CN102421284B - 酶递送系统、制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
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- CN102421284B CN102421284B CN201080021271.5A CN201080021271A CN102421284B CN 102421284 B CN102421284 B CN 102421284B CN 201080021271 A CN201080021271 A CN 201080021271A CN 102421284 B CN102421284 B CN 102421284B
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Abstract
本发明涉及包封的消化酶制剂以及含有该制剂的酶递送系统和药物组合物。本发明还涉及该系统、药物组合物和制剂的制备方法和用以治疗患有ADD、ADHD、孤独症、囊性纤维化及其他行为和神经疾病的人的用途。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请根据美国35U.S.C.§120要求于2009年4月13日提交的序列号No.12/386,051的优先权,其以引用方式全部合并于此。
技术领域
本发明总体涉及包衣的消化酶/胰酶制剂、含有该制剂的药物组合物和酶递送系统,及其制备、使用方法,以及在治疗患有对酶治疗敏感的神经或行为疾病或病症的个体中的控制递送方法。
背景技术
消化酶由唾液腺、胃中的腺、胰腺和小肠中的腺产生。例如,由胰腺产生并分泌入胃和小肠中的消化酶有助于消化。由胰腺产生的消化酶分泌入pH为约5到6的十二指肠或小肠上段,且该酶有助于消化食物组分,包括碳水化合物、脂质、蛋白质和核酸。然而,当经口给予消化酶时,所述酶暴露于pH约1-2的胃内的高酸性环境以及暴露于使酶变性和降解的胃蛋白酶。
给予哺乳动物消化酶以治疗由影响胰腺的病症(例如胰腺炎和胰酶缺陷)而引起的酶缺陷。给予人类的胰酶通常来源于猪。酶制剂的生产商也为用于需要施用脂肪酶的患有囊性纤维化的个体的脂肪酶组合物使用肠溶包衣。用于递送脂肪酶的制剂使用例如包含邻苯二甲酸羟丙甲纤维素、二甲基硅油1000和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的肠溶包衣。
用于包覆敏感的生物活性物质的某些方法已经被描述了。Narayanaswamy等的美国专利No.6,261,613公开了可包含包被在β底涂层(prime)形式的脂肪(即,具有块状对称性(blockysymmetry)的甘油三酯晶体)的壳中的酵母颗粒。包衣材料还可以包含例如在氢化植物油中发现的乳化剂。然而,所述包衣仅允许在约40℃到约50℃的有限温度范围内释放酵母。Pacifico等的美国专利No.6,251,478B1公开了包封在脂质材料中的某些敏感物质,包括某些生物活性化合物。
背景技术部分中的描述不应被视为承认这种公开构成本发明的现有技术。
发明简述
本发明涉及包衣的消化酶制剂,以及包含包衣的消化酶制剂的药物组合物和酶递送系统,其可用于治疗患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化、其他神经和行为疾病或病症的个体。本发明的包衣和包封的消化酶制剂允许向患有对消化酶治疗敏感的神经和行为疾病和病症的患者受控地递送具有增加的稳定性和增强的施用性能的酶。
在一些方面,本发明涉及包衣和/或包封的胰酶/消化酶制剂,其包括含有消化酶和/或胰酶的核心及含有可乳化脂质的包衣。所述核心包含用于有效治疗患者病症的量的胰酶/消化酶,所述病症例如可以是神经系统障碍,例如孤独症、ADD、ADHD、CF和帕金森氏病,或可以给予有效量胰酶/消化酶的其他疾病。特别地,所述包衣保护胰酶/消化酶免受去稳定因素例如溶剂、热、光、水分及其他环境因素的影响。当所述复合物暴露于溶剂时,所述包衣还提供胰酶/消化酶的控制释放。此外,在本发明的一个方面,本发明的包衣消化酶制剂具有消化酶颗粒的改善的倾倒性能(pourproperties)、改善的味道和气味。
本发明也涉及用于在患有帕金森氏病、ADD、ADHD、孤独症和囊性纤维化及其他行为或神经病症和疾病的个体中施用酶的酶和脂质的特定混合物。所述包衣的消化酶制剂可用于在选定的传送时间或在人胃肠道的选定的位置获得释放。在一个方面中,本发明涉及控制释放的酶制剂。
另一个方面中,本发明涉及包衣的消化酶制剂,包含(a)含有消化酶颗粒的核心,其中所述酶以颗粒的约5重量%到90重量%的量存在;和(b)含有可乳化脂质的包衣,其中所述包衣连续地包覆核心,且所述可乳化脂质在暴露于溶剂时乳化。
另一个方面中,本发明涉及含有治疗有效量的包封的酶制剂的药物组合物,所述酶制剂包含(a)含有用于有效治疗患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化或对酶治疗敏感的其他神经病症或行为障碍的受试者的量的胰酶或消化酶的核心;和(b)含有可乳化脂质的包衣。
又另一方面中,本发明涉及包含具有颗粒的包封酶制剂的酶递送系统,所述颗粒包含:(a)包含胰酶或消化酶的核心,其中所述酶以颗粒的约5重量%到95重量%的量存在;和(b)用于提供酶的受控释放的总体均匀的包衣,所述包衣包含可乳化脂质。在一个方面中,所述酶递送系统的包封的酶制剂颗粒是不可雾化的。
在某些方面中,本发明的酶制备方法产生包衣的酶制剂,其特征在于例如受控的释放速率、雾化减少和更安全的给药、具有通过喷淋(sprinkle)/扁囊递送方法给药的能力、改善的流动特性、增加的贮存期和贮存能力以及本文描述的其他性质。在其他方面中,包衣的酶制剂具有改善的倾倒性能,这有助于制备和包装过程,例如包装在药袋和扁囊中。
在一些方面中,本发明是基于令人惊讶的和意外的发现,即包含可乳化脂质包衣和消化酶核心的特定的包衣消化酶制剂具有有利的释放和活性特征,并允许沿着胃肠道的位点时间特异性的和/或位置特异性的靶向释放,从而治疗孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病及对消化酶治疗敏感的其他神经或行为病症。在一些方面中,制备了所述包封的胰酶/消化酶制剂以达到人胃肠(GI)道内的特定递送时间或特定区域。在其他方面中,可乳化脂质组分是氢化大豆油,但可以是任何适当的脂质或脂质混合物
在一些方面中,本发明还涉及更稳定的酶制剂,其对抗环境影响从而减少例如酶的降解和/或变性。这使得将更准确剂量的酶制剂递送至治疗个体。在一些方面中,所述包衣也可以在所述酶制剂与适当溶剂接触时产生乳化,而且同时令人惊异地提供酶在胃肠(GI)系统中的受控释放。包衣在溶剂中的乳化性能允许酶受制地释放,优选在酶应用提供最有效治疗的选定的胃肠道位置。
本发明也涉及通过消化酶的脂质包覆和/或包封制备酶制剂的方法。所述方法包括提供可乳化脂质,并用所述脂质包覆筛选的胰酶/消化酶颗粒。所述消化酶占到包衣酶制剂的5-95重量%。
另一方面中,如本文所述的,发明人意外地发现本发明的方法可用于制备包含用单独的可乳化脂质或用脂质混合物包覆的消化酶和/或胰酶的包衣消化酶制剂,以在包封制剂暴露于适当溶剂时实现受控的酶释放速率,增加胰酶/消化酶的释放。发明人发现,在包封复合物暴露于溶剂例如水时,具有基本上由一种或多种单酸甘油酯组成的包衣的包封胰酶/消化酶制剂显示出胰酶/消化酶的释放增加,而同时在0.1NHCl中避免释放。
本发明还涉及用于施用酶制剂的方法。在一些方面中,所述方法包括施用作为包衣制剂的胰酶/消化酶。在一些方面中,本发明涉及一种治疗方法,包括将至少两剂包含治疗有效量的包封消化酶制剂的复合物给予患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化或需要消化酶治疗的其他行为或神经病症的受试者,其中所述消化酶制剂包含含有消化酶的核心和含有可乳化脂质的包衣。受试者是否需要有效量消化酶的治疗的确定可以基于所述受试者具有酶缺陷的确定。
此外,本发明涉及将酶制剂中不含或含有较少量赋形剂、载体、添加剂和/或增容剂,和/或不需要使用或使用较少量溶剂的胰酶/消化酶复合物、制剂、酶递送组合物或系统递送给人。在一些实施方式中,所述包衣基本上由氢化大豆油组成。这可以减少与潜在毒性物质的接触,且也降低过敏症形成的可能性。本发明还涉及具有改善的给药安全性的胰酶和/或消化酶的递送。
此外,本发明涉及由通过脂质包封赋予酶制剂的增强流动性而产生的改善的制备方法。胰酶/消化酶的脂质包封形成了对于水分的脂质屏障,这使得包封的酶制剂在包装机中更好地流动。
发明简述不是意图完整或详尽的叙述本发明的每个方面。本发明的其他方面将从下面的进一步描述中变得明显。
附图说明
图1显示未加工的、粗消化酶颗粒的电子显微照片;
图2显示粗消化酶制剂过筛和脂质包覆后的包衣酶制剂的电子显微照片;
图3显示粗消化酶颗粒的条形图粒径分析,具有可以通过如y轴所示的USSS筛的颗粒的%;
图4显示粗消化酶颗粒和包封后的包含70%、80%和90%重量的消化酶的包衣酶制剂的脂肪酶活性%的条形图;
图5显示在y轴所示的时间,包含70%、80%和90%重量消化酶的酶制剂的酶释放%的条形图;
图6显示粗消化酶颗粒的粒径分布与包含70%或80%重量消化酶的包衣酶制剂的粒径分布相比的条形图;
图7显示可用于包封消化酶颗粒的方法的流程图;
图8显示对于工作标准品(顶线)、稀释剂(当时间是4分钟时从顶部第三位开始的线)、HPLC中所使用的流动相(4分钟时的底线)和安慰剂(当时间是4分钟时顶线下方的第二条线)的峰面积(mAU)相对于时间的色谱图,其表明与标准胰蛋白酶峰没有干扰。
图9显示使用HPLC获得的已知胰蛋白酶浓度的峰面积(mAU)相对于样品浓度(mg/mL)的曲线图,以测量包衣消化酶制剂中的胰蛋白酶。
图10显示具有孤独症症状的九名儿童中测得的粪胰凝乳蛋白酶(FCT)水平。
图11显示具有孤独症症状的26名儿童中测得的FCT水平。
图12显示46名儿童中测得的FCT水平。25名儿童具有孤独症症状,而21名儿童没有孤独症症状。
图13显示320名年龄匹配的儿童中测得的粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平。藏青色线(以灰度级表示,上部,黑线)显示患有已知病症(遗传性的及其他病症)的儿童的FCT水平。紫色线(以灰度级表示,上部,暗灰色线)显示没有任何已知病症的正常儿童的FCT水平。浅绿色线(以灰度级表示,下部,中灰线)显示患有孤独症的儿童的FCT水平。粉红色线(以灰度级表示,下部,暗灰色线)显示患有ADHD的儿童的FCT测量值。黄色线(以灰度级表示,下部,浅灰色线)显示患有ADD的儿童的FCT测定。
图14显示基线的及施用Viokas或Ultrase酶替代物30、60、90和120天后的平均粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平。
发明详述
如始终描述的,在一些实施方式中,本发明涉及包衣的消化酶制剂,以及包含包衣的消化酶制剂的药物组合物和酶递送系统,其用于治疗患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化、其他神经和行为疾病或病症的个体。
孤独症(有时称为“典型性孤独症”)是被称为孤独症谱系障碍(autismspectrumdisorder)(ASD)的一组发育障碍中最常见的病症。孤独症的特征在于社会相互作用受损、语言和非语言交流存在问题以及罕有的、重复性的或严重受限的行为和兴趣。其他ASD包括Asperger综合症、Rett综合症、儿童期崩解症(disintegrativedisorder)和未分类的广泛性发展障碍(通常称为PDD-NOS)。据估计每1000名儿童中有三到六名儿童患有孤独症。
注意力缺陷多动障碍是影响美国全部儿童中的3-5%的神经行为障碍。其干扰个人保持在某项任务上并运用年龄相当的约束(单独的认知或认知和行为两者)的能力。ADHD的一些预警症候包括无法听从指令、不能安排自身和学校作业、手脚不停运动、说话太多、遗弃未完成的任务、日常杂事和家庭作业以及不能注意细节并作出反应。有着几种类型的ADHD:主要注意缺陷亚型、主要多动冲动亚型和混合亚型。ADHD通常在儿童期确诊,尽管该病症可以持续到成年。
帕金森氏病(PD)属于称作运动系统障碍的一组病症,其与产生多巴胺的脑细胞的丧失有关。PD的四种主要症状是手、臂、腿、颌和脸的颤动或抖动;四肢和躯干的僵化或硬化;运动徐缓,或运动缓慢;及姿态保持反射障碍(posturalinstability),或平衡性和协调性受损。随着这些症状变得更明显,患者将难以行走、说话或完成其他简单任务。PD通常影响50岁以上的人。PD的早期症状是轻微的,且是逐渐发生的。在有些人中,疾病发展比其他人更快。随着疾病发展,影响大多数PD患者的晃动或颤动可开始妨碍日常活动。其他症状可包括抑郁及其他情绪改变;吞咽、咀嚼和说话困难;泌尿系统问题或便秘;皮肤问题;和睡眠障碍。
囊性纤维化(CF)是最常见的缩短生命的遗传性疾病之一。在美国,4000个儿童中1个出生时就患有CF。它在西方欧洲人群中最常见;地中海血统的二十二个人中就有一个携带有一个CF基因,这使得CF成为这些人群中最常见的遗传性疾病。CF由基因(囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节蛋白(CFTR))的突变所引起。该基因的产物是产生汗液、消化液和粘液中起重要作用的氯离子通道。尽管没有CF的大多数人具有CFTR基因的两个工作拷贝(等位基因),但仅需要一个来防止囊性纤维化。囊性纤维化影响肺、肝、胰和肠的外分泌(粘液)腺,从而由于多系统功能障碍引起进行性失能。CF可以通过例如1)导致频繁的肺感染的稠粘液产生;2)胰酶分泌减少,导致生长不良、多脂粪便和脂溶性维生素缺乏;和3)由于先天性双侧输精管缺如导致的男性不育来表征。通常,CF的症状在婴儿期和儿童期出现。胎粪性肠梗阻是患有CF的新生婴儿的典型现象。
具有非脂质肠溶包衣的酶制剂已用于向患有需要酶治疗的囊性纤维化的个体递送脂肪酶至需要施用脂肪酶的个体中。此外,Fallon描述了用于治疗患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病及其他神经疾病或病症的儿童及其他个体的某些方法和酶组合物,例如,美国专利Nos.7,138,123、6,660,831、6,632,429、6,534,063,其以引用方式合并在此正如其全文在本文中给出一样。
人类消化道的特性对将消化酶递送至患有对消化酶治疗敏感的神经和行为病症的患者造成了挑战。该消化道的整个路线中多种温度和pH的变化使得特异性递送成为必要和挑战。例如,胃中的pH低至1,但在近端小肠迅速增加到5-6的更碱性的pH。例如,通常胃中的pH为约1.2,十二指肠中的pH为约5.0到6.0;空肠中的pH为约6.8,近端回肠中的pH为约7.2,远端回肠中的pH为约7.5。胃中的低pH在近端小肠迅速变化至5-6的更碱性的pH,这要求一种基于酶需要递送的位置的特异性递送方法。
例如,患有囊性纤维化的儿童(其病症需要给予脂肪酶)需要将脂肪酶递送至小肠后部。相反,本发明人确定,需要用蛋白酶治疗的患有孤独症的儿童需要将那些酶递送至近端小肠。
消化酶的递送也由于酶在环境室温下快速降解和变性,以及可能在高的温度、压力、湿度和/或光线暴露下发生的增强的降解和变性而具有挑战性。水分和热一起可以迅速使酶失稳,降低其效力并缩短贮存期,从而导致不准确的给药剂量。酶的变性或失稳可由于降低活性酶剂量至低于有效治疗所需的量而降低其效力。或者,试图通过增量剂量来补偿变性或失稳以确保活性酶的有效水平可能具有用药过量或过量装填胶囊或其他剂型的风险。为保护胰腺/消化酶免受不利条件(例如渗透、分解)的影响并使其稳定,胰腺/消化酶(核心)可以包覆或包封在包含可乳化脂质的连续包衣中。在另一方面,本发明提供具有改善的贮存期的新型包衣酶制剂。
酶制剂的制造商已使用肠溶包衣来将脂肪酶递送至需要施用脂肪酶的个体,例如患有囊性纤维化的个体。因为猪来源的酶以蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的混合物递送,且因为用于人类服用的这些组合物制备用于递送脂肪酶,这些肠溶包衣(其包括如邻苯二甲酸羟丙甲纤维素、二甲基硅油1000和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的物质)的使用阻碍了将蛋白酶递送至消化道的适当位置。目前销售的所有其他酶制剂包含这些肠溶包衣物质中的至少一种和/或制剂中的其他添加剂。使得生产成为可能的一些添加剂(例如改善流动性能的添加剂)还可使患者冒对酶制剂产生反应性或敏感性的风险。
一个实施方式中,本发明包括包衣的消化酶制剂和/或复合物,在一些实施方式中其是包封的胰酶/消化酶制剂。在其他方面中,本发明包括含有包衣的胰酶/消化酶制剂的酶递送系统和药物组合物。这些包衣或包封的酶制剂包括含有胰酶或消化酶颗粒的核心和含有可乳化脂质的包衣。
消化酶/胰酶制剂中的包衣产生对于降解和变性的屏障,并使得到达治疗个体的活性酶水平更加准确。本发明的脂质包衣通过形成物理屏障以及阻止和或减少水解的屏障提供对于水分、热、湿度和光线暴露的显著屏障。由于脂质包衣的保护使其不受环境中水分的影响,所述包衣的酶制剂发生较少的水解。本发明的结果是提供可以长时间耐受贮存条件(例如,水分、热、氧气等)从而能够使得贮存期延长的胰酶/消化酶。包封酶制剂的包衣保护酶免受环境影响,并提供在溶剂中的乳化而不损害包衣的耐磨性。因此本发明还涉及更稳定的酶制剂。
因此包衣的酶制剂降低了酶剂量的过量装填,并增强了将更准确的酶剂量递送给患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化及对胰酶或消化酶治疗敏感的其他神经或行为病症的个体。
此外,因为患有孤独症及其他病症的儿童及其他个体通常对食物、添加剂、着色剂及用于药物制剂中的其他载体、赋形剂或物质有着多种敏感性,因此制备避免使用过敏原及可能潜在地增加患者的不良症状或发病的其他载体、赋形剂、增容剂、着色剂等的酶递送系统是一项挑战。此外,在年龄很小的儿童中,具有简易性和可耐受性的酶输送系统是极为重要的。迄今为止也没有实现这些酶制剂的扁囊递送系统。
本发明的另一方面是制备不使用增容剂、着色剂、染料、流动增强剂及其他添加剂的酶制剂,从而减少儿童及其他治疗个体中过敏原及其他敏感反应的可能性。在一些实施方式中已经发现,消化酶可意外地用单一脂质赋形剂包封以改善酶活性的保持、给药简易性、可耐受性和给药安全性,以及其他性质。意外地,包含脂肪酶的消化酶颗粒可由基本上仅由氢化大豆油组成的包衣成功地包封。
此外,猪胰酶/消化酶有着类似于腌/熏猪肉的明显气味和味道。这种味道对摄取酶替代物的一些个体特别是对于儿童而言是强烈和令人不快的。添加脂质包衣为酶制剂提供有效掩味作用,这使得患者对味道能够耐受,因为脂质包衣是无嗅且无味的。不涉及使用颜料、染料、香精、接受剂(recipients)或其他物质的这种掩味方法的使用对于施用具有使人不愉快的或不受欢迎的味道和气味的药物而言是优选的。在其他实施方式中,本发明涉及具有改善的味道和气味的包衣消化酶制剂。
在一些实施方式中,消化酶颗粒核心上的包衣优选是连续包衣。“连续”是指胰酶/消化酶受到均匀的保护。连续包衣完全围绕或包封胰酶/消化酶。所述包封提供胰酶/消化酶的保护使其免受例如水分、温度条件以及贮存期间遇到的条件的环境影响。
此外,所述包封也提供胰酶/消化酶的控制释放。包衣在溶剂中的乳化特性使得酶能够在胃肠系统中控制释放,优选在酶被利用的胃肠道区域中控制释放。包封复合物的包衣保护酶免受环境影响,并提供在溶剂中的乳化而不损害包衣的耐磨性。例如,对于需要用蛋白酶治疗的病症,酶的蛋白酶释放部分必须在近端小肠中,从而溶解分布在30-90分钟之间的脂质包封是必要的。溶解分布也可以为约30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85或90分钟。溶解分布可使用本领域技术人员已知的方法和条件获得。例如,溶解分布可以在各种pH下,包括pH1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10下测定。
生物活性物质的释放速率可通过添加如下所述的添加剂来控制。当所述制剂暴露于溶剂时,溶剂与包衣中的可软化脂质相互作用,导致包衣乳化并释放生物活性物质。
本发明所使用的“包封”是指包衣完全围绕胰酶/消化酶。在包封颗粒群中,包封的酶制剂可以包括混杂的或小部分带有基本上连续的包衣的颗粒,只要包封颗粒的释放曲线不明显改变。包衣或包封颗粒可以包含一个或多个包封在一层包衣内的消化酶颗粒,以形成包衣或包封的消化酶制剂中的一个包衣或包封的消化酶颗粒。
本发明也包括用于制备用于治疗神经或行为障碍例如孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化以及对胰酶或消化酶治疗敏感的其他行为或神经病症或疾病的酶制剂、药物组合物和递送系统的方法。“对胰酶或消化酶治疗敏感”是指疾病或病症的一种或多种症状可通过施用有效量的胰酶或消化酶来缓和、治疗或减少。
在一些方面,本发明涉及通过用之前未用于包衣的消化酶制剂中的脂质来包覆消化酶颗粒从而制备选定的包衣酶制剂。可乳化脂质和酶的单一混合物可将胰酶/消化酶的特定组分递送到递送到选定位置和/或在胃肠道转运中的选定时间递送。在一些方面,本发明涉及基于溶解分布将消化酶递送给人的方法。
所述可乳化脂质是当暴露于溶剂时发生乳化的任何脂质、脂质混合物或脂质和乳化剂的混合物,且具有使得所述脂质在典型贮存温度下是固体的熔点。所述可乳化脂质可以是植物或动物来源的脂质。在一些实施方式中,所述可乳化脂质基本上由一种或多种单酸甘油酯、二甘油酯或甘油三酯,或其他组分(例如包括氢化植物油中发现的乳化剂)或包含它们。在另一个实施方式中,所述脂质是非极性脂质。
如本发明所使用的,动物和/或植物“来源”的脂质可以包括来源于植物或动物来源和/或组织的脂肪和油脂,和/或基于来源于植物或动物来源的脂肪和油脂的结构合成制备的脂肪和油脂。脂质材料可以通过已知化学或机械过程精炼、提取或纯化。存在于脂质中的某些脂肪酸(称为必需脂肪酸)必须存在于哺乳动物饮食中。在一些实施方式中,所述脂质可以包含USP-国家处方集(NationalFormulary)I类的植物油。
用于本发明的消化酶可以是由胰腺生成的消化酶类型(包括但不限于胰腺来源或其它来源的消化酶)的任何组合。本发明范围不限于猪源的胰酶,也可以是其他动物或植物来源以及合成衍生的那些。所述消化酶可以来自哺乳动物来源,例如猪源的消化酶。该酶可以包括一种或多种酶,且也可以是植物来源的、合成来源的、由微生物、酵母或哺乳动物细胞重组产生的,且可以包括来自一种或多种来源的酶的混合物。例如,消化酶可以包括混合在一起的来自一个或多个来源的一种或多种酶。例如,这包括将单一消化酶添加到源自胰腺来源的消化酶中,以提供特定酶的适当水平以为选定疾病或病症提供更有效的治疗。例如,消化酶的一种来源可以从科学蛋白实验室实验室(ScientificProteinLaboratories)获得(参见表6)。例如,消化酶可以是胰酶/胰脂肪酶组合物。在一个实施方式中,消化酶将包含或基本上由25USP单位/mg蛋白酶、2USP单位/mg和25USP单位/mg淀粉酶组成。术语消化酶可以指由胰腺产生类型的一种或多种酶。
本发明中用作核心的消化酶颗粒包括约90%的颗粒大小为USSS筛约#40到#140目,或为约105到425μm的消化酶颗粒,或者至少约75%的颗粒为约#40到#80目,或为约180到425μm的消化酶颗粒。大小为#40到#140目的颗粒通过#40目筛但不能通过#140目筛。在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述包衣或包封的消化酶颗粒可以包含小于约35、30、25、20、15或10%的可以通过#100目筛(150μm)的颗粒。在一些实施方式中,术语“不可雾化的”是指小于约20%或小于约15%的颗粒可以通过#100目筛(150μm)的包衣或包封的酶制剂。所述包封的消化酶制剂可以是包封的消化酶复合物,其中消化酶颗粒包含两种或更多种酶。
存在于核心中的胰酶的最小量为所述包衣酶制剂的至少约5%重量的活性酶,但在其他实施方式中可以是至少约30%,或至少约50%重量。存在于复合物中的胰酶/消化酶的最大量为至多约95%重量,且在其他实施方式中至多为包衣酶制剂的约90%、85%、80%、75%或70%。在其他实施方式中,存在于复合物中的胰酶量为约10%、15%、20%、25%、35%、40%、45%、55%、60%、65%、70%、72.5%、75%、77.5%、80%、82.5%、87.5%或92.5%重量,或两者之间的任意值。至少约或至多约某%的酶可以包括等于或大约该%的酶。术语“约”包括等于,以及考虑了给定测量的实验误差的范围。当用于粒径时,术语“约”可以指加上或减去10、9、8、7、6、5、4、3、2或1%或两者之间的任意值。当用于可以筛分的%颗粒时,术语“约”可以指加上或减去10、9、8、7、6、5、4、3、2或1%或两者之间的任意值。
包含包封的消化酶制剂或复合物的组合物可作为喷淋剂、粉末、胶囊、片剂、小丸剂、锭剂或其他形式递送。将包封的酶制剂包装在还包含单剂量扁囊装的喷淋制剂的酶递送系统中使得能够通过在各次给药中递送特定量酶而易于递送以及准确地施用酶。允许以特定单元给药的酶制剂(其以比其他喷淋制剂增强的方式将酶活性维持在特定稳定性参数内)容纳在允许空气、水分和热毁坏酶制剂并使酶制剂变性的多单元剂型中。在优选的实施方式中,粉末或扁囊容纳于三层箔袋或类似屏障中,从而抵挡湿气并保护酶制剂免受不良环境因素的影响。本发明还涉及由于脂质包封使得由水解减少导致稳定性改善。
而且,所述脂质包封方法减少了如果通过肺或鼻吸入可能对儿童造成腐蚀伤害的酶制剂的雾化。在另一个实施方式中,本发明包括通过减少酶雾化量从而具有改善的给药安全性的消化酶递送。脂质包封减少雾化以及在儿童和酶制剂服用者中腐蚀性烧伤、吸入和/或吸入性肺炎的可能性,从而减少在已经患病儿童(例如患有囊性纤维化的儿童)中造成伤病的可能性,并实现更为安全的给药。
如本发明所使用的,术语“不可雾化的”是指基本上所有的颗粒都足够大以在倾倒包衣酶制剂时与未包衣酶颗粒相比能消除或减少雾化的包衣或包封酶制剂。例如,术语“不可雾化的”可指其中至少约90%的颗粒大小为约#40到#140目,或为约106到425μm,或其中至少约75%的颗粒为约#40到#80目,或约180到425μm的包衣或包封酶制剂。术语“不可雾化的”也可以指小于约35、30、25、20、15或10%的颗粒可以通过#100目筛(150μm)的包衣或包封酶制剂。在一些实施方式中,术语“不可雾化的”是指小于约20%或小于约15%的颗粒可以通过#100目筛(150μm)的包衣或包封的酶制剂。
如本发明描述和提及的,适当的胰酶/消化酶和适当的包衣可用于本发明组合物和方法中。适当的酶和适当的脂质包衣的选择,包括酶或包衣的类型或含量的选择,由个体以及待治疗的选定疾病的特定酶需要来指引。作为本发明一个方面的包封酶制剂是之前没有描述过的。
在一些实施方式中,本发明涉及选定用于基于在人胃肠道的转运时间递送至患有帕金森氏病、ADD、ADHD、孤独症、囊性纤维化及对消化酶/胰酶治疗敏感的其他神经和行为障碍的酶和脂质的特定混合物。它还可以基于待治疗患者对消化酶的各种组分的需要。此外,本发明涉及特别地基于所需递送时间和溶解分布改善消化酶到人的递送。
尽管用于包覆某些敏感的生物学物质的一般方法已有描述,例如参见美国专利No.6,251,478,其以引用方式合并于此,但本发明的包封的生物活性物质是包含核心和包衣的酶制剂,所述核心包含含有或由多种蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶组成的消化酶,所述包衣包含或基本上由可乳化脂质组成。
添加剂可以与可乳化脂质混合。脂质和添加剂的选择将控制生物活性物质的释放速率。在消化酶和或胰酶的情况下,必须特别地选择脂质包衣,以在选定释放的消化道区域中释放生物活性物质,从而优化治疗。
本发明还涉及以扁囊或药袋制剂施用包衣和/或包封的酶制剂,从而易于递送给儿童和成人。在一些实施方式中,本发明尤其涉及施用容纳于扁囊或药袋中的包衣酶颗粒制剂。这有利于施用,包括但不限于,在食品或饮料中施用、直接施用入口腔中或通过NG管、G管或其他胃肠输入或递送装置直接施用到胃肠系统中。
在一些实施方式中,各剂量包含约100到1500mg包衣或包封的酶制剂,且各剂量可以包含约100、150、200、250、300、350、400、450、500、550、600、650、700、750、800、850、900、950、1000、1050、1100、1150、1200、1250、1300、1350、1400、1450或1500mg包衣或包封的酶制剂。“约”可以包括80到125%的所述制剂。各剂量也可以加上或减去10%的所述重量。在一个实施方式中,各剂量具有不小于约156USP单位/mg加上或减去10%的蛋白酶活性。蛋白酶活性也可以不小于约100、105、110、115、120、125、130、135、140、145、150、155、160、165、170、175、180、185、190、195或200USP单位/mg。
在其他实施方式中,本发明涉及治疗方法,包括将至少两剂包含治疗有效量的包衣消化酶制剂的组合物施用于患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化或对消化酶治疗敏感的其他行为或神经病症的患者。在某些实施方式中,约80%的酶在pH6.0下进行的溶出试验中在约30分钟内释放。在其他实施方式中,约80%的酶在包衣消化酶制剂到达小肠后约30分钟内释放。
本发明的另一个实施方式涉及通过减少当前用于将消化酶递送给人的制剂中的赋形剂。增容剂和溶剂的使用来改善酶到人的递送。例如,包封的消化酶制剂可以仅包含一种赋形剂,这通过减少过敏反应的机会而增加给药安全性。在一个实施方式中,所述赋形剂是氢化大豆油。
因为,在一些实施方式中,脂质包封方法不需要用溶剂、增容剂和赋形剂处理酶制剂来促进流动性或改善稳定性,本发明的一个方面包括待施用的GRAS物质(通常认为是安全的)的“干净”制剂。本发明的方法允许减少使用溶剂、增容剂、赋形剂及其他添加剂减少了摄取酶替代物的个体与潜在过敏原的接触,从而产生低过敏性的酶制剂,这进一步提高了其在治疗可能对治疗另外产生过敏反应的个体中的潜在用途。因此,施用本发明的包衣酶制剂可以减少与潜在毒性物质的接触,并也可减少过敏形成的可能性。因此,在一些实施方式中,包封消化酶制剂是低过敏性的。
另一方面,本发明还涉及具有提高的给药安全性的消化酶递送。脂质包衣增加了酶制剂的重量,这减少了雾化的可能性。之前的未包衣酶已表明形成雾化,并可因此被吸入并与鼻腔或肺接触,引起摄取者和施用酶制剂者的黏膜损伤。
本发明还涉及施用用于递送至儿童的扁囊制剂的改进。本发明尤其涉及施用容纳于扁囊中的包衣消化酶制剂,这允许特定类型的给药,包括但不限于,在食品或饮料中给药、直接施用到口腔中或通过NG管、G管或其他胃肠输入装置直接施用到胃肠系统中。目前销售的酶制剂中还未使用酶的扁囊递送。代表一天用量的单位剂量或多剂量的扁囊代表单一单位剂量。三层箔的扁囊使得酶/脂质粉末保持稳定,并使得易于施用。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明涉及控制在暴露于溶剂时胰酶/消化酶从包封酶制剂中释放的速率的方法。在一些方面,所述方法包括使可乳化脂质与一定量的一种或多种添加剂混合,以获得脂质混合物;并用所述混合物包覆消化酶颗粒,以形成包含颗粒的包封消化酶制剂,该颗粒包含含有酶的核心和含有脂质的包衣。在一些实施方式中,可乳化脂质是其中可乳化脂质与添加剂不相同的混合物,且其中随着添加剂量增加,在暴露于溶剂时酶从包封复合物中释放的速率降低。或者,随着添加剂量减少,在暴露于溶剂时酶从包封复合物中释放的速率增加。
令人意外地,脂质包衣似乎不被存在于胃中的HCl(盐酸)降解或破坏,因此在给药后保护酶不被降解直到酶制剂到达其胃肠道中的目标区域。此外,脂质包衣减少酶对水侵袭的暴露,因此降低水解,并进一步保护消化酶不被降解。此外,发明人发现仅包含脂质的赋形剂可用于包覆或包封含脂肪酶的消化酶颗粒。
在本发明的一个方面中,可以通过制备具有不同的释放特征的包封消化酶复合物来利用消化酶治疗特定疾病靶标。因为多种神经和行为疾病可能以多种方式影响人胃肠系统,使用特定酶制剂和确保包封可以产生酶制剂递送到哪里以及递送持续多长时间的差异。
因此本发明涉及尤其基于所需递送时间和溶解分布的消化酶递送给人的改进。例如,在本发明的某些方面中,释放速率和溶解特征对于本发明的脂质包封是独特的。使用选定用于优化对消化酶治疗敏感的行为和神经病症以及疾病的治疗的的酶和脂质制备包衣消化酶是之前没有描述过的。
作为一个例子,之前用于消化酶和或胰酶的肠溶包衣使得酶混合物的延迟释放时间相对于将蛋白酶部分递送到近端小肠来说太长。例如,在向患有囊性纤维化的患者(其中递送脂肪酶是有效治疗所需的)给药时,肠溶包衣的消化酶的溶解分布需要有利于酶释放的较长的延迟以及递送高脂肪酶制剂。
在本发明之前,脂质包封未用于治疗患有囊性纤维化个体的脂肪酶递送的延迟和/或保护机制。
发明人还认识到,为治疗患有孤独症的患者(其需要递送蛋白酶以进行有效治疗),可以改进脂质包封以在较早的转运时间窗中在近端小肠中递送蛋白酶,以优化蛋白消化。在另一个例子中,发明人认识到,对于患有帕金森氏病的患者,由于其神经状态的自主神经功能障碍特性,其具有较慢的胃肠转运时间,因此还需要另一种释放特性以递送酶以用于有效治疗。进行脂质和/或添加剂的选择以获得给药后较晚时间的酶释放。
之前没有认识到,消化酶通过消化系统的转运时间可通过使脂质成层(layering),或通过用特定脂质类型包封来控制。又另一方面中,本发明涉及基于人胃肠系统中的转运时间用于在患有帕金森氏病、ADD、ADHD、孤独症和囊性纤维化及对胰酶/消化酶治疗敏感的其他行为或神经疾病的个体中递送的酶和脂质的选定混合物。
本发明还涉及由脂质包封赋予的增强流动性则导致的制备的改进。制备的改进也可由于对水分的脂质屏障而通过胰酶/消化酶的脂质包封来实现,因此使得在包装机内获得流动性改善。改善的流动性能可有利于包衣消化酶制剂包装到例如药袋或扁囊中。
一个方面中,本发明涉及使用脂质包封方法来制备用于治疗特定疾病或病症的在人胃肠(GI)道内实现特定递送时间的包衣的消化酶制剂。该疾病或病症可由可通过将消化酶递送至胃肠道的适当区域来治疗的消化不足引起或以其为特征。神经或行为疾病或病症是通常不与消化系统相关的疾病或病症,而其中一种或多种症状可以通过施用有效量的胰酶和/或消化酶制剂来治疗。
因此,本说明书涉及目的用于治疗特定疾病的特定酶的脂质包封,所述包封方法包括在用于制备包封的消化酶复合物的本发明方法中使用的脂质量和种类。本发明也涉及通过胰酶和/或消化酶的脂质包覆和/或包封制备酶制剂的方法。该方法包括提供可乳化脂质,和用所述脂质包覆胰酶/消化酶颗粒,其中所述胰酶/消化酶包含包衣酶制剂重量的5-90%。在一些方面中,未包衣胰酶/消化酶颗粒的粒径范围为约105-425μm。
在一个实施方式中,本发明涉及制备包封消化酶制剂的方法,所述方法包括a)筛选未包衣消化酶颗粒以获得大小适于包封的颗粒;b)用可乳化脂质包覆筛选的消化酶颗粒以形成包衣或包封的消化酶,其含有包含胰酶/消化酶的核心和包含可乳化脂质的包衣。在一些实施方式中,所述包封的消化酶制剂是控制释放的消化酶制剂,其可具有增强的流动性能。该制剂可用于治疗患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化及其他神经病症的个体。
颗粒的筛选可包括质量控制步骤,以改善消化酶的活性、外观或粒径。例如,可分析颗粒以测定酶活性含量,和/或使用层析、显微镜或其他分析法使颗粒可见。也可通过去除太小或太大的颗粒对所述颗粒进行筛选,从而获得具有用于包封的适当大小的颗粒。例如,可使所述颗粒过筛以获得具有用于包封的适当大小或更均匀的粒径范围的颗粒。作为另一个例子,所述颗粒可通过USSS#40目筛和通过USSS#140目筛过筛。通过#40目筛但被#140目筛保留的颗粒具有用于包衣或包封的适当粒径范围。也可通过USSS#140、#120、#100、#80、#70、#60、#50、#45或#40目筛或其任意组合过筛来筛选颗粒。
由API供应商提供的酶制剂可以带有不平边缘和许多结块,并包含一些晶体盐颗粒的形状不规则的且多尺寸的颗粒提供(例如参见图1)。不均匀粒径和形状降低了流动性能,并干扰包装。此外,将未包衣酶倒入个体的嘴中将是困难的,且潜在地可能引起递送太多或太少的酶。根据本发明的一个方面的方法,消化酶颗粒的加工产生非粉末状的、自由流动的微粒制剂,其适用于扁囊包装并适于倒在食品或饮料上。此外,如始终讨论的,使用脂质包封来防止雾化(因此增加安全性),以增加流动性(其改善药物的制备)是本发明的一种实施方式。
典型的粗酶制剂中的粒径分布显示于图3所示的图中。较大颗粒(>40目)和极小颗粒(<140目)通常不适合于适当包封,因此可通过筛选去除。为了提高包封的胰酶制剂的流动性能,可使消化酶颗粒过筛以去除微细的和过大的颗粒,例如仅包括大小为40-140目,或约105到425微米的颗粒。在一些实施方式中,通过用氢化植物油包覆过筛的胰酶颗粒来制备含有80%重量消化酶的包衣的消化酶制剂,其中使用20lb.酶颗粒和5lb.氢化植物油。
在一些实施方式中,脂质或脂质混合物的温度保持在110℉,直到施加不加热的消化酶。
在一些实施方式中,脂质应该以包封复合物重量的约5%的最小量,优选包封复合物重量的约30%,更优选包封复合物重量的约50%的量存在于制剂中。存在于包封复合物中的胰酶/消化酶的最大量为复合物重量的约95%,更优选包封复合物的约90%,更优选约85%。可乳化脂质可以是乳化或产生乳液的任何脂质或脂质源材料,其熔点使得所述可乳化脂质在典型贮存温度例如23摄氏度下是固体。
本发明所使用的“可乳化脂质”是指包含至少一个亲水基团和至少一个疏水基团,并具有能够形成亲水和疏水界面的结构的脂质。可乳化脂质的上述这些化学和/或物理性质允许乳化作用。界面的例子例如包括胶束和双层。亲水基团可以是极性基团且可以是带电或不带电的。
可乳化脂质可以来自动物或植物来源,例如,棕榈仁油、大豆油、棉籽油、菜籽油和家禽脂肪,包括I型氢化植物油。在一些实施方式中,所述脂质是氢化的。所述脂质也可以是饱和的或部分饱和的。可乳化脂质的例子包括但不限于单酸甘油酯、甘油二酯、脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯、磷脂、它们的盐及其组合。
可乳化脂质优选是食品级可乳化脂质。食品级可乳化脂质的一些例子包括失水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯、失水山梨糖醇三硬脂酸酯、硬脂酰乳酰乳酸钙和硬脂酰乳酰乳酸钙。作为可乳化脂质的食品级脂肪酸酯的例子包括乙酸单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯、柠檬酸单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯、乳酸单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯、脂肪酸聚甘油酯、脂肪酸丙二醇酯及二乙酰酒石酸单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯。例如,脂质可以包括氢化大豆油。
任何可乳化脂质可用于本发明的方法和产品中。在某些实施方式中,所使用的可乳化脂质将产生非团聚、非雾化的酶制剂颗粒。
在其他实施方式中,本方法涉及用于治疗患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病、囊性纤维化及其他神经病症的个体的具有增强的流动性能的包封的控制释放消化酶制剂的制备,所述方法包括:a)将可乳化脂质与一种或多种添加剂混合以获得混合物;和b)用所述混合物包覆筛选的消化酶以形成包封的消化酶,其含有包含消化酶的核心和包含可乳化脂质的混合物的包衣。
如图2所示的,酶用脂质包覆使得酶的大小和形状变得更加均匀,而减少了与粗酶有关的锯齿状边缘,并使得易于服用和易于制备,因为与包被的酶有关的流动性能将允许制备机械容易用酶装填扁囊/药袋,并减少扁囊的过量装填或装填不足。单位剂量包装降低了儿童打开多剂量听/盒/或其他容器的能力。三层箔的药袋或扁囊进一步降低了儿童打开扁囊/药袋的能力,并高度利用酶。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明涉及通过使用脂质混合物来包覆消化酶从而控制消化酶从包封制剂中释放的速率的方法。该方法包括使可乳化脂质与一种或多种添加剂混合以获得混合物,并用所述混合物包覆消化酶以形成包封消化酶,其含有包含消化酶的核心和包含可乳化脂质混合物的包衣。随着添加剂的量增加,在暴露于溶剂时酶从包封制剂中释放的速率降低。或者,随着添加剂的量减少,在暴露于溶剂时酶从包封复合物中释放的速率增加。因此,包衣的性质允许酶从包封物中控制释放。
不可乳化脂质不具有上述与乳化相关的化学和/或物理性质,且包括任何脂质、脂质衍生材料、蜡、有机酯或其组合。不可乳化脂质本身通常不乳化。只要包衣和组成脂质的性质允许乳化,不可乳化脂质可用作添加剂。例如,不可乳化脂质如甘油三酯可与本发明的可乳化脂质混合。不可乳化脂质可以源自动物、植物、无机或合成来源。不可乳化脂质优选是氢化的,且可以是饱和的或部分饱和的,包括但不限于甘油三酯。在优选的实施方式中,所述包衣包含应用于胰酶/消化酶的单酸甘油酯和甘油三酯的混合物。
一种或多种添加剂和本发明可乳化脂质的包含物用于控制包衣的乳化并酶的释放。例如,添加剂(甘油三酯)可以与单酸甘油酯(例如,可乳化脂质)混合,以控制包衣的乳化并因此控制(例如,降低)酶从复合物中释放的速率。在另一个实施例中,一种或多种添加剂(例如甘油二酯和甘油三酯)可以与可乳化脂质混合,以控制酶的释放速率。氢化植物油可以包含乳化剂,例如大豆卵磷脂或其他组分。
当选择用于消化酶的适当脂质包衣时,可以考虑包括机械强度、熔点和疏水性的性质。熔点较低或极性、亲水性较高的脂质通常不适于包封,因为它们形成在加速贮存稳定性条件下结块的产物。例如使用氢化大豆油、氢化蓖麻蜡和棕榈蜡制备的酶制剂全部显示良好的倾倒性且不发生结块。
蜡可以是石蜡;石油蜡;矿物蜡例如地蜡、白地蜡或褐煤蜡;植物蜡,例如棕榈蜡、杨梅蜡或亚麻蜡;动物蜡,例如鲸蜡;或虫蜡,例如蜂蜡。
另外,蜡材料可以是具有12到31个碳原子的脂肪酸和具有12到31个碳原子的脂肪醇的酯、具有24到62个碳原子含量的酯或其混合物。实例包括棕榈酸蜂花酯、鲸蜡醇棕榈酸酯、蜡酸蜂花酯、鲸蜡醇豆蔻酸酯、棕榈酸蜡酯、蜡酸蜡酯、蜂花酸蜂花酯、棕榈酸十八烷基酯、豆蔻酸十八烷基酯和月桂酸月桂酯。
在进一步的实施方式中,本发明提供用于控制暴露于溶剂时胰酶/消化酶从包封复合物中释放的速率的方法。所述方法包括用一定量可乳化脂质包覆酶以形成包封的胰酶物质复合物,其中随着基于包封复合物总重量的可乳化脂质的量增加,所述酶从包封复合物中释放的速率降低。或者,随着基于包封复合物总重量的可乳化脂质的量降低,所述胰酶从包封复合物中释放的速率增加。用于该实施方式的可乳化脂质可主要由一种或多种单酸甘油酯组成。
脂质于其中乳化的溶剂可以是水性溶剂。所述水性溶剂与存在于可乳化脂质中的亲水基团相互作用并破坏包衣的连续性,导致水性溶剂和包衣中的脂质之间形成乳液,因此将生物活性物质从复合物中释放。
用于包封胰酶或消化酶核心以治疗神经病症或障碍的本发明方法之前没有被描述过。具有时间-释放药物特征且利用脂质包封获得稳定性的供人服用的药物脂质包封方法之前没有被描述过。在本发明描述的实验之前,没有公布允许制备包含可乳化脂质包衣和消化酶的包封酶制剂的方案,该包封酶制剂所适于沿着胃肠道时间-特异性和/或位点-特异性地靶向释放,用于治疗孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病及对消化酶治疗敏感的其他神经或行为病症。
本发明的各方面和实施方式基于令人惊讶和意外的发现,即含有可乳化脂质包衣和消化酶的某些药剂的制剂可以具有新颖的增强的活性沿着胃肠道的各个部分的出人意料的有利释放和溶解分布及吸收动力参数。这些特征可用于配制特定生体活性酶,以使其沿着胃肠道位点特异性地靶向释放,从而治疗孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病及其他神经病症。
受试者是否需要用有效量的消化酶治疗的确定可基于所述受试者具有酶缺陷的确定。
本发明的一个方面中,所述方法包括使用本发明的酶制剂来治疗患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病及其他神经疾病或病症的儿童及其他个体,其也具有酶缺陷。所述酶缺陷可以通过用于确定或诊断酶缺陷的任何方法确定。一个方面,所述确定或诊断可通过评估症状,包括饮食习性、自我强制的饮食控制、饮食障碍和/或胃肠紊乱的症状,来进行。在其他方面,所述确定可基于生化试验以检测例如胃肠道分泌、排泄或存在的酶水平中活性来进行,和/或通过测定基因中突变的存在或编码一种或多种消化酶的基因的异常表达来进行。
在一些方面中,也可以测试待治疗个体中共病(co-morbidity)的存在,所述共病是不影响消化酶的活性或表达的共病。在某些方面中,用本发明描述的酶递送系统治疗基于临床症状而不是共病(例如遗传性共病)而确认为患有孤独症的个体。然而,也可以用本发明的酶递送系统治疗基于临床症状和共病而确认为患有孤独症的个体,其也另外测试使用胃肠病原体的另一指示的异常低的FCT水平或阳性和/或低的消化酶活性或表达。
以下共病作为典型共病列出:
脆性X染色体
Hallermann-Streiff综合征
21染色体三体性
9染色体上的移位
Beckwith-Wiedemann综合征
21染色体三体性
18染色体三体性
Rubenstein-Tabi综合征
脆性X染色体
Prader-Willi综合征
21染色体三体性
Rett综合征
Klippel-Feil综合征
Rett综合征
杜兴氏肌营养不良
Tourette综合征
子宫内中风(In-uterostroke)
21染色体三体性
脆性X染色体
青少年RA
子宫内中风
6染色体三体性
杜兴氏肌营养不良
青少年糖尿病
I型糖尿病
肾上腺脑白质营养不良
Wilson病
子宫内中风
I型糖尿病
Prader-Willi综合征
22q13
Tourette综合征
无脑回症
嗜中性粒细胞免疫缺乏综合征
I型糖尿病
Tourette综合征
18p染色体四体性(Tetrasomy18p)
高IgE综合征
Angelman综合征
I型糖尿病
Rett综合征
脆性X染色体
Marfan综合征
Waardenburg综合征
谷胱甘肽合成酶缺陷
I型糖尿病
Rubinstein-Tayb
Angelman综合征
Klinefelter综合征
出生时脑出血(Brainbleedatbirth)
Turner综合征
甲状腺机能减退
I型糖尿病
早产儿的脑损伤(Braindamageofprematurity)
一个方面中,可使用粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平测试来进行酶缺陷的确定。方法例如PCR或其他扩增、SNP检测、测序和/或DNA梳可用于检测突变的存在或干扰编码消化酶的一种或多种基因的表达的短RNA序列的存在。例如,突变可以存在于编码消化酶的基因中,其降低或消除酶活性。作为另一个实例,突变可以是MET基因中的突变,所述MET基因是编码多效性MET受体酪氨酸激酶的基因,参见Campbell等,PNAS103(46),16834-39(2006)。这些突变例如可以包括MET启动子变异体rs1858830C等位基因,和或MET信号传导途径(例如SERPINE1基因的单体型)或rs344781PLAUR启动子变异体T等位基因中的突变。
本发明的酶制剂适合用于将消化酶递送给患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病及需要酶治疗的其他神经疾病或病症的个体。Fallon描述了用于治疗患有孤独症、ADD、ADHD、帕金森氏病及其他神经疾病或病症的儿童及其他个体的某些方法和酶组合物,例如美国专利No.7,138,123、6,660,831、6,632,429、6,534,063,其以引用方式合并于此,好像以全文公开于此一样。
现在参考附图和实施例更完整地描述本发明,所述附图和实施例旨在结合发明内容、发明详述和具体讨论或另外公开的任何优选和/或特定实施方式一起阅读。然而,本发明可以许多不同形式实施,并不应视为限于本文所给出的实施方式;相反,这些实施方式仅以举例方式提供,因此本发明是全面和完整的,并将将本发明全部范围完全传达给本领域技术人员。
在本文所描述的实验中,发现若干因素提供意外提高/增强的功效和性能。例如,发现包含大豆油的特定包封酶制剂显示某些令人惊讶的特征,所述特征导致位点-特异性的活性、释放/溶解分布以及易于制备、包装和贮存。不束缚于具体操作原理,本领域技术人员应理解,本发明还包括也能产生这些有利参数的样品制备和/或配制的其他方法。
以下实验描述了本发明的典型过程。应理解,这些实验和相应结果仅以举例形式阐明,且其中的任何内容不应视为对本发明总体范围的限制。通过举例形式,这些研究证明通过本发明的示例性包封酶制剂实现的一些出人意外的进步。
实施例1:示例的包封消化酶制剂的更高流动性和倾倒性
使用本发明的示例性方法和制剂之前,未加工的粗酶制剂(ScientificProteinLaboratories(SPL)ofWanakee,WI)的检验显示其在粒径和不规则形态方面包含明显的变异性,如图1所显示的颗粒电子显微照片所示。也可见一些晶体盐颗粒。粗酶无法倾倒,因为其结块且由于不平坦的表面和锯齿状边缘而难以测量。不经过进一步加工,粗制剂也不适合于脂质包封,因为粗产品同时包含对于适当包封而言太大和太小的颗粒。筛分的酶(尽管粒径更均匀)继续显示不平坦的表面以及倾倒时结块。
图2显示过筛且用脂质包覆原料后制备的包衣的酶制剂。该实施例中,颗粒的形态明显改善,具有更圆形的表面。这形成具有良好流动性和感官性能的非粉末状产物。
由于表面的圆化,酶的形态目前极大地改善,这形成较少粉末性的、不雾化且具有良好流动性和改善的感官性能的产物。
粗酶制剂的粒径分布显示于图3的曲线图中。通常,较大颗粒(>40目)和极小颗粒(<140目)不适于适当包封。为了增加包封的胰酶制剂的流动性,可使粗酶颗粒过筛,以仅包括粒径为40-140目,或约106到425微米的颗粒。
实施例2:示例性包封消化酶制剂的稳定性:温度储存
在另一示例性实施方式中,多种类型和重量百分比的脂质用于包覆过筛的酶核心。当选择用于胰酶的适当脂质包衣时,考虑了包括机械强度、熔点和疏水性的性质。以下检验了脂质包衣的多个实例,且在25℃和40℃下检验其物理外观。因此,评估具有多种物理性质如机械强度、熔点和疏水性的脂质用于胰酶的包覆。在该实施例中,据发现包衣的熔点降低或亲水性增加不适合用于包封,因为它们导致在加速储存稳定性条件下结块的产物。使用氢化大豆油、氢化蓖麻蜡和棕榈蜡制备的过筛和包封的酶制剂全部显示良好的倾倒性且不发生结块。
表1提供在25℃和40℃下出现的可见物理变化的结果:
氢化单酸甘油酯和大豆油/单酸甘油酯混合物在较高温度下都显示结块。因此很明显,熔点较低或亲水性较高的包衣不适于包封,因为它们导致在延期储存条件下结块的产物,如我们的在40摄氏度下的加速储存条件测试所证实的。
氢化单酸甘油酯和大豆油/单酸甘油酯混合物在较高温度下都显示结块。因此很明显,降低包衣的熔点或提高亲水性不适于包封,因为它们导致在延期储存条件下结块的产物,如我们的在40摄氏度下的加速储存条件测试所证实的。
实施例3:适合胰酶的示例性包封消化酶制剂:随稳定性变化测定的酶活性。
在进一步的实施方式中,按照以下方法测定酶稳定性:对于加速试验,使用标准ICH指南:将包衣制剂置于储存在40℃和75%相对湿度的湿度控制箱中的塑料容器中。通过研磨包衣的酶制剂、分散在适当的缓冲液中并测试脂肪酶活性来测定酶活性。
表2:当在40℃/75%RH的密闭容器中储存时包封酶的百分稳定性
如上表2所概括的数据所表明的,所有脂质中,大豆油80%似乎赋予最高的稳定性,意外地,储存在加盖容器中的酶制剂的效果高于储存在未加盖容器中的酶制剂。储存在40℃的敞开盘中的酶制剂的75%相对湿度稳定性测试在包衣和未包衣制剂之间未显示显著的稳定性差异。
实施例4:适合胰酶的示例性包封消化酶制剂:多种大豆油包封的胰酶的酶活性和释放速率
在进一步的实施方式中,按照如下所述方法制备包封物。使粗酶原料过筛以获得小于40目但大于140目的颗粒,从而去除极细颗粒,并获得更适于肠溶包衣的更加均匀的混合物。
制备了以下制剂:
70%重量活性酶,具有标准的稳定的大豆油包衣;
80%重量活性酶,具有标准的稳定的大豆油包衣;和
90%重量活性酶,具有标准的稳定的大豆油包衣。
通过研磨包封物、将磨碎的材料分散在适当的缓冲液中并测试脂肪酶活性来测定各包封酶制剂的活性。
如图4所示,在包覆后的包衣制剂中的酶活性没有显示任何明显的活性损失(从110降低到100%,相对于粗酶原料规定的酶活性标准化)。
通过将各包封物悬浮在pH6.0缓冲液的溶解装置中30、60和90分钟(100rpm,按照USP指南)来测定酶释放。如图5所示,所有的包封物在30和60分钟显示80-90%的释放。在90分钟,由这些制剂得到的测量酶活性降低。
实施例5:适合胰酶的示例性包封消化酶制剂:多种大豆油包封的胰酶的粒径
在进一步的实施方式中,用大豆油包封的含有70%或80%重量活性胰酶的制剂与粗胰酶原料进行粒径比较,如图6所示。
所有水平的脂质显示对粒径的影响。80%PEC显示为最均匀,因为没有出现在200目水平。
实施例6:适合胰酶的示例性包封消化酶制剂:气味和味道
对含有70%、80%和90%重量酶的示例性包封酶制剂进行检测,以确定其与SucanatTM和红糖相比、以及与粗酶相比的味道和气味。结果显示于下表4中。SucanatTM是有机全食品甜味剂。
表4:
物质 | 气味 | 味道 |
红糖 | 有 | 甜 |
SucanatTM | 无 | 甜 |
粗酶 | 肉味/烟熏味 | N/A |
70% | 无 | 无 |
80% | 无 | 无 |
90% | 轻微 | 咸 |
实施例7:适合胰酶的示例性包封消化酶制剂:制备
概括了用于制备本发明酶制剂的制备过程的流程图显示于图7中。
用于制备一批示例性包封胰酶制剂的组分包括20.0lb.的过筛胰酶和5.0lb.的氢化植物油,例如大豆油。
胰酶浓缩物首先通过40USSS目筛过筛,并保留通过该筛的原料。然后所保留的原料通过140USSS目筛(或相当的)筛选,并保留没有通过该筛的原料作为过筛的胰酶原料或颗粒。
在包封过程中,将适当的包衣材料装入熔融锅中,升温并保持在110℉用于喷涂过程。可以使用在喷涂过程中提供适当稠度的任何温度。在一些实施方式中,进一步基于用于包衣中的脂质的熔点选择温度,和/或以使在与过筛胰酶原料或颗粒与包衣接触后,酶制剂活性保持大致相同。
称重液化的包衣材料并转移到喷涂锅。将过筛胰酶添加到包封制备容器中。用包衣材料包封胰酶颗粒达到选定的包覆水平。
包封的材料用14USSS目筛(或相当的)筛选,并保留通过该筛的材料。过筛后,收集该材料,并聚样品用于QC。
如果混合两个子批次产物,则将加载的过筛材料添加至适当的混合器中并混合7到10分钟。获得用于成品测试的样品。包封原料散装并隔离放置等待测试结果(quarantinependingtestresults)。一旦达到认可标准,成品由质量组释放。然后,可以如所指示的运送产品。
收集样品用于成品测试,包括分析测试和微生物分析,其可以随时间进行测定。
实施例8:适合胰酶的示例性包封消化酶制剂:包装
在又另一个进一步的实施方式中,酶稳定性部分地由于包封,部分地由于三层箔包装。以下显示用于单剂量扁囊/药袋的包装过程。
首先,制备之后,产品送入双重内衬食品级聚乙烯袋的干净圆筒中,且密封所述圆筒。如果满足规格标准,则从隔离释放该批产品,然后该材料运送到适当的包装机用于装入扁囊中,从而用于以单独剂量给予患者。
例如,使用由26#C1S纸/7.5#LDPE/.0007″铝箔/15#组成的具有Surlyn内衬的PD-73272PrintedChildResistant(CR)小袋进行包装。优选预印的薄膜/箔,外部印刷使用白底上的1种颜色视觉标记(eye-mark),而批号、有效日期和产品码的在线印刷也使用1种颜色,黑色。总体扁囊尺寸是:W2.50”xH3.50”。扁囊尺寸适于容纳900mg的胰脂肪酶脂质-包封药品产物的颗粒到单位剂量小袋/扁囊中,容差为±10%。成品具有不低于156USP单位/mg的蛋白酶活性。
实施例9:适合胰酶的示例性包封消化酶制剂:溶出
使用具有不同脂质包衣水平(表示为%脂质包衣/总颗粒重量)的颗粒研究胰酶(Pancreatase)从大豆油的脂质包封颗粒中释放的效果。包衣水平从10%到30%。在该范围内脂质包衣对60分钟时间内在水性环境中胰酶从颗粒的释放没有明显作用。开始溶出后所有制剂在前30分钟内释放超过80%的酶。90%、80%和70%颗粒的60分钟最大释放量分别为85%、88%和83%。
实施例10:用于治疗孤独症的示例性酶递送系统
基于其释放曲线选择70%-90%包封的胰酶制剂(活性酶重量),为适于酶在其中发生蛋白酶成分的蛋白消化的近端小肠中释放。
选择大豆油作为脂质包衣,因为其缺少蛋白成分,且相应缺少抗原性,从而减少或消除患有孤独症的治疗患者和儿童对脂质包衣发生过敏反应的可能性。
70-90%制剂的使用提高了可倾倒性和流动性,同时减少雾化,这使得可以使用扁囊或药袋递送系统。
三层箔外壳的添加确保喷淋制剂是稳定、可运输的,且将通过单一单位剂量机制递送。
低脂肪酶制剂也通过降低结肠狭窄的可能性使其更安全,并增强酶的蛋白酶部分的利用。
表5:LUMINENZ-AT包封消化酶制剂的组成,900mg扁囊
药物物质、胰酶浓缩物(猪源)从适当的供应商处购买。适合用于本发明产品中的胰酶浓缩物(胰酶/胰脂肪酶)的性质描述于下表中。
参数 | USP规格 |
蛋白酶(USP) | NLT 25USP单位/mg |
脂肪酶(USP) | NLT 2USP单位/mg |
淀粉酶(USP) | NLT 25USP单位/mg |
脂肪(USP) | NMT 6.0%* |
干燥失重(USP) | NMT 5.0% |
大肠杆菌(USP) | 阴性/10g |
沙门氏菌种(USP) | 阴性/10g |
*如果蛋白酶低于75U/mg,脂肪酶低于6U/mg或淀粉酶低于75U/mg,则规格是NMT3.0%。
表6
氢化植物油(大豆油)的规格
物理外观和感官特征:
原料以薄片或粉末形式提供,不含异物和令人讨厌的气味。
表7
工作标准品、稀释剂、流动相B和安慰剂的色谱图显示对标准峰无干扰(参见色谱图,图9)。分析安慰剂和活性片剂组成在表8中给出。
表8
通过在安慰剂基质存在下分析标准浓度的若干样品水平来评估方法线性。这些水平是50%、70%、100%、130%和150%。各样品的三个注射用于计算该水平的平均响应(面积/浓度)。然后计算产生的响应比的相对标准偏差以及平均峰面积相对浓度的最小二乘线性回归统计(参见表9和10)。图10给出带有线性回归线的平均峰面积相对浓度的曲线图。
表9
表10
实施例11:孤独症的生化生物标志物以及行为核心和非核心症状
孤独症儿童中消化酶缺陷之间的相关性在基于临床(行为)症状诊断为患孤独症的儿童中确定。这一相关性也在诊断为患孤独症和遗传共病的儿童中研究。最初发现孤独症儿童显示自我强加的蛋白质饮食限制后,进行了表明粪胰凝乳蛋白酶(FCT)的异常低水平用作孤独症的生物标志物的研究。
另外,也基于生物标志物测量和临床症状确定对胰酶替代作出响应的孤独症患者的数目。检测了胃肠系统的变化以及孤独症核心症状的变化。下表提供多个基于医师的位置进行的研究的综述。
表11
初步观察是基于观察到几乎所有患孤独症儿童的自我强加的饮食限制。然后进行了多个研究以评估孤独症儿童消化蛋白质的能力。蛋白质消化的生理学研究引起对胃肠系统的消化酶级联的检测,特别是参与蛋白质降解的那些,例如胰凝乳蛋白酶。作为机能障碍的量度,确定患有孤独症的儿童中粪胰凝乳蛋白酶(FCT)水平是异常低的。
研究1
这一初步研究是探索研究,以确定患孤独症儿童的小同龄组的确具有异常低水平(<9.0)的粪胰凝乳蛋白酶(FCT)。研究001的结果显示于图10中。
患有孤独症的所有9个儿童显示低于7单位/克的异常低的FCT水平(正常≥9.0)。一小组儿童的这种观察导致进一步检测与之前未被发现的孤独症的生理联系的可能性。
研究2
进行研究2以确定患孤独症儿童的大同龄组(26名儿童)是否也出现异常低的FCT水平。也测定粪弹性蛋白酶-1(胰功能不全中以低含量存在的另一种胰腺消化酶)的水平。再一次,26名儿童中25名的FCT水平异常低,下降至8U/g或更低。一名儿童的FCT水平为9U/g。另一方面,所有儿童具有正常水平的粪弹性蛋白酶-1。
研究3
在研究3中,测定年龄为2岁到14岁的46名儿童的FCT水平,其中25名患有孤独症,21名未患孤独症,数据显示患有孤独症的儿童具有异常低的FCT水平,且未患孤独症的儿童具有正常的FCT水平(为12U/g或更高)。结果概括于图12中。图12的顶线显示未患孤独症的受试者的FCT水平,而底线显示患有孤独症的受试者的FCT水平。
研究4
在研究4中,检验了诊断为患孤独症和共病遗传性障碍的54名儿童的FCT水平。数据显示患有孤独症和共病遗传性障碍的儿童的FCT水平测试为正需。
由于孤独症通过行为评估确定,假设归因于已知遗传性障碍或与已知遗传性障碍一起存在的孤独症可能与单独的孤独症或不归因于已知遗传性障碍的孤独症具有不同的生理机能。一些遗传性障碍具有典型症状,而其他的可能更加易变并与孤独症症状重叠。该研究检验了也诊断患有另一种已知病症的患孤独症儿童,以确定这些儿童中的FCT水平是否异常低下。
下表12显示也患有遗传性共病的诊断为患孤独症的54名儿童。
表12
也患有遗传性共病的诊断为孤独症的儿童
诊断为孤独症和遗传性共病的54名儿童中仅两名具有异常低的FCT水平。这些儿童患有I型糖尿病。54名儿童中的52名记录的FCT水平在正常范围内。
这进一步支持低FCT水平存在于诊断患有孤独症但没有其他已知遗传病的儿童中。
研究5
在研究5中,在多部门医师进行的研究(multi-officephysician-conductedstudy)中测定了年龄为2岁到8岁的463名儿童的FCT水平,其中266名患有孤独症,197名未患孤独症。数据显示患有孤独症的儿童具有异常低的粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平,而未患孤独症的儿童具有正常的粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平。
数据概括于下表13。
表13
患有和未患孤独症的儿童的平均粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平
该数据进一步确定,诊断为患孤独症但未同时患已知遗传性共病的儿童具有异常低的FCT水平。因此如果儿童未患已知遗传性共病(除了该共病是I型糖尿病外),FCT水平可用于诊断患有孤独症的儿童。
胰凝乳蛋白酶是一种胰酶。胰凝乳蛋白酶是丝氨酸蛋白酶,其独特之处在于在消化过程中它仅切割必需氨基酸。特别地,胰凝乳蛋白酶切割芳香族氨基酸的羧基侧链上的肽键。如同通过异常FCT水平证明的蛋白质消化的缺失使得儿童缺乏用于新的蛋白质合成的氨基酸。没有足够水平的必需氨基酸,则不能合成各种机体功能所需的新的蛋白质。例如,参与神经学过程的蛋白质的不足或缺失可引起孤独症症状。
研究6
在研究6中,检验了年龄为2岁到18岁的320名儿童的FCT水平,其中64名患有孤独症,64名患有ADD,64名患有ADHD,64名患有已知遗传性病症,以及64名是正常儿童(没有已知病症)。数据显示患有孤独症、ADD和ADHD的儿童与患有已知遗传性病症的儿童和正常儿童相比具有异常低的FCT水平。在患有多种病症的年龄匹配儿童的多医师部门试验过程中收集FCT数据。图13描绘了5组独立的患有孤独症、ADHD(注意力缺陷多动障碍)、ADD(注意力缺陷障碍)、已知遗传性障碍(也诊断为患孤独症)或未患已知病症(正常)的年龄为6岁到18岁的儿童的FCT水平。
图13中的上面两条线对应于没有任何已知病症的儿童和患有已知共病病症(遗传性及其他)的儿童的FCT水平。下面三条线对应于患有孤独症、ADD和ADHD儿童的FCT水平。
孤独症、ADD和ADHD儿童的FCT水平明显低于没有任何已知病症或患有已知遗传性共病或具有伤情的儿童(p<0.01)。
研究7
在研究7中,诊断为患孤独症并具有异常低的FCT水平的33名儿童参与该研究。用两种胰酶/消化酶补充剂治疗儿童,或不进行治疗。在第0、30、60、90和120天的时间点测定各名儿童的FCT水平。
给予十一(11)名儿童低治疗剂量的ULTRASEMT20(胰脂肪酶)胶囊(打开并撒在食物上)(参见下文);给予11名儿童Viokase(胰脂肪酶)粉末,以1/4茶匙的最小给药水平撒在食物上;11名儿童仅测定其粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平。所有儿童是年龄匹配的且不具有神经和/或遗传性共病的诊断。
口服给药各ULTRASE胶囊,其含有371mg的含有下列组分的猪胰腺浓缩物的肠溶包衣小片剂:
脂肪酶......................................20,000U.S.P.单位
淀粉酶....................................................................65,000U.S.P.单位
蛋白酶....................................................................65,000U.S.P.单位
各0.7g(1/4茶匙)的Viokase粉末,含有:
脂肪酶,USP单位16,800
蛋白酶,USP单位70,000
淀粉酶,USP单位70,000
在120天内监控FCT水平,以确定FCT水平的变化与不接受酶治疗的儿童相比是否对用任一酶制剂治疗做出响应。在120天时间内测得的FCT水平的结果显示于下表14中。
表14
基线的、施用多次胰酶替代物、30、60、90和120天后的平均粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平。
结果显示于图14的条形图中。各时间点的上方条(很浅的条)显示未治疗儿童的FCT水平。中间条显示用Viokase治疗的儿童的FCT水平,且各时间点的下方条显示Ultrase治疗后的FCT水平。表中和图14中描绘的结果表明仅在施用Viokase粉末酶制剂后观察到从第0天的基线到120天的FCT水平的明显变化。在前90天内观察到最大变化。前90天内的变化较之第90到120天观察到的变化是明显的。而Ultrase组显示从基线到120天的一些变化,该变化不明显。
Ultrase中的脂肪酶对pH变化非常敏感,并在酸性条件例如在胃中存在的那些酸性条件下降解。Ultrase上的肠溶包衣使得酶避开了胃。已经证明Ultrase可用于递送足够的脂肪酶,从而治疗具有胰酶缺陷的患有囊性纤维化和慢性胰腺炎的成人。然而,Ultrase及其他类似产品上的肠溶包衣明显不允许将这些组合物的蛋白酶部分递送至其中需要蛋白质降解的近端小肠中。如小型前导试验中所显示的,Ultrase不允许释放酶的蛋白酶部分,特别是胰凝乳蛋白酶,如在施用Ultrase后所测得的FCT水平所确定的。Ultrase治疗组的FCT水平和未治疗组的FCT水平相似。
酶的蛋白酶部分的最佳递送时机和位置是从食物团处于胃中的时间的后面部分开始,消化食物将该段时间花费在近端小肠中。
研究8
在研究8中,用粪化验检验42名年龄匹配的儿童(其中25名患有孤独症,17名不患有孤独症或其他共病状态)中多种病原体以及胃肠功能失调标志物的存在,包括FCT水平。患有孤独症的儿童存在更多数目的粪病原体以及具有异常低的FCT水平。
进行这一小型前导研究来检验患有孤独症儿童相对未患孤独症儿童的肠胃细菌丛。检验胃肠健康的多种标志物以确定这些儿童中是否有异常胃肠表现。
用粪化验筛选42名年龄匹配儿童(其中25名患有孤独症,17名未患孤独症或其他共病状态)中多种病原体以及胃肠功能失调标志物的存在。也检测本领域技术人员已知的其他胃肠病原体或粪标志物作为胃肠功能失调的标志物。下表15显示胃肠病原体或其他粪标志物存在的发生率。
表15
代表胃肠功能失调的病原体或其他粪标志物存在的发生率
患有孤独症的儿童中阳性粪标志物(包括低的粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平)的存在表明患有孤独症患者中的另外的胃肠问题。
研究9
在研究9中,诊断为孤独症并显示异常低FCT水平的年龄为3岁到8岁的68名儿童服用胰酶/消化酶组合90天。结果表明在代表孤独症的核心和非核心症状的5个方面中的5个有了明显改善。
该研究中对患有孤独症的儿童的症状学的多方面的检验包括胃肠症状以及孤独症的核心症状。在文献中已有记载,患有孤独症的儿童不随着时间变化,且他们的孤独症水平是静止的而与儿童年龄无关。进一步认为这些患有孤独症的儿童不伴有成熟变化。
该研究中,诊断为孤独症并显示异常低FCT水平的年龄为3岁到8岁的68名儿童在90天的时间内每次进餐时服用1/4茶匙的Viokase,以及可咀嚼的木瓜酶(原木瓜酶牌(OriginalPapayaEnzyme))。
原木瓜酶
补充剂标示
服用量:3片
每瓶含量:33
*基于2,000卡路里饮食
**每日的值没有确定
要求医师和父母完成该研究中所检验的各症状的评估评分。各症状用以下(0)到(10)的评分评级,(0)表示儿童能够执行该任务,因此说明没有损害,(10)表示儿童完全不能执行该任务。对于不希望的行为,例如活动过度或强迫行为,从低得分到高得分的变化表示改善,因为儿童不经常表现该不良行为了。评估评分如下:
在各时间间隔获得两个得分的平均数:基线和90天。所获得分显示于下表16中:
表16
服用消化酶前后孤独症儿童的症状得分
CARS得分已用于研究孤独症的核心症状。在研究9中,获得孤独症的核心和非核心症状的测量值(活动过度、强迫行为、目光接触、言语、部分如厕训练)。尽管基于孤独症核心症状的行为评估严格地进行孤独症的诊断,该研究表明其他非核心症状例如缺乏如厕训练将导致该群体中的明显病态。该研究中测定的5种参数表明如厕训练、目光接触和言语的增加以及活动过度和强迫行为的减少是通过消化酶治疗得到改善的核心和非核心症状。
研究10和研究11
在研究10和11中,年龄为2-4岁的225名儿童和年龄为5-11岁的171名儿童(各儿童显示异常低的粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平)服用胰酶/消化酶的组合,一天三次,服用150天。获得基线和150天期间内的孤独症症状(核心和非核心两者)中的全部九种的测量值。所有年龄水平患者中均观察到代表核心和非核心症状改善的明显变化,最大变化在前90天内发生。
类似于研究9的方案进行这些研究中的各项研究。将儿童分成2-4岁和5-11岁的年龄组。在这些研究中,预先诊断为患孤独症(其显示异常低的粪胰凝乳蛋白酶水平)的年龄为2-4岁的225名儿童和年龄为5-11岁的171名儿童在每次进餐时服用1/4茶匙的Viokase和可咀嚼木爪酶(原木爪酶牌),服用150天。在这两个研究中使用用于研究9的评估评分。另外评估如厕训练、拍手、玩耍习性和成形大便的水平。也计算经历变化的同龄组%。该研究延至150天,在90天和150天之间没有观察到显著性。
下表17显示各组中所获得的显示指定的特性或行为(包括活动过度、强迫行为、拍手、目光接独、言语、部分如厕训练、完全如厕训练、成形大便和很好地与他人玩耍)的儿童的百分比的测量值。
表17
服用酶替代物后特性或症状的百分比(%)
在研究9、10和11中,获得孤独症的核心和非核心症状的测量值。尽管作为孤独症核心症状的行为评估结果严格地进行孤独症的诊断,其他非核心症状导致该群体中的明显病态。例如,如厕训练和成形大便的缺乏对父母造成困难,并经常导致社会融合的缺乏,进一步形成孤独症的核心症状。由于孤独症的非核心症状导致的这一另外的隔离进一步妨碍儿童学习和融入社会的能力。这种动态变化持续存在于该群体中。这种效应可能是孤独症核心症状的重要驱动器。这表明这些非核心症状作为孤独症指标也可以是有价值的。
实施例12:用于治疗孤独症的酶递送系统
将本发明的包封的消化酶制剂包装在包含900mg/袋的小袋中,并通过在进食前即时将小袋内容物撒在食物上施用于需要的患者,每天给药三次。确定患者是否需要用包含包封的消化酶制剂(例如本发明制剂的消化酶)治疗可使用用作消化酶缺陷的标志物的测试或指标来进行。例如,该确定使用FCT水平、行为症状(孤独症的核心或非核心症状)、影响消化酶的活性和/或表达的基因突变(例如MET基因突变)的检测来进行。
在治疗期前后测定患者的病症或疾病的相关症状。显示一定目光接独、一定言语、部分如厕训练、完全如厕训练、成形大便和很好地与他人玩耍的能力的患者百分比在60天或早于60天时增加,并在150天时进一步增加。在使用本发明消化酶治疗时观察到的变化在较短时程内发生,和/或在任何给定时间点导致各个体中更大的改善和/或导致更高百分比的所治疗个体的核心和非核心症状的改善。另外,在60天观察到显示活动过度、拍手或其他OCD减少的患者数相应增加,在150天显示这些行为减少的患者数进一步增加。
也观察到孤独症的其他核心症状例如在CARS测试中测量的症状,并显示在治疗后的改善。
Claims (42)
1.包含非粉末状的、自由流动的包封颗粒的不可雾化的消化酶制剂,所述包封颗粒包含
(a)含有消化酶的核心,其中所述消化酶包括蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶;和
(b)含有可乳化脂质的包衣,其中所述包衣包覆核心,且所述可乳化脂质在暴露于溶剂时乳化,其中所述消化酶以包封颗粒的75重量%到85重量%的量存在,且其中所述消化酶具有不小于156USP单位/mg的蛋白酶活性。
2.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述核心为至少105μm到至多425μm。
3.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述核心过筛为至少#40目且至多#140目。
4.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质选自下组:氢化大豆油、氢化蓖麻蜡和棕榈蜡。
5.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质为氢化大豆油。
6.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中至少80%的消化酶在pH6.0下进行的溶出试验中在30分钟内释放。
7.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述包衣基本上由一种或多种单酸甘油酯组成。
8.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述包衣包含单酸甘油酯。
9.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述消化酶以包封颗粒的80重量%的量存在。
10.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述包封颗粒与未包封颗粒相比掩蔽消化酶的味道和气味。
11.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其以喷淋剂的形式提供。
12.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其包含在扁囊剂或药袋中。
13.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质包含至少一个亲水性基团和至少一个疏水性基团。
14.权利要求13的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质能够形成亲水性和疏水性界面。
15.权利要求14的消化酶制剂,其中所述界面是胶束界面。
16.权利要求14的消化酶制剂,其中所述界面是双层界面。
17.权利要求13的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质源自动物或植物源。
18.权利要求17的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质选自下组:棕榈核油、大豆油、棉籽油、菜籽油、家禽脂肪、氢化大豆油、氢化蓖麻蜡和棕榈蜡。
19.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质是氢化的、饱和或部分饱和的。
20.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质选自下组:单酸甘油酯、甘油二酯、脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯、磷脂、它们的盐及其组合。
21.权利要求20的消化酶制剂,其中所述脂肪酸酯选自下组:乙酸单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯、柠檬酸单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯、乳酸单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯、脂肪酸的聚甘油酯、脂肪酸的丙二醇酯和二乙酰酒石酸单酸甘油酯和甘油二酯。
22.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述可乳化脂质是食品级可乳化脂质。
23.权利要求22的消化酶制剂,其中所述食品级可乳化脂质包括失水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯、失水山梨糖醇三硬脂酸酯或硬脂酰乳酰乳酸钙。
24.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述消化酶制剂中的至少90%的颗粒为106到425μm。
25.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中所述消化酶制剂中的至少75%的颗粒为180到425μm。
26.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中少于20%的颗粒为150μm。
27.权利要求1的消化酶制剂,其中少于15%的颗粒为150μm。
28.权利要求1至27任一项的消化酶制剂,其中至少80%的酶在pH6.0下进行的溶出试验中在30分钟内释放。
29.含有治疗有效量的权利要求1至28任一项的消化酶制剂的药物组合物。
30.权利要求29的药物组合物,其包含在扁囊剂或药袋中。
31.权利要求29的药物组合物,其中所述包衣包含大豆油。
32.权利要求29的药物组合物,其是胶囊、片剂、栓剂、干胶片、咀嚼片、口含片、舌下片剂、快速溶解片、泡腾片、颗粒剂、珠子、丸剂、扁囊剂、喷淋剂、薄膜剂、干糖浆、可重构固体、悬浮液、锭剂、糖锭、植入物、粉末、研制剂、小片剂或长片剂的形式。
33.权利要求29的药物组合物,其是椭圆形栓剂或小丸剂。
34.权利要求29的药物组合物,其中剂量含有900mg的所述包封颗粒。
35.权利要求1至28任一项的消化酶制剂或权利要求29至34任一项的药物组合物在制备用于治疗对消化酶治疗敏感的病症的药物的用途。
36.权利要求35的用途,其中所述病症是孤独症谱系障碍。
37.权利要求36的用途,其中所述孤独症谱系障碍是孤独症。
38.权利要求35的用途,其中所述病症是注意力缺陷障碍或注意力缺陷多动障碍。
39.一种制备如权利要求1至28任一项的消化酶制剂的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)获得105到450微米的消化酶颗粒,其中所述消化酶包括蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶;和
(b)用可乳化脂质包覆消化酶以形成包封的消化酶,其含有包含所述包封颗粒的75重量%到85重量%的核心和包含可乳化脂质混合物的包衣。
40.权利要求39的方法,其中所述可乳化脂质是氢化大豆油。
41.一种制备如权利要求1至28任一项的消化酶制剂的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)使可乳化脂质与一种或多种添加剂混合以获得混合物;
(b)获得筛选的消化酶;
(c)用脂质混合物包覆消化酶以形成包含消化酶的包封颗粒,所述包封颗粒含有包含所述颗粒的75重量%到85重量%的核心和包含可乳化脂质混合物的包衣,其中所述消化酶包括蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶;和
(d)在喷涂过程中以周期性的时间间隔调节批量和油温度,从而在所述过程中维持最佳喷涂条件。
42.权利要求41的方法,其中所述筛选的酶颗粒为105到450微米。
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