之间的核苷酸按常规所限定的CDR3区的平均长度为35+/-3,所以,从Jβ区段标签开始的序列在50个碱基对读取中几乎总是能捕获完整的V-D-J连接。
TCRβJ基因区段的长度大约为50个碱基对。与错配序列退火并延伸的PCR引物被称为混杂引物。由于在多重PCR背景下,尤其在基因族背景下会发生混杂引发的风险,因此,将TCRJβ反向PCR引物设计成使与测序寡核苷酸的重叠最小化。因此,将13种TCRJβ反向引物在3′末端锚定在共有剪接位点基序上,同时测序引物的重叠最小。利用默认参数下的OligoCalc程序,将TCRJβ引物设计成具有恒定的退火温度(在50mM盐中为58度)(http:// www.basic.northwestern.edu/biotools/oligocalc.html)。
为了两个表达的目的,将45个TCRVβ正向引物设计成与Vβ区段之间相对强的序列保守性区域内的Vβ区段退火。首选,使这些引物内的序列保守性最大化,使每种引物的差异退火性质的潜能最小化。其次,引物经选择,使得V和J引物之间的扩增区含有足以鉴定所用的特定Vβ基因区段的TCRVβ序列信息。这消除了在TCRVβ引物混杂引发的事件中错误的TCRVβ基因区段确定的风险。TCRVβ正向引物被设计成用于TCRβ基因座中的所有已知的非假基因。
利用这个系统成功重排的TCRβCDR3区的总PCR产物的长度预期大约为200bp。利用等摩尔的45种TCRVβF引物库(“VF库”)和等摩尔的13种TCRJβR引物库(“JR库”)对基因组模板进行PCR扩增。以1.0μMVF库(每种独特的TCRVβF引物为22nM)、1.0μMJR库(每种独特的TCRBJR引物为77nM)、1×QIAGEN多重PCR母液(QIAGEN零件码206145)、10%Q-溶液(QIAGEN)和16ng/μlgDNA建立50μlPCR反应。在PCRExpress热循环仪(Hybaid,Ashford,UK)中在下述循环条件下进行以下热循环条件:95℃15分钟,1个循环;94℃30秒,59℃30秒和72℃1分钟,25-40个循环;然后为72℃10分钟,1个循环。每个文库进行12-20孔的PCR,以便对成百上千乃至数百万的重排TCRβCDR3基因座采样。
实施例4:序列数据的预处理
测序仪数据处理涉及一系列步骤来去除每次读取的一级序列中的错误,并且对数据进行压缩。首先,复合过滤器从测序仪错读去除大约20%的序列。然后,要求序列与13个J-区之一和54个V-区之一具有最小6个碱基的匹配。向含有噬菌体序列的对照泳道(controllane)施加过滤器,在7-8百万的序列中平均仅有一个序列通过这些步骤,并且没有假阳性。最后,通过合并密切相关的序列以便去除PCR错误和测序错误,使用最近邻算法来将数据换算成独特的序列(参见表10)。
实施例5:估计PCR库和血液样品中CDR3序列的相对丰度
数据叠合之后,血液重建中T细胞序列的总体分布来源于序列数据。该方法使用三个步骤:1)流式分选从外周血获得的T细胞,2)PCR扩增,以及3)测序。分析数据,在估计血液中克隆型的真实分布之前,PCR产物中序列的比值一定来源于序列数据的逆向作业。
对于在本文的数据中以给定的次数观察到的每个序列,对从特定大小的PCR库取样的该序列的概率进行估计。由于经测序的CDR3区从大量的PCR产物库随机取样,所以每个序列的观察次数由泊松分布获得。按照提供PCR模板的T细胞基因组的数量将泊松参数量子化。简单的泊松混合模型既能估计这些参数,又能将从每个分布中取得的每个序列的成对概率进行分类。这是期望最大化方法,其重建了取自血液的每个序列的丰度。
实施例6:用于估计真实多样性的未见的种类模型
混合模型可以重建取自血液的每种TCRβCDR3的频率,但是更大的问题是捐赠者体内究竟存在多少独特的CDR3种类?这是需要回答的基本问题,因为每个捐赠者体内可获得的样品是有限的,并且这在将来更加重要,因为这些技术将会被外推至可以从经历治疗的患者合理提取的更小体积的血液。
数学方案提供了,对于TCRβ“种类”或克隆型的总数S,测序实验观察到序列s的xs个拷贝。对于所有未观察到的克隆型,xs等于0,并且按照参数为λs的泊松过程,将每个TCR克隆型“捕获”入血液抽取物中。在第一次检测1和第二次检测中已经测序的T细胞基因组序列的数量。由于有大量的独特序列,所以整数代表总和。如果G(λ)是参数λ1,...,λS的经验分布函数,且nx是精确测序x次的克隆型的数量,那么:
Δ(t)值是第二次测序实验中所观察到的新克隆型的数量。
1-e-λt的泰勒展开式得出Δ(t)=E(x1)t-E(x2)t2+E(x3)t3-...,其可以通过用第一次检测中所观察到的数量替代期望值E(nx)来近似得出。利用第一次检测中所观察到的数量,该公式推测,第二次检测中应该能观察到1.6*105个新的独特序列。第二次检测的实际值是1.8*105个新的TCRβ序列,这表示该推测提供了总多样性的正确下限。Euler氏转化用来调整Δ(t)使之产生Δ(∞)的下限。
实施例7:错误校正和偏差评价
一级序列数据中的序列错误主要来源于两个来源:(1)在通过PCR对TCRβCDR3模板序列进行扩增的过程中发生的核苷酸错掺入,(2)在对CDR3序列的PCR扩增文库测序过程中引入的碱基读取中的错误。大量的数据允许我们应用简单的错误校正码来校正一级序列数据中归于这两个来源的大多数错误。错误校正之后,对于来自两名捐赠者的4种流式分选的T细胞群体中的每一种,将独特的、框内CDR3序列的数量和每种独特序列的观察结果的数量列成表格。在4种流式细胞术确定的群体中CDR3序列分布的相对频率表明,抗原刺激过的CD45RO+群体含有显著更多的独特的CDR3序列,相对频率高于CD45RO-群体。在由CD4、CD8和CD45RO的表达以及在血液中的存在来区分的四种不同的T细胞子集中所观察到的TCRβCDR3序列频率直方图显示,10种独特的序列的每一种都在CD4+CD45RO+(抗原刺激过的)T细胞样品中被观察到200次,这是在CD4+CD45RO-群体中所观察到的频率的2倍多。
在测序之前,使用PCR步骤来扩增TCRβCDR3区有可能在序列的推测的相对丰度中引入系统偏差,这是由于利用不同的Vβ和Jβ基因区段的CDR3区的PCR扩增的效率不同所致。为了估计任何这类偏差的量,通过25个循环的PCR对来自大约30,000个独特的CD4+CD45RO+T淋巴细胞基因组的样品的TCRβCDR3区进行扩增,此时将PCR产物分成两份。一份放置到一边,另一份PCR产物再进行15个循环的PCR扩增,总共扩增40个循环。然后,对扩增25和40个循环的PCR产物进行测序并比较。25个循环的序列中超过95%也在40个循环的样品中找到:当比较这些样品间的序列频率时,观察到线性相关。对于在25循环路径中观察到给定次数的序列而言,PCR偏差和抽样方差的组合解释了在40个循环时观察结果数量平均值附近的方差。如果适当地将该系的平均改变(1.5倍)完全归因于PCR偏差则PCR扩增的每个循环都可能会引入平均量为1.51/15=1.027的偏差。因此,在不同的CDR3区序列的推测的相对丰度中,25个循环的PCR共引入平均量为1.02725=1.95的偏差。
实施例8:Jβ基因区段利用
每个TCRβ链的CDR3区都包含来源于13个Jβ基因区段之一的序列。对来自两名捐赠者的4种不同的T细胞群体中的CDR3序列的分析表明,掺入来源于13种不同的Jβ基因区段的序列的总序列部分变化超过20倍。来自单个捐赠者的4种不同的T流式细胞术确定的T细胞中的Jβ利用在给定的捐赠者中相对恒定。然而,在两名捐赠者中观察到的Jβ利用模式,是利用GA对来自T细胞的基因组DNA的测序分析推知的,其在性质上与来自脐带血和健康成体捐赠者的T细胞中所观察到的模式相似,两者均是利用基于消耗性毛细管的技术对来自T细胞的cDNA的测序推知。
实施例9:核酸插入偏差
TCRα和β链中CDR3连接处的多种多样性是由末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶(TdT)的非模板核苷酸插入引起的。然而,在体内,选择在塑造TCR库中起着显著的作用,从而产生不可预测性。TdT核苷酸插入频率,与选择无关,可利用框外TCR序列来计算。这些序列是非功能性的重排,其位于T细胞的一个等位基因上,而该T细胞的第二个等位基因具有功能性重排。TdT的单核苷酸插入偏差偏爱C和G(表11)。
表11:框外数据中的单核苷酸偏差
A | C | G | T | |
泳道(lane)1 | 0.24 | 0.294 | 0.247 | 0.216 |
泳道2 | 0.247 | 0.284 | 0.256 | 0.211 |
泳道3 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.268 | 0.209 |
泳道4 | 0.255 | 0.293 | 0.24 | 0.21 |
在框内序列中观察到相似的核酸频率(表12)。
表12:框内数据中的单核苷酸偏差
A | C | G | T | |
泳道1 | 0.21 | 0.285 | 0.275 | 0.228 |
泳道2 | 0.216 | 0.281 | 0.266 | 0.235 |
泳道3 | 0.222 | 0.266 | 0.288 | 0.221 |
泳道4 | 0.206 | 0.294 | 0.228 | 0.27 |
来自框外TCR序列的N区用来检测二核苷酸偏差。为了分离二核苷酸偏差的边际贡献,将二核苷酸频率除以两个碱基中每一个的单核苷酸频率。公式是
m的矩阵参见表13。
表13:框外数据的二核苷酸优势比
A | C | G | T | |
A | 1.198 | 0.938 | 0.945 | 0.919 |
C | 0.988 | 1.172 | 0.88 | 0.931 |
G | 0.993 | 0.701 | 1.352 | 0.964 |
T | 0.784 | 1.232 | 0.767 | 1.23 |
很多二核苷酸是低于比例的或超出比例的。举例来说,发现GG对的优势非常高。因为密码子GGN翻译成甘氨酸,所以预计CDR3区中具有很多甘氨酸。
实施例10:CDR3区中的氨基酸分布
通过V、D和J区的种系序列、TdT的插入偏差和选择来表现TCRβ链的CDR3区中的氨基酸分布。4种不同的T细胞子区室在该区域内的氨基酸分布在不同的细胞亚型间是非常相似的。将序列分入固定长度的β链中,氨基酸间的位置依赖性分布,通过以下6种化学性质进行分组:小的、专门的和强疏水的、中性极性的、酸性的和碱性的。分布实质上是相同的,除了CD8+抗原刺激过的T细胞之外,其具有更高比例的酸性碱基,尤其在第5位。
特别感兴趣的是CD8+和CD4+TCR序列之间的比较,因为它们分别与I类和II类HLA分子呈递的肽结合。CD8+抗原刺激过的T细胞有几个位置具有较高比例的酸性氨基酸。这确实能与I类HLA分子而不是II类HLA分子上发现的碱性残基结合。
实施例11:在不同的人中发现的具有相同氨基酸序列的TCRβ链
将TCRβ链序列翻译成氨基酸,然后在两个捐赠者之间进行逐对的比较。观察到数千精确序列是匹配的。例如,比较CD4+CD45RO-亚区室(subcompartment),来自捐赠者1的250,000个独特的氨基酸序列中大约有8,000与捐赠者2精确匹配。氨基酸水平上的很多这类匹配序列在第三密码子位置处具有多个核苷酸差异。按照上文提到的实例,1,500/8,000个相同氨基酸匹配中具有>5个核苷酸错配。在任何两个T细胞亚型之间,发现4-5%的独特的TCRβ序列具有相同的氨基酸匹配。
检查了两种可能性:即1)TCR发育过程中的选择产生这些共有序列和2)由TdT引起的核苷酸插入频率中的大偏差产生相似的核苷酸序列。将框内成对匹配与框外成对匹配进行比较(参见上文的实施例1-4)。改变框保持了遗传密码的所有特征,并且如果是序列偏差导致全部观察结果,那么应当能找到相同的匹配数。然而,发现框内匹配几乎为框外匹配的两倍,这提示蛋白水平上的选择起着重要作用。
为了该数千相同的TCRβ链氨基酸序列的发现,将两个捐赠者与来自第三个捐赠者即一个44岁的CMV+白种人女性的CD8+CD62L+CD45RA+(天然样)TCR进行比较。第三个捐赠者与最初的两个捐赠者中的每一位之间,在氨基酸水平上发现了数千序列具有相同的成对匹配。相比之下,所有三位捐赠者共有460个序列。捐赠者之间独特序列总数的大差异是起始材料和加载在测序仪上的差异的结果,并且不能代表捐赠者血液中真实多样性的差异。
实施例12:频率更高的克隆型与种系更密切
每种T细胞子区室内不同序列之间的拷贝数变化范围超过10,000倍。与拷贝数相关的唯一性质是(插入数加缺失数),它们是负相关的。分析结果表明,在与拷贝数的负相关中,缺失起的作用小于插入。
具有较少插入和缺失的序列具有与种系更密切的受体序列。与种系更密切的序列数增加的一种可能性是,它们在T细胞发育过程中产生了许多倍。由于人之间共有种系序列,因此共有的TCRβ链可能是由具有少量插入和缺失的TCR产生。
实施例13:通过V基因区段使用和CDR3长度进行TCRβCDR3序列的“谱型”分析
通常利用TCR谱型分析技术来评价TCR的多样性,所述TCR谱型分析技术是基于RT-PCR的技术,其并非在序列水平上评价TCRCDR3多样性而是评价使用相同Vα或Vβ基因区段的αβT细胞子集中作为mRNA表达的TCRα或TCRβCDR3长度多样性术。具有不同TCRCDR3序列库的多克隆T细胞群体的谱型,例如在脐带血或健康年轻成年人的外周血中所见的,通常含有8-10种不同长度(是三核苷酸的倍数)的CDR3序列,这反映了框内转录物的选择。谱型分析还提供了关于具有特定长度的每种CDR3序列的相对频率的粗略的定量信息。为了评价利用测序仪对来自T细胞基因组DNA的TCRβCDR3区的直接测序是否能如实捕获通过谱型分析所鉴定的所有CDR3长度多样性,从序列数据产生“虚拟”TCRβ谱型(参见以上的实施例),并与利用常规PCR技术产生的TCRβ谱型进行比较。虚拟谱型含有所有的CDR3长度和常规谱型中存在的相对频率信息。直接的TCRβCDR3测序捕获了常规谱型中存在的所有TCR多样性信息。将标准TCRβ谱型数据与利用代表性TCRVβ基因区段对序列计算的TCRβCDR3长度分布进行比较,所述TCRVβ基因区段存在于来自捐赠者1的CD4+CD45RO+细胞中。将序列数据中所包含的信息减少至每个Vβ族内具有不同长度的独特CDR3序列的频率直方图很容易再现谱型数据中所包含的所有信息。此外,虚拟谱型表明,每个Vβ族存在具有很短和很长CDR3长度的稀有CDR3序列,所述序列无法用基于常规PCR的谱型分析检测。
实施例14:对总CDR3序列多样性的估计
错误校正之后,在测序仪流通池的每条泳道中所观察到的独特的CDR3序列数量通常超过1×105。倘若在每条泳道中测序的PCR产物必然来源于两个捐赠者的每一个中所存在的小部分T细胞基因组,那么每个个体的整个T细胞库中的独特TCRβCDR3序列的总数可能会更高。估计整个库中的独特序列的数量因而需要估计血液中存在的而不是样品中所观察到的其他独特CDR3序列的数量。利用有限样品中存在的种类多样性的检测结果来估计大的、复杂的群体中的总种类多样性在历史上被称为“未见的种类问题”(参见以上的实施例)。解决方案从确定新种类或TCRβCDR3序列的数量开始,如果重复实验,即如果对外周血T细胞的相同样品进行重复测序,则可以观察到所述新种类或TCRβCDR3序列的数量,例如在测序仪流通池不同泳道中同样制备的TCRβCDR3PCR产物文库,并对新的CDR3序列进行计数。对于来捐赠者2的CD8+CD45RO-细胞,在第二泳道中预期的和所观察到的新的CDR3序列数在5%以内(参见以上的实施例),这提示实际上这种分析方案可用于估计整个库中的独特TCRβCDR3序列的总数。
得到的对4种流式细胞术确定的T细胞区室内的独特TCRβCDR3序列总数的估计如表14所示。
表14:TCR库多样性
值得注意的是,在外周血中,这些群体中的总TCRβ多样性为3-4百万个独特的序列。出人意料是的,CD45RO+或抗原刺激过的区室构成这些序列的大约150万个。这至少高于预期的数量级。这种差异很可能归因于以相对低频率所观察到的许多这样的序列,只有通过深度测序才能被检测到。两个捐赠者的每个区室的估计的TCRβCDR3库容彼此相差20%以内。
本文的结果表明,认识到TCRβ受体多样性至少比过去预计的高5倍(约4*106个不同的CDR3序列),并且具体而言,提示CD45RO+抗原刺激过的αβT细胞中的TCRβ多样性远多于之前所报道的(约1.5*106个不同的CDR3序列)。然而,对TCR序列数据的生物信息学分析显示单核苷酸和二核苷酸含量的强大偏差,表明所利用的TCR序列是从远小于理论大小的分布取样的。由于在每个人中从序列的严格压缩空间取样的TCRβ链具有巨大的多样性,因此可以推测在每个人之间的TCR序列库有重叠。实际上,结果显示,在三个不同个体的每对之间共有大约5%的具有精确氨基酸匹配的CD8+天然TCRβ链。由于之前所检测的TCRα库实质上小于理论TCRβ多样性,因此这些结果表明,可以找到成百上千的真正的公共αβTCR。
Claims (12)
1.组合物,其包含:
(a)多种V-区段引物,其中每种V区段引物都包含与TCR或IGCDR3V区段互补的核苷酸序列;以及
(b)多种J-区段引物,其中每种J区段引物都包含与TCR或IGCDR3J区段互补的核苷酸序列;
其中所述多种V区段引物和多种J-区段引物允许获自包含T细胞或B细胞的样品的重排核酸分子的单一多重聚合酶链式反应扩增,并产生足以对TCR基因和抗体重链基因的多样性进行定量的多种扩增子,
其中:
(i)每种V区段引物都选自SEQIDNOS:1-45和58-102,每种J区段引物都选自SEQIDNOS:46-57、483、103-113、468和484,且利用所述多种V区段和J-区段引物的多重聚合酶链式反应扩增产生了代表所述样品中重排的TCRβCDR3区多样性的大于1×106个序列,或
(ii)每种V区段引物都选自SEQIDNOS:443-451,每种J区段引物都选自SEQIDNOS:421-431,且利用所述多种V区段和J-区段引物的多重聚合酶链式反应扩增产生足以对抗体重链基因的多样性进行定量的多种扩增子。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述组合物包含下述特征中的一种或多种:
(i)所述多种V区段引物具有相似的退火强度,
(ii)所述多种J区段引物均与所述J区段中相同的保守框架区基序退火,
(iii)其中所述扩增子从所述保守基序开始,在诊断上鉴定所述J区段,并且包含连接并延伸入所述V区段,
(iv)所述组合物还包含一组测序寡核苷酸,所述测序寡核苷酸能与所述不同的扩增子内的DNA区域杂交;以及
(v)每种不同的扩增子都包含与跨越V-D-J连接的序列互补的核苷酸序列。
3.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中对于包含与TCRβV区段互补的核苷酸序列的V区段引物,和对于包含与TCRβJ区段互补的核苷酸序列的J区段引物,其中所述组合物包含下述特征中的一种或多种:
(i)至少一种V区段引物锚定在Vβ区段中相对于重组信号序列(RSS)的第-43位,
(ii)所述多种V区段引物包含至少14种对14种不同的Vβ基因具有特异性的引物,
(iii)每个Vβ区段都有V区段引物,
(iv)所述多种V区段引物或多种J区段引物都不与内含子/外显子边界杂交,
(v)所述多种J区段引物中的每一种都与所述Jβ区段的保守元件杂交,并且所述多种J区段引物具有相似的退火强度,
(vi)所述多种J区段引物包含至少5种对5种不同的Jβ基因具有特异性的引物,
(vii)所述多种J区段引物都包含每个Jβ区段的J区段引物,以及
(viii)所述扩增的重排TCRβCDR3区各自包含Jβ基因区段,所述Jβ所述Jβ基因区段具有位于RSS位点下游第+11位至第+14位的独特的4碱基标签,
测序寡核苷酸能在所述4碱基标签附近杂交,
其中所述测序寡核苷酸选自SEGIDNOS:470-482。
4.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述重排核酸分子包含基因组DNA。
5.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述重排核酸分子包含cDNA。
6.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述重排核酸分子包含信使RNA。
7.如权利要求1所述的组合物,其中每个J区段都具有J区段引物。
8.权利要求1-7任一项所述的组合物在制备用于诊断人类患者免疫缺陷的诊断性试剂中的用途,包括检测所述患者的重排TCRCDR3或IGHCDR3区的多样性,并将所述患者的多样性与获自正常个体的多样性进行比较。
9.如权利要求8所述的用途,其中测量样品的重排TCR或IGHCDR3区的多样性包括:
(a)将权利要求1所述的多种V区段引物和J区段引物与包含从个体获得的重排TCRB或IGH核酸分子的样品混合,
(b)利用所述多种V区段引物和J-区段引物扩增重排的TCRB或IGH核酸分子以产生足以对TCR基因和抗体重链基因的多样性进行定量的多种扩增子;以及
(c)对所述不同的扩增子进行测序。
10.如权利要求8所述的用途,其还包括下述中的一种或多种:
(a)使一组测序寡核苷酸与所述不同的扩增子内一个或多个确定的区域杂交,以及
(b)计算所述不同的扩增子中TCRB序列的总多样性,其中所述方法显示出正常人类个体的总多样性大于1×106个序列、大于2×106个序列或大于3×106个序列。
11.如权利要求8所述的用途,其还包括基于所述不同扩增子的测序定量所述样品中的TCRB或IGHCDR3序列的多样性;以及将在所述样品中检测的所述TCRB或IGHCDR3序列的多样性与在第二样品中检测的TCRBCDR3或IGHCDR3序列的多样性进行比较。
12.如权利要求11所述的用途,其中利用以下方程定量来自正常个体的样品和来自患者的样品的不同扩增子中TCRB或IGHCDR3序列多样性,
其中G(λ)是参数λ1,…,λS的经验分布函数,nx是精确测序x次的克隆型的数量,以及
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