CN102403493A - 用于可再充电锂电池的正极和包括其的可再充电锂电池 - Google Patents
用于可再充电锂电池的正极和包括其的可再充电锂电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102403493A CN102403493A CN2011100902098A CN201110090209A CN102403493A CN 102403493 A CN102403493 A CN 102403493A CN 2011100902098 A CN2011100902098 A CN 2011100902098A CN 201110090209 A CN201110090209 A CN 201110090209A CN 102403493 A CN102403493 A CN 102403493A
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了用于可再充电锂电池的正极和包括其的可再充电锂电池。所述可再充电锂电池包括包含正极活性材料层的正极、包含负极活性材料的负极和电解质,其中所述正极活性材料层包括正极活性材料、粘结剂、导电材料和活性炭,所述活性炭包括其中吸附和捕获锰离子的微孔,和以约0.1重量%~约3重量%的量包括所述活性炭,基于所述正极活性材料层的总重量。
Description
技术领域
本公开内容涉及用于可再充电锂电池的正极和包括其的可再充电锂电池。
背景技术
可再充电锂电池作为小型便携式电子设备的电源近来已经引起了注意。它们使用有机电解质溶液并因此具有的放电电压是使用碱性水溶液的常规电池的两倍或更大,并因此具有高的能量密度。
为了商业上开发中等大尺寸的可再充电锂电池,重要的是降低每容量的电池成本以及实现电池的大量生产。
为了降低每容量的电池成本,已经建议包括基于锰(Mn)的正极活性材料。
然而,所述基于锰的正极活性材料在充电和放电期间洗脱在基于锰的正极活性材料颗粒的表面上的Mn离子,在该正极活性材料中产生缺陷。当与电解质接触时其进一步活泼地反应,特别是在高温下。
根据该反应,锰从正极活性材料中洗脱以使该正极活性材料崩塌。此外,洗脱的锰离子在负极表面上并抑制负极的充电和放电反应。因而,电池性能恶化,且特别地,循环寿命恶化。本实施方式克服以上问题并且还提供另外的优点。
发明内容
一个实施方式提供具有优异的循环寿命特性的可再充电锂电池。
根据一个实施方式,提供可再充电锂电池,其包括包含正极活性材料层的正极、包含负极活性材料的负极、和电解质,其中所述正极活性材料层包括基于锰的正极活性材料、粘结剂、导电材料和活性炭,所述活性炭包括其中吸附和捕获锰离子的微孔,和以约0.1重量%~约3重量%的量包括所述活性炭,基于所述正极活性材料层的总重量。
所述活性炭还可包括其中吸附和捕获锰离子的中孔。
所述活性炭可包括体积比约90∶10~约50∶50的微孔和中孔。
所述活性炭可具有约1,000m2/g或更高、或者约1,000m2/g~约2,500m2/g的比表面积。
所述活性炭可为无定形碳。
所述活性炭可为无定形碳,该无定形碳在使用热重分析仪通过以约1℃/分钟~约10℃/分钟的升高速率升高温度来加热时在600℃之前开始氧化分解。
所述正极活性材料可包括选自由下列化学式1和2表示的化合物的化合物或其组合:
[化学式1]
LiaMn2-bDbO4-cJc
其中,
D选自Al、Ni、Co、Mn、Cr、Fe、Mg、Sr、V、稀土元素及其组合,
J选自F、S、P及其组合,和
0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤b≤0.5,0≤c≤0.05。
[化学式2]
LiaMnbCocNidLeO2
其中,
L是Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Mg、La、Ce、Sr、V或其组合,和
0.90≤a≤1.8,0<b≤0.9,0≤c≤0.5,0≤d≤0.5和0.001≤e≤0.1。
根据另一实施方式,提供可再充电锂电池,其包括所述正极、包含负极活性材料的负极和电解质。
根据一个实施方式的用于可再充电锂电池的正极吸附洗脱的锰并使电池稳定以改善电池的循环寿命特性。
附图说明
图1显示根据一个实施方式的可再充电锂电池的结构。
图2是显示根据各种碳质材料在Mn(NO3)2水溶液中的浸渍时间的pH变化的图。
图3是显示根据各种碳质材料在Mn(NO3)2水溶液中的浸渍时间的电阻变化的图。
图4是显示炭黑、活性炭和聚偏氟乙烯的热重分析结果的图。
具体实施方式
以下将参考附图更充分地描述本公开内容,在附图中显示实例实施方式。如本领域技术人员将认识到的,所述实施方式可以各种不同的方式改进,都不背离本实施方式的精神或范围。
根据一些实施方式的可再充电锂电池包括包含正极活性材料层的正极;包含负极活性材料的负极;和电解质,所述正极活性材料层包括基于锰的正极活性材料、粘结剂、导电材料和活性炭。
所述活性炭包括微孔。所述微孔以在电池中锰离子吸附和捕获在其中的状态存在。
所述微孔可具有约或更小、或者约~约的孔径。所述微孔可良好地吸附锰离子。因此,所述活性炭吸附在充电和放电期间从所述正极活性材料例如基于锰的正极活性材料中洗脱的锰离子,从而其可防止当洗脱的锰离子转移到负极并位于负极表面上时引起的问题,其抑制负极中的放电和充电反应。根据洗脱锰离子的电池性能的恶化主要是由负极表面上的锰离子(其使负极涂层(SEI(固体电解质界面)层)崩塌和产生副反应气体)引起的,而不是由从正极洗脱锰离子使正极活性材料崩塌引起的,导致抑制充电和放电反应。根据一个实施方式的可再充电锂电池通过包括具有能够吸附和捕获锰离子的微孔的活性炭防止洗脱的锰离子填充在负极表面上。因此,其可改善电池性能,特别是循环寿命特性。
如果所述活性炭包括微孔和中孔两者,其可具有约9∶1~约1∶1的微孔和中孔之间的体积比。当微孔和中孔具有在该范围内的体积比时,其可有效地吸附和捕获洗脱的锰离子。
根据一个实施方式的活性炭包括微孔和中孔,其不包括具有大于约尺寸的大孔。然而,在制造所述活性炭的过程中也自发地产生大孔,因此可存在痕量的大孔。基于约100体积份的活性炭的全部孔,大孔可以约10体积份的量存在,其为所述自发产生的量。所述大孔是指具有大于约尺寸的孔。最大尺寸没有限制,但是一个实例是具有约尺寸的孔。
所述活性炭可具有约1,000m2/g或更高、或者约1,000m2/g~约2,500m2/g的比表面积。
所述活性炭可为无定形碳,其通过如下确认:在通过使用CuKα射线的X射线衍射测量时不显示特定结晶峰而显示宽肩(大约在2θ=20°附近,但不限于此)。
当所述活性炭通过以约1℃/分钟~约10℃/分钟的升高速率升高温度而加热时,其可在约600℃之前开始氧化分解。所述加热处理可在氧气气氛或空气气氛下进行。氧化分解特性可使用热重分析仪确认。
所述活性炭可具有与通常用于导电材料的炭黑不同的物理性质,所述通常用于导电材料的炭黑在约700℃或更高的温度下氧化分解。当将通过从拆卸电池获得的正极的正极活性材料层分离得到的材料使用热重分析仪在以上加热条件下加热时,如果其在约600℃之前氧化分解则其可被确认为根据一个实施方式的活性炭;另一方面,如果其在约700℃或更高的温度氧化分解则其可确认为通常使用的导电材料。此外,电极中所含的活性炭和导电材料的量可根据以上技术确定。
可以约0.1重量%~约3重量%、或者例如约0.1重量%~约2重量%或约1重量%~约2重量%包括所述活性炭,基于正极活性材料层的总重量,所述正极活性材料层的总重量是约100重量%的所述正极活性材料、活性炭、导电材料和粘结剂的总重量。当在约0.1重量%~约2重量%的范围内包括所述活性炭时,吸附锰离子的能力增强,使得其可有效地吸附从正极活性材料洗脱的锰离子以改善电池的循环寿命特性和可靠性。
所述正极活性材料可包括选自由下列化学式1和2表示的化合物的化合物、或其组合:
[化学式1]
LiaMn2-bDbO4-cJc
其中,
D选自Al、Ni、Co、Mn、Cr、Fe、Mg、Sr、V、稀土元素及其组合,
J选自F、S、P及其组合,和
0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤b≤0.5和0≤c≤0.05,和
[化学式2]
LiaMnbCocNidLeO2
其中,
L是Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Mg、La、Ce、Sr、V或其组合,和
0.90≤a≤1.8,0<b≤0.9,0≤c≤0.5,0≤d≤0.5和0.001≤e≤0.1。
在所述正极活性材料层中,可以约80重量%~约97.9重量%的量包括所述正极活性材料,基于所述正极活性材料层的总重量。
所述正极活性材料层还可包括粘结剂和导电材料。可分别以约1重量%~约10重量%的量包括所述粘结剂和导电材料,基于所述正极活性材料层的总重量。
所述粘结剂改善正极活性材料颗粒彼此的粘结性质以及正极活性材料颗粒与集流体的粘结性质。所述粘结剂的实例包括选自聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、二乙酰纤维素、聚氯乙烯、羧化聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、含有亚乙基氧的聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、丁苯橡胶、丙烯酸(酯)改性的(acrylated)丁苯橡胶、环氧树脂、尼龙等的至少一种,但是并不限于此。
包括导电材料以改善电极电导率。可使用任何电导材料作为导电材料,除非其引起化学变化。根据一个实施方式的活性炭具有低的电导率,并因此不作为导电材料。因此,在一个实施方式中,在正极中与活性炭一起包括常用的导电材料以确保电导率。
所述导电材料的实例包括碳质材料如天然石墨、人造石墨、炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、碳纤维等;基于金属的材料如铜、镍、铝、银等的金属粉末或金属纤维;聚苯衍生物的导电聚合物材料;或其混合物。
所述集流体可包括铝(Al)箔,但不限于此。
正极可通过包括如下的方法制造:在溶剂中混合基于锰的正极活性材料、导电材料和活性炭以提供正极活性材料组合物,并且将该正极活性材料组合物涂布在集流体上。所述电极制造方法在本说明书中不详细描述。所述溶剂包括N-甲基吡咯烷酮等,但不限于此。
负极包括集流体和设置于该集流体上的负极活性材料层。所述负极活性材料层包括负极活性材料。
所述负极活性材料包括可逆地嵌入/脱嵌锂离子的材料、锂金属、锂金属合金、能够掺杂和去掺杂锂的材料、能够与锂离子反应以形成含锂化合物的材料、或过渡金属氧化物。所述锂金属合金的实例包括锂和选自Na、K、Rb、Cs、Be、Mg、Ca、Sr、Si、Sb、Pb、In、Zn、Ba、Ge、Al和Sn的金属。
所述过渡金属氧化物、能够掺杂和去掺杂锂的材料、和能够与锂离子反应以形成含锂化合物的材料的实例可包括钒氧化物、锂钒氧化物、Si、SiOx(0<x<2)、Si-X合金(其中X是选自碱金属、碱土金属、13族元素、14族元素、15族元素、16族元素、过渡元素、稀土元素、及其组合的元素,并且不为Si)、Sn、SnO2、Sn-X合金(其中X是选自碱金属、碱土金属、13族元素、14族元素、15族元素、16族元素、过渡元素、稀土元素、及其组合的元素,并且不为Sn)等。这些材料的至少一种可与SiO2混合。元素X可独立地包括Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Sc、Y、Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ta、Cr、Mo、W、Re、Fe、Pb、Ru、Os、Rh、Ir、Pd、Pt、Cu、Ag、Au、Zn、Cd、B、Al、Ga、Sn、In、Ge、P、As、Sb、Bi、S、Se、Te及其组合的至少一种。
可逆地嵌入/脱嵌锂离子的材料包括碳质材料。所述碳质材料可为在锂离子可再充电电池中任何常用的基于碳的负极活性材料。所述碳质材料的实例包括结晶碳、无定形碳、及其混合物。所述结晶碳可为非成形的,或者板形、片形、球形、或纤维形的天然石墨或人造石墨。所述无定形碳可为软碳、硬碳、中间相沥青碳化物、烧结焦炭等。
在负极活性材料层中,可以约95重量%~约99重量%的量包括所述负极活性材料,基于所述负极活性材料层的总重量。
所述负极活性材料层包括负极活性材料、粘结剂和任选的导电材料。在所述负极活性材料层中,可以约1重量%~约5重量%的量包括所述粘结剂,基于所述负极活性材料层的总重量。此外,当其进一步包括导电材料时,其可包括约90重量%~约98重量%的负极活性材料、约1重量%~约5重量%的粘结剂和约1重量%~约5重量%的导电材料。
所述粘结剂改善所述负极活性材料颗粒彼此的粘结性质和负极活性材料颗粒对集流体的粘结性质。所述粘结剂包括非水溶性粘结剂、水溶性粘结剂、或其组合。
所述非水溶性粘结剂包括聚氯乙烯、羧化聚氯乙烯、聚氟乙烯、包括亚乙基氧的聚合物、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚氨酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚酰胺酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、或其组合。
所述水溶性粘结剂包括丁苯橡胶、丙烯酸(酯)改性的丁苯橡胶、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸钠、丙烯与C2~C8烯烃的均聚物或共聚物、(甲基)丙烯酸和(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的共聚物、或其组合。
当所述负极粘结剂包括水溶性粘结剂时,其还可包括用于提供粘度的基于纤维素的化合物作为用于提高粘度的试剂。所述基于纤维素的化合物可包括羧甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、其碱金属盐等的至少一种。所述碱金属可包括Na、K或Li。所述用于提高粘度的试剂可以约0.1~约3重量份加入,基于100重量份的所述粘结剂。
包括导电材料以改善电极电导率。可使用任何电导材料作为导电材料,除非其引起化学变化。所述导电材料的实例包括碳质材料如天然石墨、人造石墨、炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、碳纤维等;基于金属的材料,包括铜、镍、铝、银等的金属粉末或金属纤维;导电聚合物材料如聚苯衍生物;或其混合物。
所述集流体可选自铜箔、镍箔、不锈钢箔、钛箔、泡沫镍、泡沫铜、覆盖有导电金属的聚合物基板、及其组合。
所述电解质可包括非水有机溶剂和锂盐。
所述非水有机溶剂作为用于传输参与电池的电化学反应的离子的介质。
所述非水有机溶剂可包括基于碳酸酯的溶剂、基于酯的溶剂、基于醚的溶剂、基于酮的溶剂、基于醇的溶剂或非质子溶剂。基于碳酸酯的溶剂的实例可包括碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸二丙酯(DPC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)、碳酸乙丙酯(EPC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸亚乙酯(EC)、碳酸亚丙酯(PC)、碳酸亚丁酯(BC)等。基于酯的溶剂的实例包括乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸正丙酯、乙酸叔丁酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯、γ-丁内酯、癸内酯、戊内酯、甲瓦龙酸内酯、己内酯等。基于醚的溶剂的实例包括二丁醚、四乙二醇二甲醚、二乙二醇二甲醚、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、乙氧基甲氧基乙烷(包括1-乙氧基-1-甲氧基乙烷和1-乙氧基-2-甲氧基乙烷)、2-甲基四氢呋喃、四氢呋喃等,和基于酮的溶剂的实例可包括环己酮等。基于醇的溶剂的实例可包括乙醇、异丙醇、或其组合。非质子溶剂的实例可包括腈如R-CN(其中R为C2~C20直链、支链或环状烃,双键、芳族环或醚键)、酰胺如二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环如1,3-二氧戊环、环丁砜等。
非水有机溶剂可单独或以混合物使用。当所述有机溶剂以混合物使用时,可根据期望的电池性能控制混合比。
基于碳酸酯的溶剂可包括环状碳酸酯和链状(直链或支链)碳酸酯的混合物。环状碳酸酯与链状碳酸酯以约1∶1~约1∶9的体积比混合在一起。当该混合物用作电解质时,可增强电解质性能。
此外,非水有机电解质还可包括基于碳酸酯的溶剂和基于芳烃的溶剂的混合物。所述基于碳酸酯的溶剂和基于芳烃的溶剂可以约1∶1~约30∶1的体积比混合在一起。
所述基于芳烃的有机溶剂可由下列化学式3表示。
[化学式3]
其中,
R1~R6相同或不同,并且独立地选自氢、卤素、C1~C10烷基、C1~C10卤代烷基、及其组合。
所述基于芳烃的有机溶剂可包括,但不限于,选自以下的至少一种:苯、氟苯、1,2-二氟苯、1,3-二氟苯、1,4-二氟苯、1,2,3-三氟苯、1,2,4-三氟苯、氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2,3-三氯苯、1,2,4-三氯苯、碘苯、1,2-二碘苯、1,3-二碘苯、1,4-二碘苯、1,2,3-三碘苯、1,2,4-三碘苯、甲苯、氟甲苯、1,2-二氟甲苯、1,3-二氟甲苯、1,4-二氟甲苯、1,2,3-三氟甲苯、1,2,4-三氟甲苯、氯甲苯、1,2-二氯甲苯、1,3-二氯甲苯、1,4-二氯甲苯、1,2,3-三氯甲苯、1,2,4-三氯甲苯、碘甲苯、1,2-二碘甲苯、1,3-二碘甲苯、1,4-二碘甲苯、1,2,3-三碘甲苯、1,2,4-三碘甲苯、二甲苯、及其组合。
所述非水有机溶剂还可包括碳酸亚乙烯酯或下列化学式4的基于碳酸乙烯酯的化合物的添加剂以改善循环寿命。
[化学式4]
其中,
R7和R8相同或不同,并且独立地选自氢、卤素、氰基(CN)、硝基(NO2)、和氟化C1~C5烷基,条件是R7和R8的至少一个是卤素、氰基(CN)、硝基(NO2)、或氟化C1~C5烷基,即R7和R8不同时为氢。
所述基于碳酸亚乙酯的化合物的实例包括碳酸二氟亚乙酯、碳酸氯代亚乙酯、碳酸二氯亚乙酯、碳酸溴代亚乙酯、碳酸二溴亚乙酯、碳酸硝基亚乙酯、碳酸氰基亚乙酯、碳酸氟代亚乙酯等。用于改善循环寿命的添加剂的用量可在合适的范围内调节。
锂盐提供电池中的锂离子、运行可再充电锂电池的基本操作和改善正极与负极之间的锂离子传输。锂盐的非限制性实例包括选自以下的至少一种支持盐:LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAsF6、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、Li(CF3SO2)2N、LiN(SO3C2F5)2、LiCF3SO3、LiC4F9SO3、LiC6H5SO3、LiSCN、LiClO4、LiAlO2、LiAlCl4、LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CyF2y+1SO2)(其中x和y是自然数)、LiCl、LiI和LiB(C2O4)2(双草酸硼酸锂,LiBOB)。所述锂盐可以约0.1M~约2.0M的浓度使用。当在以上浓度范围内包括所述锂盐时,由于最佳的电解质电导率和粘度,可增强电解质性能和锂离子淌度。
可再充电锂电池可按照需要进一步包括在负极和正极之间的隔板。合适的隔板材料的实例包括聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、和其多层如聚乙烯/聚丙烯双层隔板、聚乙烯/聚丙烯/聚乙烯三层隔板、和聚丙烯/聚乙烯/聚丙烯三层隔板。
根据隔板的存在和电池中所用电解质的类型,可再充电锂电池可分为锂离子电池、锂离子聚合物电池和锂聚合物电池。可再充电锂电池可具有各种形状和尺寸,包括圆柱形、棱柱形或硬币型电池,并且可为薄膜电池或者尺寸相当大。
图1说明显示根据一个实施方式的可再充电锂电池的代表性结构的示意图。然而,可再充电锂电池的结构不限于图1的结构,并且可包括任何公知的结构如棱柱形、圆柱形、硬币型、底型(钮扣型)、层叠的片型、扁平形等。
参考图1,制备可再充电锂电池1,其包括负极2,正极3,设置于负极2与正极3之间的隔板4,浸渍在负极2、正极3和隔板4中的电解质(未示出),电池壳5和密封电池壳5的密封部件6。
以下实施例更详细地说明本实施方式。但是,这些实施例在任何意义上不应该解释为限制本实施方式的范围。
实验实施例:活性炭物理性质的测量
锰离子吸附的评估1;pH测量
将具有下表1中所示物理性质且不具有孔的炭黑(CB)以及具有不同孔分布的三种活性炭Cmi、Cme和Cma浸渍在0.5M(摩尔/升)Mn(NO3)2水溶液中12小时,并在初始、1小时后和12小时后测量pH,且在图2中显示结果。
表1
如图2所示,在使用未形成有孔的炭黑(CB)的情况下,即使在经过12小时后pH也改变很小。换句话说,初始pH从1小时至12小时的变化在约1以内。
此外,确认形成有大孔的Cma活性炭pH变化很小。另一方面,形成有微孔和中孔的Cmi和Cme活性炭pH明显变化。特别地,形成有微孔体积比比中孔体积比多的Cme活性炭在约1小时的短时间内pH明显提高。
这些结果由以下得到:当Cmi和Cme活性炭浸渍在Mn(NO3)2水溶液中时微孔或中孔吸附Mn2+离子以减少残留在溶液中的Mn2+离子,使得该溶液中和以提供接近7的pH。根据所述结果,预计当形成有微孔或中孔的活性炭用于可再充电锂电池的正极时,所述形成有微孔或中孔的活性炭可良好地吸附洗脱的Mn2+离子。
实验实施例2
锰离子吸附的评价2;电阻测量
将实验实施例1中所用的未形成有孔的炭黑(CB)和具有不同孔的三种活性炭Cmi、Cme与Cma各自分别以1重量%的量加入到0.5M(摩尔/升)Mn(NO3)2水溶液中。然后,将所得的含有活性炭的液体搅拌12小时并通过电阻分析仪(可得自HIOKI公司)使用铂电极(可得自Metrohm AG)测量1小时和12小时之后的电阻。计算所测量的电阻与0.5摩尔Mn(NO3)2水溶液电阻的相对电阻(测试之后改变的电阻/0.5摩尔Mn(NO3)2溶液的电阻),结果在图3中示出。
如图3所示,当添加炭黑时,即使经过12小时之后相对电阻也不显著地增加。
但是,确认形成有孔的Cmi、Cme和Cma活性炭显著提高相对电阻。特别地,电阻在12小时之后比在1小时之后更显著地增加。这是因为残留在含有活性炭的液体中的Mn2+离子通过将Mn2+离子吸附到所述活性炭中形成的孔中而减少,以致于降低电导率和提高电阻。特别地,形成有微孔或中孔的Cmi和Cme活性炭显著地提高电阻,因而确认Mn2+离子在含有活性炭的液体中显著减少。由此,理解微孔或中孔具有优异的吸附Mn2+离子的能力。根据所述结果,还理解当电池包括具有Cmi活性炭或Cme活性炭的正极时,锰离子可以被吸附和捕获在电池中Cmi活性炭或Cme活性炭中形成的微孔和中孔中的状态存在。
实验实施例3
热重分析
使用TGA-DSC设备对实验实施例1中使用的未形成有孔的炭黑和形成有中孔的Cme活性炭以及聚偏氟乙烯进行热重分析(TGA),并且结果在图4中示出。所述热重分析通过如下进行:在送风空气的条件下通过以约5℃/分钟的升高速率升高温度来加热样品并监测重量损失。
如图4所示,Cme活性炭在约500℃的温度开始分解,该温度高于聚偏氟乙烯粘结剂(其为常用的电极粘结剂)的氧化分解温度,并且低于炭黑(其为常用的导电材料)的氧化分解温度。此外,其主要在600℃左右氧化分解。
实施例:可再充电锂电池的制造
以下实施例中使用的活性炭Cmi、Cme和Cma具有实验实施例的表1中所示的物理性质。
实施例1
将90重量%的正极活性材料LiMn2O4、5重量%的粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯、3重量%的导电材料炭黑(super-P)和2重量%的活性炭Cmi(其中形成微孔)在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶剂中混合以提供正极活性材料浆料。
根据通常的电极制造方法将所述正极活性材料浆料涂布在Al箔集流体上以提供正极。
将石墨负极活性材料和丁苯橡胶(SBR)粘结剂、以及羧甲基纤维素(CMC)增稠剂在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶剂中混合以提供负极活性材料浆料。分别以97.5重量%、1.5重量%和1重量%包括所述负极活性材料、粘结剂和增稠剂。
根据通常的电极制造方法将所述负极活性材料浆料涂布在Cu箔集流体上以提供负极。
使用所得的正极、负极和非水电解质,根据通常的方法制造可再充电锂电池。所述非水电解质通过如下制备:在碳酸亚乙酯(EC)∶碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)∶碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的混合溶剂(3∶3∶4体积比)中溶解1.5摩尔/L LiPF6。
实施例2
根据与实施例1相同的步骤制造可再充电锂电池,除了将Cmi活性炭和其中形成中孔的Cme活性炭以8∶2的体积比混合并用于代替其中形成微孔的Cmi活性炭。
实施例3
根据与实施例1相同的步骤制造可再充电锂电池,除了将Cmi活性炭和Cme活性炭以5∶5的体积比混合并用于代替其中形成微孔的Cmi活性炭。
实施例4
根据与实施例1相同的步骤制造可再充电锂电池,除了将Cmi活性炭和Cme活性炭以2∶8的体积比混合并用于代替其中形成微孔的Cmi活性炭。
实施例5
根据与实施例1相同的步骤制造可再充电锂电池,除了其中形成微孔的Cmi活性炭和导电材料炭黑分别以0.1重量%和4.9重量%的量使用。
实施例6
根据与实施例1相同的步骤制造可再充电锂电池,除了其中形成微孔的Cmi活性炭和导电材料炭黑分别以3重量%和2重量%的量使用。
对比例1
将92重量%的正极活性材料LiMn2O4、5重量%的粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯、和3重量%的导电材料炭黑(super-P)在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶剂中混合以提供正极活性材料浆料。
根据与实施例1相同的步骤制造可再充电锂电池,除了使用所得的正极活性材料浆料。
参考例1
根据与实施例1相同的步骤制造可再充电锂电池,除了使用形成有大孔的Cma活性炭代替其中良好形成微孔的Cmi活性炭。
循环寿命特性的评价
测量得自实施例1~6、对比例1和参考例1的各可再充电锂电池的循环寿命特性,并且结果在下表2和表3中示出。所述循环寿命特性确定为在1C和45℃下充电和放电200次之后第200次循环放电容量与第一次循环放电容量的放电容量比率。
表2
如表2所示,包括其中形成微孔的Cmi活性炭或其中形成中孔的Cme活性炭的实施例1~4比不包括活性炭的对比例1和包括形成有大孔的Cma活性炭的参考例1具有更优异的循环寿命特性。特别地,包括体积比8∶2的Cmi活性炭和Cme活性炭的实施例2具有最优异的循环寿命特性。
表3
电池 | 活性炭的量(重量%) | 循环寿命(%) |
对比例1 | 0 | 72.6 |
实施例5 | 0.1 | 75.4 |
实施例1 | 2 | 85.4 |
实施例6 | 3 | 84.9 |
如表3所示,包括0.1重量%、2重量%和3重量%的其中形成微孔的Cmi活性炭的实施例5、实施例1和6比不包括活性炭的对比例1具有更优异的循环寿命特性。特别地,包括2重量%的Cmi活性炭的实施例1显示出最优异的循环寿命特性结果。
虽然已经结合当前认为是实践性的实例实施方式的内容描述了本公开内容,然而应理解实施方式不限于所公开的实施方式,而是相反,意图涵盖在所附权利要求的精神和范围内所包括的各种改进和等同布置。因此,上述实施方式应理解为实例而不以任何方式限制本实施方式。
Claims (13)
1.正极活性材料层,包括:
基于锰的正极活性材料、粘结剂、导电材料和活性炭,
其中所述活性炭包括微孔,所述微孔配置为吸附和捕获锰离子,和
其中以0.1重量%~3重量%的量包括所述活性炭,基于所述正极活性材料层的总重量。
4.权利要求1的正极活性材料层,其中所述活性炭还包括中孔,所述中孔配置成吸附和捕获锰离子。
6.权利要求4的正极活性材料层,其中所述活性炭包括体积比9∶1~1∶1的微孔和中孔。
7.权利要求1的正极活性材料层,其中所述活性炭具有1,000m2/g或更高的比表面积。
8.权利要求1的正极活性材料层,其中所述活性炭具有1,000m2/g~2,500m2/g的比表面积。
9.权利要求1的正极活性材料层,其中以0.1重量%~2重量%的量包括所述活性炭,基于正极活性材料层的总重量。
10.权利要求1的正极活性材料层,其中所述活性炭是无定形碳。
11.权利要求1的正极活性材料层,其中所述活性炭在通过1℃/分钟~10℃/分钟的升高速率升高温度而加热时在600℃之前开始氧化分解。
12.权利要求1的正极活性材料层,其中所述正极活性材料包括选自由下列化学式1和2表示的化合物的化合物、或其组合:
[化学式1]
LiaMn2-bDbO4-cJc
其中,
D选自Al、Ni、Co、Mn、Cr、Fe、Mg、Sr、V、稀土元素及其组合,
J选自F、S、P及其组合,和
0.90≤a≤1.8,0≤b≤0.5和0≤c≤0.05,和
[化学式2]
LiaMnbCocNidLeO2
其中,
L是Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Mg、La、Ce、Sr、V或其组合,和
0.90≤a≤1.8,0<b≤0.9,0≤c≤0.5,0≤d≤0.5和0.001≤e≤0.1。
13.可再充电锂电池,包括:
包含权利要求1-12任一项的正极活性材料层的正极,
包含负极活性材料的负极,和
电解质。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US9252422B2 (en) | 2016-02-02 |
KR20120027780A (ko) | 2012-03-22 |
US20120064398A1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
JP2012059690A (ja) | 2012-03-22 |
KR101155915B1 (ko) | 2012-06-20 |
CN102403493B (zh) | 2014-12-10 |
EP2429020A1 (en) | 2012-03-14 |
JP5622627B2 (ja) | 2014-11-12 |
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